Chpater 18 Multiple Choice

"There is no place for industry... no arts; no letters; no society; and which is the worst of all, continual fear, and dange rof violent death; and the life of man, solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short." This quotation from Thomas Hobbes' Leviathan (1651) describes the concept known as... a. natural right b. state of nature c. social contract d. reason of state (raison d'etat) e. nationalism

B

Between 1650 and 1790, a crucial component of the global economy wa established when European nations developed a. the African trade b. the Atlantic economy c. the colonial economy d. the East Indian trade e. the Pacific economy

B

In the eighteenth century, the biggest increase in British foreign trade was with a. France b. the British colonial empire c. Africa and the Middle East d. the European continent e. China

B

The expansion of the "division of labor" and of "mass production" throught the development of standard parts and manufacturing processes were simulated by ... a. institution of bank credit b. Factory system c. Competition d. Economic imperialism e. Local political rivalry

B

the basic idea of mercantilism was... a. to acquire colonies b. the promotion of social welfare through increased economy activity c. to gain access to raw materials d. the main entrance of a favorable trade in order to increase the country's holdings in gold and silver e. pursuit of a policy of laissez-faire

D

Which of the following best describes the open-field system of the Middle Ages? a. The land was divided into long, narrow strips that were not enclosed by fences or hedges. b. The land was not divided but worked communally as villages labored in large fields side-by-side. c. The land was divided into small, rectangular plots bounded by small walls or fences to keep out animals. d. The land was divided into large, square plots that permitted individual families to retain control over their own crops. e. The land was not divided, so the lord of the manor could directly control agricultural techniques and introduce farming innovations.

A

All of the following characteristics of the Industrial Revolution (1780-1830) EXCEPT? a. that it replaced hand manufacture with machine production b. that it concentrated the working force in factories c. that it was a period of dramatic advancement d. that it took place first in France e. that it transformed European society

D

Which was NOT one of the results of the opening of the Atlantic to commerce with Europe during the 16th and 17th centuries... a. Tons of precious metals from the New World came to Spain b. The money supply expanded but productivity remained stable c. Runaway inflation occurred d. Inflation encouraged productivity e. The nobility increased its wealth

E

A number of technological advances through the 18th century made possible the large-scale production of which of the following? a. Shoes b. Textiles c. Heavy machinery d. Ships e. Precision tools

B

The Industrial Revolution created two new social classes: a. the bourgeoisie and the landowning peasantry b. the proletariat and the merchant class c. middle-class professionals and landowning aristocrats d. capitalists and the proletariat e. capitalists and urban aristocrats

D

The second enclosure movement, occurring in England in the 18th century was designed to... a. stimulate the growth of industrialization b. to strengthen the mining industry c. to replenish the forests of the country d. to increase and consolidate crop lands e. expand lands available for sheep-raising

D

The text of Denis Diderot's Encyclopedia was centered primarily on a. theology b. technology c. history d. philosophy e. poetry

B

Which nation dominated overseas colonization in the 16th century? a. England b. Spain c. France d. Austria e. Holland

B

By 1800, the Industrial Revolution had the greatest impact on... a. France b. The Netherlands c. Sweden d. Great Britain e. Prussia

C

Which of the following would most likely oppose laissez-faire policies in 19th century Europe... a. a factory owner b. a liberal c. a free trader d. a socialist e. a middle-class businessman

D

Mercantilism, the prevailing economic theory of the 17th century Europe was based on all of the following ideas EXCEPT? a. that a nation's wealth was measured by its accumulation of precious metals b. that a nation's wealth would be increased by a "favorable balance of trade" c. that war was a natural state of affairs between nations d. that a nation's accumulated gold and silver was needed to build a navy and to equip a standing army e. that government should not regulate or interfere with the nation's economy

E

Diderot's collaborator in writing the encyclopedia was... a. David Hume b. Voltaire c. D'Alembert d. Quesnay e. Montesquieu

C

Throughout the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, armies affected population growth in all of the folowing ways except a. soldiers and camp followers passed contagious diseases throughout the countryside. b. a large number of individuals were killed on the battlefield. c. armies requisitioned scarce food supplies. d. armies disrupted the agricultural cycle. e. battles destroyed precious crops and farmland.

B

Enclosures were required... a. to reinforce the concept of private property b. to eliminate continuing boundary dispute c. to permit scientific farming d. to permit the newly rich to acquire property

C

The leadership of the Dutch people in farming methodology can be attributed primarily to a. the exceptional fertility of their lands. b. the necessity to provide for a densely populated country. c. the leadership of the Dutch scientific community. d. their strong nobility. e. their Calvinism.

B

The English Navigation Acts mandated that all English imports and exports be transported on English ships, and they also a. restricted English banks from making foreign loans. b. initiated English involvement in the transatlantic slave trade. c. gave British merchants a virtual monopoly on trade with British colonies. d. created an alliance with the Dutch against the French. e. prevented the American colonists from building ships.

C

Which of the following best describes the role of women in guilds in the eighteenth century? a. Guilds dropped all restrictions that forbade women from serving as masters or laborers. b. Both legal and illegal work in guilds became more accessible to women. c. Guilds permitted women to serve as workers but forbade any women from becoming masters. d. Guilds promoted middle-class ideals about the harm to women of working outside the home. e. Guilds reinforced the regulations forbidding all work by and mastership for women.

B

In the eighteenth century, the advocates for agricultural innovation argued that a. the rights of the nobility over land needed to be reinforced, since until that time only nobles could force through innovations. b. government officials should seize land in order to demonstrate the value of agricultural innovation so that local farmers would adopt such practices. c. landholdings and common lands needed to be consolidated and enclosed in order to farm more efficiently. d. the key to agricultural innovation was to provide support for the peasants against the lords, since the lords resisted innovation that they feared would diminish their authority. e. farming should be strictly separated from herding for sheep and cattle, since herds diminished the lands' productivity by trodding on and flattening loose soil.

C

An immediate result of the commercial revolution that occurred with the increased productivity stimulated by the precious metals coming from the Americas was... a. the formation of an Urban working class b. a dramatic shift of population from the countryside to the cities c. a drastic increase in the manorial fees due from the peasants d. the rise of capitalism e. the abolition of the bourse

D

The Price Revolution of the 16th century was caused by... a. the establishment of monopolies b. the importation of silver and gold into the European economy c. a shortage of labor d. the wars of religion caused by the Reformation e. an unfavorable balance of trade

D