CJC

A person who believes that the focus of the criminal justice system should be on protecting individual rights and freedoms is a believer in the: A. due process model B. crime control model C. United Nations model D. criminology model

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A true statement about victims in the U.S. criminal justice system is that: A. most of the time, victims, and criminals are of the same race, class, and age B. historically, victims were neglected and abused by the criminal justice system. C. today victims participate more in the criminal justice process and can receive money for their injuries and losses. D. All of the above

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All of the following are formal negative sanctions delivered in response to criminal behavior except: A. incarceration B. court requirement of drug treatment C. dirty looks D. probation

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All of the following are true of media coverage of crime except: A. media reporting is sensational B. media reporting accurately represents criminal behavior C. media reporting affects people's fear of crime D. media reporting focuses on violent crimes

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All of the following have given substantial support to the victim's rights movement except: A. drug and alcohol movements B. law-and-order movements C. women's movements D. victim-oriented coalitions

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Based on who in reality is most likely to be victimized, the group that should be most fearful of crime is: A. women B. older individuals C. young men D. children

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Laws are examples of: A. statistical norms B. informal social norms C. cultural norms D. formal norms

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The model illustrating that most criminal cases do not go through the trial process is the: A. crime control model B. due process model C. wedding cake model D. conflict model

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The perspective that sees laws defining crime as the product of social agreement about criminal behavior is the: A. conflict perspective B. consensus perspective C. wedding cake model D. crime control model

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mala in se

A behavior categorized as morally wrong ("evil in itself")

due process model

A model of the criminal justice system that emphasizes individual rights at all stages of the justice process.

crime control model

A model of the criminal justice system that emphasizes the efficient arrest and processing of alleged criminal offenders.

victim advocate

A professional who assists the victim during the post-victimization period.

victim services

A range of resources--such as shelters, transitional housing, counseling, and 24-hour hotlines--aimed at reducing the suffering and facilitating the recovery of victims, especially those who participate in the criminal justice process.

norm

A rule that makes clear what behavior is appropriate and expected in a particular situation

social norm

A rule that specifies how people are expected to behave

alternative sentence

A sentence that is served in a treatment facility or in community service.

mala prohibita

A statutory crime that reflects public opinion at a moment in time.

victim impact statement

A victim's written statement, usually in the Pre-sentence Report, about how the experience with crime affected him or her. Sometimes judges ask victims to read this statement in open court prior to sentencing.

conflict perspective

A view of crime as one outcome of a struggle among different groups competing for resources in their society.

consensus perspective

A view of crime that sees laws as the product of social agreement or consensus about what criminal behavior is

statutory crime

An act that is criminal because it is prohibited by law.

probation

An alternative to jail or prison in which the offender remains in the community under court supervision, usually within the caseload of a probation officer.

parole

An early release from prison conditional on complying with certain standards while free.

wedding cake model

An explanation of the workings of the criminal justice system that shows how cases get filtered according to the seriousness of the offense.

appellate courts

Courts that hear appeals from trial courts or other lower courts

Norms can: A. Inform us as to what behaviors are acceptable B. Clarify what behaviors are unacceptable C. Vary according to culture D. All of the above

D. All of the above

secondary victims

Family and friends of an individual who has been victimized.

crime prevention

Measures taken to reduce the opportunity for crime commission by individuals predisposed to such.

sanctions

Prescribed consequences intended to reinforce people's conformity to norms

criminal justice system

The interdependent actors and agencies--law enforcement agencies, the courts, the correctional system, and victim services--at the local, state, and federal levels of government that deal with the problem of crime.

moral panic

The reaction by a group of people based on exaggerated or false perceptions about crime and criminal behavior.

federal courts

The system in which federal crimes are prosecuted consisting of district courts, appellate courts or circuit courts, and the U.S. Supreme Court.

state courts

The system in which state crimes are prosecuted; it includes both trial and appellate courts.

corrections

The systematic, organized effort by society to punish offenders, protect the public, and change an offender's behavior.

deviance

The violation of a norm