Civilizations of Latin America: FINAL

The process of Spanish colonization began in the Caribbean islands (present day Santo Domingo and Cuba), and was immediately planted to Tierra Firme for the greater possibilities offered by the immense extension of the continent, natural riches and the degree of advancement of Andean cultures in the face of the primitive state of the islands. In their beginnings it did not respond to a premeditated plan. As paroles learned of the existence of new lands they addressed them, he proposed to the regional chiefs to come to depend on the king of Spain And accept the religion of Jesus Christ in exchange for maintaining authority on their lands and gaining the benefits of European civilization (requisite). Whether out of convenience or fear, while some natives accepted the proposal, others refused and gave them war. The Mexican Tlaxcalans allied allied with Hernan Cortés to be freed of the dominion of the Aztecs of Mexico, while those of Tenochtitlan fought til their last breaths. The indigenous people themselves did not live in an idyllic peace, for some were subjected to enemy towns and civil struggles for power were frequent. Francisco Pizarro took advantage of the wars between the Incas Atahualpa and his brother Huascar to seize the empire. The Spaniards themselves had internal riots and rebellions, and the possession of the discovered lands was fought with arms. The process of colonization lasted more than 200 years and adopted two separate modalities: those during the reign of the Catholic Kings and Hapsburgs, and those in the period following the French Bourbons. These governments formed part of 'illustrated depotism', which meant 'government of the people, without the people'. They were very liberal and added two virreinatos to add to the existing ones (Nueva Espana and Peru): Nueva Granada in Columbia, Peru and Ecuador, and el Rio De Plata, with a capitol in Buenos Aires.

What was the process of Spanish colonization like?

The New Laws, also known as the New Laws of the Indies for the Good Treatment and Preservation of the Indians, were issued on November 20, 1542, by King Charles V of Spain and regard the Spanish colonization of the Americas. Following complaints and calls for reform from individuals such as the Dominican friar Bartolomé de Las Casas, these laws were created to prevent the exploitation of the indigenous peoples of the Americas by the encomenderos, grants of labor of a particular group of Indians, by strictly limiting their power and dominion. The text of the New Laws has been translated to English. In 1521 King Carlos V sent to New Spain (Mexico) the so-called New Laws inspired by the theories of Father Vitoria, by virtue of which the old requirements were annulled. The request was a petition that the kings of Spain and Pope in order that they recognized an intended right. The Pope decided on the particular case. Of course, the controversies among the aspirants to this recognition were arduous and complicated. These New Laws spread to all the occupied territories and provoked great discontent and even uprisings of those who in America felt prejudiced in their interests. These new laws were ordered but not always followed. Thus, from the outset the Indians were part of 'repartimientos' who were distributed among important Spanish figures in villages or placed under their orders and with an obligation to work. In Peru mitayos were had to work for weeks or months, and the Yanaconas, on the other hand, were for ever and were occupied in all kinds of tasks. Next to this system existed the one of the encomienda, granted to individuals distinguished or who had rendered an important service to Spain. The encomienda implied that the Spaniard owned not only the occupied territory, but also absolute lord of the inhabitants. In essence, it consisted of a prize for having warred and conquered. This power was granted, in its beginnings, for life to the beneficiary term that eventually extended to the heirs or for two lives. Both the commendant and his heirs had the right to receive for themselves the tributes of the but had no property rights over them. They could not speculate on the land or sell them. The abuses were naturally serious and frequent. Thousands of miles away and in such remote regions, laws succumbed with impunity and justice was reduced to a problem of personal conscience. In short, the indigenous question has continued without historical consensus and may not succeed in the immediate future, because its nature inevitably refers to philosophical reasoning. The Argentine historian Ricardo Levene has stated: "It is absurd to imagine that the Spaniards themselves could carry out the colonization - like the English in the north - with no reference to the Indians who constituted the vast majority. This contribution of the natives constitutes its base (History of America)

What were the 'Leyes Nuevas'?

Inca Garcilaso de la Vega was a mestizo, with a Spanish father and an Incan mother. He was more than a racial mestizo, but also a cultural mestizo. He experienced his father's Spanish culture, as well as his mother Incan home culture. She showed him Incan family culture. He wrote a book called "Commentarios Reales de los Incas". In his book, we gain his respectful perspective of his mother's Incan culture from the point of view of his mestizo roots. He wrote about Las Virgenes del Sol, or Incan girls chosen in childhood for their virtues. Removed from society, las Virgenes were raised separately and never had any contact with men except for a few royal men. Inca Garcilaso de la Vega wrote his book to clarify the real history of the Incas prior to the arrival of the spaniards, which he insists have only written about a small part of his history.

Who was El Inca Garcilaso de La Vega?

Jose San Martin, along with Simon Bolivar are the fathers of South American Independence. In the early 19th century, Bolivar rose as the hero of the independence movement in Venezuela and Columbia, while San Martin was recognized as the champion of the patriotic forces in Argentina and Chile. The two men, however, were unlike in temperament as well as political outlook. When they disagreed regarding the liberation of Peru, therefore, San Martin resigned his command. He could not support Boliver because of their political differences, but he was too great a patriot to lead his armies into a civil war, rather than a war of liberation. José de San Martín who helped lead the revolutions against Spanish rule in Argentina (1812), Chile (1818), and Peru (1821). The boldness of his plan to attack the viceroyalty of Lima by crossing the Andes to Chile and going on by sea, as well as the patience and determination with which he executed it, was likely the decisive factor in the defeat of Spanish power in South America.

Who was Jose de San Martin?

*EL MATADERO FEDERALES Juan Manuel de Rosas (30 March 1793 - 14 March 1877), nicknamed "Restorer of the Laws",[A] was a politician and army officer who ruled Buenos Aires Province and briefly the Argentine Confederation. Although born into a wealthy family, Rosas independently amassed a personal fortune, acquiring large tracts of land in the process. Rosas enlisted his workers in a private militia, as was common for rural proprietors, and took part in the disputes that led to numerous civil wars in his country. Victorious in warfare, personally influential, and with vast landholdings and a loyal private army, Rosas became a caudillo, as provincial warlords in the region were known. He eventually reached the rank of brigadier general, the highest in the Argentine army, and became the undisputed leader of the Federalist Party. In December 1829, Rosas became governor of the province of Buenos Aires and established a dictatorship backed by state terrorism. In 1831, he signed the Federal Pact, recognising provincial autonomy and creating the Argentine Confederation. When his term of office ended in 1832, Rosas departed to the frontier to wage war on the indigenous peoples. After his supporters launched a coup in Buenos Aires, Rosas was asked to return and once again took office as governor. Rosas reestablished his dictatorship and formed the repressive Mazorca, an armed parapolice that killed thousands of citizens. Elections became a farce, and the legislature and judiciary became docile instruments of his will. Rosas created a cult of personality and his regime became totalitarian in nature, with all aspects of society rigidly controlled. Rosas faced many threats to his power during the late 1830s and early 1840s. He fought a war against the Peru-Bolivian Confederation, endured a blockade by France, faced a revolt in his own province and battled a major rebellion that lasted for years and spread to several Argentine provinces. Rosas persevered and extended his influence in the provinces, exercising effective control over them through direct and indirect means. By 1848, he had extended his power beyond the borders of Buenos Aires and was ruler of all of Argentina. Rosas also attempted to annex the neighbouring nations of Uruguay and Paraguay. France and Great Britain jointly retaliated against Argentine expansionism, blockading Buenos Aires for most of the late 1840s, but were unable to halt Rosas, whose prestige was greatly enhanced by his string of successes. When the Empire of Brazil began aiding Uruguay in its struggle against Argentina, Rosas declared war in August 1851, starting the Platine War. This short conflict ended with the defeat of Rosas and his flight to Britain. His last years were spent in exile living as a tenant farmer until his death in 1877.

Who was Juan Manuel de Rosas?

Indigenous versions, precolombine. La Noche Triste, version occidental Columbus, 'discoverer', as his chronicle of the new world. 'El conquistador', Cortez and Pizarro

Four perspectives of history

La Novela Sentimental por Excellencia: Ex. (LA MARIA by JORGE ISAACS), La Novela Romantica Costumbrista por Excellencia: A novel that narrates in detail the customs, culture, ideology and beliefs of a society in a period of time. Ex: LA CECILIA VALDEZ by CIRILIO VILLAVERDE La Novela Romantica Historica por Excellencia: Ex. AMALIA, by JOSE MARMOL. Amalia is also set during Rosas' regime. Marmol, like Echevarria, was a fierce critic of Rosas and his dictatorship. La Novela Romantica Indigenista: Exalts the virtues of indigenous Latin Americans. (Ex. CUMANDA, by MENA)

Four types of LA romantic novels with examples

La insurrección de la revolución de los comuneros fue un levantamiento armado gestado en el Virreinato de la Nueva Granada en 1781. Este tuvo lugar en lo que hoy es el departamento de Santander, Colombia. La insurrección estuvo motivada por la necesidad de reclamar un mejor tratamiento económico, como la rebaja de los impuestos por parte de la corona Española. Led by Jose Antonio Galán.

What was la Rebelion de los Comuneros?

Inspectors working for Spain whose jo it was to make sure that all laws were being followed in the territories

What were pesquisidores?

-A Mexican liberal with indian blood who inspired and executed the Reforma of 1859 against the catholic church. In 1857 Mexico adopted a new constitution which guaranteed freedom of speech, prohibited monopolies, separated church from state, and abolished inherited titles. This started a civil war between liberals and conservatives, named la Guerra de la Reforma. France later tried to intervene.

Who was Benito Juarez?

The first Grand Inquisitor was the Dominican Tomás Torquemada, whose figure has been preserved as a symbol of the inquisitor who recused himself to torture and confiscate property to terrorize his victims.

Who was Dominican Tomas Torquemada?

Notable sculptor of La Escuela de Quito. Was famous for his perfection of facial expressions and people. He was the first bit sculptor in Quito.

El Padre Carlos

Pablo Neruda (/nəˈruːdə/;[2] Spanish: [ˈpaβlo neˈɾuða]) was the pen name and, later, legal name of the Chilean poet-diplomat and politician Ricardo Eliécer Neftalí Reyes Basoalto (July 12, 1904 - September 23, 1973). He derived his pen name from the Czech poet Jan Neruda.[3] Neruda won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1971. Wrote about his history, his lands, the andes wrote "20 poems de amor y uno canción desesperada"

Pablo Neruda

Rubén Darío, pseudonym of Félix Rubén García Sarmiento (born January 18, 1867, Metapa, Nicaragua—died February 6, 1916, León), influential Nicaraguan poet, journalist, and diplomat. As a leader of the Spanish American literary movement known as Modernismo, which flourished at the end of the 19th century, he revivified and modernized poetry in Spanish on both sides of the Atlantic through his experiments with rhythm, metre, and imagery. Darío developed a highly original poetic style that founded a tradition. Wrote "ODE TO WASHINGTON"

Ruben Dario

The Mexican Revolution (Spanish: Revolución mexicana) was a major armed struggle c. 1910-1920 that radically transformed Mexican culture and government. Although recent research has focused on local and regional aspects of the Revolution, it was a "genuinely national revolution."[2] Its outbreak in 1910 resulted from the failure of the 35-year long regime of Porfirio Díaz to find a managed solution to the presidential succession. This meant there was a political crisis among competing elites and the opportunity for agrarian insurrection.[3] Wealthy landowner Francisco I. Madero challenged Díaz in 1910 presidential election, and following the rigged results, revolted under the Plan of San Luis Potosí.[4] Armed conflict ousted Díaz from power and a new election was held in 1911, bringing Madero to the presidency. The origins of the conflict were broadly based in opposition to the Díaz regime, with the 1910 election, becoming the sparking point for the outbreak of a political rebellion. Elements of the Mexican elite hostile to Díaz, led by Madero, expanded to the middle class, the peasantry in some regions, and organized labor.[5] In October 1911, Madero was overwhelmingly elected in a free and fair election. Opposition to the Madero regime increased from both the conservatives, who saw him as too weak and too liberal, and from former revolutionary fighters and the dispossessed, who saw him as too conservative. In February 1913 Madero and his vice president Pino Suárez were forced to resign, were assassinated, and the counter-revolutionary regime of General Victoriano Huerta came to power, backed by the U.S., business interests, and other supporters of the old order. Huerta remained in power from February 1913 until July 1914, when he was forced out by a coalition of different regional revolutionary forces. Then the revolutionaries' attempt to come to a political agreement following Huerta's ouster failed, and Mexico was plunged into a civil war (1914-1915). The Constitutionalist faction under wealthy landowner Venustiano Carranza emerged as the victor in 1915, defeating the revolutionary forces of former Constitutionalist Pancho Villa and forcing revolutionary leader Emiliano Zapata back to guerrilla warfare. Zapata was assassinated in 1919, by agents of President Carranza. The armed conflict lasted for the better part of a decade, until around 1920, and had several distinct phases.[6] Over time the Revolution changed from a revolt against the established order under Díaz to a multi-sided civil war in particular regions with frequently shifting power struggles among factions in the Mexican Revolution. One major result of the revolution was the disappearance of the Federal Army in 1914 which Francisco Madero had kept intact when he was elected in 1911 and General Victoriano Huerta used to oust Madero. Revolutionary forces unified against Huerta's reactionary regime defeated the Federal forces.[7] Although the conflict was primarily a civil war, foreign powers that had important economic and strategic interests in Mexico figured in the outcome of Mexico's power struggles. The United States played an especially significant role.[8] Out of Mexico's population of 15 million, the losses were high, but numerical estimates vary a great deal. Perhaps 1.5 million people died; nearly 200,000 refugees fled abroad, especially to the United States.[1][9] Politically, the promulgation of the Mexican Constitution of 1917 is seen by many scholars as the end point of the armed conflict. "Economic and social conditions improved in accordance with revolutionary policies, so that the new society took shape within a framework of official revolutionary institutions," with the constitution providing that framework.[10] The period 1920-1940 is often considered to be a phase of the Revolution, during which power was consolidated and the revolutionary constitution of 1917 was implemented.[11] This armed conflict is often categorized as the most important sociopolitical event in Mexico and one of the greatest upheavals of the 20th century;[12] it resulted in an important program of experimentation and reform in social organization.[13]

THE MEXICAN REVOLUTION

Latin American architecture began in Santo Domingo with religious, military, and civil works. San Nicolas de Bari was the first to be built on the continent in Isabelino style, or the style of the catholic kings. Isabelino style boasts intricate facades and rock carvings.

What was St. Nicolas de Bari Church?

Plateresco architecture, named after its previous details that resembled those made by Spanish 'plateros', involved ornamental facades and heavily detailed borders. Ex: Templo de San Augustin, Mexico

What was el Plateresco?

A romantic writer from the 19th century in Colombia, wrote the novel Maria. It is considered the best and most popular romantic novel of Hispanoamerica. Maria mixes the two most fundamental aspects of romanticism: admiration for nature and respect for the soul. Personally, Isaacs worked many different jobs but wrote throughout his life, including his novel and several other poems. it counts as La Novela Sentimental por Excellencia: Ex. (LA MARIA by JORGE ISAACS),

Who was Jorge Isaacs?

Nacida en Buenos Aires, Adriana estudió fotografía en el Instituto de Arte Fotográfico y Técnicas Audiovisuales de Avellaneda. Pasó quince años como periodista de prensa y usó la fotografía como su medio para explorar las relaciones. Sus fotografías en blanco y negro incluye un estudio de mujeres en posiciones difíciles, madres e hijas, así como mujeres en prisión. Adriana ha sido ampliamente exhibidos en Argentina, Suecia, México, República Dominicana, Uruguay, Alemania, Francia, Sudáfrica, España, Brasil, Nueva York, Houston, Ohio y California. Adriana es autora de muchos ensayos y libros sobre su trabajo. Ella es también una maestra apasionada que entre otras cosas, dirigió talleres en la prisión de mujeres de Ezeiza. En 2010, Adriana fue reconocida por el gobierno de Buenos Aires como una figura cultural sobresaliente.

Adriana Lestido (Abigail Montes)

Alejo Carpentier y Valmont (December 26, 1904 - April 24, 1980) was a Cuban novelist, essayist, and musicologist who greatly influenced Latin American literature during its famous "boom" period. Born in Lausanne, Switzerland, Carpentier grew up in Havana, Cuba, and despite his European birthplace, he strongly self-identified as Cuban throughout his life. He traveled extensively, particularly in France, and to South America and Mexico, where he met prominent members of the Latin American cultural and artistic community. Carpentier took a keen interest in Latin American politics and often aligned himself with revolutionary movements, such as Fidel Castro's Communist Revolution in Cuba in the mid-20th century. Carpentier was jailed and exiled for his leftist political philosophies. Mediados del siglo 20 Wrote el Reino de Este Mundo, "los Pasos Perdidos" Baroque, surrealist

Alejo Carpentier

Andrés de Jesús María y José Bello López (November 29, 1781 - October 15, 1865) was a Venezuelan Chilean humanist, diplomat, poet, legislator, philosopher, educator and philologist, whose political and literary works constitute an important part of Spanish American culture. Bello is featured on the old 2,000 Venezuelan bolívar and the 20,000 Chilean peso notes. There is also a decoration, the Venezuelan Order of Andrés Bello.

Andres Bello?

People living in the Rio de Plata region were poor and did not have indigenous artists. Their architecture was characterized by simplistic churches, military buildings. Military structures did sometimes have underground tunnels.

Arquitecture in the Rio de Plata

Argentina. Considered the most important building del Cono Sur, Argentina. Built in 1687, made of carved rock.

Catedral de Cordoba

City of God (Portuguese: Cidade de Deus) is a 2002 Brazilian hood film. The plot is loosely based on real events. It depicts the growth of organized crime in the Cidade de Deus suburb of Rio de Janeiro, between the end of the 1960s and the beginning of the 1980s, with the closure of the film depicting the war between the drug dealer Li'l Zé and vigilante-turned-criminal Knockout Ned. The tagline is "If you run, the beast catches you; if you stay, the beast eats you", a proverb analogous to the English "Damned if you do, damned if you don't". Buscape, Lil Ze, Carrot, Knockout Ned

City of God: Characters and Themes

Magical Realism: The mix of reality, imagination, fantasy, and fiction. This term was coined by Colombian writer Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Before him, Cuban writer Alejo Carpentier spoke about 'lo real maravilloso'. In other words, these terms are interchangeable. These elements of magical realism are visible in the movie by way of the food Tita prepares. Spanish literature of the 17th century emphasizes the concept of honor. When the honor of a woman is tainted, her entire family's honor is tainted. The only remedy to this was that the woman either go into the convent or marry the man who tainted her honor. This emphasis of honor in Spain is passed onto Latin America and is evident in Como Agua Para Chocolate.

Concepts behind Como Agua Para Chocolate?

Nacida en México en 1974, Dulce es una artista premiada que estudió Comunicación en la Universidad de las Américas Puebla y Fotografía en la Universidad de Indiana. Se mudó a Nueva York en 1995 y estudió en el Centro Internacional de Fotografía. Dulce es mejor conocida por su serie "La verdadera historia de los superhéroes", en la que fotografió a trabajadores migrantes documentados en la ciudad de Nueva York, vestidos con trajes de superhéroes.

Dulce Pinzon (Abigail Montes)

Napoleon's invasion and occupation of Spain from 1808 to 1813 heightened the revolutionary fervor in Mexico and other Spanish colonies. On September 16, 1810, Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, a respected Catholic priest (and an unconventional one, given his rejection of celibacy and love of gambling) issued a passionate rallying cry known as the "Grito de Dolores" ("Cry of Dolores") that amounted to a declaration of war against the colonial government. So named because it was publicly read in the town of Dolores, the Grito called for the end of Spanish rule in Mexico, the redistribution of land and a concept that the criollos' earlier plans had deliberately omitted: racial equality. Though a criollo himself, Hidalgo extended his call to arms to mestizos and people of indigenous descent; their significant contribution of manpower changed the tenor of the revolt. Hidalgo led his growing militia from village to village en route to Mexico City, leaving in their wake a bloodbath that he later came to deeply regret. Defeated at Calderón in January 1811, Hidalgo fled north but was captured and executed by firing squad in Chihuahua. Others took the helm of the rebellion, including José María Morelos y Pavón, Mariano Matamoros and Vicente Guerrero, who all led armies of indigenous and racially mixed revolutionaries against the Spanish royalists. Known as the Mexican War Of Independence, the conflict dragged on until 1821, when the Treaty of Córdoba established Mexico as an independent constitutional monarchy under Agustín de Iturbide. Just 18 months later, the republican insurgents Antonio López de Santa Anna and Guadalupe Victoria ousted the emperor and established the first Mexican Republic.

EXPLAIN MEXICAN INDEPENDENCE

Ernesto Sabato (June 24, 1911 - April 30, 2011) was an Argentine writer, painter and physicist. According to the BBC he "won some of the most prestigious prizes in Hispanic literature" and "became very influential in the literary world throughout Latin America".[3] Upon his death El País dubbed him the "last classic writer in Argentine literature".[4] Sabato was distinguished by his bald pate and brush moustache and wore tinted spectacles and open-necked shirts.[5] He was born in Rojas, a small town in Buenos Aires Province. Sabato began his studies at the Colegio Nacional de La Plata. He then studied physics at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, where he earned a PhD. He then attended the Sorbonne in Paris and worked at the Curie Institute. After World War II, he lost interest in science and started writing. Sabato's oeuvre includes three novels: El Túnel (1948), Sobre héroes y tumbas (1961) and Abaddón el exterminador (1974). The first of these received critical acclaim upon its publication from, among others, fellow writers Albert Camus and Thomas Mann.[1] The second is regarded as his masterpiece, though he nearly burnt it like many of his other works.[3] Sabato's essays cover topics as diverse as metaphysics, politics and tango.[3] His writings led him to receive many international prizes, including the Legion of Honour (France), the Prix du Meilleur Livre Étranger (France) and the Miguel de Cervantes Prize (Spain).[1]

Ernesto Sabato

Gabriel José de la Concordia García Márquez (/ɡɑːrˈsiːə ˈmɑːrkɛs/;[6] American Spanish: [ɡaˈβɾjel ɣarˈsi.a ˈmarkes] ( listen);[7] 6 March 1927 - 17 April 2014) was a Colombian novelist, short-story writer, screenwriter and journalist, known affectionately as Gabo or Gabito throughout Latin America. Considered one of the most significant authors of the 20th century and one of the best in the Spanish language, he was awarded the 1972 Neustadt International Prize for Literature and the 1982 Nobel Prize in Literature.[8] He pursued a self-directed education that resulted in his leaving law school for a career in journalism. From early on, he showed no inhibitions in his criticism of Colombian and foreign politics. In 1958, he married Mercedes Barcha; they had two sons, Rodrigo and Gonzalo.[9] García Márquez started as a journalist, and wrote many acclaimed non-fiction works and short stories, but is best known for his novels, such as One Hundred Years of Solitude (1967), The Autumn of the Patriarch (1975), and Love in the Time of Cholera (1985). His works have achieved significant critical acclaim and widespread commercial success, most notably for popularizing a literary style labeled as magic realism, which uses magical elements and events in otherwise ordinary and realistic situations. Some of his works are set in a fictional village called Macondo (the town mainly inspired by his birthplace Aracataca), and most of them explore the theme of solitude. FRIEND OF CASTRO

Gabriel Garcia Marquez

Gabriela Mistral (Spanish: [ɡaˈβɾjela misˈtɾal]; 7 April 1889 - 10 January 1957) was the pseudonym of Lucila Godoy y Alcayaga, a Chilean poet-diplomat, educator and humanist. In 1945 she became the first Latin American author to receive a Nobel Prize in Literature, "for her lyric poetry which, inspired by powerful emotions, has made her name a symbol of the idealistic aspirations of the entire Latin American world". Some central themes in her poems are nature, betrayal, love, a mother's love, sorrow and recovery, travel, and Latin American identity as formed from a mixture of Native American and European influences. Her portrait also appears on the 5,000 Chilean peso bank note.

Gabriela Mistral

Although architecture throughout Latin America did have some general roots, it varied widely depending on time of construction, materials, style, and magnitude of Spanish influence. For example, the architecture of Lima is more Spanish than that of Cuzco and the areas surrounding Lake Titicaca, which were more mestizo.

How did latin American architecture vary?

Juan Nepomuceno Carlos Pérez Rulfo Vizcaíno, best known as Juan Rulfo (Spanish: [ˈxwan ˈrulfo] About this sound audio (help·info); 16 May 1917 - 7 January 1986[1]), was a Mexican writer, screenwriter and photographer. He is best known for two literary works, El Llano en llamas (1953), a collection of short stories, and the 1955 novel Pedro Páramo. Wrote PEDRO PARAMO wrote series of stories EL LLANO EN LLAMAS

Juan Rulfo

unot Díaz (born December 31, 1968) is a Dominican American[1] writer, creative writing professor at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), and fiction editor at Boston Review. He also serves on the board of advisers for Freedom University, a volunteer organization in Georgia that provides post-secondary instruction to undocumented immigrants.[2] Central to Díaz's work is the immigrant experience.[3] He received the 2008 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction for his novel The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao. He is a 2012 MacArthur Fellow.[4]

Junot Diaz

La Catedral de México is among Latin America's great cathedrals. It is considered the most imposing and beautiful church of the New World. It took 250 years to build, and construction began in 1563. It is famous for its beautiful facade and cupola.

La Catedral de Mexico

The foremost architectural and artistic school in all of colonial america. Derived from Spain, it adopted images used by peninsular artists. Quito artists used polychromatic wood with muted tones which they would gild. Artists include El Padre Carlos. La escuela de Quito was also foremost in painting, and boasted alum like Manuel de Santiago Latin America also practices minor arts such as miniaturized hymnals, painting in nascar, orfebreria, herreria, bravado, plateria, ceramica, etc.

La Escuela de Quito

The Official Story (Spanish: La historia oficial) is a 1985 Argentine drama historical film directed by Luis Puenzo and written by Puenzo and Aída Bortnik. It stars Norma Aleandro, Héctor Alterio, Chunchuna Villafañe and Hugo Arana. In the United Kingdom, it was released as The Official Version. The film deals with the story of an upper middle class couple who lives in Buenos Aires with an illegally adopted child. The mother comes to realize that her daughter may be the child of a desaparecido, a victim of the forced disappearances that occurred during Argentina's last military dictatorship (1976-1983), which was marred by widespread human rights violations and a genocide. Among several other international awards, it won the Oscar for Best Foreign Language Film at the 58th Academy Awards.

La Historia Oficial

Liberals: -Believed in the sovereignty of the village and in individual rights to property, personal security, free association between individuals, and freedom of religion, ideas and expression. -Against state intervention in business, believed in the free market Conservatives: -Believed in the benefit of church supervision as a unifying factor in villages, the maintenance of heirarchies (social and defensive), and the rights inheristed by their colonial ancestors. -Did not believe in the international free market and in foreign investment. -"Espanolistas"

Liberals Vs. Conservatives

Like Water for Chocolate (Spanish: Como Agua Para Chocolate) is a 1992 Mexican film in the style of magical realism based on the popular novel, published in 1989 by first-time Mexican novelist Laura Esquivel Magical Realism: The mix of reality, imagination, fantasy, and fiction. This term was coined by Colombian writer Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Before him, Cuban writer Alejo Carpentier spoke about 'lo real maravilloso'. In other words, these terms are interchangeable. These elements of magical realism are visible in the movie by way of the food Tita prepares. Spanish literature of the 17th century emphasizes the concept of honor. When the honor of a woman is tainted, her entire family's honor is tainted. The only remedy to this was that the woman either go into the convent or marry the man who tainted her honor. This emphasis of honor in Spain is passed onto Latin America and is evident in Como Agua Para Chocolate.

Like Water For Chocolate: Themes and Characters

Nacida en Jalisco, México, Lola Álvarez Bravo fue una figura muy importante en el renacimiento mexicano de la post-revolución. Huérfana a los 7 años, fue tomada por su medio hermano mayor. En Oaxaca, su esposo Manuel le enseñó a tomar fotos, desarrollar películas y hacer grabados. Su primera gran oportunidad fue fotografiar a la ministra de Educación. Consiguió un trabajo como principal fotógrafa de El Maestro Rural en la década de 1930. Más conocida por sus retratos de Frida Kahlo y Diego Rivera, Lola también fotografió escuelas, granjas, orfanatos, estaciones de bomberos y hospitales en todo México. También fue un pionero del fotomontaje. Su primera exposición individual fue en el Palacio de Bellas Artes de la Ciudad de México en 1944. Lola se convirtió en la directora de fotografía del Instituto Nacional de Bellas Artes. Ella abrió una galería de arte en 1951 donde Frida Kahlo (su buena amiga), tenia su primer exposición en México. Lola dejó de tomar fotos cuando estaba ciega a los 79 años.

Lola Alvarez Bravo (Abigail Montes)

Nacida en la ciudad de México, Lourdes estudió pintura y viajó al extranjero en 1968, lo que la llevó a experimentar con el arte cinético y multimedia. Cuando Lourdes volvió de París, se inspiró para quemar todas sus obras de arte anteriores y empezar de nuevo con la fotografía. Como miembro del Club Fotográfico desde el principio de su carrera, Lourdes ayudó a inaugurar un movimiento de la fotografía por todo México llamado los Grupos. Lourdes estaba interesada en crear arte desde una perspectiva comunitaria y colaboró en trabajos fotográficos con los indígenas. Fascinado cuando estaba niña con el espectáculo de los artistas enmascarados, Lourdes es más famosa por sus retratos de Luchadores dentro y fuera del ring. Ha dedicado más de trenta años a este tema, ha publicado más de 11.000 fotografías y ha expuesto más de cien veces. Al fotografiar los luchadores, explora su importancia para la cultura de México y cómo se relacionan con la época de los aztecas. Los retratos son íntimos, expresando los lados duros y frágiles de lo que significa ser Luchador.

Lourdes Arguelles (Abigail Montes)

Manuel Tolsa was Mexico's first great sculptor. He was commissioned by Carlos IV to create a sculpture depicting him on his military horse. The sculpture now stands in Mexico, and it is nicknamed 'el Caballito'.

Manuel Tolsa

La Escuela de Quito's best big painter. Known as el "Apeles de America". Started the epoch of Quitian painters.

Manuel de Santiago

Peruvian writer, won the Nobel prize for literature. wrote La Fiesta de Chivo about the Trujillo dictatorship.

Mario Vargas Llosa

Mexican Baroque architecture is different in a variety of ways. Its colors are vibrant due to the variety of colors in Mexican rocks, from red to white. The rocks are porous, and architects also used ceramic tiles and multicolored bricks to create vibrant tiled cupolas. Also included are images of birds, angels, flowers, etc. Mexican baroque architecture is considered the maximum americanization of European baroque.

Mexican Baroque Architecture

Mexican sculpture was both religious and anonymous. The great sculptors of Mexico arose in the 18th century, including those like Manuel Tolsa.

Mexican Sculpture

The Monroe Doctrine was a U.S. policy of opposing European colonialism in the Americas beginning in 1823. It stated that further efforts by European nations to take control of any independent state in North or South America would be viewed as "the manifestation of an unfriendly disposition toward the United States."[1] At the same time, the doctrine noted that the U.S. would recognize and not interfere with existing European colonies nor meddle in the internal concerns of European countries. The Doctrine was issued in 1823 at a time when nearly all Latin American colonies of Spain and Portugal had achieved or were at the point of gaining independence from the Portuguese and Spanish Empires.

Monroe Doctrine

Vallenato Sor Cubano Plena

Name 3 latin American styles of music.

18th century literary movement in Spain and Latin america that coincided with the revolutions. Poems were lyrical poems about love and bibliocal topics, introduced local landscapes and characters, patriotic poetry for the independence movement, first appearance of poesia gauchesa. Prose: Surge of political periodismo, as a way to diffuse the old narrative and put forth political revolutionary propaganda, preference for essays, proclamations and sotires, and the birth of the first real mexican realist novel. Famous Writers: Jose Joaquin de Olmedo Jose Maria Heredia

Neoclassicismo

Argentina: Mauricio Macri Belize Bolivia: Evo Morales Brazil: Michel Temer Chile: Michelle Bachelet Colombia: Juan Manuel Santos Costa Rica: Luis Solis Cuba: Raul Castro Republica Dominicana: Danilo Medina Ecuador: Rafael Correa El Salvador: Salvador Sanchez Ceren Guatemala: Jimmy Morales Guyana: David Granger Honduras: Juan Orlando Hernandez Mexico: Enrique Pena Nieto Nicaragua: Daniel Ortega Panama: Juan Carlos Varela Paraguay: Horacio Cartes Peru: Pedro Kuczynski Suriname: Desi Bouterse Uruguay: Tabare Vasquez Venezuela: Nicolas Maduro

PRESIDENTS: Argentina Belize Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Republica Dominicana Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala Guyana Honduras Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela

There were 2 sides to Peruvian baroque architecture: the adaptation of style to reality and the progressive 'mestizaje' of architecture the further one moves from the coastline.

Peruvian Baroque Architecture

Since Spain did not allow the trade of its dominion the monopoly and to the England, France and Holland nations were breaking, it is of America that it was of interest to the criollos as much importance. At certain times, illegal trade was just as important as legal trade. Piracy was very intense for almost three centuries The pirates acted protected by the government of his nation and served a patriotic service when he ransacked a coastal town or a docked galleon. In practice, it was a Hawkins way of war in peace. The pirates were also engaged in the slave trade of Africa, John Hawkins began his career as a slave trader and later he was a pirate. Sir Francis Drake was America's most feared: on round the world in his ship, he attacked the coasts and took the city Nombre de Dios (Panama). Queen Elizabeth of England named him knight for his deeds. Thomas Cavendish performed the feat of capturing the route to Manila off the coast of California in 1587. Henry Morgan took and sacked Panama. Among the Dutch, Piet Heyn and Henrik Brouwer were much feared. The filibusteros were the adventurers and bandits who acted under their own responsibility and had their bases of operations in points of the Caribbean.

Piracy in Spain and Beyond

Gaucho literature, also known as gauchesco ("gauchoesque") style was a literary movement purporting to use the language of the gauchos, comparable to the American cowboy, and reflecting their mentality. Although earlier works have been identified as gauchoesque, the movement particularly thrived from the 1870s to 1920s in Argentina, Uruguay and south of Brazil after which the movement petered out, although some works continued to be written. Gauchoesque works continue to be read and studied as a significant part of Argentine literary history.[1] The movement arose as writers in those countries developed their understanding of their national identities. Three great poets in this trend were, José Hernández, Estanislao del Campo and Hilario Ascasubi.[1] The influence of folk music and a countrified language has always, to some extent, been felt in popular literature, as, for example, in the folk-flavoured poetry of the Uruguayan gauchoesque poet Bartolomé Hidalgo (1788-1822; unless otherwise noted, each year in this article links to its corresponding "[year] in literature" article). And the influx on the soul which the gaucho exercises can be felt on the work of much later writers who loved the country scene of Argentina and Uruguay, such as Ricardo Güiraldes, Benito Lynch and Enrique Amorim. This is particularly true of even the most modern Uruguayan literature. With Mark Twain's attempt to reproduce the dialect of Missouri boys, slaves, "injuns", etc., gauchoesque literature actually aspires to use, to perpetuate what purports to be the actual language of the gauchos.

Poesia Gauchesa

Cuba, the Philippines and Puerto Rico were the last 3 territories to free themselves from Spain in 1898. This happened during the Spanish-American war. The United States enters in this war with he goal in mind of annexing Cuba and Puerto Rico, because both islands occupy a key geographic location. The Americans used the explosion of the US Maine by Spain as pretext to enter the war against Spain with ulterior motives. The Americans win and Cuba is made a semi-colony of the US via the Platt Amendment, in which the US controls the exterior relations the Cubans have with other countries. The Platt Amendment was later eliminated in the 30s and Cuba becomes independent. Puerto Rico's fate is decidedly different.

Spanish American war

A la edad de 18 años, Tania abandonó la isla de su nacimiento, Puerto Rico. Nunca regresó completamente, pero visito mucho para hacer una variedad de obras explorando temas como la hipersexualización sistemática de niñas y lo que significa ser invadido. Tania estudió en la Escuela de Artes Visuales y tiene un MFA en Fotografía y Medios Relacionados. Hoy en dia, Tania vive y trabaja en Richmond, Virginia. Academia de Refinamiento" explora el concepto popular de la feminidad en Puerto Rico a través de una escuela de acabado. Una academia de refinamiento es una escuela extracurricular donde las niñas de entre tres y dieciocho años de edad asisten a aprender a convertirse en una "mujer refinada". "Este proyecto es una combinación de retratos escenificados e imágenes documentales que ilustran el proceso de convertirse en una mujer dentro de un ambiente cargado de expectativas sexuales y papeles fuertemente definidos. Mis imágenes desmantelan el proceso artificial de transformación que experimentan las niñas que asisten a estos lugares, revelando un sistema de signos y convenciones que dictan lo que finalmente se acepta como representación normativa femenina." El proyecto "Clavel del Aire" comenzó en silencio. A lo largo de años de visitas frecuentes noté que una planta semejante a musgo estaba envolviendo la vegetación alrededor del barrio donde crecí. No era una planta que recordaba desde mi niñez. Con el tiempo lo vi crecer hasta que los árboles que alguna vez estuvieron altos y fuertes murieron o se quedaron en la enfermedad. Las ramas caían al suelo secas y huecas. Los árboles infestados serían cortados o dejados en pie como cadáveres. En América Latina la planta invasora es conocida como "clavel del aire". Se adhiere a un huésped, y aunque no es parásito que impide la capacidad del anfitrión a la fotosíntesis, con el tiempo causando la muerte prematura. Las imágenes de este proyecto explotan simbólicamente lo que significa ser invadido.

Tania Fernandez (Abigail Montes)

Unitarios: -Believed in the power of the capitol over small towns to maintain national unity. Federales: -Followers of Rojas ****EL MATADERO ESTEBAN ECHEVERRIA

Unitarios vs. Federales

The Latinamerican romantic novel involves 'la exaltation del yo', nature, etc. In Latin America there were 4 types of romantic novels: La Novela Sentimental por Excellencia: Ex. (LA MARIA by JORGE ISAACS), La Novela Romantica Costumbrista por Excellencia: A novel that narrates in detail the customs, culture, ideology and beliefs of a society in a period of time. La Novela Romantica Historica por Excellencia: Ex. AMALIA, by JOSE MARMOL. Amalia is also set during Rosas' regime. Marmol, like Echevarria, was a fierce critic of Rosas and his dictatorship. La Novela Romantica Indigenista: Exalts the virtues of indigenous Latin Americans. (Ex. CUMANDA, by MENA)

What are the 4 types of Latin American romantic novels?

Plena Nació en el barrio de Ponce a finales de los años 1880 Raíces en los esclavos, los trabajadores de caña de azúcar, los agricultores, y otros emigrantes Instrumentos: percusión, congas ,timbales, maracas, cuatro, acordeón Una de las cuatro pilares de la música autóctona puertorriqueña Plena, bomba, la trova jibara y la Danza Las letras de la plena se tratan de la vida dia a dia La plena se ha adaptado, y se toca con muchos mas instrumentos Violines, piano, tambores, la batería Grupos folklóricos como "Los Pleneros de la 23 abajo", Areito", y los "Pleneros de la 21" ayudan mantener la plena viva en la isla El baile de plena, también se ha adaptado para bailarse a música moderna también https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hu7wJDpjTYU Willie Colon mesclaba la plena con la salsa https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n9sWXWqXhGo También en NYC en las discotecas latinas se escuchan mesclas de plena y otros géneros

What is Plena?

El Son Cubano Nació en el área de la Sierra Maestra, entre los pobres que vivían en el área (1800s) (se cree, no hay mucho documentación en los orígenes) En los 1900s, se combino con los sonidos de los Afro-Cubanos, y empezó la mescla con el legado Africano La Habana era el hub del son El son se convirtió en un estilo de vida, uno que muchos cubanos todavía viven https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EIMEmJGrYPY Muchos cubanos jóvenes no escuchan a este tipo de música Pero cuando salió el a bum Buena Vista Social Club, y luego el documentario, trajo una nueva vida al son cubano https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JNYOVEXJBB Ahora, el son se ve en clubes y en las calles de NYC En las discotecas, se ha empezado a mesclar el son cubano con el pop, la electrónica, y mas También, se puede escuchar la influencia del son en la salsa y la timba https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mxA2Y-6pgN8

What is Son Cubano?

El Vallenato Nació en el valle, en el arread del Pacifico La Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, el área del Pacifico Valledupar La UNESCO ha dicho que el Vallenato esta en peligro de extinción, y que "Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding, according to UNESCO" La guaracha, flautas, y cajas. Mas tarde también se usaban la guitarra, el el acordeón (de Europa) Son, paseo, puya, merengue Piquería Mas famosa entre Emiliano Zuleta y Lorenzo Morales Inspiración para La Gota Fría https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zsobg5OqQJo El Testamento: Rafael Escalona Una de las canciones mas famosas del vallenato CARLOS VIVES

What is Vallenato?

Ante Un Retrato: Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz (p.93, sonnet), speaks about the image or portrait of a person over the course of time, which does not reflect the present. The portrait 'holds back time', when in reality we all follow the same path to mortality.

What was 'Ante Un Retrato'?

The title of Respuesta a Son Filoteo comes from a conflict she had with a bishop, who insisted that Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz spent too much time reading, and that that was not appropriate for a nun. This bishop was named Sor Filoteo. Her response argues that the scripture is so important, that in order to understand it best, one must understand all kinds of things. A person trying to understand the bible must have a good education, which involves studying all branches of knowledge. If we are to interpret the word of god, we will interpret it better with a deep knowledge of all disciplines.

What was 'Respuesta a Sor Filoteo'?

The role of the woman in Latin and Spanish society as a replication of Mary. Goes hand in hand with Don Juanismo.

What was Marianismo?

El Virreinato de la Nueva España. In the 17th century, the virreinato reached heights of intellectuality that many regarded as higher than its motherland.

What was Mexico known as during Spanish colonization?

On September 16, 1810, Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, a respected Catholic priest (and an unconventional one, given his rejection of celibacy and love of gambling) issued a passionate rallying cry known as the "Grito de Dolores" ("Cry of Dolores") that amounted to a declaration of war against the colonial government. So named because it was publicly read in the town of Dolores, the Grito called for the end of Spanish rule in Mexico, the redistribution of land and a concept that the criollos' earlier plans had deliberately omitted: racial equality. Though a criollo himself, Hidalgo extended his call to arms to mestizos and people of indigenous descent; their significant contribution of manpower changed the tenor of the revolt.

What was el Grito de Dolores

Literary romanticism occurred in latin america in the 19th century. It started in europe and was begun in el Rio de Plata by Esteban Echevarria. The first period roughly coincides with national liberation movements on the continent and even with periods of anarchy or of the times of searching for stable governmental forms that culminate with the fall of old ideas in matters of politics, economy, religion and society. The second period, however, coincides with the stage of organization of the new states, and for this reason, the errand task becomes less journalistic and circumstantial, loses much of its civic and patriotic value, and adopts a more disinterested aesthetic form And less compromised. The characters of Hispanic American romance were as follows. Americanism: Literature must be independent of Spain as it happened in politics and administration; The literature of each country must be national and represent it geographically, physically, humanly, historically and spiritually; This Ameri- canism must be reflected in the ideas of history, landscape, themes and the b. Popularism: literature must be the expression of a people and the poet must present it in his works: popular is preferable to the aristocratic c. The artist and the self: the writer is a representative of a vast number of people and, because of his intense sensitivity and ability to inspire, is an exceptional character that must express the richness of his soul, have a will of glory, prefer The sentimental to the rational, and to have a special sense of solitude, a dissatisfaction with the contemporary world, an aspiration toward the indefinite, great force of originality, individualism, rebeldía and egoísmo revolution in literature, d. free attitude in front of art: romanticism is the artist must break with the norms and the classic rules that constrict the art; This implies the non-separation of literary genres, the right to and prose, the change of metric and strophic combinations, the non-fulfillment of neoclassical precepts, in short, the expression of e. New feelings about nature itself: the search for solitude; Preference for the new sense of the one and the estre fields, forests, mountains and mari priority of premises; Admiration for taste for ruins and historical monuments f. sentimentality to religion; preference for christian god, love is the first sentiment also: dolorismo, optimismo, musica, gigantism, sepulcrismo, libertad, democratismo, progresisimo, feminismo etc.

What was literary romanticism?

-Romanticism identified itself with liberalism and antiestablishmentism, as well as some parts of utopian socialism. -Resented Spain and the establishment -Fought against the catholic church ideologically -Science, progress and new humanist religion are finally discussed -Tried to interpret anything on earth, in nature, and God

What was political liberalism?

The Crown created the Casa de Contratacion on and the monarch gave a monopoly of trade with the Americas. This was the first step in the development of an administrative system to control trade and navigation between Spain and the New World (Haring 21). Although Casa de Contratacion means trade or commerce, it acted more as a private house of commerce for trade between the Crown and the Indies (the Americas) (Haring 22). The Casa controlled trade between the colonies and Spain. One example of this control is, under Isabella and Ferdinand, new ordinances in 1503 revealed a desire of a governmental monopoly of American trade (Haring 26). These new ordinances, however, thwarted the colonists' economy and future expansion of the colony Hispaniola. After many complaints and numerous petitions, the Crown lifted many of the restraints on the trade, and it allowed people of Hispaniola and Castillians free trade for ten years. By only letting subjects of Castille, the Crown limited the practice of free trade with the New World. By means of this system, it granted benefits to individuals who had to contribute to the Spanish treasury a fifth of the profits made in my country, gold, vacant mountains and pastures, and other economic purposes.

What was the Casa de Contratacion?

The encomienda was a labor system, rewarding conquerors with the labor of particular groups of people. In the encomienda, the Spanish crown granted a person a specified number of natives from a specific community, with the indigenous leaders in charge of mobilizing the assessed tribute and labor. In turn, encomenderos were to take responsibility for instruction in the Christian faith, protection from warring tribes, suppressing rebellion against Spaniards, and protection against pirates, instruction in the Spanish language and development, and maintenance of infrastructure. In return, the natives would provide tributes in the form of metals, maize, wheat, pork or any other agricultural product. In the first decade of Spanish presence in the Caribbean, Spaniards divided up the natives, who in some cases were worked relentlessly. An 'honor' granted to individuals distinguished or who had rendered an important service to Spain. The encomienda implied that the Spaniard owned not only the occupied territory, but also absolute lord of the inhabitants. In essence, it consisted of a prize for having warred and conquered. This power was granted, in its beginnings, for life to the beneficiary term that eventually extended to the heirs or for two lives. Both the commendant and his heirs had the right to receive for themselves the tributes of the but had no property rights over them. They could not speculate on the land or sell them.

What was the Encomienda?

On March 2, 1901, the Platt Amendment was passed as part of the 1901 Army Appropriations Bill.[1] It stipulated seven conditions for the withdrawal of United States troops remaining in Cuba at the end of the Spanish-American War, and an eighth condition that Cuba sign a treaty accepting these seven conditions. It defined the terms of Cuban-U.S. relations to essentially be an unequal one of U.S. dominance over Cuba.

What was the Platt Amendment?

The real hacienda (royal treasury) encompassed all state fiscal activities in the Spanish Indies: collection of taxes, disbursement of funds to meet colonial needs, remission of surplus revenues to Castile, accounting and auditing (Contaduría), and all other functions involved in the oversight, protection, and promotion of royal fiscal interests. From the time of discovery late in the fifteenth century, state treasury officials were on the spot to ensure the Catholic monarchs their proper share of the fruits of conquest. As Spain extended its domination over the Indies, the Hapsburgs sent more fiscal officials and established formal royal treasury districts (cajas) to implant the fiscal authority of the state in bustling port cities, mining centers, administrative market centers, key military outposts, and areas with large indigenous populations.

What was the Real Hacienda?

Photographic History of the Spanish American War , p. 36. On April 25, 1898 the United States declared war on Spain following the sinking of the Battleship Maine in Havana harbor on February 15, 1898. The war ended with the signing of the Treaty of Paris on December 10, 1898. Cuba, the Philippines and Puerto Rico were the last 3 territories to free themselves from Spain in 1898. This happened during the Spanish-American war. The United States enters in this war with he goal in mind of annexing Cuba and Puerto Rico, because both islands occupy a key geographic location. The Americans used the explosion of the US Maine by Spain as pretext to enter the war against Spain with ulterior motives. The Americans win and Cuba is made a semi-colony of the US via the Platt Amendment, in which the US controls the exterior relations the Cubans have with other countries. The Platt Amendment was later eliminated in the 30s and Cuba becomes independent. Puerto Rico's fate is decidedly different.

What was the Spanish American War?

The Inquisition existed already in Spain and its object in the New World was to maintain purity of faith. Thus were created three Tribunals of Faith in Lima, Mexico City, and Catragena. The Tribunals been the cause of endless controversy in the theme of the Inquisition for the fight against American and European history. Established in 1542 and the gestation of the Holy Protestantism. It was governed by six cardinals and existed throughout the world in matters of faith was established by the Papacy in the same century at the request of the kings to fight the ancient Jews and Muslims who were They were reluctant to change their secret practices. The Indians did not fall within their jurisdiction, because they were considered new in religion and lacking sufficient responsibility in religious matters.

What was the Spanish Inquisition?

The Conquistadores used to inform the kings about their activities in America in letters that were known as Cartas de Relation. Written personally by the conqueror or by his assistant, they were not always were completely truthful, in light of that beaurocratic character they had, nor did they have literary value in some occasions. However, they are part of colonial literature. Hernan Cortes, the conqueror of Mexico, wrote five Cartas de Relacion to King Carlos between 1519 and 1526, which were later published. They are interesting documents for the information they can tell us about the world and the genius behind them.

What were Cartas de Relacion?

A caudillo (Spanish pronunciation: [kawˈdiʎo]; Old Spanish: cabdillo, from Latin capitellum, diminutive of caput "head") is a type of personalist leader wielding political power. There is no precise definition of caudillo, which is often used interchangeably with "dictator" and "strongman". The term is historically associated with Spain, and with Spanish America after virtually all of that region won independence in the early nineteenth century. The term is often used pejoratively by critics of a regime. However, Spain's General Francisco Franco (r. 1939-1975) proudly took the title as his own,[1] during and after his military overthrow of the Second Spanish Republic in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39). Spanish censors during his rule went after publishers who applied the term to Latin American strongmen.[2] Caudillos' exercise of power is a form considered authoritarian. Most societies have had personalist leaders at times, but Latin America has had many more,[3] the majority of whom were not self-described caudillos. However, scholars have applied the term to a variety of Latin American leaders.[4][5][6][7][8] The roots of caudillismo may be tied to the framework of rule in medieval and early modern Spain during the Reconquest from the Moors.[9] Spanish conquistadors such as Hernán Cortés and Francisco Pizarro exhibit characteristics of the caudillo, being successful military leaders, having mutual reliance of the leader and their supporters, and rewarding them for their loyalty.[10] During the colonial era, the Spanish crown asserted its power and established a plethora of bureaucratic institutions that prevented such personalist rule. Historian John Lynch argues that the rise of caudillos in Spanish America is rooted not in the distant Spanish past but in the immediate context of the Spanish American wars of independence. Those wars threw off colonial rule and left a power vacuum in the early nineteenth century. Caudillos were very influential in the history of Spanish America and have a legacy that has influenced political movements in the modern era.

What were Caudillos and Caudillismo?

Culteranismo: Lenguaje elaborado, culto, influencia latina. Gongora wrote Las Soledades, which are so complicated and intricate, books have been written to try to analyze his language. Conceptismo: Enfocado mas en el mensaje, el concepto, la idea. Quevedo.

What were Culteranismo and Conceptismo?

Internal/Extrenal causes for the Latin American Revolution 1. Criollos became educated and involved with modern academic practice, learning of new enlightenment ideas, 'power to the people' 2. Bad treatment of criollos, psychological and ideological effects of suppression. Poverty, censorship, class disparity, etc. 3. Could identify with leaders of the revolutions as normal people, Miguel Hidalgo as a priest and a criollo, etc. 4. Revolution of france inspired many criollos to obtain freedom 5. France invading spain weakened spain and provided a good opportunity for revolt 6.The edict of expulsion caused an ideological shift in Latin America where people were already doubtful of Spanish reign 7. Spain was beginning to lose its value as an empire. The bourbons tried to make things better in LA but failed.

What were some internal and external factors of the Latin American revolutions?

From the earliest times the Crown was concerned that its work had a coherent regime and in accordance with its political and religious concepts. The king of Spain was at the same time the king of the Indies Islands and Tierra Firme of the Ocean Sea and exerted an absolute authority, without limitations. By 1534, some of the land discovered had been granted under strict conditions, especially not to enslave the natives, to pay them their labor, to educate them and to teach them literacy. The population ordinances established that no person could legally conduct discoveries on his own account, enter an indi- vidual population, or establish any city without authorization. The discoverers had to make all inquiries about the places to be discovered or pacified: inhabitants, Religion, worship, government, and send men of war or make scandal. Then it was possible to take possession in a solemn public act, to name the land, cities, principal towns, mountains and rivers. The foundation of cities was also regulated. He had to choose a healthy one, with clear sky and pure air, without excess of nor of cold, which could be known by the complexion of the inhabitants, animals and plants of the place. They must have good entries by land and sea. ETC ETC, Pg. 75

What were the politics of colonization and population like?

Indigenous versions, precolombine. La Noche Triste, version occidental Columbus, 'discoverer', as his chronicle of the new world. 'El conquistador', Cortez and Pizarro

Which are the perspectives of history (especially colonization)?

Antonio de Padua María Severino López de Santa Anna y Pérez de Lebrón (Spanish pronunciation: [anˈtonjo ˈlopes ðe sant(a)ˈana]; 21 February 1794 - 21 June 1876),[1] often known as Santa Anna[2] or López de Santa Anna and sometimes called "the Napoleon of the West", was a Mexican criollo who fought to defend royalist New Spain and then for Mexican independence. He served as a Mexican politician and general. He greatly influenced early Mexican politics and government, and was a skilled soldier and cunning politician, who dominated Mexican history in the first half of the nineteenth century to such an extent that historians often refer to it as the "Age of Santa Anna".[3] He was called "the Man of Destiny", who "loomed over his time like a melodramatic colossus, the uncrowned monarch."[4] Santa Anna first opposed the movement for Mexican independence from Spain, but then fought in support of it. Though not the first caudillo (military leader) of modern Mexico, he "represents the stereotypical caudillo in Mexican history," and among the earliest.[5][6] Conservative historian, intellectual, and politician Lucas Alamán wrote that "The history of Mexico since 1822 might accurately be called the history of Santa Anna's revolutions.... His name plays the major role in all the political events of the country and its destiny has become intertwined with his."[7] He was a valiant defender of Mexico against foreign invaders, becoming a hero of the nation. Santa Anna had great power in the independent country; during a turbulent 40-year career, he served as general at crucial points and served eleven non-consecutive presidential terms over a period of 22 years.[a] A wealthy landowner, he built a firm political base in the major port city of Veracruz. He was perceived as a hero by his troops; he sought glory for himself and his army, and independent Mexico. He repeatedly rebuilt his reputation after major losses. Historians and many Mexicans also rank him as perhaps the principal inhabitant even today of Mexico's pantheon of "those who failed the nation."[9] His centralist rhetoric and military failures resulted in Mexico losing just over half its territory, beginning with the Texas Revolution of 1836, and culminating with the Mexican Cession of 1848 following its defeat by the United States in the Mexican-American War. His political positions changed frequently in his lifetime; "his opportunistic politics made him a Liberal, Conservative, and uncrowned king."[10] He was overthrown for the final time by the liberal Revolution of Ayutla in 1854 and lived most of his later years in exile.

Who was Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna?

Cándido Bidó ( 20 de mayo de 1936, Bonao, República Dominicana-7 de marzo de 2011) Pintor, maestro de fama internacional de la plástica dominicana. Nació en Bonao el 20 de mayo de 1936. Se graduó de Profesor de Arte en la Escuela Nacional de Bellas Artes (ENBA). En la década de 1960 fue profesor asistente de la Escuela Nacional de Bellas Artes y hasta 1982 fue profesor de la Escuela Nacional de Bellas Artes. Realizó exposiciones alrededor del mundo, que lo hacen uno de los pintores dominicanos más cotizados en el extranjero. Sus obras se encuentran en manos de coleccionistas diseminados en los cinco continentes.(Enciclopedia de Historia y Cultura del Caribe, s.f.) Cándido Bidó ha plasmado, la maternidad como realidad y alegoría del amor, con vínculos entrañables e indestructibles. (Tolentino, 2009) Estilo: expresionista Paintings Include: La Madre

Who was Candido Bibo? (Van Merkerk)

Cirilio Villaverde was cuban, and La Cecilia Valdez was written and set in 19th century Cuba (at that point still a Spanish colony). Slavery also still existed. Cecilia Valdez, the main character, is a mullatta Cubana, the illegitimate daughter of a peninsular father and a black mother. The father abandons mother and child and Cecilia is taken to an orphanage, where she is given the last name Valdez. Her mother goes insane for separation of her daughter, and the child is eventually raised by her grandmother. She is smart and aware of her socioeconomic condition as a non-european. Cirilio Villaverde was an abolitionist.

Who was Cirilio Villaverde?

Wrote El Matadero as a statement against corruption and injustice of the regime of Rosas, as well as the catholic church which supported the dictatorship. He was forced into exile because Rosas' secret police (la Mazorca) sought to assassinate him. There are two incidents in the story, one with a bull and one with the Unitario. The incident with the bull details the slaughter of an animal who fights to the last breath, escapes and kills a person. When he is finally captured, the slaughterers kill and make fun of the animal for his undescended testicles. The analogy exists between the rebellion of the bull and the rebellion of the Unitarian, who dies of rage and humiliation rather than by the hand of the Federalistas. This story is a microcosm of Argentine society under Rosas' regime.

Who was Esteban Echevarria?

Latin American painter, Colombian, started 'boterismo'. Boterismo: estilo figurativo neorrenacentista contemporáneo, el cual se caracteriza por la interpretación que da el artista a diversas temáticas universales , con una volumetría exaltada, que impregna de un especial carácter tridimensional, así como de fuerza y sensualidad a la obra, junto al estilo de la escuela veneciana renacentista y finos detalles de crítica mordaz, ironía y sutileza. Paintings Include: Mona Lisa, Caballo, Una Familia

Who was Fernando Botero? (Valeria Van Merkerk)

Guillo Pérez (Guillermo Esteban Pérez Chicón, 1926-2014). Pintor dominicano considerado un maestro por su dominio de los procedimientos pictóricos. Fue director de la Escuela de Bellas Artes de Santo Domingo y de La Vega. De estilo expresionista abstracto, sus lienzos recrean los temas que abordan los monumentos coloniales, ingenios, marinas, figuras, paisajes, flores, hojas de plátanos y gallos. Sus colores vivos indagaron en las raíces míticas del pueblo dominicano. En 1955 participó en la ejecución de los murales y los trabajos de decoración de la Feria de la Paz. En 1960 participó en la X Bienal de Artes Plásticas en el Palacio de Bellas Artes y obtuvo el premio de la Universidad de Santo Domingo por su obra Composición en azul. Desde 1966 obtuvo numerosos reconocimientos en el Concurso de Arte Eduardo León Jimenes. Realizó treinta exposiciones individuales nacionales e internacionales. Viajó por Estados Unidos, Europa y Asia. (Enciclopedia de Historia y Cultura del Caribe, s.f.) Paintings include: Buoys Carretera y Palmeras, Paisaje Valle de Cibao, Gallo

Who was Guillo Perez? (Van Merkerk)

Homero Aridjis nació el 6 de Abril 1940 en Contepec, Michoacán, a madre Mexicana y padre Griego A la edad de 19 recibió el una beca del Centro Mexicano de Escritores, siendo la persona mas joven a recibir este honor En 1985 fundo El Grupo de Los Cien, es un grupo de defensa ambiental compuesto de mas de 100 personajes influyente del los artes y las ciencias En 1996 atendió el Congreso Mundial de Escritores en NY, honde conoció a otros poetas como Pablo Neruda Sirvió como embajador de México a los Países Bajos y Suiza Es profesor visitante en la Universidad de Indiana, NYU, y Columbia A recibido el compañerismo Guggenheim dos veces Por varios anos Aridjis fue presidente de PEN, la asociación mundial de escritores Aridjis a publicados 48 libros de poesía y otras escrituras Los temas en la poesía de Aridjis tratan con la muerte igualmente con el amor y demostrando un estilo metafísico Otros temas incluyen la modernización del clásico mito, el sobrenatural, y la sensualidad del cuerpo femenino WROTE DEJAME

Who was Homero Aridjis? (Levya)

Las obras de este pintor Antioqueño abordan varias tendencias y manifestaciones que lo caracterizan como el Realismo, Expresionismo y Abstraccionismo. Con una fuerte predisposición al color y a la gama de los grises producto de su Dualismo entre su natal trópico y su asentamiento en la andina ciudad de Medellín, sus creaciones están llenas de pasión y su línea característica conmueve al espectador incesantemente. Paintings: Musicos Saltimbanqui, Cirujanos

Who was Jose Javier Mejia? (Van Merkerk)

José Luis Cuevas es un pintor, dibujante, escritor, grabador, escultor e ilustrador mexicano nacido el 26 de febrero de 1931 en la Ciudad de México. Su formación artística es prácticamente autodidacta. Cuevas ha sido una de las principales figuras de la Generación de la Ruptura con el muralismo mexicano y uno de los más destacados representantes del neofigurativismo. La intención inicial de su era mostrar la angustia y la soledad del hombre y eligió para ello las escenas que encontró en hospitales y prostíbulos; sus modelos fueron y siguen siendo la prostituta, el pordiosero, el loco y el enfermo. A pesar de la recurrencia de los temas, de Cuevas se puede decir que en su obra existen diferentes variantes protagonizados por seres deformes, bellas imágenes de personajes casi monstruosos.(CC/ML, 2015) Paintings Include: Autoretrato, Autoretrato en el Motel Las Delicias, Acapulco

Who was Jose Luis Cuevas?

The highest exponent of the Hispanic-American colonial theater Juan Ruiz de Alar seón (1581-1639), whose glory is shared by Spain and Mexico. A hump sustained from birth earned him ridicule from his rivals by profession and made his career difficult on the peninsula, where he had gone to study. Because he could not afford university expenses, he was unable to obtain the academic merits of a doctor. The dramatic production of Alarcón is not very copious compared to those of its competitors, Calderón de la Barca and Tirso de Molina. They are more than twenty and take to the stage characters of daily life and entanglements themselves, without excluding some pieces of imitation. Its theater distinguishes itself by the representation of characters who embody human and social vices, within an ingenious and moderate plot. His best dramas are The Suspicious Truth, The privileged Breasts and The Walls Hear. The critic Pedro Henríquez Ureña proposed a controversial thesis, 'Alarcón's Mexicanism', to explain the aristocratic and balanced behavior between gallants and ladies, the careful development of conflicts, and the brevity of the economy.

Who was Juan Ruiz de Alarcon?

Manuel Felguérez nació en la hacienda de San Agustín del Vergel, en Valparaíso, Zacatecas en Diciembre 12 del 1928. En 1928 se vivían tiempos muy conflictivos, unos años antes había terminado la revolución armada, pero la tenencia de la tierra no era segura y los reclamos agrarios se extendían por todo el país. La formación del estilo y las imágenes de Felguérez está estrechamente ligada a los diversos movimientos de Europa, como la incorporación geométrico-constructivista, el informalismo y el expresionismo abstracto al que fue expuesto en su formación inicial. Él ha mezclado estos elementos en su propio estilo.Su obra contiene a menudo figuras geométricas básicas tales como círculos, triángulos, rectángulos y cuadrados, en combinaciones para formar su propio lenguaje.

Who was Manuel Felguerez (Van Merkerk)

Don Miguel Gregorio Antonio Ignacio Hidalgo-Costilla y Gallaga Mandarte Villaseñor (8 May 1753 - 30 July 1811), more commonly known as Don Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla or simply Miguel Hidalgo, was a Mexican Roman Catholic priest and a leader of the Mexican War of Independence. He was a professor at the Colegio de San Nicolás Obispo in Valladolid and was ousted in 1792. He served in a church in Colima and then in Dolores, Guanajuato. After his arrival, he was shocked by the poverty he found. He tried to help the poor by showing them how to grow olives and grapes, but in Mexico, growing these crops was discouraged or prohibited by the authorities due to Spanish imports of the items. In 1810 he gave the famous speech, "The Cry of Dolores", calling upon the people to protect the interest of their King Fernando VII (held captive by Napoleon) by revolting against the European-born Spaniards who had overthrown the Spanish Viceroy. He marched across Mexico and gathered an army of nearly 90,000 poor farmers and Mexican civilians who attacked and killed both Spanish Peninsulares and Criollo elites, even though Hidalgo's troops lacked training and were poorly armed. These troops ran into an army of 6,000 well-trained and armed Spanish troops; most fled or were killed at the Battle of Calderón Bridge

Who was Miguel Hidalgo?

Nacido en la Ciudad de México el 31 de Marzo 1914 Creció en Mixcoac, la parte mas meridional de la Cuidad de México Ahí creció con su madre, su tía, y su abuelo paternal el escritor Irenio Paz Su padre, periodista Octavio Paz Solórzano, estuvo ausente por la mayoría de su niñez, por estar bajo el comando del revolucionario Emilio Zapata en los Estado Unidos En 1931 al los anos de 17 publico su primer poema "Cabeller En Paris se mezclo con los escritores influentes surrealistas del tiempo, y aportado la revista Esprit Paz nunca se suscribió completamente a un solo estilo literario Sus obras varían desde sus principios con el neo-modernismo, mas tarde en su carera con el existencialismo y aves en cuando el surrealismo Sus grandes influencias fueron el Marxismo, existencialismo, Budismo, Hinduismo, y especialmente el surrealismo Las obras de Paz trataban temes de la política, la naturaleza del tiempo, el amor y erotismo al igual sus ensayos trataron con sus pasión por el arte especialmente el arte Azteca Wrote "Dos Cuerpos", "La Calle"

Who was Octavio Paz Lozano? (Levya)

José Rafael Carrera Turcios (24 October 1814 Guatemala City - 14 April 1865 Guatemala City) was the president of Guatemala from 1844 to 1848 and from 1851 until his death in 1865, after being appointed President for Life in 1854. During his military career and presidency, new nations in Central America were facing numerous problems: William Walker's invasions, liberal attempts to overthrow the Catholic Church and aristocrats' power, the Civil War in the United States, Mayan uprising in the east, Belize boundary dispute with England, and the wars in Mexico under Benito Juarez. This led to a rise of caudillos, a term that refers to charismatic populist leaders among the indigenous people. Many regional and national caudillos were interested in power for their own gain. Carrera was an exception as he genuinely took the interests of Guatemala's Indian majority to heart.[1] Backed by the Catholic Church, conservatives of the Aycinena clan led by Juan José de Aycinena y Piñol, and mestizo and indigenist peasants, he dominated politics in the first three decades of Guatemala's independence more than any other individual.[2] He led the revolt against the liberal state government of Mariano Galvez in Guatemala, and then was instrumental in breaking up the Federal Republic of Central America that the liberals wanted.[Note 1] As a result, once the liberals took over power in Guatemala in 1871, Carrera's character and regime were dismissed and demonized, making him look as an illiterate who could not even write his own name and was a puppet of the aristocrats.[3][4] Over the years, even Marxist writers who wanted to show how the native Guatemalans have been exploited by the elites completely ignored Carrera's interest in them and accused him of racism and being a "little king".

Who was Rafael Carrera

Ricardo Palma was a Peruvian essayist and short-story writer. He composed a long series of witty and picaresque tradiciones, or historical prose tales, whose plots and incidents were for the most part derived from the rich wealth of Peruvian literature and history. He was a Peruvian author, scholar, librarian and politician. His magnum opus is the Tradiciones peruanas. The writings, which are collectively known as the Tradiciones, started appearing in 1863 in newspapers and magazines. They are short stories of historical fiction that relate events based on historical fact and that are descriptive of the way people lived in different moments in the Peruvian history. Their value as historical sources is limited, but their literary value is great.

Who was Ricardo Palma?

Dr. José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia y Velasco (January 6, 1766 - September 20, 1840) was a Paraguayan lawyer and politician, and the first dictator (1814-1840) of Paraguay following its independence from the Spanish Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata. His official title was "Supreme and Perpetual Dictator of Paraguay", but he was popularly known as El Supremo. He is considered to be the chief ideologue[by whom?] and political leader of the faction that advocated for the full independence of Paraguay from the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata and the Empire of Brazil. Made education mandatory, limited church power, defended the indians, but also killed everyone against him and deported his adversaries.

Who was Rodriguez de Francia?

The Argentine statesman, educator, and gifted journalist Domingo Faustino Sarmiento (1811-1888) was known as the "Teacher President" for his unremitting efforts to foster education in his country. He was also an intuitive writer with a prophetic gift who created a classic of Argentine literature. He was an Argentine activist, intellectual, writer, statesman and the seventh President of Argentina. His writing spanned a wide range of genres and topics, from journalism to autobiography, to political philosophy and history. He was a member of a group of intellectuals, known as the Generation of 1837, who had a great influence on nineteenth-century Argentina. He was particularly concerned with educational issues and was also an important influence on the region's literature. While president of Argentina from 1868 to 1874, Sarmiento championed intelligent thought—including education for children and women—and democracy for Latin America. He also took advantage of the opportunity to modernize and develop train systems, a postal system, and a comprehensive education system. He spent many years in ministerial roles on the federal and state levels where he travelled abroad and examined other education systems.

Who was Sarmiento?

Simon Bolivar (1783 - 1830) was a Venezuelan military and political leader who was instrumental in helping Latin American countries achieve independence from the Spanish Empire. During his lifetime, he helped countries, such as Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia to independence. Bolivar also helped lay the foundations of democracy in Latin America - serving as president from 1819 to 1830 of the Hispanic-American republic known as Gran Colombia.

Who was Simon Bolivar?

Among the intellectual figures that were most notable was Sor Juana Ines de La Cruz, a female 'neobarroco' poet. She is considered America's first feminist. Even today, her work is extremely important. She was a female genius in an era that women were not allowed a university education. She read and wrote obsessively, and wrote in an autobiographical document about her obsession with reading from a young age. She was sent with her older sister to a private school where she learned to read and write, and devoured all the books in her home and her family's homes. As an adolescent, she began to call the attention of the court's nobility because of her knowledge that vastly surpassed that of the young men of her society. In that document, Respuesta a Son Filotea, she speaks about assigning herself reading, and when she didn't not complete her homework, she would cut her own hair as punishment. When the time came to make a decision for what she wanted to do for the rest of her life, she began to evaluate her future. If she married, she would have become a homemaker dedicated completely to her husband and children. So, Sor Juana chose to become a nun. She thought that by doing this, she could dedicate herself to her number one passion- reading books. In poetry, the 17th century was the century of the baroque, led by the schools of culteranismo and conceptismo. Culteranismo was exemplified by Gongora, while conceptismo was exemplified by Quevedo and Gracian. Sor Juana had vast knowledge of both Gongora and Quevedo (and Gracian), who had huge impacts on her. She wrote a book entitled Primero Sueno, a poem that is influenced heavily by culteranismo and baroque. She also, however, writes a series of poems: philosophical poems, villancicos, satire, etc. Society at that period suffered heavily at the hand of machismo and Don Juanismo. Spanish culture has contributed countless cultural practices, such as el Machismo or "Don Juanismo" (Sor Juana Ines de La Cruz (17th c.), response page 394 text. " Why do you accuse women of bad behavior if you tempt us to behave badly? When we do what you want we are easy, when we don't we are misbehaved.' A SONNET*) and religious and celebratory practices such as the celebration of Reyes and Noche Buena. However, machismo is not exclusively Spanish practice, and is obviously found in cultures globally, including Arab culture which inhabited Spain for several centuries. On the other hand, Marianismo (which represents the women's version of Don Juanismo) dictates the woman's role in society as a replication of the Virgin Mary. WROTE PRIMER SUENO

Who was Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz?

Who was Tupac Amaru? Túpac Amaru II was a peruvian Indian revolutionary, a descendant of the last Inca ruler, Túpac Amaru, with whom he was identified when he led the Peruvian peasants in an unsuccessful rebellion against Spanish rule. He marched in Vilcamayo with 6000 people in Cuzco in a statement against abuse by state and Spanish officials. He was later torn apart by the Spanish military.

Who was Tupac Amaru?