CJ 300 Ethics in Legal Studies Mindtap Quizzes

Research on individual explanations for police misconduct notes that PTSD symptoms can affect up to what percentage of police officers?

35%

According to Marker and Carter (1994), what percent of officers reported drinking alcohol on duty?

8%

Approximately what percent of criminal defendants are considered indigent?

80%

What percentage of police have reported that they have lied about evidence to induce a confession?

92%

The use of conducted energy devices (CEDs) has been associated with _______.

A decrease in the number of injuries to officers

What is asset forfeiture?

A legal tool used to confiscate property and money associated with organized criminal activity

What category of lies is a tactic used by police to control a person, as an alternative to force, in situations where force could be used?

Blue Lies

What case require prosecutors to turn over exculpatory evidence?

Brady v. Maryland

What religion believes that good behavior is that which follows a middle path?

Buddhism

What term is used to describe the phenomenon when individuals do not intervene and provide help when they witness something wrong happening?

Bystander Effect

What is the most common way lawsuits against police officers are resolved?

Cash Settlements

In police use of force, cynicism and lack of empathy are ________.

Characteristics of the officers

In police use of force, the presence of a weapon and socioeconomic status are examples of _______.

Characteristics of the target

The justice department may use which of the following to mandate that a police department perform specific activities and submit to monitoring to avoid lawsuits?

Consent Decree

Mandated reforms, approved by a federal judge, with a court-appointed monitor to oversee progress, are called ___________.

Consent Decrees

Much forensic testimony involves comparison analysis, many types of which have been referred to as junk science. What type of forensic testimony has not been called junk science?

DNA

Which of the following is considered the most reliable source of forensic evidence?

DNA testing

What legal standard applied in criminal proceedings is used to determine whether expert testimony should be admitted?

Daubert standard

What standard request is used to determine whether expert testimony should be admitted?

Daubert standard

Which type of lies can cause an officer to be an ineffective witness?

Deviant Lies

What term is used to describe the act of making up scientific results without running any tests?

Drylabbing

Which of the following is NOT one of the pillars of character as outlined by the Josephson Institute?

Duty

Gratuities and graft accepted by police are examples of ________.

Economic Corruption

Which ethical system defines the pursuit of self-interest as a moral good?

Egoism

If a police officer encourages an innocent person to commit an illegal act, this is an example of _______.

Entrapment

Which occurs when the ethical ramifications of a decision become removed from the decision-making process over time?

Ethical Fading

What ethical system is based on the notion of duty?

Ethical Formalism

What is the name given to difficult social or policy questions that include controversy over the "right" thing to do?

Ethical Issues

In our effort to determine why a behavior is right or wrong, we typically use what type of system?

Ethical System

What is it called when use of force by a police officer is greater than that which is reasonably necessary to accomplish their lawful purpose?

Excessive Force

What European laws require an observer of a crime or accident to render assistance?

Good Samaritan Laws

What term is used to describe the exploitation of one's role by accepting bribes or protection money?

Graft

What is a term sometimes used to describe police officers who accept bribes, gratuities, and unsolicited protection money?

Grass Eaters

The term used to describe items of value received by an individual because of their role or position rather than because of a personal relationship with the giver is _____.

Gratuities

In evaluating police use of force practices the Supreme Court has determined that police officers _______.

Have the right to use reasonable force

Cities can become responsible for the misconduct of a police officer in one of two ways. What is one of those ways?

If the plaintiff can show a pattern and practice that led to the actions of the officer

Which of the following is a sting operation that tests whether police officers will make honest choices?

Integrity Test

Efforts to control corruption of police officers focus on organizational and individual strategies. What is an individual strategy?

Integrity Testing

What term refers to officers receiving money from businesses or individuals involved in illegal activity in exchange for preference or protection?

Kickbacks

In a study by Weiss (2014) of 6,200 lawyers across four states, which lawyers tend to be the least happy?

Lawyers in general practice

What term refers to laws specifically written to protect individuals from hurting themselves?

Legal Paternalism

Police officers who look for opportunities to make a profit and participate in shakedowns, "shop" at burglary scenes, and engage in other active, deviant practices are known as _______.

Meat Eaters

The most common pre-employment screening tool that is used by law enforcement agencies is the ___________.

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

What benefit is there for a person to be an informant?

Monetary Benefits

In 1994, the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act was passed, requiring the attorney general to acquire data about the use of force by law enforcement officers and publish yearly reports. Why were those reports never produced?

Most law enforcement agencies did not provide the data.

An undercover police officer assigned to the narcotics unit was stealing drugs found at the scene of narcotics busts and selling them to street dealers. One possible explanation for the officer's behavior is that undercover officers are an isolated work group. What type of explanation of corruption best fits this situation?

Organizational Explanation

Studies have shown that civil rights complaints against police are ________.

Positively correlated to the percentage of minorities in the population

What type of law refers to those laws written and enforced by society?

Positivist Law

What term is used to describe the trend where criminal justice defendants are used to fund the criminal justice system with a multitude of new fines, fees, and charges?

Poverty Penalty

What is the major justification for corrective (criminal) law?

Prevention of Harm

Generally speaking, if an offender breaks into someone's home and that homeowner shoots them, the offender cannot claim the homeowner violated their rights because of which principle?

Principle of Forfeiture

Which type of police investigations require officers to initiate the investigation rather than respond to the crime?

Proactive Investigations

What term refers to the belief that humans are naturally egoists and that it would be unnatural for them to be any other way?

Psychological Egoism

Which of the following is a normative external influence?

Public Belief Systems

Which model is the approach to law enforcement where service to the community and meeting everyone's needs is the most important goal of law enforcement?

Public Servant Model

If you, as a mayor of a city, argued that the police owe everyone the virtues of civility and legality, you would be viewing the police as __________.

Public Servants

What position believes that what is right and ethical is determined by culture and the individual beliefs of the people involved?

Relativism

According to the National Business Ethics Survey (2013), businesses with the strongest ethics programs saw what, compared to businesses with the weakest ethics programs?

Reports of less misconduct

According to the Josephson Institute (2005), which of the following is NOT one of the ethical principles that should govern public servants?

Republican Leadership

There are numerous justifications used by officers for accepting gratuities. Which of the following is NOT one of those justifications?

Research indicates that people support gratuities.

Cohen and Feldberg (1991) propose five ethical standards that can be derived from the social contract. Which of the following is NOT one of those ethical standards?

Respect from superiors

Which legislation held CEOs more accountable for the actions of their corporations?

Sarbanes-Oxley Act

Which term is used to define one's individual feelings of competency?

Self-Efficacy

Formal law enforcement ethics promote which principle?

Service

According to Packman (2011), which of the following is the second most common form of police misconduct following excessive use of force?

Sexual Misconduct

Abuse of authority involves officers' misuse of the power and authority inherent in their positions. Barker and Carter (1994) and Fyfe and Kane (2006) provide several categories of abuse of authority. Which of the following is NOT one of those categories?

Situational Abuse

What is the compromise between absolutism and relativism called?

Situational Ethics

Community members may unintentionally encourage corrupt behavior by law enforcement. For example, citizens who want police to move the transients out of a park or get crack dealers off the corner aren't concerned with the fact that the police might not have the legal authority to do so. If a little "informal" justice is needed to accomplish the task, that is fine with some people, if it is used against people or groups that these citizens do not like. This is an example of what type of explanation of police corruption?

Societal Explanation

What type of sting utilizes informants who ask individuals to participate in robbing a drug location?

Stashhouse

What court in the United States is not bound by the Code of Judicial Conduct?

Supreme Court

In Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335, 1963, the Supreme Court held that the Sixth Amendment guarantees which of the following?

That indigent (poor) criminal defendants receive legal representation

What paradigm states that groups in society have fundamental differences and that those in power control societal elements, including law?

The Conflict Paradigm

What paradigm states that most people have similar beliefs, values, and goals and that societal laws reflect the majority view?

The Consensus Paradigm

Area What concept states that there are many groups in society and that they form allegiances and coalitions in a dynamic exchange of power?

The Pluralist Paradigm

Jeremy Bentham's hedonistic calculus is based on the idea that _________.

The benefits of crime can result in reduced recidivism

If a police officer uses physical force to obtain a confession, _______.

The confession cannot be used

Shaffer and Cochran provide a typology of lawyers. In which one of those typologies does the lawyer promote clients' interests above all others?

The godfather

The reality is that police officers do not have the same freedom on social media as the rest of us if they can be identified as officers, because ______________.

They always represent their department

Although rare, Gorta (2008) found that officers who use drugs do so for what reasons?

To relieve stress or other social reasons

The Supreme Court has upheld the right of a police officer to ________.

Use pretext stops based on a minor traffic offense

Which statement describes one of the values found in the subculture of the law?

Winning is valued over all else.

What is the name of the system of providing indigent defendants with attorneys, including full-time attorneys who take all indigency cases?

a public defender office system

What is the courtroom approach in which each case is treated as one of many; the actors merely follow the rules and walk through the steps, and the goal is efficiency?

bureaucratic justice

If your client tells you, as their attorney, where a murder weapon is hidden, you ________.

cannot reveal the location of the weapon

Different judges sometimes sentence similar offenders found guilty of committing similar crimes to different sentences. This is called sentencing ________.

disparity

In what kind of court must a defendant plead guilty?

drug court

Federal sentencing guidelines reduced disparity in sentencing among all federal judges, but were criticized for extremely long sentences given to what kind of crimes?

drug crimes

Evidence that attempts to demonstrate a defendant's innocence is called _________.

exculpatory

What term is used to define an expert in one area being given credibility in all areas?

halo effect

Under which circumstance can an attorney violate the attorney-client privilege?

if a judge orders it

What is the primary theme of the Model Code of Judicial Conduct?

impartiality

What kind of evidence have some jurisdictions in the United States attempted to limit or restrict due to the inherent danger that it is not credible?

jailhouse informant testimony

What attorney position states that it is impossible and unethical to substitute one's own moral code for one's clients?

legal agent

What term means to represent oneself at trial?

pro se

Judges have a great deal of discretion in _________.

sentencing

What type of jury is created by a defense attorney to provide feedback during the trial?

shadow jury

A client tells their lawyer that they don't intend to disclose their substantial cash income to the court and asks the lawyer not to divulge this information. The lawyer attempts to convince the client otherwise but finally agrees. This is an example of what type of lawyer-client relationship?

special relationship

Which authority has the power to discipline lawyers?

state and federal bar associations

What term refers to the likelihood that a defendant who chooses to go to trial rather than plea bargain will likely face increased punishment if they are convicted?

trial penalty

If an attorney knows that a client is going to commit perjury on the witness stand, what should they do?

withdraw from the case

The American Bar Association Model Rules of Professional Conduct include two special rules for prosecutors. What issue do these special rules address?

wrongful convictions

What determines if the questioning of the credibility of prosecution witnesses by the defense attorney is ethical or unethical?

zealousness

What is the risk of a traffic stop resulting in a shooting incident for police officers?

1 in 5 million

On average, approximately what percent of all felony cases are wrongful convictions?

1-3%

A recent study of citizens killed by an officer, how much more likely were Black citizens to have been unarmed compared to White citizens?

2 times

Approximately what percent of all police officers in the United States are members of a racial or ethnic minority groups?

25%

According to the 2020 report by the National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial Fund, about how many officers are killed by gunfire in the line of duty annually?

50

According to the National Registry of Exonerations approximately what percent of exonerations were due to egregious errors or misconduct in procedural justice and involved Black defendants?

50%

Studies have shown that about what percent of rookie police officers support mild lies to achieve a conviction?

60%

A recent study by the National Registry of Exoneration found that Black persons were how many times more likely to be wrongly convicted of murder when compared to Whites?

7 times

What helps promote self-respect in individual officers?

A Code of Ethics

The guardian model of policing focuses on the officer as __________.

A protector of democratic values

You are in a discussion with a relative about taking the life of another human being. They emphatically state, "There are no gray areas, killing someone is always wrong, in all cases, regardless of what good might come from their death." What is this position called?

Absolutism

In analyzing the suspects involved in police deaths, about one-third of the assailants were ________.

African-American

A situation where there are two or more appropriate or acceptable courses of action is often referred to as what?

An ethical dilemma

If a hermit living alone on a desert island pollutes the ocean, which act have they committed?

An immoral act

Which of the following is NOT an example of an ethical issue?

An officer deciding whether to ticket a traffic violator

Which philosopher believed that to be good one must do good?

Aristotle

Which philosopher thought that bad behavior came from weak wills and that people did bad things knowing they were bad?

Aristotle

Any discussion of justice includes at least three continuing themes. Which of the following is NOT one of those themes?

Benevolence

What group of people accounts for a disproportionate number of wrongful convictions?

Blacks

Which perspective is more likely to look at how a decision affects relationships and addresses needs?

Care

Ethical concerns for criminal justice professionals involving sexual exploitation/coercion, bribery, rudeness, racial discrimination, and negligence are connected to relationships with which of the following?

Clients & the Public

The two missions of law enforcement include crime fighting and public service. Which model of policing fits under the public service mission?

Community Policing

Which restorative justice program is more commonly used with juvenile offenders?

Community Reparative Boards

The idea that police officers are reluctant to use their weapons because of a fear of being a scapegoat for opponents of law enforcement is called ____________.

De-Policing

The Josephson Institute is heavily involved in ethics training for public agencies. Which of the following is one of its ethical principles?

Democratic Leadership

You tried to make your twin sibling's birthday special by buying them tickets to a Broadway play. However, when they arrived at the show, they were denied entry for attempting to gain entrance using counterfeit tickets. You were unaware that the tickets were counterfeit when you purchased them. Which ethical system would find that despite your sibling being denied entry, your act of giving them the tickets was still ethical?

Deontological

What term is used to describe the authority to decide between two or more choices?

Discretion

Which of the following removes the individual as a free-thinking agent of their own actions to deny culpability?

Displacement of Responsibility

What term is used when misidentifying the consequences of one's actions?

Disregard of the consequences

In Aristotle's conception of justice, the lack of freedom and opportunity for some people ________.

Does not conflict with justice

The principle that states there is always a possibility of error, and that finality is not a priority is characteristic of the _______.

Due-process Model of Justice

Which of the following is NOT an element of procedural justice?

Duty

Which theory of justice believes in the basic premise of equality?

Egalitarian

What term is used to describe the discipline that determines good and evil, and defines moral duties?

Ethics

What ethical system argues that morality is based more on emotion than rationality?

Ethics of Care

What is the most dominant theme in the law enforcement code as outlined by the International Association of Chiefs of Police?

Fairness

As a general rule of thumb, which principle holds that all decisions should be made assuming that the decision would be applied to everyone else in similar circumstances?

Generalization Principle

In trying to understand the reasons for noble cause corruption, Crank and Caldero's research suggests that which of the following is the primary motivator?

Getting an offender off the street

Several factors are contributing to a possible weakening of the police subculture. Which of the following is NOT one of those factors?

Greater ethics training

One criticism of Kohlberg's moral stages theory is that _____________.

He only focused on male subjects

What is NOT one of the steps identified for analyzing ethical dilemmas?

Identify all affected individuals

What is the name of the organization staffed by lawyers and students who reexamine cases and provide legal assistance to convicts when there is a probability that serious errors occurred in their prosecution?

Innocence Project

In scandals involving ethical dilemmas, it is often the case that the deviant behavior __________.

Is committed by a small workgroup or division

Which of the following is NOT an element in determining if a behavior is ethical or moral?

It is a belief

When defining the term civil disobedience certain characteristics must be included. Which of the following is NOT one of those characteristics?

It may be an alternative to another remedy

What term originated in the Greek word dike, which is associated with the concept of everything staying in its assigned place or natural role?

Justice

According to research by the National Police Research Platform (2017), officers in what type of police departments perceive their organization as less fair and as having less organization justice?

Large

If, as a police officer, you felt it was your duty to enforce all laws to all members of the community and limit the use of discretion, you would be supportive of what style of policing?

Legalistic

If a child begins to act the same as their parent, especially in terms of their moral choices, it is likely the result of _________.

Modeling

To what does Aristotle's Golden Mean refer?

Moderation between two extremes

According to Socrates, if criminal justice professionals want to be happy, what must they be?

Moral

Your work partner forced a confession out of a suspect. In defending this action, they say, "What difference does it make? They were guilty." Which of Bandura's moral justifications bests explains your partner's defense?

Moral Justification

What term is used to describe when there are real and substantial pressures to ignore ethical issues so the employee can move up the ladder?

Motivated Blindness

What term is used to define an ethical system that holds that there is a universal set of rights and wrongs that are like religious beliefs, but without reference to a specific supernatural figure?

Natural Law

What term refers to the idea that workers feel they are being treated fairly in the organization?

Organizational Justice

Which drug is said to produce feelings of trust and social bonding in users?

Oxytocin

What governmental right authorizes law enforcement agencies to control citizens, using physical and even deadly force to do so?

Police Power

Adam Smith, the father of free enterprise, promoted which of the following?

Practical Egoism

If your philosophy professor tells you that courage is the balance between cowardice and foolhardiness, they are referring to the _____________.

Principle of the Golden Mean

Which criminal justice professional probably faces the least public scrutiny?

Prosecutor

An ethics of care approach in criminal justice would likely fall under which philosophy of punishment?

Rehabilitation

Which term is used to describe programs that try to meet the needs of all parties involved in crime?

Restorative Justice

The idea that people give up complete liberty in return for societal protection against others is called _______.

Social Contract

Why did the CEO of United Airlines change his position about the passenger who was dragged off one of his planes?

Societal and Cultural Influences

You are a judge about to sentence on an offender and are required to determine the appropriate amount of punishment for the offender's crime. What type of justice is concerned with determining the amount of punishment?

Substantive

You saw a person trapped in a burning building and decided to rush in to save them. What term best describes this action?

Supererogatory

Which of the following is defined as a teleological statement?

The ends justifies the means

Which of the following is NOT a reason that the study of ethics is important for criminal justice professionals?

The lack of training on ethical issues for criminal justice professionals requires them to gain this knowledge on their own.

What has research shown as a correlate of leaders who make unethical decisions?

They are not concerned about potential problems.

Which of the following is NOT a common element shared by criminal justice professionals?

They do not have discretion.

Boss (2001) has described unjust laws as having certain characteristics. Which of the following is NOT one of those characteristics?

They unfairly benefit those in power.

Which type of leadership was correlated with higher-stage moral reason of the leaders?

Transformational

Which system of distribution allows economic disparities to exist in salaries if they contribute to the greater good? For example, because of the difficulty in becoming a doctor, and because society needs their skills to survive, a higher salary is justified.

Utilitarian

Which of the following supports the methods of justice only if they benefit society?

Utilitarian Justice

Which ethical system claims that the greatest good is that which results in the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people?

Utilitarianism

What term is defined as a judgment of worth, desirability, or importance?

Values

Which of the following are judgments of desirability, worth, or importance?

Values

What is the idea that people will develop fair principles of distribution only if they are ignorant of their position in society; so in order to obtain objective judgments, the decision maker must not know how the decision would affect them?

Veil of Ignorance