Civil War and Reconstruction Unit Test
In what era did the Confederate flag truly begin to "take hold" with the Ku Klux Klan? a) 1870-1890 b) 1900-1920 c) 1930-1940 d) 1960-1980
1930-1940
True or false: The Civil War began as a struggle for emancipation, to end slavery.
False
What motivated the majority of Southern lynchings-of both blacks and whites-between 1830 and 1860? a) A suspicion that the victims were conspiring to mount a slave uprising b) Refusals by the victims to abide by social expectations of the region c) financial motivations aimed at stealing the victim's land or wealth d) Political disagreements between dominant Democratic politicians and rising Republicans
a) A suspicion that the victims were conspiring to mount a slave uprising
According to William R. Black, how did the leaders of the Confederacy see themselves in relation to the Founders? a) As closely related, and as continuing their "vision of American Liberty" b) As wholly separate, and in opposition to the Founders' position on "states' rights and individual liberty." c) As ambivalent to the words of the Founders, and as "in opposition to any ties between the Confederacy and the Union." d) None of the above
a) As closely related, and as continuing their "vision of American Liberty"
According to William R. Black, which of the following describes northerner's views of "carpetbaggers-northern migrants to the South," in 1865? a) As heroic crusaders who would transform the South into a land of free labor and free soil. b) As invaders who only wished to fleece the South and provoke the black population into a potential race war. c) As naive people who did not fully understand the culture and conditions of the early region they were moving to. d) As victims of a northern press more concerned with stirring up trouble than bringing peace between the regions.
a) As heroic crusaders who would transform the South into a land of free labor and free soil.
Which of the following served as "incubators of cultural change" with regard to the Confederate battle flag helping it push it "onto the political scene" in the Twentieth century? a) College campuses b) Southern universities c) Hollywood movies d) Northern writers
a) College campuses
Which of the following terms served as "a euphemism for white supremacy" in much of the writing on Reconstruction? a) Home rule b) Local voices c) Scalawags d) Carpetbaggers
a) Home rule
Which political party, according to most historical writings of the twentieth century, "vindictively fastened black supremacy upon the defeated Confederacy and "fostered" an orgy of corruption and misgovernment?" a) Radical Republicans b) Moderate Republicans c) Moderate Democrats d) Racial Democrats
a) Radical Republicans
Which wing of which political party pushed Abraham Lincoln to reconsider his policies toward emancipation? a) Radical Republicans b) Moderate Republicans c) Moderate Democrats d) Radical Democrats
a) Radical Republicans
Where did the lynching of Ballie Crutchfield, an African American woman murdered in place o her accused brother, occur? a) Smith County, Tennessee b) Wayward, Mississippi c) Detroit, Michigan d) Tuscaloosa, Alabama
a) Smith County, Tennessee
In what decade did "lynching [become] more synonymous with hanging," and less about physical assault? a) The 1830's b) The 1850's c) The 1870's d) The 1890's
a) The 1830's
Which wartime event "would produce a social revolution within the South and a redefinition of the place of blacks in American life." a) The Emancipation Proclamation b) The 13th Amendment c) The 14th Amendment d) The 15th Amendment
a) The Emancipation Proclamation
Which of the following is William R. Black's definition of the Lost Cause? a) The collection of historical myths meant to whitewash the hard truths of slavery and the Civil War b) The futile campaign by African-American politicians to better their communities after the Civil War c) The efforts by northern abolitionists to impost harsh penalties of states that seceded during the Civil War d) The effort by the Daughters of the Confederacy to build memorials to Confederate soldiers across the country
a) The collection of historical myths meant to whitewash the hard truths of slavery and the Civil War
Which of the following Americans was a justice of the Supreme Court and declared that "America has been dealing with the tragedy of Reconstruction's failure and its aftermath for decades." a) Thurgood Marshall b) D.W. griffith c) William A. Dunning d) W.E.B. DuBois
a) Thurgood Marshall
Which act of "states' rights" most contributed to the secession of southern states in 1861? a) Union states passed laws that interfered with the federal government's attempts to enforce the Fugitive Slave Act b) Southern states passage of laws that limited the amount of tax dollars they would return to the federal government c) Mississippi's passage of "Black Codes" that limited the movement and education of free slaves d) President Lincoln's declaration of the Emancipation Proclamation
a) Union states passed laws that interfered with the federal government's attempts to enforce the Fugitive Slave Act
Riots in nineteenth-century Mississippi marked a significant shift "in American mob violence." What was that shift? a) Unlike prior instances of mob action in American history, riots from this point on were increasingly lethal. b) Riots from this point on were loosely organized and chaotic, unlike earlier, well-organized lynchings. c) Rather than ignore mob action as it had done previously, the federal government increasingly took action. d) Religious leaders in the north and south grew increasingly ambivalent about violent lynchings.
a) Unlike prior instances of mob action in American history, riots from this point on were increasingly lethal.
Following the Civil War, political power in Washington D.C. transferred to: a) northern industrialists and merchants b) southern planters c) southern slave-traders d) northern bankers
a) northern industrialists and merchants
By what year had "many southern leaders" started to "scorn...the Stars and Bars [as it] too closely resembled the Stars and Stripes"? a) 1861 b) 1862 c) 1864 d) 1865
b) 1862
What debatable range of years is Mr. Harris using to periodize "Reconstruction"? a) 1863-1896 b) 1865-1877 c) 1865-1889 d) 1862-1912
b) 1865-1877
In which year was Edward Johnson lynched following a false conviction for rape? a) 1888 b) 1906 c) 1915 d) 1945
b) 1906
According to William R. Black, what "shared commitment...made reunion" between North and South "possible after the Civil War"? a) A commitment to the American empire b) A commitment to White supremacy c) A commitment to westward expansion d) A commitment to the Constitution
b) A commitment to the White supremacy
Which of the following explains the rise of "public spectacle lynchings," where large crowds witnessed and participated in the brutal torture and execution of African American victims? a) Rising crime following the Civil War and demands for vengeance b) A growing belief among whites that Africans were subhuman c) The spread of extremely conservative religious beliefs in physical punishment d) None of the above
b) A growing belief among whites that Africans were subhuman
Which U.S. President "succeeded the martyred [Abraham] Lincoln as president," and "inaugurated a program of Reconstruction that placed full power in the hands of white southerners?" a) Andrew Jackson b) Andrew Johnson c) Ulysses S. Grant d) Rutherford B. Hayes
b) Andrew Johnson
According to William R. Black, which of the following describes northerner's view of "carpetbaggers-northern migrants to the south" in 1875? a) As heroic crusaders who would transform the South into a land of free labor and free soil. b) As invaders who only wished to fleece the South and provoke the black population into a potential race war. c) As naive people who did not fully understand the culture and conditions of the early region they were moving to. d) As victims of a northern press more concerned with stirring up trouble than bringing peace between the regions.
b) As invaders who only wished to fleece the South and provoke the black population into a potential race war.
How did many recipients of redistributed land turn their property into income, thus "establishing a basis of wealth and capital" for their families and descendants?" a) By working the land an selling its crops at market b) By pocketing income from their land sales c) By hiring freedpeople to work their lands and expand their harvests d) By leaving the land unworked
b) By pocketing income from their land sales
Which of the following Americans was the producer and director of 'Birth of a Nation,' a film that depicted southern whites as victims of Reconstruction and redeemers of white supremacy? a) Thurgood Marshall b) D.W. Griffith c) William A. Dunning d) W.E.B. DuBois
b) D.W. Griffith
Which army fort is named after a Confederate general who declared If things are allowed to go on as they are...their fate will be too horrible to contemplate even in fancy a) Fort Bragg b) Fort Benning c) Fort Mead d) Fort McKinley
b) Fort Benning
The Confederate flag as we know it today originated: a) By 1861 with the Confederate government in Richmond, Virginia. b) In 1862-1863 with Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia and their series of victories c) In the 1870'2, as organized by groups such as the Ku Klux Klan adopted it in their push to gain power in the South. d) In 1948, as student delegates waved battle flags on the floor of the Southern States Rights Party Convention
b) In 1862-1863 with Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia and their series of victories
Which of the following was, in Keri Leigh Meritt's view, "the biggest hurdle for freed people" seeking land in the South after the Civil War? a) A large percentage of the land offered was un-farmable, being either heavily wooded or covered with swamps. b) It could take several weeks to travel to the land office, costing more than the filing fees for the actual land. c) Most freedpeople owned cash and had no experience dealing with the government. d) The year-long labor contracts they had been cajoled or forced in signing shortly after slavery was outlawed.
b) It could take several weeks to travel to the land office, costing more than the filing fees for the actual land.
Which of the following states now has thirty-six times more Confederate than Union monuments, even though far more of its citizens fought for the Union than the Confederacy? a) Maryland b) Kentucky c) Mississippi d) Alabama
b) Kentucky
Which of the following best summarizes James Loewen's thesis? a) More work is needed to understand the effects of Lost Cause ideology on American classrooms b) Lost Cause ideology has pervaded much of American culture and politics since the Civil War c) The development of the Lost Cause was partially the result of northern aggression towards the South d) Complaints over the Lost Cause are largely without merit
b) Lost Cause ideology has pervaded much of American culture and politics since the Civil War
The first formal Confederate flag was the: a) Stainless Banner b) Stars & Bars c) Blue Cross d) Stars & Stripes
b) Stars & Bars
Which political party "formed in protest to the Democratic Party convention's adoption of a civil rights plank?" a) The "Confederate" party b) The "Dixiecrat" party c) The "Whig" party d) The "Know-Nothing" party
b) The "Dixiecrat" party
Which of the following was "the most extensive, radical, redistributive governmental policy in US history?" a) The Emancipation Proclimation b) The Homestead Acts c) Reconstruction d) Birth of a Nation
b) The Homestead Acts
According to William R. Black, which is an argument for separating the Founding Fathers from Confederates when discussing whether to remove memorials in their name? a) Removing memorials to the founders would be too expensive, as most were built using granite b) The principles they espoused later emboldened the abolitionist movement and ultimately doomed the institution of slavery c) Producing the Constitution absolves the founders from any responsibility in owning slaves d) The Founders did their political work at a time when the United States was not yet a country, therefore it is difficult to hold them accountable
b) The principles they espoused later emboldened the abolitionist movement and ultimately doomed the institution of slavery
Which demand inevitably central to...former slaves' desire for empowerment and autonomy?" a) Economic reparations b) The right to vote c) Equal rights before the law d) Freedom of mobility
b) The right to vote
Which of the following descriptions describes Southern lynchings, as opposed to lynchings in other regions? a) Victims were accused of a crime, given some form of trial, and hanged without any additional torture or foul play b) These lynchings often featured extreme brutality such as burning, torture, mutilation, and decapitation victim. c) Families of lynching victims were often provided with some form of compensation, in land or money. d) They were often the result of violence between black and white communities
b) These lynching often featured extreme brutality such as burning, torture, mutilation, decapitation of the victim
The combined impact of 'Birth of a Nation' and racist historiography of the late 19th and early 20th-century was to: a) limit northern efforts to assist black political power in the south and create a wedge within Republican politics b) [give] license questions whether African-Americans...could ever...be successfully incorporated into American polity c) increase federal efforts to promote public education, access to election polls, and greater economic integration in southern states d) none of the above
b) [give] license questions whether African-Americans...could ever...be successfully incorporated into American polity
The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States' Constitution: a) outlawed slavery and involuntary servitude in the United States except upon conviction of a crime b) enshrined in the Constitution the ideas of birthright citizenship and equal rights for all Americans c) barred states from making a race qualification for voting d) provided Congress the power to lay and collect taxes on incomes
b) enshrined in the Constitution the ideas of birthright citizenship and equal rights for all
With the close of Reconstruction, the primary area of conflict between the north and south occurred: a) in the settlement of the West, and violence peaked between veterans of the war b) in the arena of historical interpretation and public memory c) in Congress, where northern politicians pushed for higher taxes on Southern whites d) in northern cities, where southern refugees found themselves outcast and unwanted
b) in the arena of historical interpretation and public memory
Prior to the Civil War, political power in Washington D.C. was held by: a) northern industrialists and merchants b) southern planters c) southern slave-traders d) northern land-owners
b) southern planters
After what year did "Southern lynching [take] on an even more racicalized character?" a) 1830 b) 1850 c) 1865 d) 1877
c) 1865
When did slavery formally end in the United States? a) 1855 b) 1863 c) 1865 d) 1877
c) 1865
The "the most extensive, radical, redistributive governmental policy in US history" was in operation between: a) 1861-1868 b) 1865-1877 c) 1868-1934 d) 1877-1910
c) 1868-1934
Of the 4,084 African American lynching victims documented by the Equal Justice Initiative, how many were the result of accusations of sexual assault? a) 10% b) 15% c) 25% d) 45%
c) 25%
What percentage of the US adult population in the year 2000 were "descendants of...the most extensive, radical, redistributive government policy in US history? a) 10% b) 20% c) 25% d) 35%
c) 25%
Which 1857 Supreme Court decision "declared that no black person could be a citizen of the United States?" a) Marbury v. Madison, 1803 b) McCulloch v. Maryland c) Dred Scott v. Sandford d) Plessy v. Ferguson
c) Dred Scott v. Sandford
What government act formally ended slavery in the United States? a) The Declaration of Independence b) The Emancipation Proclamation c) The 13th Amendment d) The 14th Amendment
c) The 13th Amendment
Which of the following textbooks does Loewen cite as "probably the largest textbook ever foisted on middle school students and perhaps the best-selling U.S. history textbook"? a) The American Story b) The American Tale c) The American Journey d) The American Mission
c) The American Journey
Which of the following is the essential argument put forth by John M Coski in 'Embattled Banner: The True History of the Confederate Flag'? a) The Confederate flag originated with southern politicians who wanted a recognizable symbol of their cause b) The Confederate flag has a clearly defined meaning-white supremacy-that dominates all others c) The Confederate flag has gained multiple meanings over time through its use by various groups d) The Confederate flag has no place in public or private spheres and should be taken down across the country
c) The Confederate flag has gained multiple meanings over time through its use by various groups
In what region of the United States did lynching emerge "as a form of vigilante retribution used to enforce 'popular justice'?" a) The Eastern seaboard b) The Mississippi Delta c) The Western Frontier d) The Great Plains
c) The Western Frontier
Which of the following accurately describes "the ratio of black lynching victims to white lynching victims after 1900? a) 2 to 1 b) 4 to 1 c) 6 to 1 d) 17 to 1
d) 17 to 1
According to William R, Black, what is a significant problem with "emphasizing that the Confederates were traitors," and thus deserve to have their memorials removed? a) There was no sense of loyalty to the Union anywhere in the nation as of 1861, therefore the Confederates cannot be held accountable. b) The traitor argument assumes an understanding of loyalty and nationality that historians are usually uncomfortable with. c) The Confederates never actually declared themselves as separate from the Union, only working to uphold it. d) All of the above.
c) The traitor argument assumes an understanding of loyalty and nationality that historians are usually uncomfortable with
How did Southern state politicians initially react to the newfound use and popularity of the Confederate flag? a) They embraced it and urged it to be flown in schools and churches b) They largely ignored it, believing it to be a fad that would pass c) They tried passing laws that would charge those who desecrated the flag d) They blamed Northerners for trying to remind them of their loss in the Civil War
c) They tried passing laws that would charge those who desecrated the flag
Which of the following "justified the violence [of lynchings] and perpetuated the deadly stereotype of African American men as hypersexual threats to white womanhood?" a) Northern politicians b) Southern preachers c) White newspapers d) Popular music
c) White newspapers
Which of the following Americans promoted, in a "blatant use of the discipline of history for reactionary ends," "a school of historiography that seconded the notion that Reconstruction was a grievous error?" a) Thurgood Marshall b) D.W. Griffith c) William A. Dunning d) W.E.B. Dubois
c) William A. Dunning
The Fifteenth Amendment to the United States' Constitution: a) outlawed slavery and involuntary servitude in the United States except upon conviction of a crime b) enshrined in the Constitution the ideas of birthright citizenship and equal rights for all Americans c) barred states from making a race qualification for voting d) provided Congress the power to lay and collect taxes on incomes
c) barred states from making a race qualification for voting
Fill in the blanks: "With __________ acquiescence, the Solid South, now uniformly __________, effectively nullified the Fourteenth and Fifteenth amendments and imposed a new racial order based on disenfranchisement, segregation, and economic inequality." a) nothern/Republican b) southern/Democratic c) northern/Democratic d) southern/Republican
c) northern/Democratic
Central to the Civil War's meaning was: a) debates over federal power & states' rights b) conflict over tariffs and taxation c) the abolition of slavery d) the expansion of westward conquest
c) the abolition of slavery
During what year was this statement, contained on a Confederate monument at Gettysburg, most likely written? Abiding faith in the sacredness of states' rights provided their creed here a) 1861 b) 1863 c) 1877 d) 1963
d) 1963
Who freed slaves within the United States? a) Abraham Lincoln b) Slaves themselves c) None of the above d) Both of the above
d) Both of the above
Which Supreme Court decision (1954) helped the civil rights movement and enraged "defenders of segregation?" a) Marbury v. Madison b) McCulloch v. Maryland c) Gideon v. Wainwright d) Brown v. Board of Education
d) Brown v. Board of Education
Which of the following was NOT a factor in the rise of lynching in the region listed above? a) High levels of individual desires for revenge b) Absent or underdeveloped governments c) Widespread public support for lynchings d) Frequent conflicts between whites and indigenous Americans
d) Frequent conflicts between whites and indigenous Americans
Who was the black Memphis journalist who courageously documented and publicized lynchings in the American South? a) Frederick Douglass b) James Prescott c) Linda Dobbs d) Ida B. Wells
d) Ida B. Wells
Which Confederate Army cavalry leader, after recognizing that residents of Frederick, Maryland were hostile to his cause, "ransomed $200,000 from them lest he burn their town? a) Robert E. Lee b) Ulysses S. Grant c) Nathan Bedford Forrest d) Jubal Early
d) Jubal Early
Which state declared as part of their declaration for secession: We hold as undeniable truths that the governments of the various States, and of the confederacy itself, were established exclusively by the white race, for themselves and their posterity; that the African race had no agency in their establishment; that they were rightfully held and regarded as an inferior and dependent race, and in that condition only could their existence in this country be rendered beneficial or tolerable a) Alabama b) Virginia c) South Carolina d) Texas
d) Texas
In which decade did southerners begin to mingle "more frequently with non-Southerners"? a) The 1980's b) The 1910's c) The 1920's d) The 1940's
d) The 1940's
Which of the following factors DID NOT contribute to the collapse of the "Reconstruction ideal of interracial democracy and color-blind citizenship?" a) Counterattacks by violent organizations like the Ku Klux Klan b) Northern abandonment of the principle of equality c) The removal of federal intervention to protect the rights of the newly freed slaves d) The assassination of Abraham Lincoln
d) The assassination of Abraham Lincoln
Which of the following Americans wrote 'Black Reconstruction' in 1935, which countered the myth of the Lost Cause and provided a historical view of Reconstruction free of white supremacist ideology? a) Thurgood Marshall b) D.W. Griffith c) William A. Dunning d) W.E.B. Dubois
d) W.E.B DuBois
