CJ 100- Module 1 Exam

Fifth

According to the ___ Amendment, "No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury..."

Misdemeanors

According to the wedding-cake model of criminal justice, what does the bottom layer represent?

The victim and perpetrator know each other

According to Christie, which is not one of the six attributes typically associated with the idea of an innocent victim?

1 percent

According to one study, what was the percentage of hate crimes committed by perpetrators who were strongly committed to bigotry?

All individual agencies organize their policies and operations in exactly the same way

Four factors challenge the transition to greater cooperation among law enforcement agencies. Which is not one of these?

Violent crimes

How does the FBI classify murder and non-negligent manslaughter, rape, robbery, and aggravated assault?

Property crime

How does the FBI currently classify arson?

About half

How many offenses are never reported to police?

793 violent offenses per 100,000 inhabitants

In 2015, Albuquerque, N.M., with a population of 905,803, reported 7,179 violent criminal offenses. What was the violent crime rate?

3,537 property offenses per 100,000 inhabitants

In 2015, Yakima, Washington, with a population of 249,480, reported 8,825 property offenses. What was the property crime rate?

Self-report study

In a high school class, a researcher hands out questionnaires that ask the students to identify any criminal offenses they have committed. Which term best describes this type of research?

Infancy

In legal terminology, this is the state of a child who has not yet reached the specified age to be considered an adult.

Rules, laws, and folkways

In society, which of the following dictates what is acceptable and what is punishable?

Larceny

In this form of theft, an offender takes possessions that do not belong to him or her with the intent of keeping them.

Published in the criminal code, enacted by the legislature, and enforced in a fair and evenhanded manner by the authorities.

Laws must be____.

Cost, discretion, and errors

Many offenses that enter the system are systematically excluded for several reasons, which include the following:

Guilty mind

Mens rea means__?

The victim acted first during the course of the offense and the victim instigated the commission of the offense

Most definitions of victim precipitation assert this.

Discretion

Police officers, prosecutors, judges, and corrections officials use this to decide what happens to individual cases.

Mental illness, homelessness, and crime

Research has shown that children who are physically abused are at a greater risk for this.

Stare Decisis

The legal principle in which courts are bound by the decisions of previous courts is called what?

Individual rights

The protection of this is an integral part of the functioning of law enforcement.

Criminal justice

The social institution controls crime by detecting, detaining, adjudicating, and punishing and/or rehabilitating people who break the law.

Probation

The suspension of all or part of a sentence subject to certain conditions and supervision in the community.

Robbery

The taking or attempting to take anything of value from the care, custody, or control of a person or persons by force or threat of force or violence and/or by putting the victim in fear.

Corporate crime

These are offenses committed by a corporation's officers who pursue illegal activity in the corporation's name

Felonies

These offenses are punishable by more than a year in a state prison.

Public-order crime

These offenses include drug use, disturbing the peace, drunkenness, prostitution, and some forms of gambling.

Uniform Crime Reports (UCR)

This annual FBI publication uses data from participating U.S. law enforcement agencies to summarize the incidence and rate or reported crime.

Social control

This consists of the rules, habits, and customs a society uses to enforce conformity to its norms.

Due Process Model

This criminal justice model describes the expectation of a just and fair criminal justice system.

Crime Control Model

This criminal justice model describes the expectations of an efficient criminal justice system.

White-collar crime

This criminal offense is committed during the course of business for financial gain.

Insanity defense

This defense attempts to give physical or psychological reasons that a defendant cannot comprehend his or her criminal actions, their harms, or their punishment.

Alibi

This defense involves the defendant claiming not to have been at the scene of a crime during its commission.

Statue

This is a law enacted by a legislature

Prison

This is a state or federal institution that confines people convicted of crime who are serving sentences for longer than a year.

Crime

This is an action taken by a person or a group of people that violates the rules of society to the point that someone is harmed or society's interests are harmed.

National Incident-Based Reporting System

This is designed to gather data on each criminal act even if several acts are committed within the same complex of behavior.

Common law

This is sometimes called case law, judiciary law, or unwritten law.

Justice

This is the administration of a punishment or reward in accordance with morals that a given society considers correct.

Uniform Crime Reports

This is the most extensive and useful measure of crime that is available.

Mass murder

This is the murder of three or people in a single incident.

Terrorism

This is the use or threat of violence against a state or other political entity in order to coerce.

Street crime

This kind of crime includes interpersonal violence and property crime.

Double jeopardy

This legal principle states that a person cannot be tried twice for the same offense.

Magna Carta

This major English document contributed to U.S. law.

Misdemeanor

This minor criminal offense is punishable by a fine and/or jail time for up to one year.

Case law

This type of law comes from judicial decisions and requires judges to consider how previous cases dealt with similar issues.

Tort law

This type of law covers personal wrongs and damage and includes libel, slander, assault, trespass, and negligence.

Statutory law

This type of law is enacted by legislatures

Procedural

This type of law prescribes the methods for the enforcement and use of the law

Substantive

This type of law sets forth what behaviors are defined as crime.

Felony

This type of offense includes murder, rape, assault, larceny, and arson.

Strict liability

This type of offense tends to involve offenses in which the public's welfare is at issue.

Habeas corpus

This writ is issued to bring a party before the court.

Adjudicate

To administer a legal process of judging and to pronounce a judgment.

Serious felonies

According to the wedding-cake model of criminal justice, what does the second layer represent?

Celebrated cases

According to the wedding-cake model of criminal justice, what does the top layer represent?

Corpus Delicti

Actus reus, mens rea, and concurrence constitute this.

From birth to age 3

Children in this age range account for the highest percentage of child abuse and neglect victims.

Precedent

Common law is based on this.

Victim precipitation

Criminologists use this term to refer to instances wherein a victim plays an active role in initiating conflict.

Victimization survey

Deborah's cell phone is stolen from her bag. Later, a census taker interviews her about the incident. Which term best describes this type of research?

The second victimization

For rape and sexual assault victims, the criminal justice process is often called this.

Misdemeanor

Usually the maximum incarceration for this type of offense is up to one year in jail.

The victim may have committed the offense

Which is not a reason that a victim would not report an offense?

The victim is not dependent on a caregiver

Which is not included in the typical definition of elder abuse?

My client did it

Which is not one of the six arguments that can be employed in the defense against a criminal indictment?

The effects of the law, the existence of other means to protect society from undesirable behavior, and the enforceability of the law.

Which is one of the three criteria used to determine what behaviors are made criminal?

Predictability, efficiency, and reliability

Which issue guides precedent?

The victim, the perpetrator, and the criminal justice system

Which of the following is an important actor in a criminal offense?

Corporate crime, drug sales, and organized crime

Which part of the crime picture fo the UCR, self-report studies, and victimization studies tend to miss?

The buyers do not consider themselves crime victims

Why does the National Crime Victimization Survey not account for successfully completed drug transactions?

Much of the investigation and regulation of corporate and white-collar crime is not done by law enforcement

Why is it difficult to measure white-collar and corporate crime?

Code of Hammurabi

Written on an ancient stone tablet, this collection of over 250 laws covered a wide range of issues.

Problems of definition, problems of resources, and problems of politics

Which is a logistical obstacle to measuring crime effectively and efficiently?

Arrest

After searching a suspect who matches a description of a robber and finding a loaded handgun, Officer Cerezo handcuffs the suspect, reads him his rights, and drives him to the station to be placed in a holding cell. Which term best describes this?

Victim-impact statement

After the trial of James Holmes, who opened fire on an Aurora, Colorado, movie theatre in July 2012, about 100 family members of the victims spoke in court about how the crime affected them. Which term best relates to this activity?

Inchoate offense

An example of this type of offense is conspiracy.

Victimless crime

Behaviors that are deemed undesirable because they offend community standards rather than directly harm people or property.

Sociological imagination

C. Wright Mills urges the use of this to examine issues while removed from our social location.

The offense will not be recorded; it is part of the dark figure of crime

Sutton breaks into a house when the owner is away and looks for valuable items to steal. However, he does not find anything worth taking and leaves. The owner returns later and does not notice anything amiss, nor even realize that the house was entered. How will Sutton's offense be recorded?

The characteristics of victims and perpetrators, when and where an offense takes place, and the form of an offense

The advantage of the NIBRS over the UCR is that it allows law enforcement to precisely identify what?

Bill of Rights

What are the first 10 amendments to the Constitution called?

The identity of the aggrieved party

What is the important difference between the criminal law and civil law?

Crime Rate

What is the number of Crime index offenses divided by the population of an area called?

Penal codes

Where are statues published?

Unintentional and intentional

Which choice best describes the sources of error in the Uniform Crime Reports?

The victims, the families of the victims, and the victims' communities

Which group of people is not included in considerations of victimization?