chpt 11

_____ is defined as the adoption of a new idea or behavior by an organization.

organizational change

The application of behavioral science knowledge to improve an organization's health and effectiveness is known as _____ .

organizational development

A(n) _____ is a change in the organization's product or service outputs.

product change

A step in the reinforcement stage of organizational development in which individuals acquire a desired new skill or attitude and are rewarded for it by the organization is referred to as _____ .

reezing

The generation of novel ideas that may meet perceived needs or respond to opportunities for the organization is called _____. A. a search initiative B. creativity C. an ideal champion D. a great idea E. strategic analysis

B

Exploration is the aspect of product and technology innovation that involves creating mechanisms to make sure new ideas are carried forward, accepted, and implemented. True False

True

Forces for organizational change exist both in the external environment and within the organization. True False

True

If organizations don't successfully change and innovate, they die. True False

True

In the unfreezing step, participants must be made aware of problems and be willing to change. True False

True

Mergers/acquisitions, organizational decline, and conflict management are the three types of current problems that organizational development managers face. True False

True

Organizational change refers to the adoption of a new idea or behavior by an organization. True False

True

Organizational development involves the application of behavioral science techniques to improve an organization's effectiveness and success. True False

True

Reasons employees resist change include self-interest, lack of understanding and trust, uncertainty, and different assessments and goals. True False

True

Refreezing is the reinforcement stage of organization development in which individuals acquire a desired new skill or attitude and are rewarded for it by the organization. True False

True

Skunkworks are a separate small, informal, highly autonomous, and often secretive group that focuses on breakthrough ideas for the business. True False

True

The communication and education approach for overcoming resistance to change should be used when the change is technical and the users need accurate information and analysis to understand change. True False

True

The disparity between existing and desired performance levels is the need for change. True False

True

The horizontal linkage model is increasingly important in high pressure business environments that require rapidly developing and commercializing products and services. True False

True

The innovation strategy for changing products and technologies that involves managers putting in place processes and structures to ensure that new ideas are carried forward for acceptance and implementation is known as entrepreneurship. True False

True

Three of the most popular and effective OD activities are team building, survey feedback, and largegroup interventions. True False

True

Training is one of the most frequently used approaches to changing people's mindsets. True False

True

Two possible tactics for overcoming resistance to change are coercion and negotiation. True False

True

Two specific tools that can smooth the change process include organizational development and programs for training and development. True False

True

When a change involves multiple departments, top management support is especially important. True False

True

An approach that brings together participants from all parts of the organization (and may include key outside stakeholders as well) to discuss problems or opportunities and plan for major change is called _____ .

large-group intervention

A disparity between existing and desired performance levels is known as a(n) _____ .

need for change

A(n) _____ is a unit separate from the rest of the organization and is responsible for developing and initiating a major innovation.

new-venture team

_____ extends the search for and commercialization of new ideas beyond the boundaries of the organization.

open innovation

_____ means extending the search for and commercializing new ideas beyond the boundaries of the organization and even beyond the boundaries of the industry.

open innovation

The innovation strategy for changing products and technologies that involves designing the organization to encourage creativity and the initiation of new ideas is known as cooperation. True False

False

The three distinct steps for achieving behavioral and attitudinal change with organizational development are planning, changing,and stabilizing. True False

False

The traditional organization development model focuses on the entire system and learning takes place throughout the whole organization. True False

False

Lack of understanding or trust are common reasons for resistance to change. True False

Falsea

Describe the three distinct stages for achieving behavioral and attitudinal change in an organization.

1. Unfreezing is the stage of organization development in which participants are made aware of problems in order to increase their willingness to change their behavior. This stage is often associated with diagnosis, which uses a change agent, an OD specialist who contracts with an organization to facilitate change. 2. Changing is the intervention stage of organization development in which individuals experiment with new workplace behavior. 3. Refreezing is the reinforcement stage of organization development in which individuals acquire a desired new skill or attitude and are rewarded for it by the organization.

The final step to be managed in the change process is: A. freezing B. implementation C. intervention D. planning change E. envisioning change

B

Before implementing new changes in work schedules, Trudy's Trinkets works with the union to ensure a smooth transition. What approach to change is this company using? A. Negotiation B. Top management support C. Participation D. Coercion E. Education

A

For the compact disc industry, the advent of MP3 technology can best be described as what type of innovation? A. Disruptive innovation B. Service innovation C. Productive innovation D. Restructuring innovation E. Reverse innovation

A

Which of the following is a person who sees the need for and fights for productive change in an organization? A creative individual B. A catalyst C. An idea champion D. A sponsor E. A critic

C

Harvest International is anticipating changes in their production procedures. You have been assigned to identify potential barriers to the change and suggest solutions to these barriers. You would use: A. force field analysis. B. barrier analysis. C. negotiation. D. assessment of goals. E. all of these.

A

John has tremendous technical skills and frequently comes up with valuable ideas. However, he has clueless about how to promote it within the organization. John is a good example of a(n)_____ . A. inventor. B. idea champion. C. sponsor. D. critic. E. an in-transition employee.

A

Left-Right Industries employs a diverse set of individuals with strong personalities. Unfortunately, this means that there is a great deal of interpersonal disagreement among employees. What organizational tool would work best in this circumstance to manage conflict? A. Organizational development B. Skunkwork C. Telecommuting D. Downsizing E. Small-group innovation

A

Recently, a high level manager at Trophy Trinkets noted a rise in customer satisfaction complaints. This rise is inconsistent with Trophy's goals in this area. This manager has identified: A. a need for change. B. a critical incident. C. a behavioral occurrence. D. an environmental opportunity. E. a SWOT analysis.

A

The adoption of a new idea or behavior by an organization is known as organizational _____. A. change. B. development. C. structure. D. intervention. E. responsibility.

A

The role of the _____ is to prevent people in other roles from adopting a bad idea. A. critic B. inventor C. sponsor D. ombudsman E. obstructionist

A

There are many organizational development activities, which are effective in solving many different problems. _____ enhances the cohesiveness and success of organizational groups. A. Team building B. Survey feedback C. Intergroup activities D. Process-Consultation activities E. Symbolic management

A

TooEasy, Inc. is changing from a manual ordering system to a computer-based ordering system. As part of the implementation procedures, the company invests in detailed, comprehensive training classes. What approach to change implementation is TooEasy using? A. Communication and education B. Top management support C. Participation D. Coercion E. Negotiation

A

Which approach should a group use to resist change if the group has power over implementation and if the group will lose out in the change? A. Negotiation B. Top management support C. Participation D. Coercion E. Education

A

Which of the following describes a person who is passionately committed to a new product of idea despite rejection by others? A. An idea champion B. A sponsor C. A new-venture team D. A skunkwork E. An investor

A

Which of the following is the reinforcement stage of organization development in which individuals acquire a desired new skill or attitude and are rewarded for it by the organization? A. Refreezing B. Restating C. Unfreezing D. Changing E. Jumping

A

You are the production manager for Connor's Construction, Inc. You decide to change the production procedure to increase efficiency. One of your long-time foremen is resisting the change, insisting that the idea won't work. Which of the following obstacle is he exhibiting? A. Different assessment and goals B. Uncertainty about the future C. A lack of trust D. All of these E. Uncertainty about the future and a lack of trust only

A

_____ is the lack of information about future events. A. Uncertainty B. Risk C. Worry D. Stress E. Change resistance

A

At which stage of the change process do managers evaluate problems and opportunities? A. Monitor forces for change B. Need for change C. Initiate change D. Implement change

B

Beth's Barnyard, Inc. has decided to restructure the entire organization. You hold a meeting with your employees to notify them of the change. You do not give them any detailed information. Which of the barriers to change would you expect your employees to exhibit? A. Disagreements about the benefits B. Uncertainty about the future C. A lack of trust D. Fear of organizational loss E. All of these

B

Cyrus's Resort has proposed some major structural changes within their organization. Some of the employees fear that they will lose power with the changes. They begin voicing resistance to the changes. What barrier to change are they exhibiting? A. Disagreements about the benefits B. Self interests C. A lack of understanding and trust D. Uncertainty

B

Shared development of innovations among several departments is emphasized by the _____ approach to innovation A. vertical B. horizontal linkage model C. top down D. bottom-up E. diagonal

B

The _____ approach to change implementation should be used when users have power to resist. A. education B. participation C. coercion D. top management support E. domination

B

The innovation strategy for changing products and technologies that involves creating conditions and systems to facilitate internal and external coordination and knowledge sharing is known as _____. A. exploration B. cooperation C. entrepreneurship D. idea incubator E. horizontal linkage

B

Vivian, as a vice-president of marketing, whihc is far removed from the research and development department. However, she keeps a close eye on what is happening in R & D and tries to support good ideas whenever she can by removing unnecessary organizational obstacles. Vivian is a good example of a(n)_____. A. inventor B. sponsor C. critic D. idea champion E. none of these

B

Which of the following is an OD intervention technique in which questionnaires on organizational climate and other factors are distributed among employees and the results reported back to them by a change agent? A. Team building activities B. Survey feedback activities C. Intergroup activities D. Process-consolidation activities E. Symbiotic leadership activities

B

Which of the following means extending the search for and commercializing new ideas beyond the boundaries of the organization and even beyond the boundaries of the industry? A. An idea champion B. Open innovation C. A new-venture team D. An idea incubator E. An inventor

B

_____ indicates a disparity between existing and desired performance levels. A. Environmental opportunity B. Need for change C. Behavioral occurrence D. Critical incident E. Organizational structural imbalance

B

A fund providing resources from which individuals and groups draw to develop new ideas, products, or businesses is referred to as a _____. A. personal fund B. development fund C. new-venture fund D. change fund E. mutual fund

C

After every quarterly board meeting, Bernice's Bracelets, Inc. announces big changes. They usually do not follow through on these changes. What is causing this lack of enthusiasm? A. Disagreements about the benefits B. Self interests C. A lack of trust D. Goals and assessments E. Competitors

C

All of the following are characteristics of creative organizations EXCEPT_____. A. use of teams B. risk taking norms C. centralization D. long term horizon. E. loose controls

C

Ashley has average technical skills but her real strengths lay in visualizing the benefits of other's ideas and in finding financial and political support for these ideas. Ashley is an excellent example of a(n) _____. A. critic. B. sponsor. C. idea champion. D. inventor. E. bureaucrat.

C

Communication and education tactic to change implementation should be used when: A. initiators clearly have power. B. group has power over implementation. C. change is technical. D. users need to feel involved. E. group will lose out in change.

C

Innovation requires the coordination that occurs with the _____ . A. top-down approach B. bottom-up approach C. horizontal linkage model D. time-based approach E. vertical approach

C

Jurgen is one of several middle managers sent to a training course on leadership skills. Through this effort, the organization is attempting: A. organization change B. organization development C. people change D. culture change E. artifact change

C

Kyle is seeing, on a regular basis, a difference between current and expected performance levels. She should begin: A. to gather more data. B. to implement change. C. to perceive a need for change. D. to change the reward system. E. all of these.

C

Organizational development specialists identify three distinct steps for achieving behavioral and attitudinal changes. These are A. freezing, changing, and intervention. B. unfreezing, change agent, and freezing. C. unfreezing, changing, and refreezing. D. intervention, refreezing, and change agent. E. none of these.

C

Sandra works for a bank that is renowned for being the first commercial bank in the United States to introduce online banking. Which of the following can be used to describe this innovation? A. Package innovation B. Product innovation C. Service innovation D. Supply chain innovation E. Human resource innovation

C

Successful change requires that organizations be capable of both creating and implementing ideas, which means the organization must learn to be _____. A. cordial B. rightsized C. ambidextrous D. compliant E. intra-focused

C

The _____ is a unit separate from the rest of the organization responsible for the development of a major innovation. A. new product group B. matrix group C. new-venture team D. vertical group E. change team

C

The horizontal linkage model is best applied to a: A. low pressure environment. B. stable environment. C. environment that requires speed. D. customer service environment. E. manufacturing

C

The innovation strategy for changing products and technologies that involves managers putting in place processes and structures to ensure that new ideas are carried forward for acceptance and implementation is known as _____. A. exploration B. cooperation C. innovation roles D. idea incubator E. horizontal linkage

C

What is force field analysis? A. The analysis of the forces that drive customers to a certain organization B. The analysis of the forces that drive the organization of a company C. The process of determining which forces drive and which resist a proposed change D. The process by which an organization forces changes to occur E. none of these

C

Which approach to change implementation should be used when a crisis exists? A. Education B. Participation C. Coercion D. Top management support E. None of these

C

Which of the following is a characteristic of the large-group intervention model? A. Results in incremental change B. Learning for the small group C. Addresses the entire system D. Gradual time frame E. Limited distribution

C

Which of the following is defined by the text as the application of behavioral science knowledge to improve an organization's health and effectiveness through its ability to cope with environmental changes, improve internal relationships, and increase problem-solving capabilities? A. Conflict management B. Organizational revitalization C. Organizational development D. Organizational linkage E. Horizontal linkage

C

Which of the following refers to the generation of novel solutions to perceived problems? A. Problem solving B. Organizational development C. Creativity D. Brainstorming E. Perceived solution

C

_____ is NOT a type of current problem that organizational development can help address. A. Mergers B. Acquisitions C. Diversification D. Organizational decline E. Conflict management

C

_____ refers to a change in the attitudes and behaviors of a few employees in the organization. A. Organization change B. Organization development C. People change D. Culture change E. Artifact change

C

List the five specific tactics that can be used to overcome employee resistance to change.

Communication and education, participation, negotiation, coercion, and top management support.

_____ change is a major shift in the norms, values, attitudes, and mindset of the entire organization.

Culture

"The Brain" is a permanent secret group within one of the nation's largest auto manufacturers. Members of this elite group focus intently on developing new and innovative automobile technologies. "The Brain" can best be described as what type of group or team? A. Cross-functional team B. Fast-cycle team C. Brainstorming team D. Skunkwork E. New-venture team

D

A step in the diagnosis stage of organizational development in which participants are made aware of problems is referred to as _____, A. change agent B. changing C. refreezing D. unfreezing E. exercising

D

An example of an organizational would be: A. the switch to a new production method. B. the decision to offer a new product line. C. the introductions of a new pay for performance system. D. all of these. E. the switch to a new production method or the decision to offer a new product line.

D

Cooltown University recently invited members of its social network group to enter a contest on YouTune o design the best video promoting the university. This is an example of what innovative approach? A. Social group innovation B. Network innovation C. Techsourcing D. Crowdsourcing E. Insourcing

D

Inventory managers at SYX Enterprises utilize an inventory control system where materials are scheduled to arrive just as they are needed on the production line. This is referred to as: A. restructuring. B. force-field control. C. total quality management. D. just-in-time inventory control. E. skunkwork inventory control.

D

Organizational development can help managers address problems such as merger/acquisitions, conflict management, and _____ . A. cultural changes B. force field analysis C. organizational productivity D. organizational decline/revitalization E. none of these

D

Sandbox Sally's, Inc. is making some changes to the work schedules of its employees. Some of the employees are not happy with the changes. As their manager, Harry tells them that they can accept it or leave. What approach to change implementation is Harry using? A. Negotiation B. Top management support C. Participation D. Coercion

D

The continuing development and improvement of computer information systems has made a powerful impression on Jaimie Hall, CEO of See-Saw City (SSC). The current computer system at SSC is seven years old, and while still highly useful and reliable, Jaimie is wondering if a new system would be more efficient and more useful. Jaimie recognized that some of her managers would prefer to keep the old system, while others have been requesting that the company update its information capability. Jaimie also recognizes that there are four roles in organizational change. Which of the following is NOT one of those roles? a. Inventor b. Champion c. Sponsor d. Investor e. All of these are included.

D

Today's most successful companies are including _____ directly in the product and service development process. A. employees B. internal buyers C. competitors D. customers E. all of these

D

Which of the following is the intervention stage of organization development in which individuals experiment with new workplace behavior? A. Refreezing B. Restating C. Unfreezing D. Changing E. Jumping

D

Which of the following refers to a major shift in the norms, values, attitudes, and mindset of the entire organization? A. Organization change B. Organization development C. People change D. Culture change E. Artifact change

D

Which variation of new venture teams is described as a small separate, informal, highly autonomous, and often selective group that focuses on breakthrough ideas for the business? A. An idea champion B. A sponsor C. A new-venture team D. A skunkwork E. An inventor

D

_____ refers to innovations in products, services, or processes that radically change an industry's rules of the game for producers and consumers. A. Restructuring innovation B. Trickle up innovation C. Productive innovation D. Disruptive innovation E. Reverse innovation

D

_____ schedule materials to arrive at a company just as they are needed on the production line. A. Mass customization system B. LIFO system C. First-in-First-out system D. Just-in-time inventory system E. Last-in-First-out

D

_____ uses formal bargaining to win acceptance and approval of a desired change. A. Education B. Participation C. Coercion D. Negotiation E. Top management support

D

High-Low Productions recently appointed 75 employees and external stakeholders to a temporary group that would discuss problems and opportunities, and would gather perspectives on changes that need to take place within the company. High-Low Productions is utilizing which organizational change tool? A. Organizational development B. Skunkwork C. Telecommuting D. Focus group E. Large-group intervention

E

The continuing development and improvement of computer information systems has made a powerful impression on Jaimie Hall, CEO of See-Saw City (SSC). The current computer system at SSC is seven years old, and while still highly useful and reliable, Jaimie is wondering if a new system would be more efficient and more useful. Jaimie recognized that some of her managers would prefer to keep the old system, while others have been requesting that the company update its information capability. In planning how to implement the new system, Jaimie can anticipate some resistance to the new system. This resistance can come from all of the following, EXCEPT : a. self interest of the resisting employees. b. lack of understanding of the new system. c. uncertainty, or a lack of information. d. different departments pursuing different goals. e. all of these can create resistance.

E

The continuing development and improvement of computer information systems has made a powerful impression on Jaimie Hall, CEO of See-Saw City (SSC). The current computer system at SSC is seven years old, and while still highly useful and reliable, Jaimie is wondering if a new system would be more efficient and more useful. Jaimie recognized that some of her managers would prefer to keep the old system, while others have been requesting that the company update its information capability. Jaimie recognized that creativity is an essential ingredient in developing solutions to organizational problems. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a creative manager? a. Conceptual fluency and open mindedness b. Originality c. Focused approach d. Commitment e. All of these are characteristics.

E

The continuing development and improvement of computer information systems has made a powerful impression on Jaimie Hall, CEO of See-Saw City (SSC). The current computer system at SSC is seven years old, and while still highly useful and reliable, Jaimie is wondering if a new system would be more efficient and more useful. Jaimie recognized that some of her managers would prefer to keep the old system, while others have been requesting that the company update its information capability. To overcome the resistance to the new system, Jaimie can use any of the following techniques, EXCEPT: a. education and communication. b. participation in designing the system. c. negotiation. d. coercion. e. all of these can be used.

E

When trying to overcome the resistance for change, which approach is best suited when change is technical? A. Coercion B. Top management support C. Negotiation D. Participation E. Communication

E

Which of the following is(are) important role(s) to be played during the process of organizational change? A. The idea champion B. The critic C. The sponsor D. Inventor E. All of these

E

Which of the following symbolizes to all employees that the change is important for the organization? A. Education B. Coercion C. Participation D. Negotiation E. Top Management support

E

_____ is an approach that brings together participants from all parts of the organization to discuss problems or opportunities and plan for major change. A. Virtual-group intervention B. Traditional organization development C. Multi-unit intervention D. Strategic planning committee E. Large-group intervention

E

Describe the three innovative strategies for new products and technologies.

Exploration is the stage where ideas for new products and technologies are born. Managers design the organization for exploration by establishing conditions that encourage creativity and allow new ideas to spring forth. The second stage is cooperation. At this stage, manager need to provide mechanisms for both internal and external coordination. The third stage is entrepreneurship which creates mechanisms to make sure new ideas are carried forward, accepted, and implemented.

A performance gap is a disparity between the performance of the company when compared with a competitor. True False

False

An open team is a multifunctional, and sometimes multinational, team that works under stringent timelines and is provided with high levels of resources and empowerment to accomplish an accelerated product development project. True False

False

Centralization and short time horizon are primarily used by creative organizations. True False

False

Change, according to Kurt Lewin, is a result of the competition between forced and unforced fields. True False

False

Confrontation, authoritarianism, and disciplined exploration are characteristics of the creative individuals. True False

False

Large cost savings from reduced inventories and labor savings by needing fewer workers to handle inventory can be driving forces associated with the implementation of just-in-time inventory control systems. True False

False

Managers and employees that are most involved in an innovation or potential change are often those that seem to prefer the status quo. True False

False

People change starts with training everyone in the organization. True False

False

Productive innovation refers to innovations in products, services, or processes that radically change an industry's rules of the game for producers and consumers. True False

False

Research shows that managers in creative companies avoid risk and experimentation. True False

False

Survey feedback enhances the cohesiveness and success of organizational groups and teams. True False

False

Technology change involves the hierarchy of authority, goals, administrative procedures, and managerial systems. True False

False

The acceptance of mistakes, the freedom to discuss ideas, and the assignment of nonspecialists to problems are characteristics of creative organizations or departments. True False

False

The idea in the large group intervention is to get a sample of people who may have an interest in the organization, gather perspectives from the selected parts of the system, and allow the sample to create a collective future. True False

False

The innovation strategy for changing products and technologies that involves creating conditions and systems to facilitate internal and external coordination and knowledge sharing is known as exploration. True False

False

Explain the concept of force field analysis.

Force field analysis was first proposed by Kurt Lewin. He argued that change was the result of the competition between driving and restraining forces. Driving forces are the forces behind the change and are supportive of it. Restraining forces resist the proposed change, counterbalancing the driving forces. To successfully implement change, management should analyze these two sets of forces and their relative strengths. Management can facilitate successful implementation by reducing the strength of the restraining forces or by eliminating them.

What is organizational change and what are two major areas of change in organizations?

Organizational change is the adoption of a new idea or behavior by an organization. Two key aspects of change in organizations are introducing new products and technologies, and changing people and culture.

_____ change is a change in the attitudes and behaviors of a few employees in the organization.

People

List the four reasons why employees tend to resist change.

Self-interest, lack of understanding and trust, uncertainty, and different assessments and goals.

Name and briefly describe the four roles in championing an idea for organizational change.

The first role is the inventor, who develops and understands the technical aspects of the idea, but does not know how to win support for the idea or how to make a business of it. The second role is the champion, who believes in the idea, sees the benefits, confronts costs, and obtains financial and political support for the idea. The third role is the sponsor, a higher level manager who removes organizational barriers and protects the idea within the organization. The fourth role is the critic, who provides a reality test, looks for shortcomings and defines hard-nosed criteria that the idea must pass.

Describe the five characteristics of creative people and organizations.

The five characteristics are conceptual fluency/open mindedness, originality, less authority/independent, playful and curious, and persistent and committed.

Describe the tactics for overcoming resistance to change.

The four tactics for overcoming resistance to change are: (1) communications/education which is used when change is technical, (2) participation, which is used when the users need to feel involved, (3) negotiation, which is used when the group has power over implementation, (4) coercion, which is utilized when a crises exists, and finally (5) top management support, which is use when change involves multiple departments of reallocation of resources.

Explain the horizontal linkage model.

The horizontal linkage model is defined as an approach to product change that emphasizes shared development of innovations among several departments. People from various departments, as well as suppliers and customers, meet frequently in teams and/or task forces to share ideas and solve problems together.

. An approach to innovation that emphasizes shared development of innovations among several departments is referred to as the horizontal linkage model. True False

True

A change agent is an OD specialist who contracts with an organization to facilitate change. True False

True

A fast-cycle team is a multifunctional, and sometimes multinational, team that works under stringent timelines and is provided with high levels of resources and empowerment to accomplish an accelerated product development project. True False

True

A person who sees the need for and champions productive change within the organization is called an idea champion. True False

True

A product change is a change in the organization's product or service outputs. True False

True

A unit that is separate from the mainstream of the organization and is responsible for developing and initiating innovations is called a new-venture team. True False

True

After the need for change has been perceived, the next part of the change process is implementing change. True False

True

An ambidextrous approach means incorporating structures and processes that are appropriate for both the creative impulse and for the systematic implementation of innovations. True False

True

An idea incubator is in-house program that provides a safe harbor where ideas from employees throughout the organization can be developed without interference from company bureaucracy or politics. True False

True

Creativity is the generation of novel ideas that may meet perceived needs or respond to opportunities for the organization. True False

True

Culture change pertains to the whole organization. True False

True

Culture change refers to a major shift in the norms, values, attitudes, and mindset of the entire organization. True False

True

An OD specialist who contracts with an organization to facilitate change is called a(n) _____.

change agent

The second stage in Lewin's change model, _____ , occurs when individuals experiment with new behavior and learn new skills to be used in the workplace.

changing

The innovation strategy for changing products and technologies that involves creating conditions and systems to facilitate internal and external coordination and knowledge sharing is known as _____ .

cooperation

_____ is the generation of novel ideas that may meet perceived needs or respond to opportunities for the organization.

creativity

The _____ role in organizational change involves providing a "reality test."

critic

The innovation strategy for changing products and technologies that involves designing the organization to encourage creativity and the initiation of new ideas is known as _____ .

exploration

The _____ model is an approach to product change that emphasizes shared development of innovations among several departments.

horizontal linkage

A(n) _____ is a person who sees the need for and champions productive change within the organization.

idea champion

A(n) _____ is an in-house program that provides a safe harbor where ideas from employees throughout the organization can be developed without interference from company bureaucracy or politics.

idea incubator

The innovation strategy for changing products and technologies that involves managers putting in place processes and structures to ensure that new ideas are carried forward for acceptance and implementation is known as _____ .

innovation roles

A(n) _____ is a separate small, informal, highly autonomous, and often secretive group that focuses on breakthrough ideas for the business.

skunkwork

A type of OD intervention in which questionnaires on organizational climate and other factors are distributed among employees and the results reported back to them by a change agent is called _____ .

survey feedback

A type of OD intervention that enhances the cohesiveness of departments by helping members learn to function as a team is called _____.

team building

_____ change is related to the organization's production process, i.e., how the organization does its work.

technology

_____ symbolizes to all employees that the change is important for the organization.

top management support

A step in the diagnosis stage of organizational development in which participants are made aware of problems in order to increase their willingness to change their behavior is called _____ .

unfreezing

List the three distinct steps for achieving behavioral and attitudinal change.

unfreezing,changing, and refreezing