CJ 101 - Final exam

Which of the following individuals is most at risk of polyvictimization?

14-year-old Ivan

According to differential association theory, which of the following juveniles is most likely to become involved in crime or delinquency?

16-year-old Charlie lives with his parents, who are both drug dealers.

Shane operates an investment firm that promises unusually high returns to its investors. However, rather than investing the money legitimately, he simply funnels it to his personal accounts. He uses money from new investors to pay returns to older investors. Which crime best describes Shane's actions?

A Ponzi scheme

Which of the following individuals is a criminalist?

A ballistics expert

Which of the following demands would be most likely to be made by a modern radical criminologist?

A call for the abolition of capital punishment

Natalie obtains a Ph.D. in criminology and decides that her passion is not research or teaching, both of which are professions that are usually pursued by those with a Ph.D. She instead pursues a career as a police officer. Which of the following best describes Natalie's occupation?

A criminal justice professional

Mike, who is addicted to cocaine, steals money from his neighbors to buy drugs. Which of the following best illustrates Mike's behavior?

A drug-related crime

Which of the following best describes a fully covered fence?

A fence who operates a legitimate business and deals only in stolen goods that part of the inventory in the legitimate business.

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates ethnic succession?

A gang mainly composed of Irish immigrants is running the drug trade in a large urban area. After many of the gang leaders are caught, forcing the gang to stop its illicit activities, Italian immigrants take over the drug trade in the community.

Which of the following is an example of a "supersnoop" technology?

A parabolic audio receiver

Which of the following is most likely to lead to a decline in prison populations?

A state adopts a strategy of selective incapacitation

Which of the following scenarios represents environmental crime?

A vehicle manufacturer falsifies the results of emissions tests because the emission levels violate Clean Air Act requirements.

Your state has experienced a sharp rise in the crime rate over the past year. The governor and state legislature have invited Professor Karson, a conflict criminologist, to propose mechanisms for reducing crime. Given conflict criminology's focus on mid-range approaches to crime reduction, which of the following is Professor Karson most likely to propose?

Abolishing mandatory sentences.

Which of the following scenarios is based on principles of classical criminology?

After weighing the pros and cons of robbing a local liquor store, Robert decides that he can get away with the crime and demands money from the clerk.

Which of the following people can best be characterized as neurotic, according to Hans J. Eysenck's trait theory?

Alan is very shy and moody. He often makes irrational decisions based on his emotions rather than on an evaluation of the situation.

Which of the following statements would a sociobiologist most likely consider to be true?

All human behavior, even rational thought, results from instinctual aspects of biology.

Karina, who works in a local bakery, has run up large credit card bills that she cannot pay. Although she knows it is wrong, she steals money from the cash register to help pay her debts. Karina has adopted which form of adaptation?

Alloplastic adaptation

Which of the following is an example of pharmaceutical diversion?

Although he is in good health, Mike persuades his doctor to give him multiple prescriptions for oxycodone, which he then fills and sells on the street.

Which statement best describes the relevance of altruism to sociobiological theory?

Altruism plays a role in ensuring the survival and continuity of the gene pool in a species.

Sarah is the manager of a large department store and realizes that she has a problem with employee theft. Which of the following employees is most likely to engage in employee theft?

Andy, who is a seasonal employee hired to work in the store during the month of December.

When is a residential burglary most likely to occur?

At 3 p.m.

Daisy was the victim of a home burglary and Frank, the burglar, was caught and charged with the crime. Daisy attends Frank's trial but is frustrated because she is not allowed to be involved in the process. She feels marginalized by the system, stating that victims should be active participants in the criminal justice process. Daisy most likely supports the _______ model.

BARJ

10-year-old Fred gets into frequent fights at school. His mother punishes him by requiring him to help cook dinner every night. However, since Fred actually enjoys cooking, he is secretly pleased with this situation. This scenario exemplifies which of the following criticisms of behavior theory?

Behavior theory ignores the role that cognition plays in behavior

Andrew, a criminologist, in engaged in research and concludes that men with high levels of testosterone are more likely to commit crimes. However, he is unable to explain why some men with high testosterone levels do not commit crimes. Andrew's research exemplifies which of the following criticisms of biological and biosocial theories?

Biological and biosocial theories fail to accurately predict criminality while purporting to understand its causes.

Given the criticisms of early biological theories of criminal behavior, which statement would be most appropriate for a biological criminologist today to make?

Biological features are not the direct cause of crime.

Which of the following is an example of a nonprimary homicide?

Bob and his friends try to rob a stranger on the street and kill him when he attempts to call for help.

Which of the following groups is targeted by the Montreal Preventive Treatment Program?

Boys in kindergarten who exhibit disruptive behavior

Which of the following individuals is exhibiting behavior that could most likely be attributed to a dysregulation of the hormone serotonin in the brain?

Brad often acts impulsively and irresponsibly.

Who among the following is most likely to be targeted by the OJJDP's Comprehensive Strategy for Serious, Violent, and Chronic Juvenile Offenders program?

Brian, a delinquent teenager who belongs to a street gang.

According to social process theories of crime, crime prevention programs should focus on which of the following goals?

Building prosocial bonds

Which of the following research findings would best support the notion of atavism?

Carlo studies incarcerated male offenders and concludes that their facial features differ from those of non-criminals.

Which of the following statements regarding the commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC) is true?

Child prostitutes typically are lured into sex work by pimps who promise them drugs or companionship.

Which of the following is a valid criticism of classical criminology?

Classical criminology fails to explain how individuals choose whether to engage in criminal activity.

How do classical and neoclassical criminology differ in their views of punishment?

Classical thought viewed deterrence as the primary purpose of punishment, while neoclassical thought has expanded the role of punishment to include the concept of retribution.

Renn is sentenced to prison for aggravated assault. While in prison, a counselor teaches anger-management techniques to help him control himself. Renn also takes part in group sessions and learns more effective communication skills. Which type of program is Renn participating in?

Cognitive behavioral intervention

Jane is a senior in college and is having trouble affording the textbooks she needs. Her best friend suggests that she steal the books from the university bookstore. Jane rejects this option because she knows that if she is caught stealing, she could be expelled. She has invested a lot of time and money in her education and is not willing to risk the chance of being kicked out of the university and not earning her degree. Jane best represents which component of Hirschi's social bond?

Commitment

Niall has a high-paying job and is well-respected in the community. He decides that shoplifting the twenty-dollar video game he wants would be stupid. Niall's decision relates to which component of the social bond?

Commitment

The 1997 Supreme Court ruling in Reno v. ACLU found provisions of which federal act to be unconstitutional?

Communications Decency Act

George, a 19-year-old college student, emails pornographic videos to his 15-year-old friend Paul. Which of the following federal Acts was designed to criminalize George's behavior?

Communications Decency Act (CDA)

Which of the following best describes conditioning?

Conditioning is a psychological principle that holds that the frequency of any behavior can be increased or decreased through reward, punishment, or association with other stimuli.

Josh studies a group of people for a period of one year and concludes that the cause of crimes among the group was due to the uneven distribution of wealth among them. In this case, Josh's conclusion most closely relates to which sociological explanation of crime?

Conflict theories

Merlia is a criminal defense attorney in charge of a high-profile larceny case. She argues that her client was involved in grand theft because he grew up in a society where people stole to get what they wanted. She claims that this society has influenced his criminality. Which of the following types of criminology is used by Merlia to explain her client's criminality?

Constitutive criminology

Which of the following statements regarding constitutive criminology is true?

Constitutive criminology asserts that individuals shape the world while also being shaped by it.

_______________ theory states that crime is a consequence of social pressures to involve oneself in violations of the law as well as of failure to resist such pressures?

Containment

Which of the following costs of identity theft primarily applies to businesses, rather than to the victim whose identity has been stolen?

Costs involved in fraud prevention

George B. Vold compared the criminal to a soldier. Which of the following statements best describes his view of crime?

Crime is a manifestation of denied needs and values

Which of the following best describes crime from a legalistic perspective?

Crime is any human activity that violates the criminal law.

Terry follows Jean to her apartment building, intending to rape and kill her. However, after he observes a security camera located over the front door and realizes that both the front and back entrances to the building are well lit and visible from windows in other buildings, Terry abandons his plan as too risky. What concept was involved in preventing Terry's planned crime?

Crime prevention through environmental design

Which of the following is an assumption of psychological and psychiatric theories of crime causation?

Criminal behavior may be purposeful for the individual insofar as it addresses certain felt needs.

Which of the following statements is one of the Marxist propositions for understanding crime set forth by Richard Quinney?

Criminal law is an instrument of the state and ruling class that is used to maintain and perpetuate social and economic order.

Which of the following statements about modern-day criminal street gangs is true?

Criminal street gangs tend to be based on highly fluctuating ties.

Which of the following statements regarding social structure theories is true

Criminality of the middle class is generally seen as less frequent and less dangerous.

Marty was illegally growing marijuana in his backyard. Federal agents caught him and seized the marijuana plants. This represents which of the following antidrug strategies?

Crop control

Joram claims that people in power use social media to communicate key ideas and control the definitions of important concepts. Joram is most likely a proponent of which conflict perspective?

Cultural criminology

As mayor, you are concerned about the serious problem of drug abuse in your city. A large group of refugee immigrants recently came to your city and most are living just outside the city center, where the rents are very low. You have discovered that many of these immigrants become involved in drugs within a few months of their arrival. This scenario best illustrates which of the following?

Cultural transmission

Which of the following statements regarding culture conflict theory is true?

Culture conflict theory suggest that crime results from differing values regarding what is acceptable or proper behavior.

Mary is found murdered. Investigators find traces of her husband's skin under her nails and arrest him for the crime. Which of the following tools is most likely to have helped the investigators determine that the skin residue under Mary's nails was from her husband?

DNA profiling

Tina's company possesses a great deal of confidential information that should be accessible only to the people at the top level of management. As the head of the IT department, Tina is responsible for securing this data to ensure that no information falls into the wrong hands. Which of the following tools would Tina be most likely to use to fulfill this responsibility?

Data encryption

Which of the following challenges existing perspectives in order to debunk them and replace them with approaches more relevant to the postmodern era?

Deconstructionist theories

_______ describe(s) the statistical qualities or characteristics of a given population.

Demographics

Sophie is caught shoplifting from a local grocery. She justifies her actions by claiming that her family has no money and that she has been unable to find a job. She says that if she didn't steal she wouldn't have anything. Sophie is using which technique of neutralization?

Denying responsibility

_____________ suggests that victimization occurs most frequently in socially disorganized areas and that people become victims as a result of their exposure to such areas.

Deviant places theory

Which of the following statements regarding differential association theory is true?

Differential association theory has been criticized for not being applicable at the individual level.

Which of the following is most likely to be a secondary psychopath?

Don was a normal child but developed callous-unemotional traits after being routinely physically and emotionally abused by his parents.

What is the underlying assumption of both decriminalization and legalization?

Drug abuse can never be eliminated.

Joel belongs to a large inner-city gang that is engaged in criminal activity for profit. Which crime is Joel's gang most likely to be involved in, given the gang's desire for large profits?

Drug trafficking

Social process theories emphasize crime as learned behavior. Given this, which scenario best illustrates an individual whose behavior is explained by the social process perspective?

Elian was raised by his grandmother until he was six years old. He then went to live with his biological mother and her boyfriend in a neighborhood well-known for drug dealing and gang activity. When Elian was 12, he became involved with a local gang and by age 15 he was actively selling drugs for the gang leaders.

According to the Developmental Victimization Survey research conducted by David Finkelhor and colleagues, which pathway to polyvictimization was the most prominent for children younger than 10 years old?

Emotional problems

Barney is a clerk at a retail store. One day, after work, he takes a dozen toilet paper rolls home without paying for them. What type of larceny-theft is this?

Employee theft

Which of the following factors that may affect criminal behavior is more likely to be studied by a contemporary biological theorist rather than an early biological theorist?

Environmental contaminants

Which of the following statements regarding Eurasian organized crime in the United States is true?

Eurasian organized crime expanded in the United States after the collapse of the Soviet Union.

Which of the following is a key principle of social process theories of crime?

Everyone has the potential to violate the law.

Which of the following is a characteristic of female serial killers?

Female serial killers tend to target strangers.

After the Communications Decency Act (CDA) was passed, the American Civil Liberties Union challenged the constitutionality of the law. The Supreme Court upheld the challenge on the grounds that portions of the CDA violated the _______ Amendment.

First

Janice is the manager of a large retail store. Following the recommendation of the National Retail Federation, she has installed store security cameras to document larceny through the use of video recordings in an effort to combat which type of multiple-offender crime?

Flash mobs

Which social structure theory suggests that lower class subcultures have key values that drive members into delinquency?

Focal concern theory

Jane, a working professional, murders her husband. When her case goes to trial, the defense attorney argues that Jane was mentally unstable when she murdered her husband. Ben, a medical doctor, is called upon by the court to verify the truth of the defense attorney's statement. In this scenario, which of the following best describes Ben's profession?

Forensic psychiatrist

Which of the following statements regarding forensic psychiatry is true?

Forensic psychiatry is not a subspecialty of forensic psychology.

Jared is a criminal investigator. He is using a new "supersnoop" device that detects extremely small temperature changes and essentially lets him look through walls. Jared's device uses which type of technology?

Forward-looking infrared (FLIR)v

Sam, a psychologist, conducts brain scans of a number of at risk youth. Which of the following does Sam consider to be most at risk of engaging in violent behavior?

Frank, whose brain scan shows lower levels of glucose uptake in the prefrontal cortex.

Jason and Sam are twins. Their mother is a drug addict who physically abused and neglected Jason while treating Sam more lovingly. When they grow up, Sam becomes pharmacist while Jason becomes involved in professional mixed martial arts. Which of the following concepts best explains Jason's choice of career?

Frustration-aggression theory

Which of the following impacts of victimization primarily affects women?

Future involvement in crime

Frank, a criminologist, observes that men commit more serious crimes than women. Frank's research illustrates which of the following concepts?

Gender gap

Which of the following statements about general strain theory is true?

General strain theory states that group differences in crime are due to differences in exposure to strains that encourage crime

According to power-control theory, in which of the following families are sons more likely than daughters to become involved in delinquency?

George and Saranne are a middle-class couple with two children. George works as a dentist while Saranne is a stay-at-home mother.

Which of the following individuals is most likely to be a hacker?

George is 21 years old and lives in Miami. He spends a lot of time playing games on his computer but is not interested in learning how to write programs.

George recently participated in genetic testing and has been found to possess the 10R allele. Which of the following is most likely to be true about George based on this genetic information?

George is probably promiscuous

Which of the following situations is an example of victim provocation?

George was committing a home burglary. However, Lucas, the homeowner, returned home unexpectedly and shot him.

Which of the following is an example of new account fraud?

Georgina obtains her co-worker's Social Security number and maiden name and uses this to obtain a new credit card in her co-worker's name.

Official statistics show that crime in the U.S. has decreased during the past two decades. Victor claims that modern neoclassical approaches to crime control are responsible for the decline. Which of the following statements is Victor most likely to make to support his claim?

Get tough on crime policies have led to a substantial decrease in official rates of crime over the past 20 years.

Which of the following individuals is engaged in research in the area of psychobiotics?

Graham, who is studying the influence of bacteria in the digestive system on emotions and behavior.

Which of the following is an example of separation assault?

Greg beats his wife when she tries to end their relationship.

Gregory is 16 years old and the only son of a notorious mob enforcer. His friends are low-level offenders. One night, Gregory is caught joyriding with his friends. According to the standard social science model (SSSM), which of the following statements best explains Gregory's actions?

Gregory became involved in crime because he is influenced by his family and friends

What concept is expressed by GxE?

GxE is a formula that highlights the interaction of genes and the environment.

Sue was recently fired from her job as a computer programmer. Angry at her employer, and wanting revenge, she decides to put her computer skills to work by gaining access to the company network and publicly revealing confidential business information. Which of the following best describes Sue's act?

Hacking

According to Andrews and Bonta, which of the following factors is a static element and therefore should not be considered a criminogenic need?

Having a criminal record

Which of the following best describes hedonistic calculus?

Hedonistic calculus emphasizes the worth an action has for the individual undertaking it.

George studies variations in the height of European males to understand how much of the variation in height is attributable to genetic factors. George is attempting to estimate the ________ of height.

Heritability

Horo is a working-class individual living in the country of Xiao. The ruling party passes a number of laws that benefit the party's capitalist supporters but result in Horo working longer hours for low pay. Horo eventually begins committing crimes to support himself and his family. According to radical-critical criminologists, which of the following best explains Horo's decision to turn to crime?

Horo's decision to commit crime is a result of the unequal distribution of wealth.

Which of the following questions would be most likely to be asked by a researcher testing a social structure theory?

How do deviant subcultures affect the likelihood of crime?

According to critics of biological and biosocial theories, which of the following questions are these approaches MOST likely to be able to answer?

How do genes influence variation in antisocial behavior?

Prior to the 1980s, rates of robbery and burglary were basically parallel, but they began to diverge during the 1980s, with rates of robbery increasing and burglary decreasing. Which of the following factors is believed to account for this change in offending structure?

Icreasing demands for crack cocaine

Thomas has been charged with home burglary, but his trial is delayed for nearly a year due to court delays and continuances. He is convicted and is sentenced to six months in jail, although the typical sentence for this crime is two years in prison. After Thomas serves his time in jail, he continues to commit similar crimes. Which of the following would have been most likely to deter Thomas?

If the court had imposed the typical sentence for home burglary.

Between the 1960s and 1990s, crime in the U.S. increased dramatically. Which of the following factors may have contributed to this rise in crime?

Increased police professionalization.

Paulo dreams of living in a beach house and owning a high-end luxury car. However, he is a high-school dropout and cannot find a high-paying job to let him earn the money needed to live his dream. He joins a gang and becomes involved in the local drug trade, where he is able to make more money than he could ever hope to earn at his menial job. Paulo is exhibiting which form of adaptation?

Innovation

Hank is flying into the U.S. from London. Upon arrival, federal agents locate and seize a large quantity of heroin in his luggage. This is an example of which drug control strategy?

Interdiction

With the help of Aiden, a well-known criminologist, Felix, an ex-convict, has written a book about his experience in prison and his thoughts about criminology. Which of the following statements is most likely to be true of this book?

It calls for a substantial reduction in the number of federal and state prisons.

Which of the following is true of stalking?

It causes victims to fear for their personal safety.

Which of the following is a criticism of peacemaking criminology?

It is naïve and utopian.

Which of the following statements regarding the RICO Act is true?

It is part of the Clayton Act of 1914.

Which of the following best describes a unicausal theory?

It poses a single identifiable source for all serious deviant and criminal behavior.

Which of the following is true of the OJJDP's Comprehensive Strategy for Serious, Violent, and Chronic Juvenile Offenders program?

It provides participating communities with a framework for preventing delinquency.

According to general strain theory, there are several major sources of strain. Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the presentation of negatively-valued stimuli?

Jack is physically abused by his parents and bullied at school.

Jacob, who is a high-school dropout, works on an assembly line in a large factory. Which of the following best describes Jacob?

Jacob is a member of the proletariat.

Which of the following best illustrates felony murder?

Jacob kidnaps Jane, a young girl. While trying to escape, Jane is hit by a bus and dies.

James steals a car that is parked outside a local fast-food restaurant. He drives it to a garage where mechanics remove the stereo, air conditioner, airbags, and custom rims. The car is then driven to a shopping mall and abandoned in the parking lot. Which of the following statements is most likely to be true?

James has taken the car to a chop shop.

Which of the following is an example of a drug-defined crime?

JoAnn sells marijuana to children at a local elementary school.

According to the FBI typology, which of the following individuals is committing an internal cybercrime?

Joan creates a software program designed to encrypt all data on a computer until the user pays a ransom.

Joel has been bullied regularly by a classmate throughout elementary school. Which of the following best describes Joel's experiences?

Joel is experiencing revictimization

Which of the following individuals who has been involved in bullying is at the greatest risk of subsequent academic and behavioral problems?

Jose is being bullied by older boys in school and begins bullying a classmate to deal with his anger.

Which of the following individuals is considered a criminal justice professional?

Jose, a victims' advocate

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates phone phreaking?

Josh explores the local telephone network system and eventually learns how to make calls free of cost.

During a discussion about capital punishment, Jamal argues that criminals such as serial killers who were executed by the criminal justice system simply got what they deserved. Jamal's argument is best aligned with which model?

Just deserts

In the context of the death penalty, which of the following arguments best reflects the retentionist position?

Just deserts

Mark worries that his teenage son Ron will become involved in a gang because they live in a low-income, inner-city area where gangs are prevalent. Which of the following programs is best suited to teach positive values to Ron and prevent him from engaging in crime?

Juvenile Mentoring Program (JUMP)

Which of the following groups accounts for the majority of arsons?

Juveniles

Which of the following is a criticism of the labeling approach?

Labeling theory fails to explain the origin of crime.

Adrian, a store employee, took some merchandise home from his workplace without paying for it. Which of the following crimes did Adrian commit?

Larceny-theft

_______ results in the elimination of laws which prohibit the production, sale, distribution, and possession of drugs.

Legalization

Harriet believes that legalizing prostitution is a good idea. Which of the following statements supports her position?

Legalizing prostitution would keep prostitution off the streets.

Based on the research conducted by Wilson and Herrnstein, which of the following individuals would be most at-risk of involvement in criminal behavior?

Liam is 17 years old. He is male, plays football, and is failing many of his high school classes.

Which of the following conditions has been linked to antisocial behavior?

Low digit ratios

Which factor is common to all social structure theories?

Low socioeconomic status

Which of the following is an ascribed characteristic?

Luis is Hispanic.

Which of the following can be best described as a club girl?

Mandy's performance as a stripper on the stage enticed a customer who then hired her services as a prostitute.

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates embezzlement?

Martha is an employee of a company. She is asked to deposit a thousand dollars in a bank but takes it instead for her personal use.

Which of the following refers to the illegal killing of three or more individuals in a single event or during a short period of time?

Mass murder

Which of the following scenarios illustrates the work of an individual involved in correctional psychology?

Matt is involved in evaluating the mental health of newly-incarcerated offenders.

According to William H. Sheldon, which body type is most likely to be associated with criminality?

Mesomorph

According to the Heroin Signature Program (HSP), the majority of heroin in the United States originates from:

Mexico

Sixteen-year-old Michael has a 10 p.m. curfew but frequently comes home late, saying that all his friends are allowed to stay out later than he is. Saranne, Michael's mother, tells him that if he comes home on time every day for two months, she will add 30 minutes to his present curfew time, but that if he complains or continues to come home late, his curfew will be cut back to 9:30 p.m. Based on behavior theory, which of the following is the most likely consequence?

Michael will start coming home early or on time.

Which of the following best illustrates a crime that is unlikely to make it into official crime statistics?

Mike is robbed outside his house but does not report it to the police.

According to behavior theory, which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?

Mike, a second-grader, hates making his bed. This week, he is allowed to skip making his bed because last week he set the table every day without complaining.

Which of the following is a criticism of modeling theory?

Modeling theory lacks comprehensive explanatory power.

Following a mass shooting at a school, an interest group devoted to banning guns organizes a series of demonstrations and protest marches. The protest campaign captures national attention and laws are changed to reflect this group's values. Which of the following concepts is illustrated in this scenario?

Moral enterprise

How do Russian organized criminals differ from those in the United States?

Most Russian organized criminals are former government officials.

Which of the following statements regarding property offenders is true?

Most property offenders employ some degree of rationality, but it is limited.

Which of the following computer systems is the best example of an expert system?

Nester is a system that analyzes criminal evidence and creates criminal profiles.

Which of the following is considered to be responsible for the recent reemergence of interest in Freudian psychology?

Neuroscientists have been creating a chemical map of the brain that validates the general theory that Freud posited.

Based on research into links between body chemistry and criminality, which of the following boys is most likely to be engaged in aggressive and criminal behavior?

Nick, who was exposed to marijuana prenatally

Oban is a member of an organized crime group that is well-known for engaging in extremely profitable financial frauds, including advance-fee schemes and life insurance schemes. Oban's group is most likely an example of a(n) __________ criminal enterprise.

Nigerian

Which of the following is a key assumption of biological theories of crime?

Observed gender and racial differences in rates and types of criminality may be at least partially the result of biological differences.

Which of the following explains why white-collar criminals are harder to investigate and prosecute?

Often the evidence provided in the case of white-collar crimes is only understandable to financial or legal experts, making it difficult to explain to jurors.

The Trump administration has declared the abuse of ________ to be a public health emergency in the United States today.

Opioids

__________ justice is a relatively informal type of criminal justice case processing that makes use of local community resources rather than requiring traditional forms of official intervention.

Participatory

One of the approaches for controlling organized crime recommended by Howard Abadinsky is to decrease organized criminal opportunity. Which of the following policies is most likely to achieve this goal?

Passing laws legalizing recreational marijuana.

_____________occurs when the victim unknowingly encourages the offender toward criminal action.

Passive precipitation

Which of the following types of criminology stresses the need for social control agencies and the citizens they serve to work together to alleviate social problems and human suffering and thus reduce crime?

Peacemaking criminology

Which of the following is a criticism of convict criminology?

Personal experience rarely gives anyone the entire picture needed to understand a phenomenon.

Mike is researching physical characteristics that distinguish criminals from non-criminals. He is given permission to exhume the bodies of various criminals and examines the shapes of their skulls to identify any elevations or indentations that might be common among the criminals. Mike is most likely a proponent of which early biological theory?

Phrenology

According to George Vold, conflict is a universal form of interaction. Vold described crime as the product of which type of inter-group conflict?

Political conflict

George's older brother, Jake, is a member of a criminal gang. When George turned 12, Jake began paying him to act as a lookout while the gang committed household burglaries. By the time George was 16, he was a full member of the gang and was committing crimes on a regular basis. As an adult, George is a career criminal. Which concept best explains George's behavior?

Positive reinforcement

Which of the following first gave focus to the victim's rights movement and called for the expansion of victims' assistance programs?

President's Task Force on Victims of Crime

Which type of motor vehicle theft has the lowest rate of vehicle recovery?

Professional car theft

Which of the following best describes psychoactive substances?

Psychoactive substances affect the mind, mental processes, or emotions.

Kara died after driving her car off a dark and deserted road late at night. Which technique might be used to determine whether Kara died as the result of an accident or if she committed suicide?

Psychological autopsy

Which of the following statements best explains the difference in perspective between psychological and sociological theories?

Psychological theories focus on individual behavior while sociological theories examine the types of behavior likely to be exhibited by a certain group.

Ann was a victim of chronic childhood abuse. She is impulsive, egocentric, and a pathological liar. At age 16, she ran for class president and lost. The following week, she murdered the student who won the election. When Ann was arrested and questioned, it was clear that she had no feelings of guilt for committing the murder and felt no remorse or sympathy for the victim's family. Ann most likely has which of the following personality disorders?

Psychopathy

Which of the following statements best fits with Cesare Beccaria's views regarding crime and punishment?

Punishment should be only severe enough to outweigh the personal benefits obtained from the crime.

Which of the following studies involves epigenetics?

Rachel studies how environmental conditions can affect the activity of specific parts of the genome.

__________ feminism argues that women are defined as subjects because in patriarchal society men control the law.

Radical

Which of the following issues a call to action and asks for changes in political and economic systems that are responsible for fostering enhanced levels of criminality?

Radical criminology

In general, how is rape viewed by the feminist perspective?

Rape is an act of power

George is a successful stockbroker and lives in an upper-middle-class community. However, while many of his neighbors own expensive sports cars, George cannot afford one. He engages in insider trading to obtain the money to buy a sports car. Which best explains George's involvement in crime?

Relative deprivation

According to Elijah Anderson, what characteristic is at the heart of the code of the street?

Respect

According to frustration-aggression theory, which of the following children is most likely to learn to suppress outward expressions of aggression?

Sam is seven years old. His parents are very loving but when he misbehaves, they take away his TV or computer game privileges for a few days.

Which of the following examples best illustrates the fact that deviant behavior is not necessarily criminal?

Saul wears eccentric and sometimes shocking outfits to class, although he does not violate decency statutes.

Sam is abusing a controlled substance. This drug does have some currently-accepted medical uses. However, it has a high potential for abuse and may lead to severe psychological or physical dependence. Sam is most likely to be abusing a drug that falls into which Schedule of the Federal Controlled Substances Act?

Schedule II.

Joseph is an avid movie enthusiast. During a typical trip to the movies, Joseph expects to buy his ticket and then buy popcorn at the snack counter before entering the theater and finding his seat. Which of the following theories does this scenario best illustrate?

Script theory

According to social structure theories, which of the following teenagers is most likely to be involved in serious crime.

Sean lives with his unemployed mother in public housing in a lower-class area of Chicago.

After Quinn was mugged at the neighborhood deli, his partner, Lars, has tried to be supportive. Quinn has nightmares, often waking Lars up in the middle of the night with his screaming. He is frequently angry and irritable with Lars. Which of the following best applies to Lars?

Secondary victim

Which of the following statements regarding secondary victimization is true?

Secondary victimization can be caused by the justice system.

Which of the following sources provides information on the dark figure of crime?

Self-report surveys

Ten years ago, Oak Street was well-known for drug activity and violent crime. However, after a developer purchased all the row homes on the street, remodeled them, and sold them at reasonable prices, residents who had been renting were now able to purchase their own homes. These new homeowners began holding monthly meetings and started a neighborhood watch. Crime and drug activity decreased considerably, and Oak Street is now considered to be one of the safest areas in the city. Which of the following concepts best explains this change?

Social cohesion

Which of the following statements regarding social development theories is true?

Social development theories consider the transition from childhood to adulthood to be a critical period.

Which of the following statements about social pathology is true?

Social pathology compares society to a physical organism and sees criminality as an illness or a disease.

Which of the following is an assumption that is made by social structure theories?

Social structure perpetuates the fundamental conditions that cause crime.

Mark receives an expensive computer game for his birthday. He makes six copies of the game and gives them to his friends, so they can play the game together. Mark has committed which type of cybercrime?

Software piracy

Sonja has designed a study to analyze physical characteristics of a population of male criminals in a state prison system. She collects information on the height, weight, body mass index (BMI), and overall body type of criminals who have committed violent crimes. Which term is most closely related to Sonja's study?

Somatotyping

Joel is 32 and has been involved in many different types of criminal activity since he was a teenager. However, over the last five years, Joel has focused on mainly committing household burglaries. Joel's behavior illustrates which component of desistence?

Specialization

According to Karl Marx, which of the following represents the natural outcome of the evolution of a capitalist society?

St. Idris is a self-governing island where there are no social classes.

Which of the following children is most likely to engage in antisocial behavior in adulthood?

Steffi, who is often abused by her father and who has low MAO-A activity.

Tom has created a website that connects people who want to purchase illegal drugs with those who supply them. The website includes a geographically-organized inventory of drug dealers and suppliers. Tom's activities fall into which category of cybercrime?

Support of criminal enterprises

Which of the following terms explains what happens to an offender following arrest, conviction, and sentencing?

Tagging

Which scenario best illustrates Gabriel Tarde's first law of imitation and suggestion?

Ten-year-old Ellie dresses just like her best friend, Cindy.

The rivalry between two large Chicago street gangs is responsible for a large number of homicides and other violence in the city. Which aspect of sociobiology can be used to explain this?

Territoriality

Which of the following federal laws criminalized designer drugs?

The Analogue Act

Which of the following was a key characteristic of the Chicago Area Project?

The Chicago Area Project used local residents, rather than professional social workers, to staff community committees.

Jane is the librarian at a public school. She is upset because students come to the library and use the computers to search the Internet for sexually explicit content. Jane installs filters on the library computers to prevent this and receives complaints from students. Which of the following federal laws supports Jane's action?

The Children's Internet Protection Act (CIPA)

Which of the following encouraged the explosion of child pornography in the United States in the 1990s?

The Internet

Which of the following is a critique of the NCVS?

The NCVS may include falsely-reported crimes.

Alvin is a member of an organized criminal group and helps to run a gambling ring. With his share of the proceeds, he purchased several very expensive sports cars. After Alvin is caught and convicted, his cars were seized by federal agents. He protested but was told that this was permitted under the provision of which federal law?

The Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act

Which federal law gave the Securities and Exchange Commission the authority to prevent dishonest corporate officers and directors from ever serving in positions of corporate responsibility in the future?

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act

What differentiates deviant behavior from delinquent behavior?

The age of the perpetrator

Alan, a 40-year-old thief, has made his living by stealing cars and selling parts for years. Lately, however, he feels less committed to the criminal lifestyle and is considering getting out of the business. According to Alfred Blumstein and colleagues, Alan is in which phase of the criminal career?

The burnout period

Despite research evidence suggesting that capital punishment does not deter offenders from committing homicide, many death penalty advocates continue to argue that capital punishment can be an effective deterrent. Which of the following statements best supports their claim?

The current system of criminal justice does not allow for the swift and certain imposition of capital punishment.

How would Jeremy Bentham explain the failure of the death penalty to affect the rate of murder in our society?

The death penalty is not swift and certain

According to Lee Ellis and Anthony Walsh, which of the following statements best represents the relationship between genes and behavior?

The effect of genes on behavior is indirect.

Irelia is the newly elected president of a country that is facing a financial crisis. The country also has a serious problem with drug abuse and enforcing the laws prohibiting the use of illegal drugs has become nearly impossible. To address this problem, and to prevent an economic meltdown, Irelia proposes to legalize drugs in her country. Which of the following is an argument that might be put forth by her opponents, who oppose drug legalization?

The fact that laws are not easily enforceable is no reason to eliminate them.

George, an elementary school principal, is meeting with a group of parents. He tells the parents that it is very important for parents to be involved with their children, monitor their behavior, and correct and punish them when necessary. George stresses that this will reduce the risk that their children will become involved in delinquent behavior. George is most likely a supporter of which theory?

The general theory of crime

Travis Hirschi and Michael Gottfredson use which theory to support their claim that white-collar criminals are motivated by the same forces that drive other types of criminals?

The general theory of crime

What does the Heroin Signature Program (HSP) identify?

The geographic source area of a heroin sample.

Jean is a psychologist in a juvenile detention center. She is working with a group of 15- and 16-year-old girls who have been affiliated with a local criminal gang. Because Jean believes in the criminal mind-set concept developed by Samenow and Yochelson, which of the following statements is she most likely to make about the girls?

The girls have a criminal world view and chose crime because of the way they think, not because of environmental factors.

Jeremy sets out to determine the complete chemical sequence of the entire set of human DNA. When he has finished, what has Jeremy sequenced?

The human genome

What is the primary unit of analysis in psychological and psychiatric theories of crime causation?

The individual

Which of the following characteristics is more common of a female robber than of a male robber?

The infrequent use of guns

Chloe, a kindergartener, is caught stealing candy from her teacher's desk. She explains that she believes she is entitled take the candy because she has been so well-behaved during the past few months. In this case, Chloe is using which technique of neutralization?

The metaphor of the ledger

Which of the following best explains the link between hypoglycemia and murder?

The mind's ability to reason effectively is impaired due to the increased amount of insulin in the blood

Which of the following policy proposals is most likely to be made by a convict criminologist?

The number of people in prison should be reduced.

The state government is considering a ban on alcohol consumption in restaurants. A poll of state residents reveals that opinions vary greatly, reflecting the diversity in the state. Which of the following perspectives most likely prevails in this type of society?

The pluralist perspective

What power did the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations (RICO) Act give federal agents?

The power to seize financial assets associated with criminal activity

When Sarah was 14, her younger sister, Diana, was diagnosed with cancer. Sarah's parents focused much of their time and energy on caring for Diana. When they learned of a new experimental treatment option that was not covered by their health insurance, they mortgaged their home to pay for the treatment. Because of this, they had no money to pay for Sarah to attend university. This scenario best represents which of Elder's life course principles?

The principle of linked lives

Which of the following is a major principle of sociological theories of crime?

The probability that members of a group will engage in a specific type of crime can be estimated.

Which of the following is a key theme of phrenology, as proposed by Franz Joseph Gall?

The shape of the skull corresponds to the shape of the brain and indicates personality.

Because the crime rate has been increasing rapidly, city authorities implement a number of psychological interventions to modify the behavior of the offenders. However, the crime rate does not decline. Which of the following criticisms of psychiatric and psychological theories of crime does this scenario exemplify?

The social and environmental conditions that could have contributed to the crimes were ignored.

Which of the following holds that human beings come into this world like clean slates and acquire almost all of their values, behavioral patterns, and modes of thought through socialization into their surrounding cultures?

The standard social science model

What is the basic contention of both lifestyle theory and routine activities theory?

The structure of everyday life is a factor contributing to the likelihood of burglary.

Which of the following best explains the concept of carnival of crime?

The term attempts to help make sense of the current increase in violence, cruelty, hate, and humiliation that permeate daily life.

Which of the following is a key principle of classical and neoclassical criminology?

The two central determining factors of human behavior are pain and pleasure.

Which of the following statements regarding biosocial and biological theories of criminality is true?

These perspectives claim to understand the causes of criminality but fail to predict it.

While conducting medical check-ups at a local high school, doctors discover a group of teenagers who have low resting heart-rates. Given the research findings regarding the relationship between resting heard rate and crime, which of the following statements regarding this group is most likely to be true?

This group mainly includes boys who engage in antisocial behavior

Crane is the dictator of Tana, a developing country. He came to power during a military coup 20 years ago and has stayed in power ever since. However, his recent policies have been met with strong opposition from people of all social classes. Fearing a rebellion, Crane used military force to put down the opposition. Which of the following principles of the social conflict perspective can be used to best explain his actions?

Those in power are always interested in maintaining their power against those who would usurp it.

After a major cyber-attack on his company, Henry focuses on preventing a possible future attack. Which of the following will be most useful to Henry?

Threat analysis

Which of the following best supports the use of selective incapacitation as a crime-control strategy?

Three-strikes laws focus on incarcerating offenders who are chronic recidivists.

Which of the following best describes an individual with a properly developed superego?

Tim learns that his wife has cheated on him when he finds a letter from her lover, Phil. Tim wants to find Phil and hurt or even kill him, but does not do so because he believes that violence is morally wrong.

What is the primary overall goal of Vision 21, according to the Office for Victims of Crime?

To permanently change the way we treat crime victims.

According to Tittle's control-balance theory, why would Toby engage in white-collar crime?

Toby has a control surplus.

Which of the following statements regarding translational criminology is true?

Translational criminology focuses on converting research results into workable social policy.

Alfred is sentenced to 10 years in prison for involuntary manslaughter. Although he is a model prisoner, Alfred is required to serve at least eight years before he is eligible for parole. Which of the following is most likely responsible for this?

Truth in sentencing

Which of the following scenarios is an example of John Bowlby's concept of secure attachment?

Two-year-old Celine cries when her mother is out of sight but knows that if she falls down and hurts herself, her mother comes to help her.

____________ crimes are those that are not known even to the people who have been victimized.

Undiscovered

Which of the following statements regarding undiscovered crimes is true?

Undiscovered crimes are often committed through the use of high technology.

Which of the following statements regarding unreported crimes is true?

Unreported crime includes all types of crime

Late one evening, Anne leaves her car unlocked when she runs into the convenience store for a cup of coffee. When she comes out of the score, she discovers her laptop, which had been left on the back seat, has been stolen. Which of the following best describes how Anne may have contributed to her own victimization?

Victim facilitation

Which of the following refers to an individual's likelihood of victimization?

Victim proneness

Which of the following terms refers to the origin or cause of victimization and includes a cluster of variables that ultimately lead to victimization?

Victimogenesis

Which of the following statements best summarizes the findings of research into sexual violence in prison?

Victims may feel personally devalued as a result of being sexually victimized.

In 2001, the USA PATRIOT Act amended the Victims of Crime Act to make which group of victims eligible for victims' compensation payments?

Victims of terrorism

Which of the following statements best describes the way that cognitive information-processing theory explains violent behavior?

Violent individuals use information incorrectly when making decisions.

Welma is looking for an expensive leather bag. She meets a man at a Sunday market and strikes a deal. The man says he can sell it to her at a low cost. She decides to buy it even though she suspects it to be a stolen bag. What of the following best describes Welma's activities?

Welma is an amateur receiver

Which of the following individuals is most likely to have followed the covert pathway to delinquency?

When Liam was about 10, he began sneaking out of the house and lying to his parents about where he was going. He began shoplifting and stealing money from his mother's purse. The following year, he vandalized his teacher's car, claiming that the teacher was unfair and mean.

Which of the following individuals is most likely to be suffering from schizophrenia?

While Jake is away at college, his grandfather is killed in a car accident. Jake tells his roommate that his grandfather is talking to him and telling him to kill himself so that they can be together.

Which of the following questions is most likely to be asked by a social control theorist?

Why do people obey the law instead of violating it?

Which of the following may be explained by the subculture of violence theory?

Why do some cities have more violence than others?

As a crime prevention expert, you have been asked to develop a policy to reduce crime in your community. Of the policies below that you have proposed, which is based on broken windows theory?

You propose that the community remove the graffiti and litter from public areas.

Kim finds that the distribution of crime and other social problems in her city appears to follow the concentric zone model described by Park and Burgess. In which area of the city does Kim find the greatest amount of social disorganization?

Zone II

When Tiffany started high school, she began sneaking out to bars with her friends and smoking marijuana. When her parents grounded her, she became furious with them, claiming that they did not understand she was no longer a child. However, by the time Tiffany was a senior, she had stopped using drugs and alcohol, realizing that this behavior would limit her changes of being accepted into a good university. Tiffany is best characterized as a(n) ________.

adolescence-limited offender

Mike realizes that his girlfriend Ana is cheating on him. They have a major argument, and in a fit of rage, he rapes her. This scenario is most likely an example of a(n) ________ rape.

anger

A(n) _______ is a sequential record of system activities that are recorded in computer memory.

audit trail

Grace is a defense attorney. In some cases, she accepts stolen property as payment from offenders who cannot afford her fees. Grace is most likely to be considered a(n):

avocational receiver.

Psychological profiling is built on the idea that _____.

behavioral clues at a crime scene may reflect the personality of the offender.

According to Karl Marx, the group that owns the means of production in a society is referred to as the ________.

bourgeoisie

According to routine activities theory, a security guard is an example of a ________.

capable guardian

The work by Caspi and Moffit produced a model of gene-environment interaction that identified ____________ as a universal risk factor for adult antisocial behavior.

childhood maltreatment

The belief that society exists to provide individuals with benefits that they would not receive living in isolation is a central assumption of _______ criminology.

classical

Liz has been incarcerated for seven years. Her social skills are limited and she is very distant and aloof. She is due to be released on parole in six months and is currently undergoing counseling and therapy to improve her social skills, help her interact with others more positively, and improve her empathy towards others. Based on this information, Liz is most likely participating in _________.

cognitive behavioral intervention

Carlos dates wealthy middle-aged women. After he gains their trust, he convinces them to make him the sole heir of their property. He then kills them. Based on this information, Carlos is most likely a ________.

comfort serial killer

Terrence uses stolen credentials to log into a company's computer network from a public computer. Using this access, he copies proprietary information from one of the company's computers. This is an example of:

computer trespass.

Jack is a member of a local gang. He engages in violence to earn status in the gang. According to differential opportunity theory, Jack's gang is an example of a(n) ___________ subculture.

conflict

According to social bond theory,

crime occurs when a person's links to society are weakened or broken.

Professor Davis is conducting research examining the relationship between crime and socioeconomic status. Because she is often asked to provide consulting services to local and state law enforcement agencies, Professor Davis is most likely a

criminologist

Drake is 20 years old. His family has lived in the same community for many years. His grandfather was a well-known criminal and was widely regarded as one of the most dangerous men in town. His father was convicted of murder when Drake was 14. Drake has been selling drugs in the neighborhood for the past four years. Which concept does this scenario best illustrate?

cultural transmission

Jane is robbed on her way home from work. However, she does not report it to the police because she believes it is unlikely to happen again. Such a crime is most likely to be classified under the term ________.

dark figure of crime

Both Bill and Tom have been convicted of burglary and have both been sentenced to a term of five years in prison, although they are told that they may be eligible for early release based on good behavior while in prison. This is an example of ________.

determinate sentencing

Many people would consider Monica to be wealthy. She owns her own home as well as a beach house, drives a luxury vehicle, and often vacations abroad. However, Monica is depressed and frustrated because she feels that her boss does not value her and that she is underpaid compared to her male colleagues. Monica's feelings of frustration result from the notion of _______.

distributive justice

RK Inc. is a food and beverage company that is famous for its energy drink. The flavor of the drink is so unique that no company has been able to replicate it. However, Lester Inc., a rival company, coerces an employee of RK to reveal the recipe of the drink. Based on this information, Lester Inc. can most likely be charged with ________.

economic espionage

Maya is researching the family history of two famous brothers who were convicted of murder. She discovers that their father was also a convicted murderer, their mother had several convictions for household burglary, and their maternal grandparents were bank robbers. Based on this, Maya claims that the brothers' involvement in crime is inherited. Maya's claim is based on the concept of ________.

eugenic criminology

Liam claims that men subconsciously engage in aggressive behavior in order to attract women. Liam's claim, which links aggression to reproduction, is best explained by ________.

evolutionary neuroandrogenic theory

Steve is a 15-year-old boy who is able to think critically and evaluate the outcomes of various situations, allowing him to make decisions without first consulting his parents. According to Piaget, Steve is in the _________ stage of human intellectual development.

formal operational stage

Scientists have found that violent psychopathy among juveniles is associated with damage to the orbital cortex of the brain. Findings from these and similar studies have led to the development of the ________.

frontal brain hypothesis

Zach has proposed a new theory in which he attempts to explain all criminal behavior through a single overarching approach. Zach's theory is most likely a(n) _____________ theory.

general

Jason argues that career criminals and mentally handicapped individuals should not be allowed to have children, as their "bad genes" would only lead to more criminals being born. Based on this information, Jason appears to accept the idea of ________.

genetic determinism

Researchers have found that female mice who had been trained to avoid a negative stimulus passed that behavior on to offspring long after the stimulus had ended. This phenomenon is known as __________.

genetic memory

Jeremy Bentham argued that the value a behavior holds for the individual who engages in it is determined by the amount of pleasure or pain the behavior can be expected to produce for that person. This belief is known as _________.

hedonistic calculus

Kate is apathetic by nature, a trait that she shares with her mother. This passing of traits from Kate's mother to Kate is known as ________.

heredity

While walking down a lonely alleyway, Richa is mugged and robbed of her purse and jewelry. This scenario is most likely an example of a(n) ________.

highway robbery

Though Katie is frequently tempted to shoplift, she is able to resist this temptation by telling herself that shoplifting is wrong and that it is against her principles. This scenario best illustrates the concept of ________.

inner containment

Toby is a senior employee of a company. At a meeting with the company's financial advisors, he learns that the company is facing heavy losses and will soon be bankrupt. He shares this information with a friend who owns shares in the company and urges him to sell his shares. This scenario is an example of ________.

insider trading

Dr. Johns, a sociologist, and Dr. Gilmer, a geneticist, have spent many years working with incarcerated offenders to study the impact of early childhood experiences on adult criminality. Working together, they have developed a theory of violent criminal behavior which uses concepts from both fields of study. They have most likely developed a(n) ___________ theory.

integrated

According to social process theories, criminal behavior is:

learned

Rita is a chef at a prestigious restaurant. When a vacancy for a manager opens up, Rita applies and is informed that the restaurant does not permit women to hold managerial roles. In response, Rita and others in the community come together to protest for gender outside the restaurant. Rita is most likely a supporter of ___________.

liberal feminism

Alf is a member of a gang that offers payday loans and personal loans to individuals considered ineligible by banks. Although the state limits the interest rate that may be charged on loans to 13 percent, Alf charges 22 percent interest. Alf and his gang are engaged in:

loan-sharking

Kathy, a teenage girl who is frequently bullied and ridiculed by her classmates, has begun committing petty theft. According to social control theorists, Kathy's behavior is most likely a result of ________.

low self-esteem

Sebastian is a mechanic who works at a local auto-body shop. When he learns that one of his customers, Laura, is out of town for a week, he decides to break into Laura's house. After disabling the security system, he goes through the house, taking only items that he can easily sell. Sebastian is most likely a(n) _________.

middle-range burglar

When Marty was a child, his father routinely beat his mother. In elementary school, Marty hit children on the playground. As an adult, he acts violently towards his romantic partners. Marty's behavior best illustrates the concept of __________.

modeling

Martin earns a million dollars each year from his illegal human trafficking business. He opens a restaurant and claims that it makes a large profit to conceal the true origin of his income. This scenario is an example of ________.

money laundering

According to ________ theory, individuals become criminal when they do not successfully complete their intellectual growth from childhood to adulthood?

moral development

A recent BJS compilation of victimization data shows that the rate of violent victimization of persons living at or below the federal poverty level is _________ the rate experienced by persons in high-income households

more than double

The population of potential criminal offenders in a given area is known as _______.

motivated offenders

According to the NCVS, the crime most likely to be reported to the police is _________.

motor vehicle theft

Adrian Raine's research into brain dysfunction has led to the development of an approach known as _________

neurocriminology

Tommy receives an email from his bank manager. She states that Tommy's credit card information has been misplaced and asks him to send the details to her immediately for verification. Tommy responds to the email and sends the requested information. He later discovers that the email was not sent by the bank manager and that the sender used the information to steal money from his bank account. Based on this information, Tommy was a victim of ________.

phishing

Computer hacking is generally said to have started with the theft of __________.

phone service

There has been considerable debate over the legalization of marijuana in the U.S. In a number of states, voters have decided to modify the law to legalize the possession of small amounts of marijuana for personal use. This is an example of the _________ perspective.

pluralist

Luci was physically abused as a child, raped as a teenager, and spent much of her 20s in an abusive relationship. Luci's situation is an example of ___________.

polyvictimization

Cultural criminology sees the social world as a linguistic construction, where meaning is conferred upon people and events by the cultural context in which interaction occurs. This perspective is similar to _________ criminology.

postmodern

Wilson claims that criminological approaches have failed to determine the true causes of crime or suggest realistic solutions for crime control. Wilson is most likely a proponent of __________ criminology.

postmodern

According to Hervey Cleckley, the central defining characteristic of a psychopath is _________.

poverty of affect

Frieda argues that the reason why more crimes are committed by men than women is because the family structure dictates that women follow rules, while men exercise authority. Frieda's argument is best explained by _____.

power-control theory

Because Julio, a college student, does not have enough money to pay tuition this term, he robs a convenience store. Julio's behavior is an example of ________.

primary deviance

Targeted Outreach is a program with origins in a youth development strategy based on research showing that at-risk youth can be diverted from the juvenile justice system by __________.

providing positive alternatives.

Aaron was brutally murdered with an axe in a public park. By examining the crime scene and the autopsy report, investigators are able to put together a behavior composite of the offender and thus narrow down the search for the killer. This is an example of ________.

psychological profiling

Judith is taking a walk one night and passes a sports car. She notices that the car keys are on the passenger's seat and is excited at the idea of being able to drive such a powerful and expensive car. Since no one is around, she quietly slips into the car and drives away. According to containment theory, Judith's desire to drive the sports car represents a(n) ________.

pull toward crime

According to research by the Bureau of Justice Statistics, the type of crime makes a significant difference in the level of distress experienced by violent crime victims. The study found that victims of __________ are most likely to experience severe levels of distress.

rape or sexual assault

Matt is a 22-year-old man who is mainly sexually attracted to people of his own age group. However, he is sometimes attracted to children as well, although he has never sexually abused a child. One day, while under the influence of alcohol, Matt sexually assaults a young girl in a park. According to Groth, Matt is most likely a ________ offender.

regressed

Lucy's parents recently moved to a new state. However, Lucy is unhappy at her new school because her parents cannot afford to buy her the expensive clothes and electronics that other students have. In this scenario, Lucy is experiencing ______.

relative deprivation

Doug commits home burglaries to support his drug habit. He targets homes in gated communities, because he believes the homeowners will have more valuables for him to steal, and he only commits crimes when no one is home. Doug's criminal behavior is best explained by __________ theory.

routine activities

While at a party at a local fraternity house, Sherri was raped by a student who was a star athlete. After she decided to speak out against her attacker, Sherri began receiving harassing phone calls and messages on social media, telling her that she "got what she deserved." This scenario is an example of __________.

secondary victimization

Rachel frequently commits petty theft but has never been caught. According to Becker's typology, Rachel is most likely a _________ deviant.

secret

Jack robs a convenience store. While trying to leave the store, he panics and shoots one of the customers, killing her instantly. The robbery is an example of a(n) ____________.

sibling offense

As a part of a study, Julia assesses the economic conditions certain groups of individuals are affected by, such as poverty and social disorganization, and the impact this has on crime. In this scenario, Julia's study is most likely an illustration of ________.

social structure theories

According to Quinney, the solution to the crime problem is the creation of a society based on ____________ principles.

socialist

Ben lives in a low income, crowded, and very run-down neighborhood with a highly transient population. According to deviant places theory, Ben's home is in a(n) ________ neighborhood.

stigmatized

Leona works as a waitress during the day and as a sex worker at night. She generally services her customers in their cars or in alleyways. Leona is most likely a ________.

streetwalke

Among the various types of sex workers, ___________ face the highest risk of harm from customers and the highest chances of arrest.

streetwalkers

Bo, an athlete who wants to add muscle, purchases a supplement from a friend; however, within several weeks, Bo gets stronger but also finds he has gotten into several fights, something that has never happened before. It is possible that the supplement contained high levels of ________.

testosterone

According to Gary W. Potter, to understand organized crime and to deal effectively with it, it is important to study

the social context in which organized crime occurs.

According to criminological research, one of the most common reasons that family members do not report family assaults to the police is because ________.

they might face a reprisal from the offender

While Julio was taking his final exams, Andy broke into his dorm room and stole his laptop, his cell phone, and various other items. Andy was eventually caught and convicted. The judge has ordered Andy to pay Julio back for the items he stole. This is an example of _____________.

victim restitution

According to Thornberry's interactional theory, the fundamental cause of delinquency is __________.

weakened bonds to conventional society

Which of the following is considered a major property crime by the FBI?

Burglary

Which of the following has been raised as a criticism of differential association theory?

It does not account for the emergence of criminal values.

Why was Mobilization for Youth eventually disbanded?

It focused on addressing the root causes of crime through social action.

Wendy is a stripper at an establishment called The Red Road. After her stage performance, she offers private performances, which involve sexual intercourse, to customers. In this scenario, which of the following can be used to describe The Red Road?

It is a gentlemen's club.

Pete claims that capital punishment is unfair because it is imposed disproportionately on racial minorities. Oscar is an advocate of capital punishment and disagrees. Which of the following arguments best supports Oscar's position?

Oscar states that while about 50% of those on death row are racial minorities, about 50% of all crimes eligible for the death penalty are committed by racial minorities.

Which of the following is true of the Preparing for the Drug Free Years (PDFY) program?

PDFY seeks to teach effective parenting skills as a way to decrease the risks that juveniles face.

Bonnie is 22 years old. She dropped out of school when she was 16 and began using drugs. Bonnie's parents kicked her out and she now lives on the street or in a homeless shelter. Bonnie's activities best illustrate which mode of adaptation?

Retreatism

Which of the following is an example of delinquent behavior?

Rob is 14 years old. He steals money from his parents to purchase drugs.

Which of the following would Cesare Beccaria be most likely to consider a just punishment?

Roberto is convicted of assault and is sentenced to be flogged the next day.

Which of the following is a principle of the social conflict perspective?

Society is made up of many social groups, each with their own values, traditions, and accepted forms of behavior.

According to C. Ray Jeffery, 20th century criminology was based on which other discipline?

Sociology

Which of the following is true of the common law definition of rape?

The common law definition of rape did not recognize male victims of rape.

Why do many of the fires started by juveniles go undetected by law enforcement officials?

They are started on school property and discovered by school staff who do not report them.

Which group experiences the highest rate of violent victimization?

Young African-American males

Theorists who distinguish between critical and radical criminology consider radical criminology to be __________.

a proactive call for change in the social conditions that lead to crime.

Sally witnessed a murder when she was five. This affected her brain development and affected her behavior throughout her life. This phenomenon is best defined as ________.

embedding

Advocates of capital punishment argue that it may deter others. This claim focuses on the concept of ______________.

general deterrence

Mass murderers who commit suicide after they murder most often do so when their murder was motivated by ________.

love

According to Franz Joseph Gall, the shape of the ______________ can be used to predict criminality.

skull

Which of the following concepts is most important to the conflict perspective?

social class

An early positivist would be most likely to support _________.

social determinism

Juan has a strong, muscular build and frequently displays violent and aggressive tendencies. His doctor attributes both his physical and behavioral characteristics to high levels of the male sex hormone ________.

testosterone

Frank wanted to tackle the problem of delinquency in the troubled area where he grew up. He knew that kids often became delinquent at a young age, often through street play, and sought out streetwise individuals to serve as positive role models and counsel children in the community. Frank also focused on improving the appearance of the neighborhood and on providing recreational opportunities for youth. Frank is most likely a part of _________.

the Chicago Area Project

Chris, a criminology Ph.D. student, is doing research on crime in the United States. He wants to include information on crimes that were not reported to the police. Because of this, Chris needs to obtain information from ____________.

the NCVS.

Lombroso classified alcoholics and drug addicts as ____________.

the insane

Sasha receives a fraudulent text message informing her that she won a million dollars. This scenario best illustrates ________.

wire fraud

Mark has a long history of burglary and theft. After his latest conviction, the judge sentences him to 15 years in prison, justifying the long sentence by stating that keeping Mark in prison for such a long time will protect the community by reducing the likelihood that Mark will be able to commit future offenses. The judge's justification is based on ________.

Incapacitation

Raj is hired to work in a law firm and is expected to dress well for work. However, he cannot always afford new clothes, so he occasionally resorts to shoplifting. Cesare Lombroso would most likely consider Raj to be a(n) ________.

criminaloid

Which of the following statements regarding supermales is true?

Supermales have an additional Y chromosome.

At a murder scene, the only evidence left behind that helps identify the murderer is a weapon with fingerprints on it. Which of the following individuals is needed to collect all physical evidence and analyze the weapon?

A criminalist

County residents sign a petition calling for a ban on smoking in public places and a law prohibiting this behavior is passed. Which of the following points of view most likely prevails in this type of society?

Consensus

Which of the following best defines heritability?

Heritability is an estimation of the variation in the traits that is attributable to genetic factors.

What was Konrad Lorenz's greatest contribution to the study of human behavior?

His claim that all human behavior is to some extent "adapted instinctive behavior".

Ian is studying pairs of identical and fraternal twins and claims that his results suggest that criminal tendencies are due primarily to genetic factors. What did Ian find?

Ian found that MZ twin pairs were more likely to display similar degrees of criminality than DZ twin pairs.

Which of the following is most likely to be considered deviant behavior?

Lily, a lawyer, prefers to wear casual clothes to work although her firm has a formal dress code.

Which of the following examples best illustrates Jack Katz's view of the seductions of crime?

Louisa, a corporate accountant who earns over a million dollars a year, is caught in the act of shoplifting from Wal-Mart. She pled guilty and told the judge that she could easily afford to purchase the items she had taken, but that stealing them was more exciting.

Thea, the mayor of Highland takes a classical approach to the problem of crime. However, after a media appearance, she is criticized by Luke, a political opponent. Which of the following is most likely to be the basis for Luke's criticism?

Luke claims that Thea overemphasizes the importance of individual choice when discussing the causes of crime in the community.

Which of the following statements regarding modern biological theories is true?

Modern biological theories tend to view genes as facilitators of behavior.

Which of the following is true of older biological theories of crime?

Older biological theories considered the role of the social environment in producing behavior.

Which of the following views is based on the belief that an individual's behavior is the result of external forces beyond the individual's control?

Positivism

Raul, a Latino man, is convicted of murder and sentenced to death. In an attempt to have his sentence overturned, Raul's attorney argues that although only 30% of the state population is made up of racial minorities, nearly 80% of all offenders executed in the state were Latino or black. Based on these facts alone, what is most likely to happen and why?

Raul's sentence will not be overturned because showing the existence of racial discrepancies is not enough to show that there was a constitutional violation.

Which of the following best illustrates a challenge to translational criminology?

Research showing a detrimental link between on-screen violence and increased levels of violent behavior among children.

Which of the following is an example of evidence-based criminology?

Research shows that an anti-bullying program has significantly reduced bullying in the schools where it was implemented.

Joan steals Fred's wallet, expecting to find several hundred dollars as well as a number of credit cards. To Joan's surprise, the wallet contains only a few dollars and some old receipts. Joan is arrested and convicted of theft. Based on Beccaria's views of crime and punishment, which punishment would be most appropriate?

Six months in jail

Rita regularly parks her car in a parking spot reserved for the disabled because it is so close to her apartment and has already received two tickets for this behavior. After she is caught for the third time, a judge requires her to not only pay the standard fine but to also perform 100 hours of community service with an agency that works with physically disabled individuals. Which of the following concepts best explains the judge's reasoning?

Specific deterrence

Which of the following is an example of altruism?

Strangers intervene to help a victim who is being assaulted.

You are a city council member and are concerned about the increase in bullying in local schools. You develop a plan to deal with this problem. Your plan is an example of ____________.

a social policy

Mark, a researcher of criminal behavior, believes that the sole reason people commit street crimes is because of their economically disadvantaged status. Mark's views are an example of ________.

a unicausal theory

Molly is convicted for the murder of her husband. Based on this information, the UCR would classify this crime as ____________.

cleared

Smoking in public places such as parks was recently criminalized in Newtown. This decision, however, was not put to a vote and was decided purely on the basis of the prevailing social norms of the country. It is most likely that Newtown's law was passed based on the ________ perspective.

consensus

Gary, the town mayor, is a proponent of situational choice theory. He is focusing on reducing opportunities for crime by improving the lighting in the town, increasing the number of police officers on patrol, and installing CCTV cameras throughout the community. He is pleased to announce a dramatic decrease in the town's crime rate. However, the media reports that a neighboring town is experiencing an increase in crime. This rise in crime could be an example of ________.

displacement

The consensus perspective is most applicable to ___________ societies.

homogeneous

Joseph has an accident that leaves him with minor brain trauma resulting in temporary memory loss. His doctor tells him that other parts of his brain, adjacent to the site of the injury, may assume some of the lost functions and he may regain his memory. Joseph's doctor is explaining a phenomenon known as ________.

neuroplasticity

Clay has decided to embezzle from his employers. He believes that they will not notice the theft and that the risk of getting caught is minimal. He also believes that the extra money will greatly benefit him. Clay's crime is best explained by ________.

rational choice theory

Zachary is planning to steal his neighbor's motorcycle. However, after seeing a TV news story that discusses the punishments imposed for various crimes, including motor vehicle theft, he changes his mind about committing the crime. Zachary's actions are best explained by ________________.

rational choice theory

Ted works at a large state prison and decides to track all offenders released during a single year. He discovers that 53% of these offenders were rearrested for a new crime within the next five years. Ted has calculated the ________ rate.

recidivism

Annabelle is a repeat arsonist who says that she sets fires because she enjoys the sense of danger and excitement she experiences. Annabelle's crimes are best explained by ______________.

the seductions of crime

Tim and Jenny are police detectives working together to investigate a murder. However, while Tim believes that the crime was premeditated, Jenny believes that it was spontaneous. The difference in their views of the crime can best be attributed to ________.

social relativity

Because Oscar is concerned that his shop will be burgled, he installs a burglar alarm and CCTV cameras. Oscar's actions are an example of ______________.

target hardening

A study reveals that the gene responsible for producing healthy offspring also produces violent tendencies in individuals. It is inferred that aggressive displays were developed to protect the biological offspring. This reasoning falls in line with ________.

the evolutionary perspective

After a recent increase in juvenile crime, the city council receives a proposal for a new after-school program. Before agreeing to implement the program, the city council hears testimony from a criminologist whose research shows that these activities lead to reduced rates of juvenile delinquency. This connection between research and workable social policy is referred to as

translational criminology.

Bob belongs to a violent street gang. Although he would like to enroll in college and get an education, Bob is unable to leave the gang because of his strong sense of connection with the other members. This scenario best illustrates the concept of ________.

tribalism