Clinical Microscopy - Chemical tests
Chemstrip
Roche Diagnostics, Indianapolis, DN
Multistix
Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, Deerfield, IN
Reagent Strip
Simple, rapid means for preparing medically significant chemical analysis of urine
alkaline urine
Hyperventilation vomiting renal tubular acidosis urease producing bacteria old specimens vegetarian diet
bilirubin
appearance of this substance in urine can provide an early indication of liver disease
false negative for glucose
ascorbic acid high ketones high specific gravity low temperature unpreserved urine
78%
beta-hydroxybutyric acid
2,6-dichlorobenzene-diazonium salt
chemstrip reagent for bilirubin determination
dimethydihydroperoxyhexane and tetramethylbenzidine
chemstrip reagent for blood determination
glucose oxidase peroxidase tetramethylbenzidine
chemstrip reagent for glucose test
sulfanilamide, hydroxytetrahydro benzoquinoline
chemstrip reagent for nitrite determination
ethylene glycol diaminoethyl ether tetraacetic acid, bromthymol blue
chemstrip reagent for specific gravity
Sulfosalicylic acid test
cold precipitation test that reacts equally with all forms of protein
tan or pink to violet
color produced in diazo reaction
red azodye
color produced in diazo reaction for urobilinogen
red color
color produced in ehrlich's aldehyde reaction
purple color
color produced when acetoacetic acid in alkaline medium reacts with sodium nitroprusside
protein microscopic
correlation of blood in urine
protein leukocytes microscopic
correlations for nitrite determination
Nitrite, leukocytes, and microscopic
correlations in pH
ketones protein
correlations of glucose test
protein nitrite microscopic
correlations of le
blood nitrite leukocytes microscopic
correlations of protein determination
Copper sulfate to cuprous oxide
principle involved in copper reduction test
double sequential enzyme reaction
principle involved in glucose test
Double indicator system
principle involved in pH determination
Protein error of indicators (Sorensen's)
principle involved in protein determination
uromodulin (Tamm-Horsfall proteins)
produced in distal convoluted tubule forms the matrix of casts
hemoglobinuria
produces a clear red urine
hematuria
produces cloudy red urine
Ketones
products of fat metabolism
nitrite
provide rapid screening test for the presence of urinary tract infection (UTI)
4.5-8.0
random urine pH
diazo reaction
reaction to measure bilirubin in urine
pseudoperoxidase activity of hemoglobin
reaction to measure blood in urine
Sodium nitroprusside (nitroferricyanide or Legal's reaction)
reaction to measure ketones
diazo reaction - urobilinogen
reaction used by chemstip to measure urobilinogen
Ehrlich's aldehyde reaction
reaction used by multistix to measure urobilinogen
greiss reaction
reaction used to measure nitrite in urine
pKa change of polyelectrolyte
reaction used to measure specific gravity
indoxycarbonic acid ester, diazonium salt
reagent in chemstrip for the determination of leukocyte
derivatized pyrrole amino acid ester, diazonium salt
reagent in multistix for the determination of leukocyte
Moisture, volatile chemicals, heat, and light
reagent strips are protected from these factors that can cause deterioration
4-methoxybenzene-diazonium-tetrafluoroborate
reagent used by chemstrip for urobilinohen determination
p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde
reagent used by multistix for urobilinogen determination
sodium nitroprusside (acetone)
reagents involved in legal's reaction
Methyl Red & Bromthymol blue
reagents used in pH determination
Methyl red
red to yellow (pH 4 to 6)
glycine
sodium nitroprusside test is only sensitive to acetone if this substance is present
no known interfering substance old specimen run over
sources of error in pH determination
leukocyte esterase
used to measure leukocytes in urine
Bromthymol blue
yellow to blue (pH 6 to 9)
Tetrabromphenol blue
Multistix reagent for protein determination
Glucose test
detection and monitoring of diabetes mellitus
false positive in protein determination
detergents, phenazopyridine, chlorhexidine, loss of buffer, high buffered alkaline urine, high specific gravity
Acidic urine
emphysema diabetes mellitus dehydration diarrhea starvation high protein diet cranberry juice medications E.coli
light exposure ascorbic acid high concentration of nitrite
false negative in bilirubin
improperly preserved specimens
false negative in ketone
other than albumin, microalbuminuria
false negative in protein determination
highly alkaline urine
false negative sg
strong oxidizing agents bacterial peroxidase menstruation
false positive blood urine
detergents, strong oxidizing agents
false positive for glucose
phenazopyridine indican higly pigmented urine metabolites of lodine
false positive in bilirubin
phthalein dyes high pigmented urine levodopa medications containing free sulfhydryl groups
false positive in ketone
unpreserved urine highly pigmented urine
false positive in nitrite
strong oxidizing agents formalin highly pigmented urine
false positive leukocytes
high protein conc
false positive sg
5.0-6.0
first morning urine pH
bilirubin
a highly pigmented yellow compound, a degradation product of hemoglobin
alkaline tide
a more alkaline urine is found after meal
potassium iodide
green to brown
false negative leukocytes
high concentration of glucose, oxalic acid, ascorbic acid, gentamicin, cephalosphorins, tetracyclines, inaccurate timing
false negative blood urine
high specific gravity formalin captopil high nitrite concentration ascorbic acid unmixed specimen
lymphocytes erythrocytes bacteria renal tissue cells
le negative
albumin
major serum protein found in normal urine
Methenamine mandelate (mandelamine) & Fosfomycin tromethamine (Monurol)
medications that can cause acidic urine
gold-labeled antihuman albumin antibody-enzyme conjugate
micral-test
Protein determination
most indicative of renal disease
2,4-dichloroaniline diazonium salt
multistix reagent for bilirubin determination
Diisopropylbenzene dihydroperoxide and 3',3'',5',5''-tetramethylbenzidine
multistix reagent for blood determination
glucose oxidase peroxidase potassium iodide
multistix reagent for glucose test
p-Arsinilic acid tetrahydrobenzo(h)-quinolin-3-ol
multistix reagent for nitrite determination
poly(methyl vinyl ether/maleic anhydride) bromthymol blue
multistix reagent for specific gravity
false negative in nitrite
non-reductase-containing bacteria unsufficient contact time lack of urinary nitrate ascorbic acid high specific gravity antibiotic intake nitrite to nitrogen
Proteinuria
often associated with early renal disease
20%
acetoacetic acid
2%
acetone
Clinical proteinuria
30 mg/dl or greater (300 mg/dl)
3',3'',5',5''Tetrachlorophenol-3,4,5,6-tetrabromosulfonphthalein
Chemstrip reagent for protein determination