Classical Archaeology-Exam 2

Dyson 1981

"A Classical Archaeologist's response to New Archeology"

Tenets of Processual Archaeology

"American archaeology is anthropology or it is nothing." Cultural evolution Study cultural adaptation to environmental change using scientific tech and practices Use of the scientific method popularized

Dyson 1993

"From New to New Age Archaeology: Archaeological Theory and Classical Archaeology"

As it currently stands post precessual archaeology holds little to orthodoxy any approaches have false giving rise to a plethora of archaeologies?

true

The cutlural historical approach to archaeology was greatly adopted in both american and classical archaeology?

true

Grahame Clark early 20th century British archaeologist Archaeology and Society-1939, said Arch is the study of how humans lived in the past. Studied artifacts according to functional uses. Both Clark and Durkheim believed societies are systems consisting of sub components

no face hair mostly hair on head

Often describe modern landscape (survey) archaeology?

diachronic intensive multidisciplinary

Melos Survey Project

-Renfrew, Wagstaff and Cherry. Conducted by cambridge, did not take into account the athenians and how that would affect how the island functions.

A major tenet of post procussual archaeology is?

1. Scholars inherently bring own cutlural biases ino the study. this unavoiable 2. pat is not 100% knowable 3. there is no right way to do archaeology all approaches have their strangths and weakness

Place the following events/discoveries in order

1. World War 2 2. Decipherment of Linear b 3. binfords development of the new arhcaeology 4. the development of post processul archaeology 5. pylos regional archaeolgical project 6. Hodder's most recent excvations ar catal hoyuk 7. avkat archaeological project

Movments/events in order

1. pliny the elder discovery of the laocoon group 3. j.j. wincklemann 4. thomas jefferson 5. basil gildersleeve teaches at university of virginia 6. c.e. norton and others establishes the aia 7. discovey if knossos 8. carl blegen begins excavation at pylos 9. lewis binford begins new archaeology movement 10. colin renfrew publishes emergence of cilization 11. jack davis directs intensive survey in the environs of pylos (PRAP) 12. newhard directs gis-based intensie survey in central anatolia

Landscape arhcaeology was insturmental to the introduction of procussual arhcaeology b/c?

1.There was no need for permits and therefore no need for the projects design by the ASCSA project directors hade wide latitude for coceptualizing reasearch designs 1. landscape archeology reuires large numbers of students volunteers whic dreamaticaly increasd the numbers of students exposed to processual aproaches 3. the nature of the data and the questions being asked called for approaches that lent themselves easly to processual archaeology

Minnesota Messenia Expedition (UMME)

1959-1969,WIlliam mcdonald took a walk and found a site, starts off coworkers join him but then it becomes interdisciplinary. Diachronic-forces them to look at everything through time in the area, intense research over large area. Emphasized the interdisciplinary rather than multidisciplinary collaboration between archaeologists, natural scientists, social scientists, and humanists.

UNESCo convention on the means of prhobiting and preventing the illciit import, export and transfer of ownership of cultural property was enacted in?

1970

Which of the following dates would belong to the first quarter of the 5th century BC?

480

Squier and Davis are known for their in the?

American midwest

The Direct Historical Method is exemplified by the work done in the?

American southwest

What are the main arguments of post-processualism? How does it compare with processualism?

Archaeology as humanistic/historical More subjective than processualism post-processualists argue that "all archaeologists... whether they overtly admit it or not", always impose their own views and bias into their interpretations of the archaeological data. Technology may influence ideology or vice versa, technology is not the base of culture Culture is created deliberately. People do what they want and believe, not what is most efficient. Culture changes as people grow and societies set goals, even if technology and environment remain the same. All archeologists are inadvertently guilty of inserting bias into interpretations of data. Some sort of objectivity can be accomplished by accepting this and working to minimize it.

Which of the following was begun most recently?

Avkat archaeological project (AAP)

Match the following archaeologists/scholars to their period of activity?

C. E. Norton- Late 19th century Alfred Kidder- Early 20th c. Heinrich Schliemann- Late 19th Adolf Furtwaengler- Late 19th Basil Gildersieeve- late 19th Karl Weber- mid 18th c. Johann Wicklemann-mid 18th c. Arthur Evans- early 20th c. V. Gordon Childe- early-mid 20th Jack Caskey-early-mid 20th

Max Uhle is known for his work in?

California and Bolivia

Knossos is found in the island of?

Crete

Discuss the pro's and con's of the cultural historical approach in archaeology?

Cultural-historical archaeological is a theory that emphasises defining historical societies into distinct ethnic and cultural groupings according to their material culture. PROS: This helps understand what kinds of things a culture used, but not why they used it. Manufacturing techniques and economic behaviour can be easily explained through cultures and culture history approaches CONS: Cultural historical method answers the "what" and "when" but not the "how" and "why" Could be utilised in support of nationalist political causes

Avkat Archaeological Project (AAP)

East/West interactions in later antiquity, Rural socio-economic strategies. Extensive use of technology to cultivate international/interdisciplinary collaboration

Johan Jachim Wicklemann known as?

father of art history

Archaeology Department at Indiana

Francthi caves and AEP

GIS stand for?

Geographic information system

GIS

Geographical Information Systems

Wrote archaeolgy and soceity which stated that archaeology was the study of how humans lived in the past and that artifacts needed to be viewed from?

Grahame clark

Oscar Montelius Late 19th century Swedish archaeologist refined typology, a relative chronological dating method.Typologies are the basis for seriation.

Has a mustache

Gustav Kosssina Late 19th century German linguist settlement archaeology. Also founder of cultural historical archaeology, German nationalist during WWII

Has a mustache and go ti

Enver Hoxha likened the Albanians to ?

Illyrians

What are the main arguments/tenets for processualism?

Interested in explanation, generalization, culture process, and objectivity. Cultural Evolutionism: cultures can be understood by the remains left behind Use of the scientific method is popularized, and archaeology is treated as a science. Use of modern technology to further knowledge of archaeological findings. Radiation, environmentalism, computerization Culture is part of the natural world and rational is adapted to the material conditions of life (Lewis Binford/Leslie White) Culture has three subsystems: Technological: the base of culture, relating them to their environment Sociological: the structure of culture, relates people to each other Ideological: superstructure of culture: relates people to their world and universe Processual Archaeological schools of thought tend to assume that people do things in the way that is most efficient to them Environmental Determinism - cultures change due to changes in their environment

The excavations were at Pompeii were financed by?

King Charles III of the two siciles

The person responsible for removing large amounts of sculpture from the Acropolis in Athens was?

Lord Byron

Renfrew 1980

Mathematical approaches to Cultural Change" -maybe

Intensive Regional Survey

Multidisciplinary, diachronic, no permit is required and it allowed for a large number of student training. It was unregulated from the 80s to the 90s. Examples of these surveys include: Melos, AEP, PRAP, GAP, AAP.

The mask of agamemnon was found at?

Mycenae

Tenets of Post processual archaeology

None of the past can be 100% known, interpreters bring bias no matter what, society is not mechanical and cannot be viewed as a machine

Altertumswisschaft focuses upon?

Philology History Archaeology

What are the means by which processualism came into being?

Processualism or "New Archaeology" started coming around in the early to mid 20th c. starting off with Robert Braidwood when he started pulling in specialist on his work in Jarmo. He along with a few other archaeologists starting to do some interdisciplinary work in the early to mid 20th century. In the 1960's Lewis Binford published papers on the New Processual Archaeology and became really popular with american archaeologists. Binford and the american archaeologists spread the ideas of Processualism and created a paradigm shift. This drove the classical archaeologists and the processualists further apart. The U.S. government drove them further apart by starting specific funding for humanities in the u.s. Funding brought scientific toys to play with. Land surveying with the UMME had multidisciplinary consultants.

What were the main elements within classical archaeology that caused resistance to processualism approaches? How did its acceptance come to pass (if ever)?

Science was coming in full force and bringing a lot of new innovations and gadgets. Processualists were getting a bunch of money in the U.S. All this new stuff may have threatened and disrespected classical archaeologists. So they stuck with what they knew and what they knew they were good at. If they wanted to join this new archaeology they would have to go back to school and take some math classes and that was much more difficult than sticking with their current way. The classical archaeologists wanted to make sure to preserve their classical way of archaeology. Acceptance never really came. There was a lot of mingling between classical and processual archaeologists and even some crossovers. Processualism was eventually accepted, but by the time it was, post-processualism was coming in and was readily accepted by everyone

Classics Department at Cincinnati

Started by Blegen, Funded by Taft-semple and developed by Caskey. Modeled after Altertumswissenschaft, prehistoric focus within classics program.

The 3 age system was proposed and confirmed by?

Thomsen and Worsaae

Diffusion is the idea that cultural change by means of the spreading of ideas from one culture to another various means of contact?

True

Who would be most attached to the following statement n archaeologists culture consists of certain types of remains that constantly recurring together.

V. Gondon Childe

V. Gordon Childe early-mid 20th century British figured out that culture = people, used assemblages to identify cultures and figured that if they changed it was by conquest,migration or diffusion

Wears glasses and mustache

The Enlightenment promoted?

logic and rational thinking via the study of classical authors

Pylos Regional Archaeological Project (PRAP)

a multi-disciplinary, diachronic archaeological expedition formally organized in 1990 to investigate the history of prehistoric and historic settlement and land use in a multi-disciplinary, diachronic archaeological expedition formally organized in 1990 to investigate the history of prehistoric and historic settlement and land use in western Messenia in Greece. an exploration of areas of the western Peloponnese near the Mycenaean Palace of Nestor at Pylos in the province of Messenia. The project was sponsored by the University of Cincinnati, the University of Wisconsin-Madison, the University of Texas at Austin, and the University of Michigan.

In the mediterranean the interest in regional survey largely grew out of what subfield of classical archaeology?

aegean prehistory

Which of the following contributed to the introduction of processural archaeology into classical arhcaeology?

british archaeology aegean prehisorians survey archaeology

Processiuals can be viewed as an outgrowth of thought that included the works of?

burkheim, Marx, and clark

Carl Blegen was professor of Classics at?

cincinnati

One major emphases in classical archaeology of the early 20th century was upon?

classification of artifacts based upon form and decoration

Features of University of Cininnati Classicas program?

dedicated to the notion of altertumswissenschaft heavy focus upon aegean arhcaeology supported by large benfaction

The advantage of regional survey over excavation in the Mediterranean in its early years was that?

did not require permitting allowing fr broader methodological experimentation regional survey was cheaper than excavation relaxed permitting requirements meant that projects could e started by younger archaeologists less tied into the established networks of power

The following were elements of the Romantic movement?

drawing inspiration from Greco-Roman civilization emotional catharsis nature as untamed and free

19th century scholars/adventures interested in the civilization of the Americans most worked with?

enthographers

All significant developent on private land does not require a report on how the work will affect cutlrual resources?

false

Processual archaeology was readily acctped by classical archaeologist?

false

The use of archaeology as a means to promote a political pr ideaological message is a practice relegated solely to soceities under the control of dicatorical regimes?

false

Tenets of Cultural Historical Archaeology

focuses on Description of artifacts, (classification of typologies) artifacts = culture, answers what when and where but not how or why. Regularly occurring artifacts in the same context, attempts to explain changes in culture by diffusion of similar artifacts

Renfrew 1980 focuses on the relationsip beween classical archaeologists and new archeologists which can be summarized by the words?

great divide

Linear b was written in which language

greek

All the following were effects of the big dig?

increased power among the foreign schools increased hierarchical power structure within archaeological projects increased emphasis upon pedigree in terms of education and training

An actual department of archaeology was craeted at in 1970s?

indiana unviersity

The focus of the AIA was upon?

old and new world archaeology

The first survey in greece to use GIS was?

pylos regional arhcaeolgical project (PRAP)

The Megali idea was to?

re-constitute the territory of the Byzantine empire following the dismantling of the ottoman empire

Seriation

relative dating method in which assemblages or artifacts from numerous sites, in the same culture, are placed in chronological order.

Argolid Exploration Project (AEP)

rough/rocky landscape, none really knew much about it. They went to learn about the landscape through Geoarchaeology (past soil patterns and how things were used) and Geomorphology (landscape Change).

Gustaf Kossina was known for developing a type of archaeology known as?

settlement archaeology

The 3 ages of mankind suggested by Lucretius were

stone bronze iron

Geoarchaeology

study of ancient soils, erosion patterns, and natural resources. Also uses ues remote sensing, GIS, satellite imagery, and computer modeling.

Multivariate Statistics

subdivision of statistics encompassing the simultaneous observation and analysis of more than one outcome variable Discriminant analysis-establish whether it can help to see if there is more than one culture by looking at a set of variables Cluster analysis-put things alike together, so you can differentiate Principal component analysis-determines defining elements of what is one culture and what is another

Least Cost Path Analysis

taking many variables of travelling and using a computer to help figure out what would have been the easiest path at the time of study.

The ability to read linear b destroyed which of the following ideas?

that the greeks entered greece at the end of the bronze age as part of dorian invasion that the myths of ancient greece could aid the reconstruction of prehistoric aegean soceity

Ian Hodder was educated in?

the UK

Charles Eliot Norton was heavily involved in esta.?

the archaeological institute of America

Benito Mussolini styled himself as?

the new augustus

All significant development on federal land requires a report on how the work will affect cutlrual resources?

true

All states are requied by law to have an office charged with managemet and oversight of cutlrual resources with in the state?

true

Dendrochronology

using tree rings as a dating method, 1st direct scientific method widely used, not very precise because you can only use the same species to compare and that are from the same region.

Art and Archaeology Department t Princeton

very well funded

challenged arthur evans assertion that minoan civilization and deeply influenced mainland greece by employing the methods of cutlrueal historical archaeology?

wace and blegen

Functionlism

was a new approach to cultural historical method, it was more systemic understanding of human behavior and dependent upon work in ethology and ecology. This approach came to America in the 1940's and focused on on Seriation, specifically functional Seriation, which still contained little explanation as to how and why these items were created. It started to take hold in the 1950's as science became more popular after ww2, the new Scientific method of carbon 14 and science in General was seen as the way to advanced knowledge.

Which of basic questions addressed or only incompletely answer via cultural historical archaeology?

when? what?

Carbon 14 Dating

willard libby 1949, using carbon to date organic material, measures time of death, not time of deposition