Chp 7: The Skeletal System: The Axial Skeleton

The two primary curves of the adult vertebral column are the

Cervical and Sacral Curves

Describe interstitial growth?

Chondrocytes in the lacunae divide and secrete matrix, allowing the cartilage to grow from within.

Which condition is characterized by a lateral bending of the vertebral column in the thoracic region?

Scoliosis

The pituitary gland is housed in the ________.

Sella Turcica of the Spehnoid

Which type of bones comprise the ankles and wrists?

Short Bone

Which bones are a part of the axial skeleton?

Skull bones, hyoid, auditory ossicles, vertebral column, and thorax bones.

Sella turcica is a bony depression found in this cranial bone.

Sphenoid

The pituitary gland is contained in a depression found in this cranial bone.

Sphenoid

Which cranial bone is called the "keystone" of the cranial floor because it articulates with every other cranial bone?

Sphenoid

The junction between the manubrium and the body of the sternum forms the

Sternal Angle

Joe was found dead. His hyoid bone was broken. What was the most likely cause of death?

Strangulation

In what way is the hyoid bone different from all the other bones of the axial skeleton?

The hyoid bone does not articulate with any other bone.

Ribs that have costal cartilage that attaches directly to the sternum are called

True Ribs

What are the components of the nasal septum?

Vomer, septal cartilage, and the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone.

How does a rib articulate with a thoracic vertebra?

The facet on the head of a rib fits into a facet on the body of a vertebra, and the articular part of the tubercle of a rib articulates with the facet of the transverse process of a vertebra.

True or False: An osteon contains osteocytes, lamellae, and a central canal, and is found in compact bone only.

True

True or False: The tubercle of a rib articulates with the transverse process of a vertebra.

True

Cranial bones develop ________.

Within Fibrous Membranes.

Bones in which area protect the brain.

Cranium

A prominent ridge or elongated projection on a bone is called a

Crest

Thoracic vertebrae differ from the other vertebrae in that they have ________.

Facets for Attachment of Ribs

True or False: Lordosis affects the thoracic vertebrae.

False

Which gender shows the coccyx pointed inferiorly?

Females

Which type of bone is the occipital bone?

Flat Bone

Which type of bone primarily provides protection and a large surface area for muscle attachment?

Flat bones protect underlying organs and provide a large surface area for muscle attachment.

The membranous areas between the cranial bones of the fetal skull are called ________.

Fontanelles

An opening or hole in a bone through which blood vessels, nerves and ligaments pass is called a

Foramen

Paranasal sinuses are found in which facial bones?

Maxilla

This facial bone articulates with teeth.

Maxillae

The tube-like passageway found in the temporal bone that allows sound waves to reach the eardrum is an example of which of the following bone surface markings?

Meauts

Why do most herniated discs occur in the lumbar region?

Most herniated discs occur in the lumbar region because it bears most of the body weight and most flexing and bending occur there.

Name the facial bones

Nasal, lacrimal, palatine, inferior nasal conchae, vomer, maxillae, zygomatic, and mandible.

Name the facial bones

Nasal, maxillae, zygomatic, mandible, lacrimal, palatiine, inferior nasal conchae, and vomer.

Which bone is NOT visible from the anterior view of the skull?

Occipital

These projections found on both sides of the foramen magnum articulate with depressions on the first cervical vertebrae.

Occipital Condyles

What bone marking found on the second cervical vertebra projects superiorly into the anterior portion of the vertebral foramen of the atlas?

Odontoid Process

The branch of medicine that deals with correction of disorders of the musculoskeletal system is called

Orthopedics

Which bones are a part of the appendicular skeleton?

Pectoral girdles, upper limbs, pelvic girdle bones, and lower limbs.

These cranial bones contain the organs of hearing and balance, and articulate with the mandible.

Temporal

These cranial bones form the inferior lateral aspects of the cranium and part of the cranial floor.

Temporal

Which cranial bones are paired bones in the human skull?

Temporal and Parietal

The union of these two bones forms the zygomatic arch.

Temporal and Zygomatic

Which part of the vertebral column receives the most stress by bearing most of the weight of the body?

The Lumbar Region

Which joint permits you to move your head to signify "no"? Which bones are involved?

The atlas moving on the axis at the atlanto-axial point permits the movement of the head to signify "no".

With which ribs does the body of the sternum articulate?

The body of the sternum articulates directly or indirectly with ribs 2-10.

Which facial bones are unpaired in the human skull?

Mandible and Vomer

Which vertebra does not have a body?

Atlas

The primary function of the transverse and spinal processes of vertebrae is

Attachment Site for Muscles

Which seven bones form the orbit?

Bones forming the orbit are the frontal, sphenoid, zygomatic, maxilla, lacrimal, ethmoid, and palatine.

Deficiency of which B vitamin is linked to spina bifida?

Deficiency of folic acid is associated with spina bifida.

A fracture in the shaft of a bone would be a break in the ________.

Diaphysis

This cranial bone is anterior to the sphenoid and posterior to the nasal bones. It contains foramina for the olfactory cranial nerve.

Ethmoid

How many named bones are found in the adult human skeleton?

206

The structure of bone tissue suits the function. Which bone tissue is adapted to support weight and withstand tension stress?

Compact Bone

Normal bone formation and growth are dependent on the adequate intake of ________.

Calcium, Phosphate, and Vitamin D

Name the bones that articulates with the sphenoid bone, starting at the crista galli of the ethmoid bone and going in a clockwise direction.

From the crista galli of the ethmoid bone, the sphenoid articulates with the frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, temporal, parietal, and frontal bones, ending again at the crista galli of the ethmoid bone.

A rounded articular projection supported on a constricted portion (neck) of a bone is called a

Head

Which condition is the protrusion of the nucleus pulposus posteriorly or into one of the adjacent vertebral bodies in the vertebral column?

Herniated Disc

Which bone of the axial skeleton does NOT articulate with any other bone?

Hyoid

Which condition is characterized by an increase in the thoracic curve of the vertebral column?

Kyphosis

Which abnormal curve is common in women with advanced osteoporosis?

Kyphosis is common in individuals with advanced osteoporosis.

Which vertebrae is the largest and strongest vertebra in adult humans?

L5

Which type of bone is the femur?

Long Bone

Which condition is characterized by an increase or exaggeration of the lumbar curve of the vertebral column?

Lordosis

Which parts of the thoracic vertebrae articulate with the ribs?

The facets and demifacets on the vertebral bodies of the thoracic vertebrae articulate with the heads of the ribs, and the facets on the transverse processes of these vertebrae articulate with the tubercles of the ribs.

Which of the following bones are cranial bones? Frontal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid, vomer, inferior nasal concha, mandible, maxilla, zygomatic, palatine, temporal, nasal, lacrimal, and parietal.

The frontal, parietal, sphenoid, ethmoid, temporal, and occipital bones are all cranial bones.

Why are the lumbar vertebrae the largest and strongest in the vertebral column?

The lumbar vertebrae are the largest and strongest in the body because the amount of weight supported by vertebrae increases toward the inferior end of the vertebral column.

What is the distinctive functional feature of the mandible among all the skull bones?

The mandible is the only movable skull bone, other than the auditory ossicles.

What organs of the nervous system join together within the foramen magnum?

The medulla oblongata of the brain connects with the spinal cord in the foramen magnum.

What is the function of the nasal septum?

The nasal septum divides the nasal cavity into right and left sides.

Describe the orbits.

The orbits are formed of both facial and cranial bones.

Which fontanel is bordered by four different skull bones?

The paired anterolateral fontanels are bordered by four different skull bones: the frontal, parietal, temporal, and sphenoid bones.

What are the functions of the paranasal sinuses?

The paranasal sinuses produce mucus and serve as resonating chambers for vocalizations.

What major bones are joined by (1) the squamous suture, (2) the lambdoid suture, (3) the coronal suture?

The parietal and temporal bones are joined by the squamous suture, the parietal and occipital bones are joined by the lambdoid suture, and the parietal and frontal bones are joined by the coronal suture.

Which bones form the posterior, lateral portion of the cranium?

The parietal bones form the posterior, lateral portion of the cranium.

What part of the ethmoid bone forms the superior part of the nasal septum? The medial walls of the orbits?

The perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone forms the superior part of the nasal septum, and the lateral masses compose most of the medial walls of the orbits.

Which of the following structures are part of the axial skeleton, and which are part of the appendicular skeleton? Skull, clavicle, vertebral column, shoulder girdle, humerus, pelvic girdle, and femur.

The skull and vertebral column are part of the axial skeleton. The clavicle, shoulder girdle, humerus, pelvic girdle, and femur are part of the appendicular skeleton.

With which bones does the temporal bone articulate?

The temporal bone articulates with the mandible and the parietal, sphenoid, zygomatic, and occipital bones.

Which curves of the adult vertebral column are concave (relative to the anterior side of the body)?

The thoracic and sacral curves of the vertebral column are concave relative to the anterior of the body.

What are the functions of the vertebral and intervertebral foramina?

The vertebral foramina enclose the spinal cord; the intervertebral foramina provide spaces through which spinal nerves exit the vertebral column.

How many formaina pierce the sacrum, and what is their function?

There are four pairs of sacral foramina, for a total of eight. Each anterior sacral foramen joins a posterior sacral foramen at the intervertebral foramen. Nerves and blood vessels pass through these tunnels in the bone.

What are some characteristics of surface markings on bones?

They allow the passage of nerves and blood vessels, they provide sites of attachment for muscles, they help form joints, and they can be depressions or projections.

What is the purpose of the nucleus pulposus region of intervertebral discs?

To help absorb vertical shock to the spinal column