CJ Final

A Terry stop is permitted when police have ________ to believe that a person is engaged in criminal activity.

reasonable suspicion

The level of mens rea where the offender knows that there is a substantial risk of the consequences is referred to as:

recklessly

What is police occupational subculture?

the answer is not It is the norms and beliefs particular to an individual police department.

Approximately 1 out of every ________ adult American is under some form of correctional supervision.

38

Which of the following statements is true about the public opinion of police?

The public generally believes that racial profiling is more common than police brutality.

Which of the following does NOT occur during a suspect's booking?

The suspect is interrogated.

What has research found concerning the effectiveness of faith-based prisons?

Their effectiveness was not clear.

The most common formal sanction for criminal behavior is:

incarceration.

When appellate court judges ________ a case, they send it back to the trial court.

remand

in a criminal case is the money or services a defendant must provide as reparations to the victim for the cost and inconvenience suffered.

restitution

Researchers who have studied punishment believe that the motive for harsh punishment is not deterrence but:

retribution

The ________ is the guiding principle of the U.S. legal system, which states that no single person is more powerful than the law.

rule of law

On illegally entering Matthew's house to search for drugs, the police find evidence that Kristina is involved in a money-laundering scheme. Kristina does not live in Matthew's house. The evidence can be used against Kristina because she does not have:

standing

From 1970 to 1991, the U.S. Supreme Court

supported the constitutional rights of inmates.

Which of the following is NOT an example of maintaining order?

Giving directions

Which of the following is a characteristic of small communities?

The members live closely together frequently and have tight bonds to one another.

Who is responsible for locating key parties at a crime scene?

The patrol officer

Which of the following statements is true about the growth of private security in the United States?

There are an estimated three times more private security officers than public law enforcement officers.

John Jones is on trial for murder. The prosecutors have decided to charge him with a(n) ________ crime, which means if convicted, he would be eligible for the death penalty.

capital

The term "________" denotes society's efforts to punish and treat individuals who break the law, and thereby to protect the public

corrections

A situation in which law enforcement officers or agents trick a person into committing a crime that the person would not otherwise have committed is called _

entrapment

Which of the following amendments protects anyone from being tried twice for the same crime?

fifth amendment

The ________ Amendment to the U.S. Constitution protects residents from "unreasonable searches and seizures."

fourth

About ________ of all calls to police result in the dispatch of a police officer.

half

An area of concentrated crime where there is a higher risk of victimization is known as a:

hot spot

Mandatory arrest policies were created to help reduce police discretion in incidents of:

intimate partner violence.

Jack and Jill have both been convicted of possession of illegal drugs and have been sentenced. Jack is sentenced to 9 months of incarceration, while Jill has been sentenced to 18 months of incarceration. Jack will most likely serve his sentence in a:

jail

Who is usually the only adult in a teen court?

judge

Which of the following is NOT a type of indigent defense system?

None of the answer is correct.

is the specific act required to convict a person for a specific crime.

actus reus

On September 6, 2009, the Florida Department of Education adopted the Florida Educational Leadership Examination Rule 6A-4.00821. This rule deals with the testing and certification of teachers. The rule in the scenario is

administrative law

When a police officer fails to provide equal protection, the police officer is violating the ________ Amendment.

14

Which constitutional amendment states that excessive bail shall not be required?

8th amendment

Critics of the criminal justice system believe that its procedures are often

All of the answers are correct.

Which of the following factors helps in determining whether the use of force by the police is reasonable in a situation?

All of the answers are correct.

Which of the following statements is true of the history of lawmaking?

American colonists borrowed their laws from the English system.

How did citizens in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century England make sure that punishment of offenders, particularly hanging, would have the desired deterrent effect?

By making the hanging a public event in the town square

Alan, Charlie, and Alex are neighbors. While rushing out of his house on a Sunday afternoon, Charlie trips over Alan's cat that is sitting on his porch and hurts himself. On seeing Charlie take a bad fall, Alex rushes to help Charlie to his feet. After recovering from his minor injury, Charlie decides to sue Alan. In this scenario, who is the plaintiff?

Charlie

is the creation of substations or police buildings in various areas so that the police maintain a physical presence throughout the community.

Decentralization of command

is the criminal intent or mental state of the defendant at the time of the crime.

Mens rea

Reuben visits a small-time restaurant every day at 2:00 p.m. He notices that the cashier leaves the billing counter unattended every day at 2:10 p.m. for a coffee break. On one such day when the cashier leaves the counter unattended, Reuben steals all the money from the cash register and leaves the restaurant undetected. Which of the following theories best describes Reuben's behavior?

Routine activities theory

Which constitutional amendment applied the due process clause to the federal government?

The Fifth Amendment

Which of the following is the most commonly used standard for insanity?

The McNaughtan Rule

Mark often steals household items from Walmart and sells them for cash on the street. He argues that his actions are not wrong because anyone else would have done the same thing in his situation. The neutralization technique Mark is using to support his actions is

The answer is not denial of responsibility

A child of a battered woman witnesses violence in his house and lives for years in a stressful environment. He is later moved to a foster home where he is abused daily. In the scenario, the child is a(n)

The answer is not the super victim

Which of the following statements is FALSE about appellate courts?

Witnesses testify to a panel of judges in appellate courts.

Informing suspects of their rights was seen as the only effective way to safeguard their privilege against:

self-incrimination.

Jack and Jill are both convicted of armed robbery. At the sentencing hearing, the judge sentences Jack to 10 years in prison and orders him to pay a fine of $1,120 as well as restitution to the victims. Jill, on the other hand, is sentenced to only 5 years in prison and must pay a fine of $750; she does not have to pay any restitution. Jill's sentence, which is more lenient than Jack's for the same crime, provides an example of

the chivalry hypothesi

Which of the following is defined as a meeting that occurs between attorneys and a judge in the judge's office rather than in the courtroom?

In chambers

Which of the following is true of the structure of the law enforcement system?

Policing in the United States has always been highly localized.

Which of the following is a key focus of police work?

Reducing and responding to crime

The term "corrections" reflected a widely held belief that the corrections systems would:

transform offenders into law-abiding citizens.

Which of the following statements is NOT accurate about the arrest of suspects?

Sober suspects are more likely to be arrested than are intoxicated suspects.

In 2006, which of the following rules did the Supreme Court pass concerning suspected terrorists?

Special military courts could not try suspected terrorists being held at Guantanamo Bay.

Sally called 9-1-1 to report that her husband Mark was just shot by Mary. Who would have to be a witness to testify about the phone call that Sally made to the police?

The 9-1-1 operator

Why is a no contest plea beneficial to a defendant?

The defendant could be found guilty in a criminal court but can avoid civil liability for the acts of which he or she is accused.

allows evidence to be admissible if its discovery was not related to any improper search or seizure.

The independent source exception

Which of the following statements is true about criminal laws?

The procedures for prosecuting misdemeanors are considerably less complex than those for felonies

Newly appointed deputy sheriffs are usually first assigned to

a stint in the county's jail facility

On September 6, 2009, the Florida Department of Education adopted the Florida Educational Leadership Examination Rule 6A-4.00821. This rule deals with the testing and certification of teachers. The rule in the scenario is

administrative lawCorrect

Jack and his cellmate, Vlad, get into an argument one day. Jack assaults Vlad and is put into solitary confinement. Because he has been targeted, Vlad is also removed from general population. It is likely that Vlad is placed in

administrative segregation.

If you were accused of a crime and were awaiting trial in colonial America, you would most likely be held in:

an ordinary house that served as a jail-house.

In the SARA model of problem-oriented policing, the ________ step identifies anything that may be causing or influencing the problem.

analysis

Mark often steals items from Walmart and sells them for cash on the street. He argues that his actions are not wrong because he depends on the money to pay for his friends' basic necessities. Which of the following techniques is Mark using to support his actions?

appear to the higher loyalties

An example of a mala prohibita crime that is not also necessarily a mala in se crime is:

assisted suicide

A plea bargain must take place:

before the jury delivers a verdict.

Larry's fingerprints were found on the murder weapon that was used in the murder of his wife, Jennifer. This is ________ evidence.

circumstantial

Bob has been incarcerated in California for the past 5 years. During his sentence, he could have monthly visits with his wife where they were given a private trailer on the prison grounds. Bob has been granted a ________ visit with his wife.

conjugal

The judge in a criminal trial is responsible for all of the following EXCEPT:

deciding which jurors will serve on the jury.

To appeal a conviction, the ________ files an appellate brief.

defendant

Once the prosecutor files a complaint, the individual arrested becomes a

defendant.

In the United States, federal courts consist of

district courts, appellate courts, and the U.S. Supreme Court

Michelle Jones, a suspect in a murder case, hires an attorney and turns herself over to the police, who formally arrest her. While waiting for her attorney at the police station, the detectives handling the case try to talk to Michelle about the murder and she confesses the location of the victim's dead body. At the same time that this conversation is taking place, other officers are digging in an open field in search of the victim's body. If the body is found, it will be allowed as evidence in this case because of the ________ exception.

inevitable discovery

Failure to license a dog properly would be considered a(n):

infraction

Which race or ethnicity makes up the largest percentage of gang members?

latino

Police discretion is necessary because:

law and policies are vague and can be interpreted in many ways.

Michael Gottfredson and Travis Hirschi propose that individuals with ________ exhibit certain characteristics that make them more likely to engage in crime.

low self control

Steve, Brandon, and Dylan are three friends who have been convicted of burglary. After their sentencing, they are all sent to a prison where they take many tests to determine their programming needs. After they complete these tests, they are each sent to a different prison. Steve does not have a prior prison record and is considered a nonviolent offender, so he is sent to a prison where he resides in a dormitory-style housing unit and has a great deal of freedom of movement. Brandon, like Steve, does not have a prior prison record and is sent to a prison where he must share his cell with another inmate, but he does not have many opportunities for educational or vocational programs. Dylan is considered a high security risk given his prior record and his behavior while he was on bail awaiting trial. He is sent to a prison where he is subjected to a count at least four times a day and spends very little time outside of his cell. Brandon has been sentenced to a ________ prison.

medium security

The penal colony Isla Maria is located off the coast of:

mexico

An infraction is a(n):

minor violation of a local ordinance or a state law that brings a potential punishment of fines.

A local news station reports a burglary that occurred in a small town. The house was broken into, and only small items were taken. After watching the news, some neighbors on the other side of the town decide to get together and set up a vigilante group to police their streets. They also decide that it is necessary to arm themselves with firearms while they roam their neighborhood. This reaction is an example of

moral panic.

There are ________ people with HIV/AIDS in prisons and jails as/than in the general population of the United States

more

There is nothing more harmful to a law enforcement agency than:

officer misconduct.

A previous case that guides decisions in later cases is known as

precedent

Police driving around certain neighborhoods in the night to keep a watch is an example of

preventive patrols

The level of mens rea where the offender intends the offense and its consequences is referred to as

purposefully

Most male inmates divide themselves by:

race

Marcie works for a private law firm but takes indigent clients on a case-by-case basis and is paid a set fee for representing those clients. Marcie is:

the answer is not Marcie works for a private law firm but takes indigent clients on a case-by-case basis and is paid a set fee for representing those clients. Marcie is:

Which of the following correctly arranges the federal agencies in the decreasing order of their number of employees?

the answer is not The U.S. Customs and Border Protection, the Federal Bureau of Prisons, the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, and the Federal Bureau of Investigation

Which of the following is NOT one of Merton's modes of adaptation?

the answer is not retreatism

is the capacity to learn or comprehend, manifested by the ability to solve problems and adapt to life's everyday experiences.

the answer is not social conflict

A ________ is a small group of citizens who determine whether a criminal defendant is guilty of the crimes with which he or she is charged.

the answer is not venire

According to Freud, which part of personality incorporates conscious thoughts that cope with the demands of reality?

the ego

Wilson and Kelling's broken windows theory argues that there is a relationship between higher crime rates and:

the level of deterioration of a neighborhood.

Merton argued that crime would be most prevalent in:

the lower class

The Supreme Court ruled that the prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment is not applicable to overcrowding because:

the standard implies intent on the part of the perpetrator.

Media reports on violent crimes, such as murders, give viewers the impression that:

these crimes are more common than they actually are.

The fastest-growing group of inmates in state prisons consists of

those over 55 years of age.

During the political era of policing, police were NOT

thought of primarily as law enforcers

A ________ is a legal document permitting police to conduct a search or seizure or to arrest someone

warrant