Clinical Path - chapter 2

Which statement would a nurse tell a client to best describe apoptosis?

"Apoptosis is the natural removal of injured or worn out cells."

A client who has donated a kidney to his son asks what will happen to his remaining kidney. What is the nurse's best response?

"Hypertrophy will occur as the kidney's workload increases."

A client with pulmonary hypertension has hypertrophy of the heart's right ventricle. Which explanation is appropriate to tell the client?

"The cells enlarge in your heart from the increased workload."

Which statement would a nurse tell a client that best describes a lab finding of metaplasia?

"This is a change in cell form as it adapts to increased work demands or threats to survival."

What is the name of the process during which cells use energy to move ions against an electrical or chemical gradient?

Active transport

A client tells the nurse about taking vitamin E and vitamin C daily to prevent the uncontrolled formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Which term describes the client's rationale for taking these supplements?

Antioxidants

What concept will the nurse need to explain to a client with cancer about the purpose and action of chemotherapy?

Apoptosis

What happens when a cell is confronted with a decrease in work demands?

Cell becomes smaller.

What happens as a cell's workload declines? Select all that apply.

Cell size decreases. Protein synthesis decreases. Oxygen consumption decreases

A client with gastroesophageal reflux disease has metaplasia. Which explanation is the cause?

Cells are replaced in response to chronic irritation

What are sources of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for aerobic metabolism? Select all that apply.

Creatine phosphate Glycogen Fatty acids

A nurse in the emergency department admits a male client who has experienced severe frostbite to his hands and toes after becoming lost on a ski hill. The nurse recognizes that which phenomena has contributed to his tissue damage?

Decreased blood flow has induced hypoxia.

The provider removes a cast from a teenager's arm. The client asks why the muscle in the arm is smaller than it was. The provider explains that this reduction is caused by which of the following?

Disuse

Which situation causes atrophy? Select all that apply.

Disuse Denervation Decreased blood flow

A client has experienced significant decreases in mobility and stamina during a 3-week hospital stay for the treatment of a femoral head fracture. Which phenomena most likely accounts for the client's decrease in muscle function?

Disuse atrophy of muscle cells during a prolonged period of immobility

A client has been diagnosed with a neurodegenerative disease called multiple sclerosis (MS). The physician explains to the client that this disease may be caused by dysregulated apoptosis. Later that day, the client asks the nurse what this means. The nurse should reply:

Dysregulated apoptosis has caused an excessive rate of programmed cell death along the neuro-pathways.

A client is admitted to the hospital with reports of severe fatigue, weight gain, and feeling cold all of the time. The client is suspected of having a diagnosis of hypothyroidism and will have several diagnostic tests performed. What type of glandular dysfunction does the nurse suspect this will be?

Endocrine gland

Most physiologic control systems function under positive feedback mechanisms. T or F

False

Select the statement that best describes apoptosis.

Highly selective in eliminating injured or aged cells

A client asks why her breasts are enlarged during pregnancy. Which explanation is the best answer?

Hyperplasia due to estrogen stimulation

The nurse is conducting a physical assessment of a homeless man during a night when the wind chill factor is -10°F (-23°C). When assessing the man's fingers and toes for frostbite, the nurse looks for which type of cellular injury?

Hypoxic

Which example best describes metaplasia?

In GERD, when esophageal cells change from a squamous epithelium cell type to a glandular cell type

Which situation causes hypertrophy?

Increase in workload

The nucleus is called the center of the cell because it has the ability to do which of the following?

It contains the DNA that is essential for protein synthesis to keep the cell alive

The living part of the cell found both inside and outside of the nucleus is called protoplasm. In addition to proteins, carbohydrates, electrolytes, and water, what other substance is found in protoplasm?

Lipids

Select the organelle that is responsible for the breakdown of excess and worn-out cell parts as well as foreign substances that are taken into the cell.

Lysosomes

Which cellular organelle transforms organic compounds into energy that is easily accessible to the cell?

Mitochondria

Which change exemplifies physiologic hypertrophy?

Muscle mass increase with exercise

What feedback system provides stability to the stress response?

Negative feedback mechanism

A school nurse is teaching a class on immunity. Which statement contains an accurate explanation about cellular defenses?

Neutrophils engulf invading organisms where lysosomes break them down

A school nurse is teaching a class on immunity. Which statement contains an accurate explanation about cellular defenses? You Selected:

Neutrophils engulf invading organisms where lysosomes break them down.

The cell membrane is also called what?

Plasma membrane

The Golgi complex, or Golgi bodies, consists of stacks of thin, flattened vesicles or sacs within the cell. These Golgi bodies are found near the nucleus and function in association with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). What is one purpose of the Golgi complex?

Receive proteins and other substances from the cell surface by a retrograde transport mechanism

What statement is true concerning the use of ATP [adenosine triphosphate] by skeletal muscles?

Skeletal muscles use ATP at a rapid rate during exercise

Ultimately, the inner mitochondrial membrane transports proteins for what purpose?

Synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

What determines the number of mitochondria in a given cell type?

The type of activity the cell performs.

Damage to cells resulting from frostbite is classified as which type of injury?

Thermal

Select the most important function of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER):

Tubular communication system

When cells use energy to move ions against an electrical or chemical gradient, the process is called

active transport

A nurse is caring for a client with a leg wound. When planning care for the client, the nurse considers that the injured cells have impaired flow of substances through the cell membrane as a result of:

altered permeability.

Increase in functional demand resulting in increased cell size is:

hypertrophy

The nurse explains to the hypertensive client that the increased workload required to pump ban elevated arterial pressure results in a progressive increase in left ventricular muscle mass. This is an example of:

hypertrophy

A client has developed heart failure. The doctor reviews the client's chest x-ray and notes that the heart has enlarged. The changes in the size and shape of the heart are the result of:

hypertrophy.

A nurse is assessing a client who is a bodybuilder. The nurse documents the increased size of the client's muscle as resulting from:

hypertrophy.

Phagocytosis is an example of which type of cellular function?

ingestion

The provider explains to the client, who smokes, that cells in the trachea are substituted with cells that are better able to survive. This process is known as:

metaplasia

Although the majority of cellular DNA exists in the cell nucleus, the part of the cell DNA from one's mother is located where?

mitochondria

Cell death associated with inflammation is known as:

necrosis

While reviewing the basic information related to hemodialysis, the nurse explains that water molecules move through adjacent phospholipid molecules in the cell membrane by:

osmosis

The physical therapist is evaluating a male client who has increased his muscle mass by exercising. The therapist understands this physiologic process is known as:

physiologic hypertrophy.

The nurse is aware of the importance of potassium and sodium for normal physiologic functions of a client. The rapid movement of potassium and sodium in actions is known as:

primary active transport.

The organelle responsible for synthesis of proteins by bound ribosomes is called:

rough endoplasmic reticulum