Clicker Questions/ Study Mate questions

Explain the evolution of eukaryotic cells using the endosymbiotic theory. State facts that help support this theory. (Hint: Refer to your textbook for extra content/ help)

The endosymbiotic theory is a proposal that eukaryotes organelles evolved through a symbiotic relation. One cell engulfed a second cell and a symbiotic relationship developed. Mitochondria and chloroplasts are thought to have evolved this way. Three details that support this theory are how mitochondria and chloroplasts contain their own DNA and ribosomes. They both also have 2 membranes. Lastly, they divide by a process similar to bacteria.

5. Which of the following contains hydrolytic enzymes? A) lysosome B) vacuole C) mitochondrion D) Golgi apparatus E) peroxisome

a

8. What role does NAD+ play in redox reactions? a. NAD+, an oxidizing agent, can accept electrons and protons from organic molecules and get reduced to NADH. b. NAD+, a reducing agent, can donate its electrons and protons to organic molecules. c. NAD+, an oxidizing agent, can accept electrons from organic molecules and get reduced to NADH2.

a

Cellular respiration breaks down glucose and releases carbon dioxide and water. Which steps in the oxidation of pyruvate produces carbon dioxide? Removal of a carboxyl group from pyruvate releases carbon dioxide. The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex comes into play. Removal of an acetyl group from pyruvate releases carbon dioxide. The pyruvate decarboxylase complex comes into play. Removal of a carbonyl group from pyruvate releases carbon dioxide. The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex comes into play. Removal of an acetyl group from pyruvate releases carbon dioxide. The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex comes into play.

a

How is acetyl produced from Pyruvate? Pyruvate loses a Carbon in the form of C02 Pyruvate goes through fermentation Pyruvate gain 2 carbons but then loses 3 to produce acetyl None of the above

a

In cell culture, you add a chemical which causes the tails of the cell membrane phospholipid molecules to form double bonds. What would be the possible outcome? a. The cell membrane will become more fluid b. The cell will experience apoptosis c. It will be more difficult for large molecules to pass through d. The cell membrane will rupture

a

The final electron acceptor during oxidative phosphorylation is: oxygen water carbon dioxide ATP

a

Which are the major products of fermentation in the human body? Lactic Acid and ATP ATP and Glucose Lactic Acid and CO2 CO2 and ATP

a

Which of the following gives the weakest indication of life? The presence of oxygen, carbon, nitrogen and sulfur An observable organism seen to react to stimuli but lacks the ability to self-reproduce Unknown object that seems to grow over time An observable organism with the ability to metabolize and self-reproduce

a

Why might negative feedback mechanisms be more common than positive feedback mechanisms in living cells? Negative feedback mechanisms maintain homeostasis whereas positive feedback drives the system away from equilibrium. Positive feedback mechanisms maintain a balanced amount of substances whereas negative feedback restricts them. Negative feedback turns the system off, making it deficient of certain substances. Positive feedback balances out these deficits. Positive feedback brings substance amounts back to equilibrium while negative feedback produces excess amounts of the substance.

a

1. Per glucose, how many net ATPs are made in glycolysis, CAC, and ETC? a. 2, 2, 30s b. 4, 2, 30s c. 2, 1, 30s d. -2, 4, 30s e. 30s, 2, 2

a.

How are nucleotides added to a growing DNA strand during dehydration? a. The terminal 3' carbon of the growing strand adds to the 5' carbon of the new nucleotide. b. The terminal 5' carbon of the growing strand adds to the 3' carbon of the new nucleotide.

a.

In the NA/K pump, three Na's are pumped out for every two K pumped in. a. True b. False

a.

1. During an experiment involving a chemical reaction, the production of products absorbed 58 Kj of energy. This reaction was a. Endergonic releasing energy b. Endergonic requiring energy c. Exergonic releasing energy d. Exergonic requiring energy

b

1. How are metabolic pathways regulated? a. Biochemical inhibition b. Allosteric inhibition c. Competitive inhibition d. Co-regulation

b

1. What is the NET production of ATP at the end of glycolysis? a. 1 b. 2 c. 4 d. 0 e. 43.4303

b

17. Entropy is the measure of ________. Temperature Disorder Concentration Distance

b

19b. In glycolysis how is pyruvate produced from Glucose ? Glucose losses 3 carbons as C02 to become pyruvate Glucose is split into 2 going from a 6 carbon molecule to two 3 carbon molecules Glucose goes through fermentation to become pyruvate None of the above

b

20a. If the body completed glycolysis but it was in an anaerobic environment what process would it go to next? Pyruvate oxidation Fermentation Citric Acid Cycle The body would stop due to negative feedback

b

27. Which part of an amino acid's basic structure gives it its unique functional characteristics? a) Amino Group (-NH2) b) R- Group c) Carboxyl Group (COOH) d) Central "Alpha" carbon.

b

How many covalent bonds can Carbon form? a. 5 b. 4 c. 6 d. 3

b

Inhibitor XYZ mimics the substrate molecule and binds to the enzyme's active site. What kind of inhibition is this? Allosteric Competitive Non-competitive

b

Into what two molecules does glucose ultimately split at the end of the process of Glycolysis? a) Citrate b) Pyruvate c) Acetyl Coenzyme A d) Fructose 1,6 Bisphosphate e) Phosphoglycerate

b

Nearly all organisms on earth carry out some form of glycolysis. How does this fact support or not support the assertion that glycolysis is one of the oldest metabolic pathways? a. To be present in so many different organisms, glycolysis was probably present in a common ancestor rather than evolving many separate times. b. Glycolysis is present in nearly all organisms because it is an advanced and recently evolved pathway that has been widely used as it is so beneficial. c. Glycolysis is absent in a few higher organisms. This contradicts the fact that it is one of the oldest metabolic pathways. d. Glycolysis is present in some organisms and absent in others. The mentioned fact may or may not support this assertion.

b

The complex 3-D structure of this molecule is made up of primary, secondary, tertiary, and sometimes quaternary levels. a) Lipid b) Protein c) Carbohydrates d) Nucleic Acids

b

Water molecules stick to other water molecules because Water molecules are neutral, and neutral molecules are attracted to each other. Hydrogen bonds form between the hydrogen atoms of one water molecule and the oxygen atoms of other water molecules. The hydrogen atoms of adjacent water molecules are attracted to one another. The oxygen atoms of adjacent water molecules are attracted to one another. Covalent bonds form between the hydrogen atoms of one water molecule and the oxygen atoms of other water molecules.

b

Which of the following processes is endergonic? a. Complete cellular respiration b. Synthesis of glucose from carbon dioxide and water c. Burning of wood d. Release of heat from breakdown of glucose

b

Which part of the nucleotides' structure is responsible for the incredible variation that exists amongst all types of organisms? a) Deoxyribose sugar b) Nitrogenous Base c) Phosphate Group d) Amino Acids

b

Select all of the following functions in which you would expect to find Lipids. a) Storage of Genetic Information b) Energy Storage c) Steroid Hormones d) Cell Membranes e) Cholesterol f) Nitrogenous Bases (nucleic acids) g) Glucose (carbohydrates) h) Polypeptides (protein)

b, c, d, e

1. The poison Strychnine causes convulsions. Its acts as an inhibitor of the glycine receptor. Glycine is a major post-synaptic inhibitory neurotransmitter in mammalian spinal cord and brain stem. Strychnine acts as a separate binding site on the glycine receptor, i.e., its binding lowers the affinity of the glycine receptor for glycine. Thus, strychnine inhibits the action of an inhibitory transmitter, leading to convulsions. This is an example of a. Competitive inhibition b. Allosteric inhibition c. Cofactors d. Co-Enzymes

b.

I develop a drug that block the cis face of the Golgi. What would be the result? a. Proteins produced by the attached ribosomes will not be able to enter b. Vesicles sent from the ER will not be able to enter the Golgi c. Vesicle will not be able to exit the Golgi d. Vesicle will not be released by the ER

b.

In cell culture, I add a chemical which breaks down the phospholipid bilayer of the endomembrane system. Which of the following things would NOT be affected? a. Golgi b. Ribosomes c. Plasma membrane d. ER e. Nucleus

b.

1. The final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration is: a. Pyruvate b. Carbon dioxide c. Oxygen to form water d. NAD+

c

1. Where are the electrons stored during the process of respiration? a. Glucose b. ATP c. NADH d. Enzymes

c

13. When the proton number and electron number are unequal, the atom or molecule gains or loses a proton gains or loses an electron is an ion forms a covalent bond with another atom

c

19. To which region of an enzyme does substrate bind? Complex site Substrate site Active site Open site

c

7. What are the reactants used in cellular respiration? a) Glucose and Carbon Dioxide b) Carbon Dioxide, Oxygen and Glucose c) Glucose and Oxygen d) Water, Glucose, Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide e) Glucose, Water and Oxygen

c

NADH and FADH2 are produced from NAD+ and FAD2+ via what process? Fermentation ATP synthase Reduction Oxidation

c

The movement of which ions across the membrane from the intermembrane space to the matrix cause ATP synthase to spin and make ATP? Na+ oxygen H+ water

c

What is the name of the covalent bond joining two nucleotides? a. Peptide (Between 2 Amino Acids) b. Glycosidic c. Phosphodiester

c

1. What enzyme oxidizes pyruvate in eukaryotes? a. Lactase dehydrogenase b. gloconase c. Pyruvate dehydrogenase d. Pyruvase

c.

1. What is metabolism? a. A balance of anabolistic and catabolistic reactions in the body. b. The totality of an organism's chemical reactions. c. An emergent property of life that arises from interactions between molecules within the cell d. All of these choices answer the question correctly

d

7. Which of the following contain the 9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules? A) cilia B) centrioles C) flagella D) A and C only E) A, B, and C

d

What is the fundamental difference between covalent and ionic bonding? Covalent bonding involves only the outer electron shell; ionic bonding also involves the next inner electron shell. In a covalent bond, the partners have identical electronegativity; in an ionic bond, one of them is more electronegative. Covalent bonds form between atoms of the same element; ionic bonds, between atoms of different elements. In a covalent bond, the partners share a pair of electrons; in an ionic bond, one partner captures an electron from the other. In covalent bonding, both partners end up with filled outer electron shells; in ionic bonding, one partner does and the other does not.

d

Which best describes the reaction below? AB → A + B + energy A. Photosynthesis B. Anabolic C. Endergonic D. Catabolic

d

Which process occurs in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration? Citric Acid Cycle Fermentation Pyruvate Oxidation Glycolysis

d

1. You are working out in Pitzer's Spinning class exercising hard but getting enough oxygen to keep going. You are: a. In an anerobic state using only glycolysis b. In an anaerobic state fully breaking down glucose all the way through the ETC. c. In an aerobic state using only glycolysis d. In an aerobic state fulling breaking down glucose all the way through the ETC.

d.

Which of the following are NOT an enzyme? Ribozymes Amylase Ligase Starchzymes

d.

19. The two DNA strands are _________ to each other. a. Parallel b. Complementary c. Antiparallel d. Identical e. Both a and b f. Both b and c

f

18. A non-protein or metallic compound which assists an enzyme in catalyzing a reaction is known as a Coenzyme.

true

Law of Thermodynamics

#1: Energy cannot be created nor destroyed. It can only be changed in form. #2: When energy changes, it is converted from a more useful more concentrated form to a less useful, less concentrated form

11. Use the following chemical reaction to answer the question below: (A+) + (B) = (A++) + (B-) Which is being oxidized? Which is being reduced? Which is the oxidizing agent and which is the reducing agent?

A+ is the reducing agent B is the oxidizing agent A++ is being oxidized B- is reduced

The complete transfer of valence electron(s) between atoms. It is a type of chemical bond that generates two oppositely charged atoms. a. Covalent bonds (shared electrons) b. Ionic bonds c. Van der Waals interaction d. Hydrogen bond

B

1. In the chemical reaction, A + B = (A+) + (B-) a. A is reduced b. B is reduced 2. In the previous clicker question, what is the Oxidizing Agent? a. A+ b. B- c. A d. B

B and D

19a. Write the number of carbons for each of the following molecules. Glucose Pyruvate Acetyl

Glucose- 6 carbons Pyruvate- 3 carbons Acetyl- 2 carbons