CHP. 8, CHP. 7, exam 2
People who suffer from alcohol abuse may suffer from brought on by Korsakoff's syndrome, and be unable to form new long-term memories. agnosia amnesia the primacy effect the serial effect
amnesia
When cleaning her closet, Nadia finds her 20-year-old wedding photo album. As she flips through the pictures, she starts to cry joyful tears. Seeing the photos and rekindling the emotions of her wedding day most likely activated her thalamus. prefrontal cortex. amygdala. medial temporal lobe.
amygdala.
Schrauf and Rubin's "two groups of immigrants" study found that the reminiscence bump coincided with periods of rapid change, occurring at a normal age for people emigrating early in life but shifting to 15 years later for those who emigrated later. These results support the cognitive hypothesis. self-image hypothesis. narrative rehearsal hypothesis. autobiographical hypothesis.
cognitive hypothesis.
According to the approach to memory, what people report as memories is based on what actually happened plus additional factors such as other knowledge, experiences, and expectations. event-specific source constructive misinformation
constructive
Work with brain-injured patients reveals that memory does not depend on conscious memory. declarative and non-declarative personal semantic and remote semantic and episodic implicit and procedural
implicit and procedural
Hebb's idea of long-term potentiation, which provides a physiological mechanism for the long-term storage of memories, includes the idea of an increase in the size of cell bodies of neurons. increased firing in the neurons. larger electrical impulses in the synapse. the growth of new dendrites in neurons.
increased firing in the neurons.
Stanny and Johnson's "weapons focus" experiment, investigating memory for crime scenes, found that the presence of a weapon enhances memory for all parts of the event. the presence of a weapon has no effect on memory for the event. the threat of a weapon causes people to focus their attention away from the weapon itself. the presence of a weapon hinders memory for other parts of the event.
the presence of a weapon hinders memory for other parts of the event.
Free recall of the stimulus list "apple, desk, shoe, sofa, plum, chair, cherry, coat, lamp, pants" will most likely yield which of these response patterns? "apple, desk, shoe, coat, lamp, pants" "apple, desk, shoe, sofa, plum, chair, cherry, coat, lamp, pants" "apple, cherry, plum, shoe, coat, lamp, chair, pants" "apple, chair, cherry, coat, desk, lamp, plum, shoe, sofa"
"apple, cherry, plum, shoe, coat, lamp, chair, pants"
Loftus and Palmer's "car-crash films" experiment described in the text shows how a seemingly minor word change can produce a change in a person's memory report. In this study, the MPI was (were) the word(s) "fast." "smashed." "miles per hour." "car crash."
"smashed."
Jacoby's experiment, in which participants made judgments about whether they had previously seen the names of famous and non-famous people, found that inaccurate memories based on source misattributions occurred after a delay of one week. 24 hours. one hour. one month.
24 hours.
According to your text, which of the following movies is LEAST accurate in its portrayal of a memory problem? The Bourne Identity Memento The Long Kiss Goodnight 50 First Dates
50 First Dates
Lamar has just gotten a new job and is attending a company party where he will meet his colleagues for the first time. His boss escorts him around to small groups to introduce him. At the first group, Lamar meets four people and is told only their first names. The same thing happens with a second group and a third group. At the fourth group, Lamar is told their names and that one of the women in the group is the company accountant. A little while later, Lamar realizes that he only remembers the names of the people in the first group, though he also remembers the profession of the last woman he met (the accountant). Lamar's experience demonstrates The phonological similarity effect A build-up and release of proactive interference The cocktail party phenomenon A partial-report procedure
A build-up and release of proactive interference
Which of the following statements is true of police lineups? A sequential lineup increases the chance that the witness compares people in the lineup to each other. A simultaneous lineup decreases the chance of falsely identifying an innocent person as the perpetrator. A sequential lineup increases the chance that the witness will make a relative judgment about all the suspects they saw. A sequential lineup increases the chance that the witness compares each person in the lineup to his or her memory of the event.
A sequential lineup increases the chance that the witness compares each person in the lineup to his or her memory of the event.
A study participant is given a list of words to remember. One week later, he recalls the list. Let's say that one of the list words was PEAR. Which of the following, none of which actually appeared on the list, would be most likely incorrectly recalled if the participant doesn't remember PEAR? REAR PAIR APPLE BEAR
APPLE
Your text describes an experiment by Talarico and Rubin (2003) that measured people's memories of the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. Which of the following was the primary result of that research? Participants had very little confidence in the accuracy of their memories of the events 32 weeks after they occurred. Participants had a very high level of confidence of the terrorist events and also had high confidence in their present "everyday" memories 32 weeks later. Participants had high confidence in the accuracy of their memories of the terrorist events 32 weeks later, but when actually tested made significant errors when asked what they were doing on the day of the attacks. After 32 weeks, participants had a high level of confidence in their memories of the terrorist events, but lower belief in their memories of "everyday" events.
After 32 weeks, participants had a high level of confidence in their memories of the terrorist events, but lower belief in their memories of "everyday" events.
Which example below best demonstrates state-dependent learning? Last night, at the grocery store, Cole ran into a psychology professor he took a class with three semesters ago. He recognized her right away. Even though Walt hasn't been to the beach cottage his parents owned since he was a child, he still has many fond memories of time spent there as a family. Although Emily doesn't very often think about her first love, Steve, she can't help getting caught up in happy memories when "their song" (the first song they danced to) plays on the radio. Alexis always suffers test anxiety in her classes. To combat this, she tries to relax when she studies. She thinks it's best to study while lying in bed, reading by candlelight with soft music playing.
Although Emily doesn't very often think about her first love, Steve, she can't help getting caught up in happy memories when "their song" (the first song they danced to) plays on the radio.
Which statement below is NOT true, based on the results of memory research? Suggestion can create false memories for events that occurred when a person was a young child. Suggestion can create false memories for an event that a person has experienced just recently. Although eyewitness testimony is often faulty, people who have just viewed a videotape of a crime are quite accurate at picking the "perpetrator" from a lineup. Many miscarriages of justice have occurred based on faulty eyewitness testimony.
Although eyewitness testimony is often faulty, people who have just viewed a videotape of a crime are quite accurate at picking the "perpetrator" from a lineup.
Why is classical conditioning considered a form of implicit memory? Because you have to make an effort to learn the association between the neutral and conditioned stimulus. Because it is based on motor skills like procedural memory is. Because it is involves learning an association without being aware of the reasons behind it. Because it usually involves memory for the episode in which it occurred.
Because it is involves learning an association without being aware of the reasons behind it.
Which of the following learning techniques is LEAST likely to lead to deep processing of the information? Trevor is trying to understand how to use statistics by drawing associations between a set of data describing how adolescents respond to peer pressure and the theories he learned last semester in developmental psychology. Maggie is trying to learn new vocabulary words because she is taking the SAT next month. Each day, she selects one word. Throughout the day, she repeats the definition over and over to herself and generates sentences using it in her conversations that day. Bree has just bought a new car and is trying to learn her new license plate sequence. Every morning, for three weeks, she repeats the sequence out loud when she wakes up. For his history course, Bruce is trying to learn the order of the U.S. presidents by creating a silly sentence where each consecutive word starts with the same letter of the next president to be remembered.
Bree has just bought a new car and is trying to learn her new license plate sequence. Every morning, for three weeks, she repeats the sequence out loud when she wakes up.
Which task below would most likely be used to test for implicit memory? Recognizing words that had been presented in an earlier list Recalling the names of popular fairy tales Matching Spanish vocabulary words with their English translations Completing a word for which the first and last letter have been supplied
Completing a word for which the first and last letter have been supplied
transforms new memories from a fragile state, in which they can be disrupted, to a more permanent state, in which they are resistant to disruption. Amnesia Encoding specificity Cued-recall Consolidation
Consolidation
Regarding free recall of a list of items, which of the following will most likely cause the recency effect to disappear by preventing rehearsal from taking place? Inserting a 30-second delay before recall Presenting the stimulus list at a slower pace Counting backward for 30 seconds before recall Using a very long list (greater than 30 items at one item per second)
Counting backward for 30 seconds before recall
Which statement below is most closely associated with levels of processing theory? Information enters memory by passing through a number of levels, beginning with sensory memory, then short-term memory, then long-term memory. Events that are repeated enough can influence our behavior, even after we have forgotten the original events. Deep processing involves paying closer attention to a stimulus than shallow processing and results in better processing. People who were sad when they studied did better when they were sad during testing.
Deep processing involves paying closer attention to a stimulus than shallow processing and results in better processing.
How would you describe the relationship between elaborative rehearsal and maintenance rehearsal in terms of establishing long-term memories? Elaborative is more effective than maintenance. Maintenance is more effective than elaborative. Both are equally effective in all learning circumstances. Each one is sometimes more effective, depending on the learning circumstances.
Elaborative is more effective than maintenance.
memories are to experiences as memories are to facts. Semantic; implicit Implicit; episodic Episodic; semantic Procedural; episodic
Episodic; semantic
Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding post-event information and the misinformation effect? The misinformation effect does not occur when people are told explicitly that the post-event information may be incorrect Even when participants are told that the post-event information is incorrect, the misinformation effect can still occur. Misinformation effects are significantly reduced when post-event information is provided, but only if that information is given within just a few minutes of the initial event. The provision of accurate post-event information provided a paradoxical (and as of yet unexplained) increase in the misinformation effect
Even when participants are told that the post-event information is incorrect, the misinformation effect can still occur.
Extrapolating from the cultural life script hypothesis, which of the following events would be easiest to recall? Retiring from work at age 40 Marrying at age 60 Graduating from college at age 22 Having a child at age 45
Graduating from college at age 22
Which of the following is an example of a semantic memory? I remember my earth science teacher telling me how volcanoes erupt. I remember seeing a volcano erupt in Hawaii last summer. I remember the big island of Hawaii has many active volcanoes. I remember "volcano" was the first word on the list Juan read to me.
I remember the big island of Hawaii has many active volcanoes.
Which of the following is NOT an example of semantic memory? I remember that more than 33% of U.S. drivers have admitted to using a cell phone when driving. I remember that experiments have shown that talking on cell phones can impair driving ability. I remember the day we learned about how talking on cell phones can impair driving ability. None of the above (a, b, and c are all examples of semantic memory)
I remember the day we learned about how talking on cell phones can impair driving ability.
Which of the following would most likely be a detailed long-term memory? I just sat down. I was talking to that girl just before class. I was talking to that boy three months ago. I talked to my cousin Amelia on the phone six months ago.
I was talking to that girl just before class.
A patient suffering from Korsakoff's syndrome, such as "Jimmy G" who is described in your text, would be able to perform which of the following activities without difficulty? Following a story in a book Remembering what he needs to buy when he gets to the grocery store Recognizing people he has recently met Identifying a photograph of his childhood home
Identifying a photograph of his childhood home
_______ memories are those that we are not aware of. Implicit Explicit Declarative All of the above
Implicit
Flashbulb memory is best represented by which of the following statements? It is vivid memory for emotional events. It is vivid, highly accurate memory for the circumstances surrounding how a person heard about an emotional event. It is memory for the circumstances surrounding how a person heard about an emotional event that remains especially vivid but not necessarily accurate over time. It is vivid, highly accurate memory for emotional events.
It is memory for the circumstances surrounding how a person heard about an emotional event that remains especially vivid but not necessarily accurate over time.
Which of the following statements is the most accurate with regard to autobiographical memories? When autobiographical memories are impaired, the episodic content contained within them will cause a blockage of access to related semantic content. Autobiographical memories can involve both episodic and semantic content. Autobiographical memories are highly accurate from as early as 3 months of age. It is not possible to have an autobiographical memory that has only semantic or episodic content but not both.
It is not possible to have an autobiographical memory that has only semantic or episodic content but not both.
Katie and Inez are roommates taking the same psychology class. They have a test in four days during a 10:00 - 11:00 AM class period. Both women intend to study for three hours, but because of different work schedules, Katie will study one hour for each of the next three days, while Inez will study three hours the day before the exam. What could you predict about their performances? Katie and Inez should perform equally well, because each studied the same time overall (supporting the equal-time hypothesis). Inez will perform better because of a long-term memory recency effect. Katie should perform better because of the spacing effect. State-dependent learning predicts that Katie should perform better, because the exam takes place during a one-hour class period.
Katie should perform better because of the spacing effect.
Lourdes and Kim have been studying for two hours for their chemistry exam. Both girls are tired of studying. Lourdes decides to watch a two-hour movie on DVD, while Kim decides to go to bed. What would you predict about their performance on the chemistry exam? Lourdes performs better because of reactivation. Kim performs better because of reactivation. Lourdes performs better because of encoding specificity. Kim performs better because of encoding specificity.
Kim performs better because of reactivation.
Which of the following is NOT a conclusion from the case of H.M., who had an operation to help alleviate his epileptic seizures? The hippocampus is necessary for forming new LTMs. Short-term and long-term memories are controlled by different mechanisms. Short-term and long-term memories can operate independently of each other. LTMs are unaffected by damage to the hippocampus.
LTMs are unaffected by damage to the hippocampus.
The retroactive interference hypothesis states that the misinformation effect occurs because MPI obstructs or distorts memories formed during the original experiencing of an event. MPI cues the rememberer that an error in memory is occurring. MPI fills in the gaps in the original memory where it lacked detail. the original memory for an event decays over time, leaving room for MPI to infiltrate the memory later.
MPI obstructs or distorts memories formed during the original experiencing of an event.
According to the levels of processing theory, which of the following tasks will produce the best long-term memory for a set of words? Making a connection between each word and something you've previously learned Deciding how many vowels each word has Generating a rhyming word for each word to be remembered Repeating the words over and over in your mind
Making a connection between each word and something you've previously learned
Imagine that the students described below are all taking a multiple choice test. Which student's behavior best describes an example of implicit memory? One student comes to a question for which he is unsure of the answer, but choice b seems familiar so he decides that it must be right. One student remembers the correct answer to a question as well as where the information could be found in his notebook. One student has no idea what an answer was supposed to be, but she does not want to leave a question blank. So, she guesses by first writing out items that she thought would make sense. One student is sure he does not know the answer for a question, so he leaves it blank.
One student comes to a question for which he is unsure of the answer, but choice b seems familiar so he decides that it must be right.
occurs when reading a sentence leads a person to expect something that is not explicitly stated or necessarily implied by the sentence. Observer perspective Pragmatic inference Prospective memory Automatic narrative
Pragmatic inference
Which of the following involves procedural memory? Knowing how it feels to be scared Recalling a childhood memory Knowing how an automobile engine works Reading a sentence in a book
Reading a sentence in a book
cues help us remember information that has been stored in memory. Retrograde Encoding Retrieval Processing
Retrieval
occurs when more recent learning impairs memory for something that happened further back in the past. Reminiscent memory Pragmatic inference Feature integration Retroactive interference
Retroactive interference
Your book discusses the memory functioning of patient H.M. who underwent brain surgery to relieve severe epileptic seizures. H.M.'s case has been extremely informative to psychologists by demonstrating that LTM can operate normally while STM is impaired. impairment of one memory system (LTM or STM) necessarily leads to deficits in the functioning of the other. a double dissociation exists for STM and LTM. STM can operate normally while LTM is impaired.
STM can operate normally while LTM is impaired.
The following statement represents what kind of memory? "The Beatles stopped making music together as a group in the early 1970s." Episodic Semantic Procedural Implicit
Semantic
Which of the following is NOT an example of an implicit memory? Classical conditioning Repetition priming Procedural memory Semantic memory
Semantic memory
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates how effective or ineffective maintenance rehearsal is in transferring information into LTM? Lilia recalls her grandmother's house where she grew up, even though she hasn't been there for 22 years. Ben learned his martial arts moves by making up "short stories" and mental images to describe each movement. Renee starred in the lead role of her high school play a few years ago. Although she helped write the play and based her character on her own life, she cannot remember many of the actual lines of dialogue anymore. Serena's keys were stolen from her purse. She cannot give a detailed description of her keychain to the police, even though she used it every day for three years.
Serena's keys were stolen from her purse. She cannot give a detailed description of her keychain to the police, even though she used it every day for three years.
Wei has allergy symptoms. He has gone to his regular doctor and an allergy specialist, but he wasn't given a prescription by either doctor. Instead, he was advised to buy an over-the-counter medicine. While he was in the specialist's waiting area, he read a magazine where he saw three ads for an allergy medicine called SneezeLess. A week later, in a drug store, Wei says to his brother, "My doctor says SneezeLess works great. I'll buy that one." Wei and his doctor never discussed SneezeLess. Wei has fallen victim to which of the following errors? MPI Recovered memory Schema confusion Source monitoring
Source monitoring
consolidation involves the gradual reorganization of circuits within brain regions and takes place on a fairly long time scale, lasting weeks, months, or even years. Remote Standard Systems Synaptic
Systems
Which of the following is most closely associated with implicit memory? The self-reference effect The propaganda effect Release from proactive inhibition Encoding specificity
The propaganda effect
In which of the following examples of two different brain-injured patients (Tom and Tim) is a double dissociation demonstrated? Both Tom and Tim have good episodic memory but poor semantic memory. Tom and Tim both show deficits in episodic and semantic memory. Tom has good semantic memory and poor episodic memory, while Tim has good episodic memory but poor semantic memory. Both Tom and Tim have good semantic memory but poor episodic memory.
Tom has good semantic memory and poor episodic memory, while Tim has good episodic memory but poor semantic memory.
Your book explains that brief episodes of retrograde amnesia (e.g., the traumatic disruption of newly formed memories when a football player takes a hit to the head and can't recall the last play before the hit) reflect a failure of memory consolidation. disrupted long-term potentiation. temporary post-traumatic stress disorder. Korsakoff's syndrome.
a failure of memory consolidation.
A script is a type of schema that also includes knowledge of a sequence of actions. what is involved in a particular experience. information stored in both semantic and episodic memory. items appropriate to a particular setting.
a sequence of actions.
For most adults over age 40, the reminiscence bump describes enhanced memory for childhood and adolescence. adolescence and young adulthood. young adulthood and middle age. childhood and middle age.
adolescence and young adulthood.
The misinformation effect occurs when a person's memory for an event is modified by misleading information presented before the event. during the event. after the event. all of the above
after the event.
Bransford and Johnson's study had participants hear a passage which turned out to be about a man on the street serenading his girlfriend in a tall building. The wording of the passage made it difficult to understand, but looking at a picture made it easier to understand. The results of this study illustrated the importance of in forming reliable long-term memories. implicit memory during learning an organizational context during learning deep processing during retrieval imagery
an organizational context during learning
Neuropsychological evidence indicates that STM and LTM probably represent different aspects of the same mechanism. are caused by different mechanisms that depend upon each other. both rely most heavily on a semantic coding mechanism. are caused by different mechanisms that act independently. Neuropsychological evidence indicates that STM and LTM probably represent different aspects of the same mechanism. are caused by different mechanisms that depend upon each other. both rely most heavily on a semantic coding mechanism. are caused by different mechanisms that act independently.
are caused by different mechanisms that act independently.
Your text's discussion of false memories leads to the conclusion that false memories arise from the same constructive processes that produce true memories. occur for details but not for entire events. occur in laboratory settings but do not occur in real-world circumstances. do not occur for all people but rather are experienced by suggestible or inattentive people.
arise from the same constructive processes that produce true memories.
Ming is taking a memory test. She is more likely to recall the name of a popular singer if she had just read about the singer in a magazine. just seen the singer on TV. recently seen the singer on TV and read about the singer in a magazine. attended the singer's concert last year with her boyfriend.
attended the singer's concert last year with her boyfriend.
According to levels of processing theory, deep processing results in better memory. However, studies have shown that shallow processing can result in better memory when the individual encodes___ and is tested___ . semantically; auditorially auditorially; auditorially auditorially; semantically semantically; visually
auditorially; auditorially
Carrie answers her phone with "Hello?" A response, "Hi, Carrie!" comes from the other end of the line. Carrie responds back with "Hi, Dad!" Carrie processed "Hi, Carrie" using an auditory code in short-term memory. auditory code in long-term memory. iconic code in short-term memory. iconic code in long-term memory.
auditory code in long-term memory.
In Lindsay's "misinformation effect" experiment, participants saw a sequence of slides showing a maintenance man stealing money and a computer. This slide presentation included narration by a female speaker who described what was happening in the slides as they were shown. Results showed that the misinformation effect was greatest when MPI presentation was visual. auditory, regardless of the gender of the speaker. auditory from a female speaker. auditory from a male speaker.
auditory from a female speaker.
Explicit memory is to____as implicit memory is to___. aware; unaware self; others primacy; recency episodic; semantic
aware; unaware
The memory mechanism Hebb proposed is associated with changes at the synapse. long-term potentiation. changes in specialized areas of the brain. both changes at the synapse and long-term potentiation.
both changes at the synapse and long-term potentiation.
Murdoch's "remembering a list" experiment described the serial position curve and found that memory is best for of a list. the first words the middle words the last words both the first and last words
both the first and last words
Mantyla's "banana / yellow, bunches, edible" experiment demonstrates that, for best memory performance, retrieval cues should be created by agreement among many people, thus providing proof they are effective. by a memory expert who understands what makes cues effective. using visual images. by the person whose memory will be tested.
by the person whose memory will be tested.
The conclusion to be drawn from the man named Shereshevskii whose abnormal brain functioning gave him virtually limitless word-for-word memory is that having memory like a video recorder is largely a blessing because no event would be erased. is an advantage because it eliminates "selective" recording (remembering some events and forgetting others), which provides no useful service to humans. helped him draw powerful inferences and intelligent conclusions from his vast knowledge base. can seriously disrupt functioning in one's personal life
can seriously disrupt functioning in one's personal life
The "telephone game" is often played by children. One child creates a story and whispers it to a second child, who does the same to a third child, and so on. When the last child recites the story to the group, his or her reproduction of the story is generally shorter than the original and contains many omissions and inaccuracies. This game shows how memory is a process. life-narrative narrative-rehearsal consequentiality based constructive
constructive
In the "word list" false memory experiment where several students incorrectly remembered hearing the word sleep, false memory occurs because of constructive memory processes. verbatim recall. the effect of scripts. cryptomnesia
constructive memory processes.
Bartlett's experiment in which English participants were asked to recall the "War of the Ghosts" story that was taken from the French Indian culture illustrated the misinformation effect. familiarity effect. constructive nature of memory. reminiscence bump.
constructive nature of memory.
Memory for a word will tend to be better if the word is used in a complex sentence (like "the bicycle was blue, with high handlebars and a racing seat") rather than a simple sentence (like "he rode the bicycle"). This probably occurs because the complex sentence causes more rehearsal. takes longer to process. creates more connections. is more interesting.
creates more connections.
Arkes and Freedman's "baseball game" experiment asked participants to indicate whether the following sentence was present in a passage they had previously read about events in a game: "The batter was safe at first." Their findings showed inaccurate memories involved omissions of information that was presented. participants who did not understand baseball and assumed more information was presented than actually was. creations from inferences based on baseball knowledge. confusions about presented information when it was ambiguous.
creations from inferences based on baseball knowledge.
Unconscious plagiarism of the work of others is known as narrative rehearsal. cryptomnesia. repeated reproduction. repeated recall.
cryptomnesia.
In the "War of the Ghosts" experiment, participants' reproductions contained inaccuracies based on narrative rehearsal. source misattributions. cultural expectations. shallow processing.
cultural expectations.
When investigating the serial position curve, delaying the memory test for 30 seconds. has no effect on the curve. increases the primacy effect. decreases the recency effect. increases both the primacy and the recency effects.
decreases the recency effect.
Elementary school students in the U.S. are often taught to use the very familiar word "HOMES" as a cue for remembering the names of the Great Lakes (each letter in "HOMES" provides a first-letter cue for one of the lakes: Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior). This memory procedure usually works better than repeating the names over and over. The use of this familiar word provides an example of a self-reference effect. repetition priming. implicit memory. elaborative rehearsal.
elaborative rehearsal.
Graded amnesia occurs because remote memories are more connected to the hippocampus than recent memories. recent memories are more connected to the hippocampus than remote memories. emotional memories are more connected to the amygdala than nonemotional memories. nonemotional memories are more connected to the amygdala than emotional memories.
emotional memories are more connected to the amygdala than nonemotional memories.
According to the levels of processing theory, memory durability depends on the depth at which information is encoded. stored. retrieved. consolidated.
encoded.
People often report an annoying memory failure when they walk from one end of the house to the other for something and then forget what they went to retrieve when they reach their destination. As soon as they return to the first room, they are reminded of what they wanted in the first place. This common experience best illustrates the principle of the self-reference effect. maintenance rehearsal. levels of processing theory. encoding specificity.
encoding specificity.
The principle that we encode information together with its context is known as memory consolidation. repetition priming. encoding specificity. a self-reference effect.
encoding specificity.
Acquiring information and transforming it into long-term memory is state-dependent learning. encoding. memory consolidation. transfer-appropriate processing.
encoding.
"I remember being really excited last year, when my college team won the national championship in basketball." This statement is an example of memory. episodic implicit semantic procedural
episodic
Phoebe steps up to the golf ball and hits it down the fairway. She sees that the ball is heading towards someone, so she yells "Fore!" After her two partners hit their balls, they pick up their bags and start walking to the next hole. But Phoebe says, "Wait a minute, I haven't teed off yet." This behavior shows that Phoebe has a problem with memory. semantic procedural episodic working
episodic
Lindsay's misinformation effect experiment, in which participants were given a memory test about a sequence of slides showing a maintenance man stealing money and a computer, showed that participants are influenced by MPI if they believe the postevent information is correct. only if the MPI is presented immediately after viewing the event. even if they are told to ignore the postevent information. if the MPI is consistent with social stereotypes.
even if they are told to ignore the postevent information.
A lesson to be learned from the research on flashbulb memories is that rehearsal cannot account for them. people's confidence in a memory predicts its accuracy (high confidence = high accuracy). extreme vividness of a memory does not mean it is accurate. they are permanent and resist forgetting.
extreme vividness of a memory does not mean it is accurate.
Your text's discussion of eyewitness testimony illustrates that this type of memory is frequently influenced by all of the following EXCEPT failing to elaboratively rehearse these kinds of events due to fear. inattention to relevant information due to the emotional nature of these events. source-monitoring errors due to familiarity. increased confidence due to postevent questioning.
failing to elaboratively rehearse these kinds of events due to fear.
n Slameka and Graf's (1978) study, some participants read word pairs, while other participants had to fill in the blank letters of the second word in a pair with a word related to the first word. The latter group performed better on a later memory task, illustrating the spacing effect. generation effect. cued recall effect. multiple trace hypothesis.
generation effect.
The recency effect occurs when participants are asked to recall a list of words. One way to get rid of the recency effect is to have participants say "la, la, la" while studying the list. present the list more slowly. have participants count backwards for 30 seconds after hearing the last word of the list. have participants see the words on a screen, rather than hear them.
have participants count backwards for 30 seconds after hearing the last word of the list.
Students, beware! Research shows that does not improve reading comprehension because it does not encourage elaborative processing of the material. organization highlighting making up questions about the material feedback
highlighting
According to your text, imagery enhances memory because research shows people like pictures better than words, so there is an enhanced emotional response. the brain processes images more easily than the meanings of words. imagery can be used to create connections between items to be remembered. pictures fit better with our basic instincts because children learn pictures before reading words.
imagery can be used to create connections between items to be remembered.
Much research has been dedicated to improving the reliability of eyewitness testimony. One finding reveals that when constructing a lineup, increasing similarity between "fillers" and a suspect leads to an increased level of erroneous identification of innocent people. increasing similarity between "fillers" and a suspect leads to an increased level of missed identification of some guilty suspects. increasing the number of fillers from 5 to 7 actually decreases the rate of false positive identifications. decreasing the number of fillers from 6 to 3 actually increases the rate of false positive identifications.
increasing similarity between "fillers" and a suspect leads to an increased level of missed identification of some guilty suspects.
Your text describes an "Italian woman" who, after an attack of encephalitis, had difficulty remembering people or facts she knew before. She could, however, remember her life events and daily tasks. Her memory behavior reflects intact semantic memory but defective episodic memory. intact procedural memory but defective episodic memory. intact episodic memory but defective semantic memory. intact episodic memory but defective procedural memory.
intact episodic memory but defective semantic memory.
K.C., who was injured in a motorcycle accident, remembers facts like the difference between a strike and a spare in bowling, but he is unaware of experiencing things like hearing about the circumstances of his brother's death, which occurred two years before the accident. His memory behavior suggests intact semantic memory but defective episodic memory. intact procedural memory but defective semantic memory. intact episodic memory but defective semantic memory. intact episodic memory but defective procedural memory.
intact semantic memory but defective episodic memory.
The experiment in which participants first read sentences about a baseball game and were then asked to identify sentences they had seen before, illustrated that memory is better for vivid descriptions. is like a tape recording. depends on the participant's mood. involves making inferences.
involves making inferences.
According to Tulving, the defining properties of the experience of episodic memory is that it involves mental time travel. it always corresponds to events from our past that actually happened. it accesses knowledge about the world that does not have to be tied to any specific personal experience. it involves both explicit and implicit memories.
it involves mental time travel.
"S," who had a photographic memory that was described as virtually limitless, was able to achieve many feats of memory. According to the discussion in your text, S's memory system operated _______. in a manner that bypassed normal neurological "blocks." less efficiently than normal. using more visual encoding than normal. using stronger semantic connections than normal.
less efficiently than normal.
The primacy effect (from the serial position curve experiment) is associated with memory. long-term short-term sensory implicit
long-term
From the behavior of H.M., who experienced memory problems after a brain operation, we can conclude that the hippocampus is important in procedural memory. long-term memory storage. working memory. long-term memory acquisition.
long-term memory acquisition.
Experiments that argue against a special flashbulb memory mechanism find that as time increases since the occurrence of the flashbulb event, participants remember more details about the event. make more errors in their recollections. report less confidence about their recollections. report less vivid recollections of the event.
make more errors in their recollections.
The observation that older adults often become nostalgic for the "good old days" reflects the self-image hypothesis, which states that life in a society gets more complicated and difficult as generations pass. memory for life events is enhanced during the time we assume our life identities. people tend to remember more of the positive events in their lives than negative ones. our memories change as we live longer and have more "lifetime periods" to draw events from.
memory for life events is enhanced during the time we assume our life identities.
Lucille is teaching Kendra how to play racquetball. She teaches her how to hold the racquet, where to stand, and how to make effective shots. These learned skills that Lucille has acquired are an example of memory. working semantic procedural autobiographical
procedural
The idea that we remember life events better because we encounter the information over and over in what we read, see on TV, and talk about with other people is called the narrative rehearsal hypothesis. cognitive hypothesis. life-narrative hypothesis. reminiscence hypothesis.
narrative rehearsal hypothesis.
Donald Hebb proposed that memory is represented in the brain by structural changes in all of the following EXCEPT the presynaptic neuron. postsynaptic neuron. neurotransmitters. synapse.
neurotransmitters.
The story in the text about the balloons that were used to suspend a speaker in mid air was used to illustrate the role of in memory. rehearsal organization depth of processing forming connections with other information
organization
The maintenance rehearsal task of learning a word by repeating it over and over again is most likely to lead to immediate decay due to retroactive interference. produce some short-term remembering, but fail to produce longer-term memories. cause sensory memories to interfere with consolidation in working memory. lead to effective autobiographical memories.
produce some short-term remembering, but fail to produce longer-term memories.
The primacy effect is attributed to recall of information stored in LTM. a type of rehearsal that improves memory for all items in a list. recall of information still active in STM. forgetting of early items in a list as they are replaced by later items.
recall of information stored in LTM.
Experimental evidence suggesting that the standard model of consolidation needs to be revised are data that show that the hippocampus was activated during retrieval of memories. recent and remote episodic recent and remote semantic recent episodic remote semantic
recent and remote episodic
This multiple choice question is an example of a test. recall recognition word-completion personal semantic memory
recognition
Treatment of PTSD has benefitted from recent research on levels of processing. depth of processing. transfer-appropriate processing. reconsolidation.
reconsolidation.
You have been studying for weeks for a nursing school entrance exam. You love the idea of becoming a nurse, and you have been enjoying learning about the material for your exam. Each night, you put on relaxing clothes and study in the quiet of your lovely home. Memory research suggests you should take your test with a mind set. excited relaxed nervous neutral
relaxed
Suppose you have been studying your French vocabulary words for several hours and are making many mistakes. You switch to reviewing the new terms for your upcoming biology test, and your performance is noticeably better. You are experiencing the self-reference effect. retroactive inhibition. release from proactive interference. disinhibition.
release from proactive interference.
A patient with impaired episodic memory would most likely have the greatest difficulty in recognizing famous people. remembering the meaning of some words. recalling where to find eating utensils in the kitchen. remembering graduating from college.
remembering graduating from college.
Retrograde amnesia is usually less severe for memories. remote recent anterograde emotional
remote
According to the multiple trace hypothesis, the hippocampus is involved in retrieval of remote, episodic memories. remote, semantic memories. remote procedural memories. state-dependent memories.
remote, episodic memories.
Your text argues that the proper procedure for measuring the accuracy of flashbulb memories is source monitoring. scripting. repeated recall. pre-cueing.
repeated recall.
Elaborative rehearsal of a word will LEAST likely be accomplished by repeating it over and over. linking the new word to a previously learned concept. using it in a sentence. thinking of its synonyms and antonyms.
repeating it over and over.
In the movie Groundhog Day, Bill Murray's character grows frustrated as he experiences the same day in his life over and over again. With each "passing" day, he is able to respond to people's actions more and more quickly because of repetition priming. distributed practice. reconsolidation. mental time travel.
repetition priming.
Examples from your book describing real experiences of how memories, even ones from a long time ago, can be stimulated by locations, songs, and smells highlight the importance of in LTM. long-term potentiation retrieval cues elaborative rehearsal mass practice
retrieval cues
Kieran found that studying for his Spanish exam made it more difficult to remember some of the vocabulary words he had just studied for his French exam earlier in the day. This is an example of retroactive interference. a life-narrative confusion. memory-trace replacement. a simultaneous presentation effect.
retroactive interference.
The misinformation effect can be explained by proactive interference. retroactive interference. schematic biases. repeated familiarity effects.
retroactive interference.
Your friend has been sick for several days, so you go over to her home to make her some chicken soup. Searching for a spoon, you first reach in a top drawer beside the dishwasher. Then, you turn to the big cupboard beside the stove to search for a pan. In your search, you have relied on a kitchen. source memory. script. schema. scan technique.
schema.
In the experiment in which participants sat in an office and then were asked to remember what they saw in the office, participants "remembered" some things, like books, that weren't actually there. This experiment illustrates the effect of on memory. schemas scripts confabulation bias
schemas
Jackie went to the grocery store to pick up yogurt, bread, and apples. First, she picked up a hand basket for carrying her groceries, and then she searched the store. After finding what she needed, she stood in a check-out line. Then, the cashier put her items in a plastic bag, and soon after, Jackie left the store. As readers of this event, we understand that Jackie paid for the groceries, even though it wasn't mentioned, because we are relying on a grocery store _____. misattribution script narrative schema
script
The predominant type of coding in LTM is phonological. concrete. semantic. visual.
semantic.
According to memory research, studying is most effective if study sessions are short but all on a single day. long and all on a single day. short and across several days. long and across several days.
short and across several days.
The propaganda effect demonstrates that we evaluate familiar statements as being true only when we are aware we've seen them before. simply because we have been exposed to them before. only when we agree with them. unless we are told explicitly that the statements are false.
simply because we have been exposed to them before.
When presenting lineups to eyewitnesses, it has been found that a(n) lineup is much more likely to result in an innocent person being falsely identified. sequential simultaneous immediate precued
simultaneous
In the word list experiment that was based on work by Deese (1959) and Roediger & McDermott (1995), many students incorrectly remembered hearing the word as part of the list of presented stimuli. This highlights a disadvantage of memory's constructive nature. blanket sleep tired drowsy
sleep
The experiment for which people were asked to make fame judgments for both famous and non-famous names (and for which Sebastian Weissdorf was one of the names to be remembered) illustrated the effect of on memory. repeated rehearsal of distinctive names source misattributions encoding specificity schemas
source misattributions
The standard model of consolidation proposes that the hippocampus is strongly active for both new memories as they are being consolidated and memories for events that occurred long ago and are already consolidated. strongly active for long-ago memories that are already consolidated but becomes less active when memories are first formed and being consolidated. strongly active when memories are first formed and being consolidated but becomes less active when retrieving older memories that are already consolidated. uninvolved in memory consolidation.
strongly active when memories are first formed and being consolidated but becomes less active when retrieving older memories that are already consolidated.
Jenkins and Russell (1952) presented a list of words like "chair, apple, dish, shoe, cherry, sofa" to participants. In a test, participants recalled the words in a different order than the order in which they were originally presented. This result occurred because of the tendency of objects in the same category to become organized. effect of proactive interference. way objects like dishes and shoes are encoded visually. way the phonological loop reorganizes information based on sound during rehearsal.
tendency of objects in the same category to become organized.
One way to ensure that a person does not remember that a word was presented to them in the past (when testing priming) is to utilize proactive interference when administering the memory task. test patients with amnesia. use backward instead of forward priming. employ multiple rounds of repetition priming.
test patients with amnesia.
In the famous obedience research conducted by Stanley Milgram, a participant was instructed to read a list of word pairs (e.g., "nice day," "blue dress," "fat neck") to another person. The participant would then read the list again but would only provide the first word. The other individual was to recall the word that went with this cueing word. This is an example of maintenance rehearsal. mood-congruent memory. the consolidation-reconsolidation effect. paired-associate learning.
the consolidation-reconsolidation effect.
Some suggest that students should study in a variety of places. This suggestion is based on research showing that people remember material better if they learned it in a number of different locations, compared to studying the same amount of time in one location. The suggestion solves a problem raised by the encoding specificity principle. the spacing effect. levels of processing. the distributed practice effect.
the encoding specificity principle.
The dramatic case of patient H.M. clearly illustrates that is crucial for the formation of LTMs. the hippocampus synaptic consolidation vitamin B1 deep processing
the hippocampus
Your text discusses how episodic and semantic memories are interconnected. This discussion revealed that when we experience events, episodic memory for events lasts longer than semantic memory for the events. the knowledge that makes up semantic memories is initially attained through a personal experience based in episodic memory. semantic and episodic memories about events tend to last about the same length of time in our memory. semantic memory of events is enhanced when it is not interfered with by associated episodic memories.
the knowledge that makes up semantic memories is initially attained through a personal experience based in episodic memory.
Research on eyewitness testimony has shown that the more confident the person giving the testimony is of their memories, the more accurate the memories are. the more convincing the testimony is to a jury. the more likely they are to be influenced by a weapons focus. the more accurate the memories are and the more convincing the testimony is to a jury.
the more convincing the testimony is to a jury.
Shallow processing of a word is encouraged when attention is focused on the physical features of the word. the meaning of a word. the pleasantness of a word. the category of a word.
the physical features of the word.
The repeated reproduction technique used in memory studies involves the same participants remembering some information at longer and longer intervals after learning the information. different groups of participants remembering some information across different periods of time after learning the information. the same participants remembering some information for as many trials as it takes to recall all of the information correctly. the same participants recalling some information many times but, each time, receiving different retrieval cues to assist their recall.
the same participants remembering some information at longer and longer intervals after learning the information.
Jeannie loves to dance, having taken ballet for many years. She is now learning salsa dancing. Although the movements are very different from the dances she is familiar with, she has found a successful memory strategy of linking the new dance information to her previous experiences as a dancer and to her own affection for dance. This strategy suggests reliance on the self-reference effect. a mass practice effect. the integrative experience effect. semantic memory.
the self-reference effect.
Wickens et al.'s "fruit, meat, and professions" experiment failed to show a release from proactive interference in the "fruit" group because the stimulus category changed. the stimulus category remained the same. the response task changed. the response task remained the same.
the stimulus category remained the same.
Memory enhancement due to repetition priming is a result of the test stimulus being the same or resembling the priming stimulus. the test stimulus being different from the priming stimulus. the test stimulus being similar in meaning to the priming stimulus. the test stimulus being different in meaning from the priming stimulus.
the test stimulus being the same or resembling the priming stimulus.
Transfer-appropriate processing is likely to occur if the rememberer generates his own retrieval cues. the type of encoding task matches the type of retrieval task. there is deep processing during acquisition of the new material. imagery is used to create connections among items to be transferred into LTM.
the type of encoding task matches the type of retrieval task.
Autobiographical memory research shows that a person's brain is more extensively activated when viewing photos the person has seen before. of familiar places. they took themselves. the person has never seen before.
they took themselves.
Memory performance is enhanced if the type of task at encoding matches the type of task at retrieval. This is called transfer-appropriate processing. episodic-based processing. elaborative rehearsal. personal semantic memory.
transfer-appropriate processing.
Asking people to recall the most influential events that happened during their college careers shows that in people's lives appear to be particularly memorable. trauma-based experiences family-centered challenges the freshman year transition points
transition points
One of the defining characteristics of implicit memory is that it always leads to episodic memory for events. it is enhanced by the self-reference effect. we are not conscious we are using it. people use it strategically to enhance memory for events.
we are not conscious we are using it.
Recent research on memory, based largely on fear conditioning in rats, indicates that fear conditioning is the most effective kind of conditioning for forming durable memories. memories are not susceptible to disruption once consolidation has occurred. when a memory is reactivated, it becomes capable of being changed or altered, just as it was immediately after it was formed. memory consolidation does not occur when animals are afraid of a stimulus.
when a memory is reactivated, it becomes capable of being changed or altered, just as it was immediately after it was formed.
Research on eyewitness testimony reveals that highly confident eyewitnesses are usually accurate. it is unnecessary to warn an eyewitness that a suspect may or may not be in a lineup. when viewing a lineup, an eyewitness's confidence in her choice of the suspect can be increased by an authority's confirmation of her choice, even when the choice is wrong. despite public misconception, eyewitnesses are usually very accurate when selecting a perpetrator from a lineup.
when viewing a lineup, an eyewitness's confidence in her choice of the suspect can be increased by an authority's confirmation of her choice, even when the choice is wrong.
