CJ Exam 2

Overall, what percentage of blacks in the U.S. have favorable views of the police? a. 40% b. 50% c. 65% d. 30%

40%

What is the Missouri Plan? a. A proposal for jury reform b. A plan to increase judicial efficiency and effectiveness c. A merit-based method of selecting judges d. A plan to designed to increase the effectiveness of indigent defense

A merit-based method of selecting judges

Which of the following is a description of a left-wing terrorist group? a. A terrorist group calling for radical change to liberate people from capitalism b. A terrorist group opposing government regulation and emphasizing racial supremacy c. A terrorist group focusing on a specific issue important to the group and its members d. A small group of lone-wolf terrorists

A terrorist group calling for radical change to liberate people from capitalism

Which of the following statements regarding police chiefs is true? a. A typical police chief rarely serves longer than 10 years. b. There is often little competition for the job of police chief, due to the difficult nature of the role. c. The final hiring decision is generally left to other high-ranking officers in the department. d. Civil service regulations generally encourage police departments to hire outside candidates.

A typical police chief rarely serves longer than 10 years.

With DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) profiling, a unique genetic profile can be derived from ________ found at the scene of a crime or on a victim. a. hair b. semen c. blood d. All of the answers are correct

All of the answers are correct

Why were slave codes enacted? a. To provide slaves with certain limited rights b. To ensure slaves received reasonable treatment c. Because of fears of violent slave revolts d. Because slave owners wanted clear guidance regarding how they could discipline slaves

Because of fears of violent slave revolts

The most complete DNA database in the United States is _______. a. CompStat b. CODIS c. GIS d. AFIS

CODIS

Which of the following is an advantage of hiring college-educated police officers? a. College-educated officers are less likely to leave policing prior to retirement b. College-educated officers are less likely to use discretion c. College-educated officers are less likely to prepare written reports d. College-educated officers are less likely to have citizen complaints

College-educated officers are less likely to have citizen complaints

Which of the following statements about community policing is TRUE? a. Community policing called for a shift from incident-based crime fighting to a problem-oriented approach. b. Community policing caused a gap between community residents and the police. c. Community policing placed great emphasis on patrolling using a police car. d. Community policing originated at a time when the enforcer role was working efficiently.

Community policing called for a shift from incident-based crime fighting to a problem-oriented approach.

Which of the following activities occurs prior to the formal start of a criminal trial? a. Deliberations b. Rebuttal c. Jury instructions d. Discovery

Discovery

The ability of police officers to exercise individual judgement, rather than formal rules, when making decisions, is known as ________. a. Full enforcement b. Copicide c. Discretion d. Tech prep

Discretion

Which of the following is one of the principles advocated by August Vollmer to professionalize American policing? a. The major function of the police was preventing rather than fighting crime. b. Order maintenance is a key role of the police. c. Police and politicians need to work closely for best results. d. Education is a key ingredient in professionalizing policing.

Education is a key ingredient in professionalizing policing.

T or F: Shortening the time between application and final selection can be detrimental to attracting and retaining qualified candidates.

False

T or F: The Earth Liberation Front is an example of a right-wing terrorist group.

False

T or F: The Minneapolis study of domestic violence found that mediation was the best way for police to handle these disputes.

False

T or F: The majority of people whose property is seized by the federal government for forfeiture are charged with a crime.

False

T or F: The police possess narrow discretion.

False

T or F: The venire is the process of selecting the final jury for a trial.

False

T or F: There is a constitutional basis for plea bargaining.

False

T or F: Traditionalist police officers hold favorable views of procedural guidelines.

False

T or F: Unsecured bond is a form of pretrial release that requires suspects to maintain contact with a pretrial release program

False

Which of the following factors is a reason for the growth of private security in the United States? a. The public nature of crimes in the workplace b. Fewer constitutional limitations on private security personnel c. Better qualifications and training compared to public police d. Increased governmental funding for private security

Fewer constitutional limitations on private security personnel

The use of excessive force by a police officer violates the _______ Amendment. a. Fourth b. Fifth c. Sixth d. Eighth

Fourth

Which off the following types of criminal defendant is not well-served by the practice of plea bargaining? a. First-time felons b. Habitual offenders c. Indigent but guilty offenders d. Upper-class offenders

Habitual offenders

In which of the following situations is an officer most likely to handle a minor offense formally? a. If the victim and alleged offender have a close relationship b. If the officer lacks sufficient evidence to gain a conviction in court c. If the victim is disrespectful or belligerent towards the officer d. If the victim is affluent

If the victim is affluent

Which of the following best describes the department of public safety model of state law enforcement? a. This model gives state officers the same enforcement powers as local police within the state b. In this model, officers focus primarily on traffic-related issues, particularly on state highways c. This model tends to involve multiple agencies or divisions responsible for various law enforcement activities d. This model tends to focus on policing university and college campuses

In this model, officers focus primarily on traffic-related issues, particularly on state highways

Which of the following statements is true about the Fair Sentencing Act of 2010 signed into law by President Barack Obama? a. It applied to both state and federal cocaine cases. b. It prohibited the spraying of marijuana crops with chemicals by the government. c. It discarded the mandatory minimum 5-year prison sentence for first-time offenders possessing crack cocaine. d. It eliminated the sentencing disparity between crack- and powder-cocaine offenses.

It eliminated the sentencing disparity between crack- and powder-cocaine offenses.

Who is the longest-serving director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation? a. Harry Anslinger b. J. Edgar Hoover c. William Burns d. William Sessions

J. Edgar Hoover

Which of the following is a service provided by the U.S. Marshals? a. Combat the counterfeiting of U.S. currency b. Manage and dispose of seized and forfeited property c. Provide protection for national leaders d. Operate the Uniform Crime Reports system

Manage and dispose of seized and forfeited property

Which of the following countries employs an inquisitorial trial system? a. Canada b. Mexico c. India d. Australia

Mexico

Which of the following statements regarding the selection of sheriffs is true? a. Most sheriffs are elected rather than appointed b. Like police chiefs, sheriffs are required to be licensed or certified law enforcement officers c. All sheriffs have a law enforcement background d. Sheriffs may have less influence over prosecutors than police chiefs

Most sheriffs are elected rather than appointed

Which of the following cities had the first modern police force? a. New York b. Paris c. London d. Rome

New York

Which was the first American city to create a paid and unified municipal police force? a. Boston b. Chicago c. Philadelphia d. New York

New York

Which of the following is included in the new mission of the FBI? a. Protecting the U.S. from drug-related crimes b. Protecting the U.S. from cybercrime c. Supervising local and state law enforcement agencies d. Protecting the U.S. from terrorist threats

Protecting the U.S. from terrorist threats

Which of the following U.S. Presidents created the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)? a. Theodore Roosevelt b. John F. Kennedy c. Richard Nixon d. Bill Clinton

Richard Nixon

Which element of the SARA problem-solving process involves identifying problems? a. Scanning b. Assessment c. Analysis d. Response

Scanning

Which of the following officials is responsible for providing civil process services for the court? a. Sheriffs b. Local police c. FBI agents d. State police

Sheriffs

Which of the following recruitment programs involves a focus on high school students? a. Tech prep programs b. Public safety officer programs c. Police cadet programs d. Community service officer programs

Tech prep programs

Which of the following U.S. Supreme Court decisions severely restricted the police use of deadly force? a. Furman v. Georgia b. Tennessee v. Garner c. Escobedo v. Illinois d. Woodson v. North Carolina

Tennessee v. Garner

Which component of the Department of Homeland Security has the mission of keeping terrorists and terrorist weapons out of the U.S.? a. The U.S. Coast Guard b. The U.S. Customs and Border Protection c. The U.S. Secret Service d. The Bureau of Immigration and Customs Enforcement

The U.S. Customs and Border Protection

What is a voirdire? a. The process of determining the court with the appropriate jurisdiction to try a specific case b. The process of screening out potential jurors who might be biased c. A formal plea bargain agreement d. A method of ensuring indigent defendants are released while awaiting trial

The process of screening out potential jurors who might be biased

Which of the following statements is true about active drug court participants? a. They are more likely to relapse to drug use, and use drugs significantly more often than they did before participating in the program. b. They are more likely to reap psychosocial benefits unrelated to drug use or criminal behavior. c. They are more likely to commit self-acknowledged criminal acts. d. They are more likely to be arrested for substantial amounts of time after completing the program.

They are more likely to reap psychosocial benefits unrelated to drug use or criminal behavior

Which of the following characteristics of today's police was taken up by municipal police officers after the American Civil War? a. They began to carry out motorized patrol. b. They began to rely on police radios to aid police function. c. They began to wear uniforms. d. They began to form posses.

They began to wear uniforms

Which state courts have authority to try all civil and criminal cases and to also hear appeals from lower courts? a. Intermediate appellate courts b. Specialty courts c. Trial courts of limited jurisdiction d. Trial courts of general jurisdiction

Trial courts of general jurisdiction

T OR F: The Secret Service is responsible for providing protection to heads of state visiting the U.S. from other countries.

True

T OR F: The United States has more police departments than any other nation in the world.

True

T OR F: The War on Drugs began with the passage of the Harrison Narcotics Tax Act of 1914.

True

T OR F: The response of the U.S. Congress to the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, was the enactment of the Homeland Security Act of 2002.

True

T OR F: U.S. Marshals are responsible for operating the Witness Security Program.

True

T or F: Organizational change can reduce the potential for stress in the police work environment.

True

T or F: The majority of drug arrests and drug seizures result from mid-level investigations.

True

T or F: There is no mandatory reporting for pursuit deaths.

True

T or F: Trial by jury is a Sixth Amendment right

True

T or F: When compared to other professions, police generally rank relatively high on honesty and ethical standards.

True

T or F: When criminal defense attorneys go to trial, they are frequently unable to recoup all of their expenses.

True

When does a trial denovo occur? a. When an appellate court agrees to hear a case b. When a new case is brought before the court for the first time c. When a case that is lost on appeal is brought before another court d. When a case is reheard by a trial court of general jurisdiction

When a case is reheard by a trial court of general jurisdiction

Which of the following is true of inquisitorial trial systems? a. Judges are given very limited discretion b. Victims are not parties to the proceedings c. They use elaborate rules of evidence d. Witnesses and defendants are examined by judges

Witnesses and defendants are examined by judges

What is the result if, after serious deliberation, even one juror cannot agree with the others on a verdict? a. a hung jury b. dismissal of the juror that cannot agree c. conviction d. exoneration

a hung jury

Which of the following are the three variables that interact to form a crime triangle? a. a preventive patrol, an investigation, and a follow-up b. a citizen, police, and a criminal c. an urban, a suburban, and a rural location d. a victim, an offender, and a location

a victim, an offender, and a location

The movement to limit the discretion of police officers is the result of a. increasingly positive police-community relations b. decreasing crime rates. c. abuses of discretion. d. the realization that discretion is becoming less important in policing.

abuses of discretion

When an entire patrol section is instructed to make numerous traffic stops and field interrogations, the practice is referred to as ________ patrol. a. foot b. aggressive c. directed d. preventive

aggressive

Police officers cannot make an arrest for every violation of law, which means that they _______. a. have limited discretion b. are unable to provide selective enforcement c. are unable to exercise discretion d. are unable to provide full enforcement

are unable to provide full enforcement

Which of the following is a requirement for participants to ensure the most effective drug court program? a. at least four judicial status hearings per month b. at least one cardiac function test per year c. at least one clinical case management session per week d. a minimum of 10 days of formal drug-abuse treatment sessions

at least one clinical case management session per week

What standard of proof is necessary to find a defendant guilty as charged? a. probable cause b. preponderance of the evidence c. clear and convincing evidence d. beyond a reasonable doubt

beyond a reasonable doubt

In communities that use a merit system of police employment, which of the following is set by the system? a. technical preparation criteria b. recruitment criteria c. discipline procedures d. affirmative action programs

discipline procedures

Which of the following circumstances accounted for the largest number of law enforcement officers assaulted in the United States in 2017? a. disturbance calls b. handling, transporting, and custody of prisoners c. investigation of suspicious persons and circumstances d. traffic pursuits and stops

disturbance calls

When defendants plead nolocontendere, they a. do not admit guilt and are not willing to accept punishment. b. do not admit guilt but are willing to accept punishment. c. admit guilt and are willing to accept punishment. d. admit guilt but are not willing to accept punishment.

do not admit guilt but are willing to accept punishment.

Which of the following was the first type of "problem-solving" court? a. drug court b. mental health court c. child-support court d. domestic-violence court

drug court

Which of the following is a trend in indigent defense systems? a. appointment of a total of 10 public defenders b. lower levels of centralized control c. reduced state funding d. establishment of state oversight bodies

establishment of state oversight bodies

Which of the following is a measure of coercion beyond what is necessary to control participants in a conflict? a. deadly force b. job stress c. excessive force d. harassment

excessive force

Who has the primary responsibility for drug smuggling interdiction? a. Local police b. Federal law enforcement agencies c. State police d. County sheriffs' departments

federal law enforcement agencies

Which of the following is one of the foundations upon which the professional model of policing is based? a. aggressive patrol b. community involvement c. follow-up investigation d. no response time

follow-up investigation

The foot patrol experiment in Newark found that a. foot patrol was linked to decreased levels of crime. b. residents did not notice whether foot patrol officers were present in the area. c. the type of patrol did not affect citizen satisfaction with police service. d. foot patrol was linked to reduced fear of crime.

foot patrol was linked to reduced fear of crime.

Which of the following is one of the three I's of police selection? a. interaction skills b. interest in policing c. imagination d. idealism

interaction skills

Which of the following cybercrimes involves hacking into and controlling industry databases, with the offender promising to release control if funds are received? a. Internet extortion b. Identity theft c. Spoofing d. Ponzi schemes

internet extortion

The only personal experience most people have with the criminal justice process is contact with a a. probation or parole officer. b. courtroom. c. correctional institution. d. local police officer.

local police officer

The most misused drug in the U.S. is ______. a. MDMA b. cocaine c. opioids d. marijuana

marijuana

What is the only crop targeted by local police agencies for crop eradication? a. heroin b. coca plants c. marijuana d. opium poppies

marijuana

Which of the following is a judicial selection process in which the governor appoints judges from a list of qualified lawyers compiled by a nonpartisan nominating commission composed of both lawyers and other citizens? a. merit selection b. gubernatorial appointment c. legislative election d. partisan election

merit selection

When prosecutors elect not to prosecute, they enter a a. writ of certiorari. b. writ of habeascorpus. c. trial denovo. d. notation of nolleprosequi.

notation of nolleprosequi

The final step in the police selection process, before academy training begins, is usually the ___________. a. physical ability test b. psychological examination c. medical examination d. oral interview

oral interview

Which of the following is the most time-consuming and resource-intensive task of any police agency? a. patrol b. investigation c. traffic enforcement d. drug enforcement

patrol

Who is usually responsible for conducting the preliminary investigation in a felony case? a. Plainclothes detectives b. Supervisors c. Patrol officers d. Crime scene personnel

patrol officers

Racial profiling often occurs during ________, where police justify stopping a car because of minor equipment or moving traffic violations that might otherwise be ignored. a. random patrols b. pretext stops c. full enforcement d. selective enforcement

pretext stops

Which of the following refers to the attempt to use treatment to return convicted offenders to society as law-abiding citizens? a. general deterrence b. punishment c. rehabilitation d. incapacitation

rehabilitation

Which of the following is simply a release secured by a suspect's written promise to appear in court? a. conditional release b. release on own recognizance (ROR) c. bail bond d. a bench warrant

release on own recognizance (ROR)

The practice of relying on the judgment of the police leadership and rank-and-file officers to decide which laws to enforce is referred to as a. limited discretion. b. selective enforcement. c. high discretion. d. full enforcement.

selective enforcement

Which of the following forms of policing has been called the "first distinctively American police system"? a. hue and cry b. slave patrols c. sheriff and posse d. constable-watch system

slave patrols

Which of the following drug enforcement strategies accounts for the greatest number of drug arrests and seizures in the United States? a. street-level enforcement b. mid-level investigations c. major investigations d. crop eradication

street-level enforcement

Which of the following is an example of the police duty of law enforcement? a. testifying in court b. breaking up a fight c. escorting funeral processions d. investigating a missing child case

testifying in court

Which of the following events likely made the Federal Bureau of Investigation a major factor in policing? a. passage of the Mann Act b. passage of the National Motor Vehicle Theft Act c. the killing of John Dillinger d. the Lindbergh baby kidnapping

the Lindbergh baby kidnapping

Which of the following federal law enforcement agencies employs the largest number of personnel? a. the U.S. Customs and Border Protection b. the Federal Bureau of Prisons c. the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement d. the Federal Bureau of Investigation

the U.S. Customs and Border Protection

Who were the first federal law enforcement agents in the United States? a. the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) agents b. the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) agents c. the Secret Service agents d. the U.S. Marshals

the U.S. Marshals

Which of the following factors has made the police the major responder to domestic violence calls? a. ongoing police interest b. increasing concern for women's safety c. referrals from other agencies d. the availability of 24-hour service

the availability of 24-hour service

Which of the following factors influences the exercise of discretion on the part of police patrol officers? a. the demeanor of the police officer b. the relationship between the victim and the witness c. socioeconomic status of the police officer d. the legitimacy of the victim

the legitimacy of the victim

Which of the following mandates that a prosecutor provide defense counsel with any exculpatory evidence in the prosecutor's possession? a. a writ of habeascorpus b. a plea-bargaining process c. the rules of discovery d. an insanity defense

the rules of discovery

Which of the following statements is true of patent fingerprints? a. They are visible to the naked eye b. They are left on a surface by oil or perspiration deposits from a finger c. They are detected using fine powder d. They are invisible

they are visible to the naked eye

Why was the U.S. Secret Service created? a. to combat counterfeiting b. to conduct fugitive investigations c. to protect national leaders d. to provide witness security

to combat counterfeiting