Clinical psych test 1
11) Briefly summarize three of the ways in which war has influenced the history of clinical psychology.
- The Wechsler-Bellevue intelligence test stemmed from Weschler's clinical experience in World War I. The test lead to multiple other widely used intelligence tests. -Veterans returned home from war with "shell shock", which caused the VA to request formalized training of clinical psychologists and a significant amount of funding for the field for adequate availability of training opportunities. -The Nazi presence in 1933 throughout eastern Europe forced out influential figures in clinical psychology like, Sigmund Freud which brought them to England and ultimately the United States.
13) Compare and contrast the categorical and dimensional approaches to diagnosis.
-The categorical approach to diagnosis is the view that an individual either does or does not have a certain disorder. The individual can be placed definitively in a yes or no category regarding a particular form of psychopathology. -The dimensional approach isn't a definitive yes or no category like the categorical, it places it more on a continuum where the client's symptom's fall. Psychologist's rate on a continuum, more of a shades of gray area type of decision. Both approaches attempt to diagnose in some capacity, but their criteria and rating systems differ completely.
2) What is the primary advantage of a structured clinical interview over an unstructured clinical interview? What is the primary advantage of an unstructured clinical interview over a structured clinical interview?
-The primary advantage of a structured clinical interview over an unstructured clinical interview would be the high reliability of structured interviews because of the diagnostic criteria and the diagnosis is solely based on DSM criteria with no subjective factors like the interviewer's potentially flawed judgment and inferences. -The primary advantage of an unstructured clinical interview over a structured clinical interview is that structured interviews don't take into account important factors like current issues going on in the client's life as well as their personal issues or any problems that fall below or between DSM diagnostic criteria.
4)What constitutes a dual/multiple relationship and why are they ethically inappropriate?
A multiple relationship occurs when a psychologist has both a professional and unprofessional relationship with a client and when a psychologist has a relationship with someone closely associated with or related to the person the psychologist knows in a professional manner. They are ethically inappropriate because they can impair they psychologist's objectivity, competence and effectiveness as a psychologist and can risk harm to the client.
8) Discuss two advantages and two disadvantages of evidence-based/manualized treatments.
An advantage to evidence based treatments is manualized treatments are distributed widely and used by clinical psychologists and their presence ensures that any potential detrimental psychologist will be educated in treatments that demonstrate effectiveness. Another advantage is that manualized treatments is it decreased reliance on clinical judgment which could be biased and flawed. When a psychologist is subjective and uses personal judgment, therapy decisions and outcomes are compromised. A disadvantage evidence based treatment is the threat it may present to the psychotherapy relationship, therapy manuals can focus on technique and not emphasize technique which is very important. When therapy seems too much by the book and mechanical, certain clients can be disserviced when this is the case and there's a lack of a human connection Another disadvantage is the debatable criteria used for empirical evidence. Many have argued that the current criteria are questionable and don't account for failed trials of a treatment. Others say the criteria are biased and in favor of more empirically oriented therapies.
7) Discuss two advantages and two disadvantages of obtaining prescription privileges.
An advantage to prescription privileges there is shortage of psychiatrists in many rural parts of the country, the underserved population would benefit from clinical psychologist's obainting prescription privileges. Another advantage is the clinical psychologist's often have more expertise in the mental health field as opposed to primary care physicians who usually do the prescribing. Clinical psychologist's could better diagnose problems correctly and subsequently, give effective medications. -A disadvantage to obtaining prescription privileges is the complexity of training issues and knowing when psychologists would receive training whether it be in graduate school, during an internship or a specialized training after their doctoral degree. -A disadvantage to obtaining prescription privileges is the potential influence of the pharmaceutical industry. Drug companies could attempt to increase profit by offering incentives like gifts, funding for research and the control of publication of research results. Clinical psychologist's who prescribe would inevitably be be targeted by the pharmaceutical industry and pressured into considering various other factors other than client welfare.
1) What are the key differences between the scientist-practitioner model (Boulder), the scholar-practitioner model (Vail/PsyD), and the clinical-scientist model. Be sure you compare and contrast all three models.
Boulder - scientist practitioner jointly emphasized both practice and research. Consists of application of clinical methods like assessment and psychotherapy as well the research methods used to study and evaluate the field scientifically. Vail model/practitioner scholar - consists of more knowledge and extensive training in the development of applied clinical skills and fewer related to research and statistics. The Clinical science model stresses the scientific side more than the boulder model It does not emphasize applied clinical skills as the Vail model does.
15) In the domain of personality assessment, explain how constructing a measure based on content validity is distinct from empirical criterion keying?
Content validity: for example, shyness: get expert opinion, looking theories, review literature, review facets of personality, develop questions based on how people would answer if they're shy - content validity is straightforward, may have face validity empirical criterion keying to construct a measure you have to start out with known groups (know their diagnostic status in advance) do they fall in the same population, you compare it all statistically, people who have the diagnosis answer one way and people who don't answer another way, may not have face validity (Amazon algorithm) ; content doesn't matter, results matter
9 )What is the primary difference between correlational methods and experimental methods (be sure to explain why it is a primary difference)?
Correlational studies do not identify variable as either independent or dependant, unlike experimental methods. A correlational study can conclude that one variable predicts or associates with another, it cannot conclude that one variable causes changes in another.
10) Discuss the three essential components of cultural competence for clinical psychologists. Skills, awareness, knowledge of different p 76
Cultural self-awareness is important so that you can understand your own culture and the assumptions, biases and values you've developed due to cultural influences. Knowledge of diverse cultures it's important for psychologists to have knowledge of their client's culture including: the groups history, current lifestyle, and major social and political issues Culturally appropriate clinical skills so develop suitable strategies for assessment and treatment. These treatments should be consistent with the client's life experience and values.
6)Compare and contrast fluid and crystallized abilities and give an example of how each might be assessed on a standardized test.
Fluid ability doesn't rely on any information from our culture or learned behavior, whereas crystallized is culturally bound and does rely on culture and context (asked to look at an incomplete matrix and has to select which portion fits from multiple choices provided) Crystallized abilities do rely on culture context and learned behavior from society. (a question asking how many cents is a quarter worth) (Both abilities require some sort of intelligence and can be assessed through standardized testing, but the intelligence is based on context and its application in the type of questions asked)
13) Explain the major differences between the APA Code of Ethics' General Principles and Ethical Standards.
General principles: beneficience and nonmaleficence, fidelity and responsiblity, integrity, justice, respect for people's rights and dignity and are aspirational and describe an ideal level of ethical functioning or how psychologists should try to conduct themselves. They don't outline specific definitions of ethical violations and more descriptions of exemplary ethical behavior. Ethical standards are rule based and do outline the ethical violations. Ethical standards are more specific than general principles and if a psychologist is found guilty, a standard has been violated.
5) What primary advantage do longitudinal research designs have over cross-sectional designs? Explain why it is an advantage.
Longitudinal have a primary advantage over cross sectional designs in that they have a unique ability to to evolve and change and evolve over time whereas cross-sectional designs do not. Longitudinal research has an advantage in determining whether the relationship of the two variables stays the same or changes over the time period of the experiment
3) Discuss the difference between test-retest reliability and interrater reliability. (research methods)
Test-retest reliability is the extent to which the assessment technique yields similar results across multiple administrators at different times. Whereas interrater reliability is the extent to which the assessment technique yields similar results across different administrators.
14) Explain the projective hypothesis and give an example of a projective test.
The projective hypothesis the assumption that people will project their personalities if presented with unstructured, ambiguous stimuli and an unrestricted opportunity to respond. The Rorschach Inkblot method is an example of a projective test.
12) Explain the distinction between treatment effectiveness and treatment efficacy in psychotherapy research. Why are both types of research important? Tie this in explicitly to the concepts of external and internal validity and why it is difficult to have high levels of both in any given research study.
effectiveness is the success of psychotherapy in actual clinical settings and various other hospital settings, how it works in the real world (DV), what happens out in the real world where there is comorbidity , people on med, non manualized treatments efficacy refers to the success of a particular therapy in a controlled study conducted with clients who were chosen according to particular study criteria. How well it works in the lab setting (IV) Threats to internal validity - alternative explanations, external events External validity - people with different comorbidity, problems generalizability of the results, Internal validity - changes in the independent variable (problems in history, maturation) changes in dependent variable are caused by what's happening in the study Decreased external validity when comorbidity is eliminated from study - study certain things in lab but doesn't necessarily reflect population, (when external goes down - like when you try to generalize results when you increase internal validity (why) by making changes base on comorbidity It has to go down, because of all the things you do in efficacy studies)
