Civil Rights: Jim Crow Era

Frederick Douglass

Fought for Constitutional amendments to guarantee voting rights for African-Americans.

Federal Soldiers

...supervised the South during Reconstruction.

Reflects American bias against Irish

"No ________ need apply"

Plessy vs. Ferguson

(1896) The Court ruled that segregation was not discriminatory (did not violate black civil rights under the Fourteenth Amendemnt) provide that blacks received accommodations equal to those of whites.

Chinese Exclusion Act

Outlawed legal immigration from Asia in 1882

1877

The year Reconstruction end as a result of a compromise over the outcome of the election of 1876.

Guaranteed Rights

13th, 14th, and 15th amendments

Separate Car Law

A law where whites and black people had their own cars on a train. Based on racial discrimination. An example of segregation.

Hardships during great depression

AA- few jobs created AA- share croppers and tenant farmers went further into debt.

15th Amendment

Allowed denial of voting rights bases on education, wealth, gender, etc.

Literacy test

Nearly all whites were excluded from having to do this to vote

Social Reason for Black Migration

Start a new life away from discrimination (From the late 1800's to 1940's) between 1.5 and 2 million African Americans left the South for the North

Political Reason for Black Migration

loss of political rights in the south.

Great Depression

(HH) , starting with collapse of the US stock market in 1929, period of worldwide economic stagnation and depression. Heavy borrowing by European nations from USA during WW1 contributed to instability in European economies. Sharp declines in income and production as buying and selling slowed down. Widespread unemployment, countries raised tariffs to protect their industries. America stopped investing in Europe. Lead to loss of confidence that economies were self adjusting, HH was blamed for it

Talented Tenth

(W.E.B) highly educated and trained blacks will set example future leaders of the movement idea popular among white liberals and educated blacks.

How did the legal system treat blacks and whites accused of crimes against each other?

- Black people were not given a trial by peers (all white jury), often found guilty. The charges were often the result of not paying rent, local debts, that were the result of not being able to pay for basic needs due to low wages paid by white land owners. Put in prison and given fines. They couldn't pay fines. Business bought up the fines and forced the black convicts (mostly young men) to work for them for free under horrible conditions. This work without pay and terrible treatment could go on for months if not years. -White people received a trial by their peers (all white jury) rarely found guilty of horrible crimes against black people, and if found guilty only had to pay a small fine and served no jail/prison time.

Jim Crow

- Laws designed to enforce segregation of blacks from whites, , Jim Crow laws were state and local laws passed from the end of Reconstruction in 1877 through the mid-1950s by which white southerners reasserted their dominance by denying African Americans basic social, economic, and civil rights, such as the right to vote. - A white actor called himself Jim Crow, used black face make - up and mimicked/ mocked - how freed Southern Slaves acted. Today this is seen as racist behavior.

End of Reconstruction

-Federal troops were removed from the South. -Rights that African Americans had gained were lost through "Jim Crow" laws.

Abraham Lincoln

-Issued Reconstruction plan calling for reconciliation. -Believed preservation of the Union was more important than punishing the South.

Southern military leaders...

... could not hold public office during Reconstruction.

Plessy v Ferguson

1896 Supreme Court ruling that public facilities could legally separate blacks and whites as long as the facilities were equal.

Jim Crow etiquette

A black man could not offer to shake the hand of a white man. That implied equality; A black person could not look a white person in they eye because that also implied equality; A black person would have to step off the sidewalk if a white person was walking towards them; A black man could not speak to a white woman without being spoken to first.

Claude McKay

A poet who was a major figure in the Harlem Renaissance movement and wrote the poem "If We Must Die" after the Chicago riot of 1919.

Lynching

After Reconstruction some white Southerners began to use violence to keep blacks from fighting for their civil rights. One of the most common forms of violence was___. Illegal execution of a person by a mob.

14th

Amendment designed to protect African American's Civil Rights due to passage of Black Codes

13th amendment

Bans slavery in the United States.

1860, year before the Civil War began

Choosing this year for automatic voting rights guaranteed all Southern black males would have to pass a literacy test to vote

Washington and Lee University

College Robert E. Lee became president of following the Civil War

W.E.B DuBois

Demand your rights. "Agitate for what's rightfully ours." Niagara Movement, Talented Tenth, NAACP.

15th amendment

Ensures all citizens the right to vote regardless of race.

Private businesses or individuals

From 1868 to 1883, the Supreme Court ruled in level cases that the 14th amendment did not prevent ________________ from discriminating against individuals, only States (like schools or police).

14th amendment

Granted citizenship to all born in the US (aimed at African Americans), garunteed equal protection.

15th

Guaranteed citizens right to vote could not be abridged (denied) bases on color, race or previous conditions of servitude...____ amendment.

Carpetbaggers

Negative term for northeners who went to the South after the Civil War to take advantage of southerners and profit from Reconstruction.

Mississippi Black Codes

One state's laws passed in 1866 to outlaw black gun ownership, freedom to move, freedom to marry outside of race, freedom to leave jobs, use of alcohol, freedom of speech, etc.

Legally segregated

Parks, restaurants, hospitals, Bibles in court, cemeteries, schools, busses, etc. during Jim Crow

Marcus Garvey

U.N.I.A and Black Nationalism

U.N.I.A

Universal Negro Improvement Association Back to Africa Movement Support Black Businesses - Black Star line

Robert E. Lee

Urged Southerners to reconcile with the North

NAACP

(W.E.B) National Associated for the Advancement of Colored People. use legal means to end racial discrimination.

Legal Means

(W.E.B) Niagara Movement- 1906 unrestricted voting rights equal economic opportunity interrogation equality before the law

Emancipation Proclamation

1863, Lincoln's proclamation made after a crucial victory at Antietam, allowed Lincoln to push for something radical; frees all slaves in areas under rebellion; this excludes the border states, keeping them on the side of the union, prevents foreign powers from entering the war for slavery, provides a rationale for the war, and allows blacks to enlist in the army.

Red Summer

1919 wave of riots across the US, coined by author James Weldon Johnson; describes the summer and autumn of 1919. Race riots erupted in several cities in both the North and South of the United States. The three most violent episodes happened in Chicago, Washington, D.C., and Elaine, Arkansas. These were part of a series of 20 or more race riots occurring in the U.S. where African Americans were the victims of physical attacks

Mulatto

A person mixed African (black) & European (white) ancestry. A mulatto denotes a person with one white parent and one black parent. Mulattoes were found primarily in the South, where White and African-American populations were in closer proximity and thus the odds of having a mixed-race child increased. During the slave trade, a slave master could have children with a slave and consider the child a slave or pass for white.

13th

Amendment permanently abolishing slavery

Black Codes

Any code of law that defined and especially limited the rights of former slaves after the Civil War. Indeed, one of the main goals of the Civil War, freedoms for enslaved people, was being rolled back. One by one, southern states met Johnson's Reconstruction demands and were restored to the Union. The first order of buisness in these new, white-run governments was to enact black codes, laws that restricted freedmen's rights. The black codes established virtual slavery with provisions such as these: Curfews, Labor Contracts, Limits on women's rights, and land restrictions.

Charles Alston

Famed muralist that Jacob Lawrence took lessons from while he was a youth in Harlem at the Utopia Children House and Harlem Art Workshop. At this time he also studied with sculptor Augusta Savage. Most of his studies were at 135th branch of the New York Public Library(Now the Schoenberg Center for Research in Black Studies), which is now the site of most of Laurence's murals.

Civil Rights Act of 1866

Gave African Americans equal rights and also authorized the use of federal troops for its enforcement. (mainly Northern soldiers)

14th Amendment

Gave automatic status of citizenship to "all persons born or naturalized in the U.S."

A. Philip Randolph

Lead March on Washington

Louis Armstrong

Leading African American jazz musician during the Harlem Renaissance; he was a talented trumpeter whose style influenced many later musicians.

Segregation

Legal separation of people based on racial, ethnic, or other differences. Keeps minorities powerless by formally separating them from the dominant group and depriving them of access to the dominant institutions.

Lynchings

Over 2,000 of these acts occurred from 1900 to 1910, helping intimidate black Southerns who in any way "stepped out of line" during the Jim Crow Era

Gains made by African Americans in Great Migration

Political influence within AA sections of cities Economic success in earnings and material wealth organized into labor unions Harlem Renaissance

Freedmen's Bureau

Provided to aid former enslaved African Americans with food, medical care, jobs and education.

Black Nationalism

Racial Pride Separate Black institution with Black leadership.

Harlem Renaissance

Rebirth of AA in Harlem NY.

KKK

Stands for Ku Klux Klan and started right after the Civil War in 1866. The Southern establishment took charge by passing discriminatory laws known as the black codes. Gives whites almost unlimited power. They masked themselves and burned black churches, schools, and terrorized black people. They are anti-black and anti-Semitic.

Jim Crow Laws

State laws in the South that legalized segregation. Limited rights of blacks. Literacy tests, grandfather clauses and poll taxes limited black voting rights. Jim Crow laws were state and local laws passed from the end of Reconstruction in 1877 through the mid-1950s by which white southerners reasserted their dominance by denying African Americans basic social, economic, and civil rights, such as the right to vote.

California

State which taxed Chinese minors at a higher rate than White minors and made it illegal for Chinese to own land.

Border State

States bordering the North: Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky and Missouri. They were slave states, but did not secede.

Illegal immigrants

The inclusion of the wording "all persons born in the U.S." Unintentionally granted citizenship to children born here to _____________.

Reconstruction

Time after the Civil War in which the federal government set the conditions that would allow the rebellious Southern states back into the Union and grant rights to African Americans.

1941 March on Washington

a protest that called for a march on Washington for jobs in national defense and equal integration in the fighting forces of the US

Ways the African Americans lost "Guaranteed" rights

civil right cases, Supreme Court rulings, non-enforcement, loss of Political rights.

Booker T. Washington

don't fight for political rights, pay off debts, acquire property, earn your rights. "Cast down your bucket." Accept your loss of voting rights. "The Great Accommodater" accept your second class position.

Gains made in Great Depression

federal agencies began providing jobs, relief, farm subsides, education, training, to AA

Decline of the Harlem Renaissance

great depression shift to economic over social issues literary figures leaving new york Harlem Riot in 1935

Violent Reaction to Black Migration

intimidation- threaten violence beatings, lynchings, etc.

Economic Reason for Black Migration

loss/lack of jobs in the south crops destroyed by nature new opportunities in the industrial factories.

Integration

open (a place) to members of all races and ethnic groups.

Non-Violent Reaction to Black Migration

refuse to sell homes to blacks deny blacks service in restaurants, stores, etc.

Racial Caste System

when slavery ended in the US this was what replaced it. Whites considered themselves higher than blacks.

Minstrel Show

white actors wearing black face mimicked and ridiculed African American culture, became increasingly popular.