Clinical Psychology Chapter 8-9, 11-14

Transtheoretical Model of Change

1. Precontemplation: The person does not perceive a health-related behavior as a problem and has not formed an intention to change. 2. Contemplation: The person is aware that a health-related behavior should be changed and is thinking about it. 3. Preparation: The person has formed a strong intention to change. 4. Action: The person is engaging in behavior change. 5. Maintenance: After behavior changes have begun, the person must continue performing and/or avoiding specified behaviors.

Projection

Attributing one's own negative motives and impulses to others When her husband forgot her birthday, Rachel's mother, Lena, perceives him as hurt and angry.

Neurosis

a psychologic condition in which anxiety is prominent

Correctional psychology

delivering psychological services to incarcerated criminals

minfulness

An important element of third-wave treatments that encourages observation and acceptance of one's current experience.

Analytical psychology: Carl jung

Humans are born not just with sexual and aggressive drives but also drives for creativity, growth-oriented resolution of conflicts, and the productive blending of basic impulses with real-world demands. Stressed ego collective unconscious, which he believed consists of culturally universal symbols.

Congruence

In person-centered therapy, a consistency between the way therapists feel and the way they act toward clients. Reflects the feelings of the client, shows the hardhsip. Give's possibilities of how it can be fixed. Shows genuine expression and understanding of his struggles and not capable to fix certain things in his life.

Consequence

Increased guilt, renew food plan

psychlogy

Learning/memory Attitudes/beliefs Personality Behaviours Emotions Coping sklls Past trauma

Biopsychosocial model

Model states that illness results from disruptions in 3 areas: Biological (physical illness) Psychological (stress) Social (socioeconomic status) how psychological conditions and behavioral processes are linked to illness and health.

Nonadherence

Nonadherence tends to be especially common in treatments that are complicated, unpleasant, and involve substantial lifestyle changes and long-term consequences. nonadherence appears to be miscommunication between physicians and patients. confused about what they should do or they forget what they have been told.

Psychodynamic and Humanistic

Not considered appropriate for children Play therapy—child's play is interpreted to reveal unconscious motivation and conflicts, attachment to caregivers, etc.

Informational Support

Provides information and suggestions. Providing useful knowledge about a medical question or advice on what to do.

Standardized Assessment

Standardized batteries: predetermined individual tests given to all patients Pros: No need for expert judgement on which test to use Good for research because can compare across participants/studies Cons: Can be inefficient (testing things not impaired)

Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)

Stressful or traumatic experiences, including abuse, neglect, and a range of household dysfunction, such as witnessing domestic violence or growing up with substance abuse, mental disorders, parental discord, or crime in the home. Those with 6+ ACEs had 20 years less life expectancy

Equipotentiality (Karl lashley)

The capacity of one area of the cortex to take over for the functions of a destroyed area.

Behavior Therapy

Token economy Simple reward systems Consistent, appropriate punishment

anterograde amnesia

an inability to form new memories

Echolalia (frontal)

automatic and immediate repetition of what others say

cognitive functioning

awareness with perception, reasoning, judgement, intuition, and memory. mathematical, planning, and visuospatial skills) and, language

reciprocal inhibition

cats that had been repeatedly shocked in a special cage. They learned to fear that cage, resisted being put in it, and refused to eat while there. the cats' fear by hand-feeding them in cages that were placed closer and closer to where. their anxiety had been learned, most animals showed greatly diminished emotional reactions when later placed in the previously feared cage.

vicarious conditioning

classical conditioning of a reflex response or emotion by watching the reaction of another person Bobo Doll

tachistoscope

device that controls the amount of time a subject is exposed to a visual image

social functioning

prejudice, social judgment, interpreting social cues, and personality traits

Phernology Galll and Spur

the detailed study of the shape and size of the cranium as a supposed indication of character and mental abilities. (myth)

psychology of litigation

the effects of various legal procedures used in civil or criminal trials

Phantom pain

the experience of pain that seems to be coming from a hand or other body part that has been amputated.

Cognitive behavior therapy

(CBT) combines the theories and techniques of behavior therapy with those of cognitive therapy. CBT models have also emphasized the importance of acceptance (as well as change), living a life consistent with one's values, and experiencing emotions fully. two major approaches share an emphasis on the empirical tradition in clinical psychology.

main goals of psychoanalytic treatment

(a) gain conscious and emotional insight into the underlying causes of their problems; (b) work through, or fully explore, the implications of those insights for everyday life; and (c) strengthen the ego's control over the id and the superego thereby bolster clients' mastery over their sources of conflict.

ASD, ADHD, and ODD/CD

(applied behavior analysis, behavioral classroom management, behavioral parent training, behavioral peer interventions) tend to be most efficacious an adult guides the peers to provide rewards for appropriate behavior. the focus of treatment is on training parents or teachers to set up and manage the reward contingencies

Split brain Research

- Split brain - patients born without a corpus collosum or have had it surgically removed -involves sending messages to only one side of the brain -demonstrates right and left brain specialization •A lot of the foundational information about the brain's hemispheres came from split brain research Prevents spread of seizures

ABA 4 R's of behavior change plans

1.Reduce the interfering behavior 2.Replace the interfering behavior 3.Reinforce the new appropriate behavior Respond to the interfering behavior

How common are they & what do they look like?

10-15% of criminal defendants each year! Structured interview asking about their understanding of the charges filed, understanding of the nature and range of possible criminal penalties if convicted, understanding the adversarial nature of the legal process, etc.

Physical and Sexual Abuse (legal definitions vary by state)

75-90% of child sexual abuse cases involve a perpetrator who is a family member or who is known to the family Ramifications of SA vary; more psychological harm when 1) SA was prolonged; 2) the perpetrator was a father or father figure; 3) the sexual contact was more intrusive; 4) there was coercion, physical force or threats; and 5) the child's disclosure wasn't believed

Unified Protocol

A CBT approach aimed at treating several disorders at once by addressing the common mechanisms maintaining all of them. (integrative therapies) Lazarus multimodal therapy; common principles of CBT present in all evidenced based protocols for specific emotional disorders (it is being evaluated right now as an integrative therapy), especially for anxiety and depression range of emotional disorders seeks to deal with several disorders at once

Insight

A client's conscious awareness of the underlying causes of psychological problems. Psychoanalysts offer emotional support as clients begin to discover their long-hidden unconscious impulses, fantasies, and conflicts.

Activity scheduling

A cognitive behavior therapy method that encourages depressed clients to increase the number of enjoyable activities in their life

Executive functions:

A complex collection of higher-order abilities that permit goal-directed behavior Organizing Inhibiting Shifting Planning Decisions Self-regulation Adapting to novel situations

Criminal Competence

A defendant is considered competent unless the defendant convinces the judge otherwise

Anosognosia

A patient's inability to realize that he or she is ill, which is caused by the illness itself.

Hostility

A pattern of suspiciousness, resentment, frequent anger, antagonism, and distrust. Type A people, wearing out chairs

Socratic questioning

A process in which the therapist asks the client questions to explore whether a client's cognitions seem reasonable and helpful.

Deviancy training (kid group therapy)

A process through which children in group treatment reward one another's' problematic behavior.

Forensic psychology

A specialty that applies psychological principles and knowledge to legal issues and proceedings.

Thought record

A structured form that guides the client to identify and then re-evaluate automatic thoughts that are associated with distress in order to generate more balanced thoughts.

Clinical child psychology

A subfield of clinical psychology focused on studying, assessing, treating, and preventing psychological disorders of children and adolescents. 20% of children are diagnosed with a behavioral, emotional ,or learning disorder

Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT)

A treatment whose goal is to help clients engage fully in the present and respond to situations in ways that are consistent with their values.

Guilty but mentally ill (GBMI)

A verdict in which a mentally disordered criminal is to be treated for the disorder while serving a prison sentence for the crime ◎1 in 100 criminal cases plea NGRI 25% successful ◉Not sane at time of crime but culpable for punishment

General Adaption Syndrome (GAS)

According to Selye, the mobilization of the body to ward off threats, characterized by a three-stage pattern of the alarm reaction, the resistance stage, and the exhaustion stage. The alarm reaction stage is the body's initial response to stress. This stage is also referred to as the fight-or-flight response. During this stage, the body's sympathetic nervous system is activated by the sudden release of hormones. Resistance The resistance stage is when your body tries to repair itself after the initial shock of stress. If the stressful situation is no longer present and you can overcome the stress, your heart and blood pressure will start to return to prestress levels during this stage. Exhaustion Prolonged or chronic stress leads to the last stage of exhaustion. Enduring stressors without relief drains your physical, emotional, and mental resources to the point where your body is no longer able to cope with stress.

internal frame of reference

Actual issues the subjective reality, or phenomenological field, according to which a person lives his or her life

Successful aging

An ability to maintain physical, psychological, and social health in the context of usual age-related changes.

Rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT)

An approach to cognitive therapy that directly attacks irrational beliefs that support psychological problems and teaches more rational ways of thinking. employs a more confrontational approach to cognitive therapy, proposing that psychological problems result from the irrational ideas people hold, which lead them to insist that their wishes must be met in order for them to be happy.

dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)

An integrated cognitive behavior and acceptance-based approach being used with borderline personality disorder and other treatment-resistant problems. Helps clients develop skills to manage unhelpful behavior; emphasizes the importance of building a life worth living through mindfulness, emotion regulation strategies, learning distress tolerance, and other skills.

internalized ageism

An internalization of negative cultural beliefs and stereotypes of elders and people in later life

Stimulus

Antecedant conditions signal to which an organism responds Food commerical

Repression

Anxiety-provoking thoughts and memories disappear into the unconscious ("motivated forgetting") Rachel has no recollection of the day when she was 6 and saw her father slap her mother during an argument.

Risk factor for illness

Anything that increases a person's chances of developing an illness Risk factors for CV? Smoking Diabetes High blood pressure High cholesterol Health psychologists have treatments for stopping smoking, promoting exercise, eating well environmental conditions such as genetic defects or exposure to toxic chemicals, poor sleep habits, and consumption of a high-fat, low-fiber diet have all been identified as risk factors for life-threatening illnesses low income, incarceration, and exposure to violent or otherwise stressful environments are sometimes referred to as social determinants of health.

Clinical child research and training

Appearance of specialized journals in clinical child psychology. Training programs in clinical child psychology.

Historical view of children

As miniature adults

Assessing Sanity

Assessments use a variety of tools: ◎Structured interview ◎History (medical, employment, education) ◎Defendants version of crime ◎History of mental health ◎MMPI-RF (now MMPI-3) ◎TAT ◎IQ test

Behavior rating scales

Because they are inexpensive, easy to administer, and usually reliable and valid for their intended purposes (Frick, Kamphaus, & Barry, 2009), behavior rating scales have become a standard part of almost all child assessment batteries. consist of a list of child behavior problems (e.g., fidgets, easily distracted, shy, starts fights).

Most common type of treatment for children and adolescents?

Behavioral Using behavior change plans Teaching parents to respond in line with behavioral principles Cognitive - behavioral Using the cognitive triad Address maladaptive thoughts, behaviors, and emotions

Denial

Being unable to recognize or acknowledge threatening experiences Despite drinking to excess nearly every day and recently losing his job, Rachel Jackson's father, James, will not recognize that he has a drinking problem.

distortions

Biased patterns of thinking about situations that often perpetuate rigid negative thinking.

Laterality

Both sides of the brain are involved in some extent to most psychological functions. However, different aspects of psychological functioning might be more dependent on one hemisphere over the other

Neuropsychological syndromes

Brain dysfunction that occurs over many brain regions, not just one lobe. They result in patterns of neuropsychology test results that are specific enough to make them diagnosable.

Localization with interaction

Brain regions have unique functions but also interact with each other via networks

Sublimation

Channeling the expression of unacceptable impulses into more socially acceptable activities As thoughts about leaving her husband become more frequent, Rachel's mother begins writing a romance novel about a happy couple's life on a tropical island.

depression and anxiety

Cognitive behavior, and interpersonal therapy approach The therapist is working directly with the child client to help the child change the beliefs, relationship dynamics, and behavior patterns that are sustaining the child's problems. Many of these techniques are similar to those used with adults who are anxious and/or depressed. So the therapist might help a child address his social anxiety by re-entering social situations he has been in

Cognitive Conceptualization

Cognitive conceptualization provides the framework for understanding the patient. What is the patient's diagnosis? Current problems? Dysfunctional thoughts? Trying to identify thoughts that are in some way biased or unhelpful how a person's thinking patterns influence the client's functioning at different levels.

Cancer

Confront the disease actively Cope effectively Develop supportive relationships Overcome side effects Conditioned nausea response to chemotherapy

Broca's area

Controls language expression - an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech.

Forensic psychologists can work in both:

Criminal law: acts on behalf of society as a whole (school shooting) Civil law: one party tries to get redress from a wrongful party (neighbor complaint)

aphasia

Disordered language abilities a person with Broca's aphasia may say, "Walk dog," meaning, "I will take the dog for a walk," or "book book two table," for "There are two books on the table." People with Broca's aphasia typically understand the speech of others fairly well

Resilience

Finding ways to increase protective factors so as to decrease the likelihood of developing emotional/behavioral problems in children at risk for those problems

Biological

Gender Physical illness Disability Genetic vulnerability Immune function Neurochemistry Stress reactivity Medication effects

How can Health Psychologists Help:

Health psychologists target: Psychological distress from pain Increase day to day functioning Develop strategies for dealing with pain Techniques: CBT, relaxation, biofeedback, ACT

Appraisal Support

Helps individuals to identify their own resources and coping abilities and expresses confidence in success. ex. Helping someone recognize (and not exaggerate) the magnitude of threat posed by a stressor and identifying the internal resources available to manage the threat.

DSM Child Behavior Conceptualizations

Internalizing factors Discomfort that may not be evident/disturbing factors to others Depression, anxiety, somatic issues Externalizing factors Aversive behavior to others in the child's environment Aggression, hyperactivity, delinquency

Behavioral experiment

Is targeted assumptions and cognitions An experiment designed to test automatic beliefs and assumptions through behavioral evidence.

Occipital Lobe Damage

Likely to affect some aspects of vision. Occipital lobe = visual processing and memory The most common problem caused by damage to this lobe is blindness in the opposite visual field However, some people still process a certain amount of visual information = blindsight

Pharamacology

Many child and adolescent clients are treated with prescription drugs in addition to, or instead of, psychotherapy. methylphenidate (Ritalin, Concerta, Metadate) and amphetamine (Adderall, Dexedrine, Vyvanse) preparations are prescribed routinely for ADHD.

Parietal Lobe Damage

May affect attention or awareness of spatial location. •This lobe integrates sensory info, including visual input from the occipital lobe •Helps to make a map of our world, which plays a role in •Awareness •Attention •Spatial location

Temporal Lobe Damage

May affect some aspects of understanding language, ability to perceive and recognize objects, or ability to form new memories. •While sensory information is integrated in the parietal lobe, it is analyzed in the temporal lobe •Major functions: •Memory formation/recall •Recognition of objects •Speech comprehension •Integration of emotion and incoming information •Thus, damage in this lobe can have various impacts on functioning Amnesia: Impairment in memory Visual agnosia: patients see objects but cannot recognize what they are •Can recognize the objects using other senses •Some patients can retain recognition of inanimate objects but not living things

Frontal Lobe Damage

May affect speaking, emotionality, and executive functions such as planning and impulse control. The frontal lobe receives input from almost all other parts of the brain and manages several executive functions

Unstructured interview

May be especially helpful for building rapport, and they are usually shorter than structured interviews. allow clinicians to ask questions that are relevant for diagnosis and treatment, but not related to specific symptoms of the disorder.

Acceptance and values

Mindfulness breathing, attentional control exercises, thought defusion, Bull's-eye exercise, identifying primary values, observing without judging, acceptance of situations, even unpleasant ones.

Confidentiality

Officially, parents or legal guardians are responsible for these young clients, so clinicians' ethical obligation to maintain confidentiality does not prohibit them from disclosing client information to the client's parents or guardians This may not create significant problems when the client is a young child, but it is a different story when clinicians work with older children, especially adolescents. If the clinician cannot promise to keep information secret from the client's parents, adolescents are likely to be wary of sharing any important information during assessment or treatment sessions.

reciprocal relationship

Parents and children can learn to adopt and rely on coercive, aversive control tactics that can lead to aggressiveness

Interparental conflict

Parents arguing leads to child emotional and behavioral problems If high levels of negative communication, kid blames themselves Kids are better off if parents divorce (as interparental conflict decreases) Divorce itself not shown to cause child problems; rather it is the interparental conflict

simultanagnosia

Patient:T, T, T, T ... lots of Ts. Examiner:Is there a big letter H? Patient: No

health psychology

Pay special attention to the role of stress on physical and mental health. how external stressors combine with internal variables such as coping strategies, cognitive habits, and perceived social support to affect vulnerability and resilience to illness. emerged in the 1970s as a specialty devoted to studying "psychological influences on how people stay healthy, why they become ill, and how they respond when they do get ill"

Emotional Support

Provides empathic listening and understanding a person's concerns. Demonstrating an understanding of how someone feels about stressful situations. I

Instrumental Support

Provides tangible assistance. Giving someone a ride to the doctor's office; helping with childcare or household responsibilities.

Rationalization

Providing socially appropriate, but untrue, explanations for one's undesirable behavior Rachel tells herself that she avoids fried foods because they don't taste good to her.

developmental psychopathology

Researchers working in this field focus on how adaptive and maladaptive patterns of behavior show themselves across childhood and adolescence and how they are influenced by an individual's developmental stage psychopathologists also study how children develop competencies as well as disorders. Their goal is to identify protective factors that prevent children who are at risk for disorders from developing them. One source of motivation comes from research showing that many childhood disorders carry lifelong consequences.

Behavioral observation

School observation systems focus primarily on classroom behavior, although playground behavior also may be monitored Discrepancy model: clinician will usually compare how a child client's classroom behavior compares with that of the child's classmates and use that information to decide whether the child's behavior differs from what is typical in that environment.. Compare IQ observe parent-child interactions in a clinic office or playroom

Treatment of older adults

Similar treatment settings and options Outpatient community centers, private practice, partial hospitalization facilities Individual, couples, family Variety of orientations Pharmacological treatments Preference for psychotherapy Older bodies may react strongly to psychotropic medication SSRIs and SNRIs may be safer

Social

Social supports Family background Cultural traditions Social/economicstatus Education

Health psychology's impact on the medical field

Studies are finding that up to 60% of all physician office visits are linked to emotional distress or behavioral dysfunction Physicians aren't always trained to deal with the emotions that accompany diseases

buffer against stress

The buffer model claims that social support enables people who face intense stressors to neutralize those stressors' harmful effects.

cognitive specificity hypothesis.

The idea that characteristic clusters of cognitive biases are associated with specific disorders This hypothesis can help clinicians to conceptualize and assess disorders, develop specific treatment methods, and explain elements of the treatment to clients cognitive therapists recognize that every client is different; the cognitive biases operating in a particular client do not depend entirely upon that client's diagnosed disorder. particularly interested in developing a detailed understanding of the triggers, associated emotions and behaviors,

Relational psychodynamic and postmodern psychotherapy

The interpersonal rather than intrapersonal contexts in which disorders appear. Importance of relationships with caretakers and exploration of the "intersubjective space" created jointly by client and therapist. stress the idea that a client's early relationships with caregivers serve as templates for later ones. So, in contrast to Freud's analysis of sexual and aggressive impulses and the intrapersonal (internal, intrapsychic) relations among a client's id, ego, and superego, relational theorists seek to understand the client's interpersonal relationships.

cognitive restructuring

The process of generating more balanced and helpful alternative ways of thinking.

perservation

The tendency to persevere in, or stick to, one thought or action for a long time.

Localization of function

The view that different psychological functions are controlled by different brain areas.

Globalist

Theorists who emphasize the interrelatedness of brain areas and who stress the holistic quality of brain functioning when neuropsychologists map the brain according to specific functions, they do so in a way that reflects both localizationist and globalist perspectives

intermediate beliefs

Thought to maintain psych problems. Arise from core beliefs, either as logical extensions, or as attempts to cope with a painful core belief. Attitudes, assumptions, and rules (e.g., "If I don't do BLANK others won't love me.")

Re-evaulating and replaced mad thoughts

To help clients overcome this tendency, cognitive therapists ask them to repeatedly practice re-evaluating the value of thoughts, images, assumptions, and beliefs that are tied to negative mood, and then to restructure the maladaptive cognitions. Thus,

Carl Rogers: person-centered therapy

Treatment that focuses on creating a client-therapist relationship characterized by unconditional positive regard, empathy, and congruence that allows clients to become aware of their true thoughts and feelings and thus remove blockages to their personal growth. The therapist guides the individual to self-understanding, self-acceptance. It is the therapist as a human being who is the remedy, not his technical skill It is a key aim of person-centered therapy, though, to help clients become clearly aware of the true thoughts and feelings and other experiences that conditions of worth may have suppressed. The therapist promotes this awareness not by digging into clients' unconscious or exploring their distant pasts, but by providing an interpersonal relationship in which clients can feel accepted and free to be honest—with the therapist and with themselves—about who they really are and how they really think and feel. actualizing tendency: "the directional trend which is evident in all organic and human life—the urge to expand, extend, develop, mature—the tendency to express and activate all the capacities of the organism"

Defense Mechanisms

Unconscious mental strategies are designed to keep anxiety-provoking material from reaching consciousness. mental processes that protect individuals from strong or stressful emotions and situations

HIV/AIDS

Unprotected sexual contact Needle sharing Safe sex, don't come in contact with blood, clean needle, ext..

developmental factors

Vital in understanding, diagnosing, and treating disorders in children and adolescents had begun to gain traction even before it appeared in the DSM.

Belief --> Consequence --> Activating event

When a highly charged emotional Consequence (C) follows a significant Activating Event (A), A may seem to but actually does not cause C. Instead, emotional Consequences are largely created by B—the individual's Belief System. When, therefore, an undesirable Consequence occurs, such as severe anxiety, this can usually be quickly traced to the person's irrational Beliefs, and when these Beliefs are effectively Disputed (at point D), by challenging them rationally, the disturbed Consequences disappear and eventually cease to reoccur.

Blindsight

a condition in which a person can respond to a visual stimulus without consciously experiencing it

exposure therapy (systematic desensitization)

a method of gradually exposing people to the object of their fear Habituation: Discover that the terrible outcomes they fear do not occur and that they can remain in a feared situation even when they are anxious.

Overlearning

a process of exposing oneself to even more extreme versions of the feared situation than one might ever encounter in daily life. Spilling a drink and tolerating it "If I can handle a spilled drink for 4 days, I can surely handle not disinfecting my counters five times a day."

Pikes Peak Model of Geropsychology

a set of competencies that professional geropsychologists are expected to have when working with older adults

clinical geropsychology

a specialty in professional psychology that applies the knowledge and methods of psychology to understanding and helping older person

Beck's Cognitive Therapy

a type of cognitive therapy, developed by Aaron Beck, in which the therapist works to develop a warm relationship with the person and has the person carefully consider the evidence for his or her beliefs in order to see the errors in his or her thinking oposed that depressed individuals show a characteristic pattern of negative perceptions and conclusions about three things: themselves, their world, and their future. cognitive triad, is central to the application of cognitive therapy to depression, anxiety disorders, personality disorders, substance use disorders, and several other problems they may draw conclusions about themselves on the basis of insufficient or irrelevant information, as when a woman believes she is worthless because she was not invited to a party.

CBT therapist

acts much like a scientist, developing hypotheses about how a client's problems fit together and about the key change mechanisms needed to help alleviate those problems, then gathering data to evaluate whether those hypotheses were correct, or whether the therapist and client need to try something new. Both kinds of therapists strive to be genuine and supportive, and often adopt a coaching stance toward the client—teaching skills, assigning homework, and being directive in setting an agenda for treatment sessions. CBT focus on helping clients change their thoughts and feelings, acceptance-oriented approaches recognize that we can also reduce distress by observing our experiences, even painful ones, without judging our reactions to them. , CBT clinicians sometimes use formal, standardized tests, especially if they are required to assign diagnoses, but their therapy-related assessments typically entail behavioral rating scales, questionnaires, and client self-assessments The "first wave" (behavior therapy) focused on observable behaviors and environmental events, and the "second wave" added cognitions to the mix. Not long after behavioral and cognitive therapies became integrated in CBT, there came a "third wave" of methods that emphasizes attention to and acceptance of emotional experiences, and clients' personal values.

adherence

adhering to treatment advice is important because some patients can end up worse than when they began if they fail to follow treatment regimens. Adherence can be affected by several factors, including the severity and chronicity of the disease, patients' age, the quality of the doctor-patient relationship, patients' perceptions of probable outcomes, and the type and complexity of treatment prescribed (a) educating patients about the importance of adherence so that they will take a more active role in maintaining their own health; (b) modifying treatment plans to make adherence easier; and (c) using behavioral and cognitive behavioral techniques such as self-monitoring, motivational interviewing, telephone calls, wristwatch alarms, emails, text messages, smartphone apps, and other environmental cues to prompt patients to take pills or perform other aspects of treatment plans

Risk factor

an experience or attribute that increases the likelihood of psychological problems in someone's life

Protective factor

an experience or attribute that lessens or eliminates the ramification of negative situations

retrograde amnesia

an inability to retrieve information from one's past

Alfred Binet

assessing children with brain damage. laid the foundation for neuropsychological assessment.

Role of Therapist (CT)

behaves like a compassionate, empathic scientist who tries to help clients (a) identify and evaluate the utility of the thoughts they hold about themselves and their experiences; and (b) consider whether alternate more balanced thoughts might be more helpful. supportive, productive, and collaborative therapeutic alliance. recognize the distress associated with the client's emotional experiences, but also that the client has an important role to play in treatment.

Pierre Flourens

believed no particular brain area was more important than any other for controlling a psychological function.

structured interviews

can take a long time (e.g., 1.5 to 2 hours) and may not do much to enhance rapport. For these reasons, some clinicians opt for semistructured interviews, which ideally combine the clinical sensitivity and flexibility of the unstructured interview with the higher diagnostic reliability of structured ones.

Young clients/ referral process

children's behavior is generally more malleable, and thus more subject to environmental influence than that of adults, whose behavior patterns have typically been well-established. children and adolescents have far less control over these things; sometimes they have no control. Younger children, especially, must live with the decisions that their parents make for them about things like day care or schools, food options, daily routines, and access to activities and other children as potential friends. Children rely on adults to obtain services Parents Teachers Guidance counselors The influence of environmental contexts on children's behavior must be taken into account when conducting clinical assessments with children. Officially, parents or legal guardians are responsible for these young clients, so clinicians' ethical obligation to maintain confidentiality does not prohibit them from disclosing client information to the client's parents or guardians

Forensic psychologist

clinical psychologists contribute to the legal system and to legal decision-making. Clinicians also become involved in civil actions, such as determinations about the role of stress or the extent of psychological damage following accidents or other events forensic clinical psychologists are commonly asked to perform activities such as psychological evaluations in child custody and divorce proceedings.

Law enforcement psychology

clinicians conduct research on the activities of the police

Adaptive coping strategies - how we deal with stress

cognitive, emotional, and behavioral efforts at modifying, tolerating, or eliminating stressors that threaten them

Non-compliance to medical treatment regimens

concerns about side effects, concerns about cost, forgetfulness

Developmental changes

developmental stages seen in children occur more quickly than in young, middle-aged, and older adults. These rapid changes mean that there can be dramatic differences in the behavior that children can be expected to display, even over a few short months. they need to know when infants, toddlers, children, and adolescents typically reach various developmental milestones, from crawling to talking to engaging in logical thinking. These milestones reflect physical, cognitive, emotional, and social development

amnesia

disorder of memory

collaborative empiricism

engage clients in active examination of the client's beliefs and assumptions, focusing especially on the client's negative emotional experiences and associated cognitive distortions. The therapist and client collaborate to assess problems, determine goals, test hypotheses, develop tasks, and measure progress It is a process of joint discovery about how thinking patterns may be contributing to problems and what new ways of thinking might be helpful; Use Socratic questioning and thought records, as well as role-playing, exercises, self-monitoring, and various other forms of homework. educate clients about the role of maladaptive thinking in determining emotions, behaviors, and a range of relationship and other experiences; (b) help clients learn to recognize when they engage in unhelpful thinking; and (c) teach

dense social support network

entails increased exposure to large numbers of other people, which increases one's exposure to communicable diseases. Social ties can also create conflicts if others' helping efforts leave the recipient feeling guilty, overly indebted, or dependent. loss of support from that network because of conflict, change in location, or other reasons can lead to social isolation and devastating psychological consequences.

Malingering:

exaggerate or feign a mental illness in order to achieve some type of gain

Erik Erikson

expanded the psychoanalytic model of development conflict to cover the entire life span

aprosodia

flat emotionless speech, change of tone

Sir William Osler

generally considered the founder of modern behavioral medicine because he maintained that psychological and emotional factors must be considered in order to understand and treat various diseases. symptoms of heart disease "are brought on by anger, worry, or sudden shock.

bio-psycho-socio-spiritual

geropsychologists take particular care to investigate and integrate their clients' long personal history and the developmental stages, transitions, and milestones that accompany it as they plan and deliver clinical assessment and treatment services. (e.g., sensory systems, chronic health conditions), in psychological characteristics (e.g., cognitive functioning, time orientation), in the social world (e.g., retirement, relocation), and in spirituality (a) high degree of interaction among physical health, mental health, social, and spiritual resources; (b) the distinction between typical aging and age-related disease and disability; and (c) the possibility for late-life resiliency versus pathology.

ASEBA (Achenbach system of empirically based assessment)

has strong psychometric properties, and converges well with other measures to distinguish between children with higher versus lower levels of behavior problems. Scale can be completed by teachers, parents, and child clients

prosopagnosia

he inability to recognize familiar faces, after suffering damage to the right hemisphere of his brain.

Psychoeducation

he process of socializing the client to the cognitive therapy model and treatment plan.

Core beliefs

held beliefs (typically about the self) that underlie automatic thoughts in many situations.

continuum technique

help clients recognize that their thinking is extreme and more self-critical than may be warranted.

direct-effect model

holds that social support is helpful regardless of whether stressful events are experienced because there is a general health benefit to being embedded in supportive relationships

hemineglect

ignoring the side of the body opposite to the damaged hemisphere

Echopraxia (frontal)

imitating another's actions

modularity

implies that different brain regions are unique in how they receive information, process that information, and then send the processed information to other brain regions widely dispersed network of modules, something like the many different circuit boards contained in a vast, complex computer.

Individualized Assessment

in which an opening round of tests is routinely given to every patient, but the choice of other tests is based on the results of the first set and is tailored to answer specific diagnostic questions that are of greatest interest. Pros: In-depth assessment of problems Use new tests as they roll out More focus on the patient's unique needs Cons: Testers must have extensive training in different assessments

apraxia

inability to perform particular purposive movements, as a result of brain damage. maybe unable to tie their shoelaces or button up a shirt. People with apraxia of speech find it challenging to talk and express themselves through speech.

For both children and adults, the clinical assessment process

is designed to serve a number of purposes, including arriving at a diagnosis, making treatment recommendations, predicting treatment outcomes, and evaluating the progress of therapy. Using standard scores allows the clinician to compare a given client to other children of the same age and gender. Second, because the environment influences children's behaviors so strongly, clinical assessments of children tend to be more comprehensive than those of adults. clinician must gather information from parents, teachers, and any other sources that can provide information about the child's behavior in all major life domains, including school, family, and peer group

motor functioning

learned skill movements, gross and fine motor skills,

life-span perspective

look at the psychological problems of older clients against the backdrop of a lifetime of development. helps geropsychologists to understand the impact of key events in their older clients' lives, how their lives have unfolded, and how it has been affected by historical contexts

emotional functioning

motivation, understanding, and expressing emotion. Anxiety, depression, euphoria

Clinical neuropsychologists

perform assessments and design interventions for patients who experience neurological dysfunction because of brain injury or illness. They also conduct research on both normal and abnormal brain functioning. Neuropsychologists are interested in a wide range of human abilities, including aspects of: A neuropsychologist's overall goal is to discover the pattern of impairments suggestive of brain damage/disease

palinopsia

persistence of visual image after object has been removed

Problem-focused coping

problem solving to address stressors Problem-focused coping was favored for stressors related to work Confronting, seeking social support, planful problem- solving Confronting "I stood my ground and fought for what I wanted." Seeking social support "I talked to someone to find out more about the situation." Planful problem-solving "I made a plan of action and I followed it."

Stressors

specific events or chronic pressures that place demands on a person or threaten the person's well-being Stress interferes with wound healing capacity Prolonged stress can suppress immune system, but short stress may enhance

Legal definition of competence:

sufficient present ability to consult with his lawyer with a reasonable degree of rational understanding, and whether he has a rational as well as a factual understanding of the proceedings against him".

Emotion-focused coping

targeting negative emotions caused by stressor emotion-focused coping was used more often when the stressors involved health. self-controlling, distancing, positive re-appraisal, accepting responsibility, escape/avoidance

Neuroplasticity

the ability of brain cells and networks to change some aspects of how they work Therapists can leverage this through behavioral exercises or physical stimulation

stress reaction

the body's response to a stressor

Comorbidity

the co-occurance of two or more disorders within the same person

Agnosia

the inability to recognize familiar objects. (pereptual recognization) "Can't recognize a object without smelling or using other senses:"

corpus callosum

the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them

Pain

the single most common physical symptom experienced by medical patients - opiod crisis

Behavioral medicine and health psychology

the study of how stress and other social, psychological, and biological factors come together to contribute to illness

Cognitive Triangle

thoughts, feelings, behavior

Gerotranscendence

transformation of an older adult's view of reality from a rational, social, individually focused, materialistic perspective to a more transcendent vision manifested by maturity, wisdom, spirituality, and a decreased emphasis on superficial relationships

A good child assessment will have:

uBehavior rating scales from multiple informants uClinical interviews uIntelligence testing uAchievement testing uStructured observations uAnd family functioning evaluations the test-retest and interrater reliabilities for these tests are often unacceptably low, or even unknown: Rorschach inkblot test, Thematic Apperception Test, Children's Apperception Test, House-Tree-Person technique clinicians continue to use projectives, often citing what they see as the tests' usefulness with children who have difficulty either in answering orally presented questions or providing quantitative data on behavioral rating scales

akinetic mutism

unresponsiveness to the environment; the patient makes no movement or sound but sometimes opens the eyes

Jean Piaget

was among the first to point out that young children are not miniature adults in their thinking, that they conceptualize the world in fundamentally different ways than adults do. traditional adult-oriented methods of classification, assessment, and intervention may not necessarily apply to childhood disorders.

Prevention of childhood disorders

will help Jamal be more receptive to his parents' guidance and wishes. Improving parent-child attachment in order to prevent a myriad of emotional/behavioral problems Educating parents and adolescents about interpersonal skills and cognitive strategies that can head off depression Educating parents and adolescents about interpersonal skills and cognitive strategies that can head off depression Large-scale anti-bullying programs that help students learn about the problem, develop more empathy for others, and develop strategies to help victims of bullying

Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery

•10 tests + personality (e.g., MMPI) and intelligence (e.g., WAIS) measures •Level compared to a normative group •Patterns •Left versus right hemispheric functioning •Pathognomonic signs, or deficits clearly indicative of a certain disorder

Right Hemisphere Damage

•Also plays a role in perception and processing nonverbal information, but lacks direct access to the systems for speech •Still important for social communication, as it can pick up on body language and other social cues •Damage in this hemisphere may therefore cause deficits in judging situations appropriately and relating to others

Goals of neuropsychological assessment and PRACTICE

•Identify a patient's deficits (poor task performance relative to pre-morbid functioning or norming groups) Determine whether deficits are associated with brain damage Create an educated guess about the location of the damage and its cause Provide treatment recommendations for the patient's deficits

Maladaptive core beliefs

•Infleunce our perception, interpretation, and response to events. Represent underlying perception of view of self, others, the world (e.g., "I'm unlovable")

Neuropsychology

•Involves human patients •Concerned with an individual patients' cognition/functioning •Uses tests to understand relationships between brain and behavior testing of a person's mental abilities and psychological functions, they can learn whether or not the person shows a pattern of impairments suggestive of brain damage, neuropsychological assessments consider the entire person, including social and family background, personality dynamics, and emotional reactions to possible brain dysfunction. help formulate a regimen for rehabilitation and recovery from the effects of brain damage. how brain operations control such processes and how this control breaks down due to brain dysfunction

Neuroscience

•Involves humans and animals •Concerned with the biological underpinnings of behavior, cognition, and emotion •Uses neuroimaging tools to examine brain-behavior relationships

Contingency Management

•Operant conditioning principles are used to promote adaptive behaviors by rewarding desirable actions- or, less frequently punishing undesirable ones. (i.e., the delivery of the reward (or punishment) is contingent on the client's behavior. E.g., token economies

Left Hemisphere Damage

•This hemisphere specializes in speech production and language processing (*in right-handed people) •Damage in this hemisphere may therefore cause deficits in speech and language comprehension

Not guilty by reason of insanity (NGRI)

○A verdict that, at the time of a crime, a defendant was suffering a mental disorder and either did not realize the wrongfulness of the act or was unable to conform to the law To establish a defense of the founds of insanity, it must be clearly proved that, at the time of committing the act, the accused was laboring under such a defect of reason, from disease of the mind, as not to know the nature and quality of the act he was doing, or if he did know it, that he did not know what he was doing (was) wrong the Judge or Jury can rule NGRI Expert witnesses can testify with facts, but they don't decide NGRI Can have more than one expert testify ◎1 in 100 criminal cases plea NGRI 25% successful

How they help

◎Is this person competent to stand trial? ◎Is this person a threat to society? ◎Is this parent a fit guardian? ◎Who should take custody of the child in a divorce? ◎Can this person plead guilty due to insanity?

Who is found competent to stand to trial

◎Unemployed ◎Long history with a psychotic disorder, and/or psychiatric hospitalization Serious Mental Illness (e.g., schizophrenia) So what happens? Charges could be dropped Require treatment After treatment, re-evaluate

Free association

Saying whatever comes to mind, without censorship, to provide clues to unconscious memories, impulses and fantasies Psychoanalysis shifted from recovery of memories to the broader exploration of the unconscious(thoughts including wishes, fantasies, sexual desires)

Lena treatment

(a) historical data such as family and developmental history (to identify information related to early conflicts or trauma); (b) mental status, level of distress, ego strengths and deficits, and "psychological mindedness" (to assess intellectual and emotional ability to engage in psychoanalytic treatment); and (c) defense mechanisms, themes, or patterns of attachment difficulties in interpersonal relationships (to identify transference patterns). She must say everything that comes to her mind without editing or censoring it. This free association process is crucial because, as we mentioned earlier, Freud believed that it helps clients to recover memories and reveal unconscious impulses and fantasies that eventually lead to useful insights. This process does not usually occur quickly. It is far more common that the unconscious sources of a client's current problems are revealed only gradually and indirectly in the form of memories, feelings, wishes, and impressions arising through patterns of free association.

flooding therapy

A behavioral treatment for phobias that involves prolonged exposure to a feared stimulus, thereby providing maximal opportunity for the conditioned fear response to be extinguished. Low fear to high fear

Behavioral Activation:

A behavioral treatment method to help clients engage more often in behaviors that will provide reinforcement from the environment. •Commonly use in the treatment of depression

Behavior therapy

A collection of learning-based treatment techniques that includes exposure therapies, behavioral activation, and contingency management Are designed to help clients learn to change their problematic behavior and/or the environmental circumstances that support The behavior therapist's task is to help clients learn how to modify problematic behaviors and/or learn new and more adaptive alternatives. depressed people often find few activities rewarding and exhibit a pattern of withdrawal and increased time spent in bed. A therapist using behavioral activation techniques would encourage such clients to plan new activities that would provide more reinforcement.

Transferance

A process in which a client's typical relationship patterns and defense mechanisms appear in the therapy relationship. When clients expressed dependency, hostility, or even love toward him, Freud saw these behaviors and emotions as reflecting an unconscious process in which childhood feelings and conflicts about parents and other significant people were being transferred to the therapist. If a client is having aggressive impulses, they may begin to feel that the therapist is aggressive or punitive

Resistance

A process in which clients behave in ways that interfere with the psychoanalytic treatment process. When clients behave in ways that interfere with the analytic process, it is considered a sign of resistance against achieving insight.

Response costs

A punishment contingency involving the loss of a reward or privilege following some undesirable behavior.

progressive relaxation training (PRT)

A set of muscle tension and release procedures designed to create feelings of relaxation that are incompatible with anxiety. having the client achieve deep relaxation and then imagine the least threatening situation on the anxiety hierarchy. If anxiety occurred, the imaginal exposure was paused until the client regained relaxation. This pairing of the imagined feared event and relaxation was repeated until the feared situation no longer created distress, at which point the client would imagine the next item in the hierarchy.

Aversion conditioning and punishment

A set of techniques that employ painful or unpleasant stimuli to decrease unwanted behaviors. An aversive stimulus (e.g., mild electric shock) is associated with a stimulus (e.g., alcohol) that currently produces a pleasurable but problematic response (e.g., drunkenness). A problematic response, such as drinking, is immediately followed by a shock or other unpleasant stimulus.

interpersonal psychotherapy

A time-limited treatment that focuses on resolving the interpersonal problems that underlie psychological problems such as depression. Involves Harry Stack a) the loss of a loved one; (b) ongoing conflicts with family members, friends, or coworkers; (c) major life changes (e.g., becoming a parent, divorcing, retirement) that result in a social role transition; or (d) not having enough significant interpersonal relationships. therapist encourages the client to work on resolving the most significant of these problematic interpersonal circumstances. Treatment sessions focus on discussions of the links between interpersonal problems and distressing symptoms, and can also involve role-playing that allows clients to practice new ways of interacting in a relationship and to carefully analyze past communication patterns. IPT is beneficial not only in the treatment of the acute (i.e., current, clinically significant) symptoms of depression, but also for keeping less severe depressive symptoms from becoming acute and for preventing the reappearance of depression following the end of a depressive episode.

Cognitive Therapy

A treatment approach that aims at identifying, evaluating, and changing clients' maladaptive cognitions. (a) in addition to events themselves, our interpretations of events have a big impact on how we feel; (b) our interpretations can vary in how accurate and helpful they are; (c) we tend to develop patterns or cognitive styles, such that we exhibit a bias in our thinking across many situations on negative aspects of situations or judging situations in extreme, either-or terms);

Reaction formation

Adopting thoughts and behaviors that are the opposite of one's own James Jackson had long hated the boss who eventually fired him, but he always went out of his way to defend the boss against criticism by other employees.

external frame of reference

Untrue issue observe the client from the outside and apply their values or psychological theories to what the client says

Response

Avoidance of food, ends up binging

Behavior therapist

Behavior therapists are especially likely to use structured interviews and objectively scored, quantitative assessment methods, such as behavioral rating forms. establish the precise nature of a client's problems and also provide an empirical baseline level of maladaptive behavior. As therapy progresses, the same measures may be administered again to assess and document client progress they believe that their therapy methods should be guided by the results of empirical research on learning. value on the evaluation of treatment techniques. Behavior therapists are particularly likely to employ assessment instruments and treatment techniques whose efficacy has been established by the results of controlled research. Therapeutic benefits occur when clients make changes in their environments (e.g., by reducing exposure to triggers), internal responses (e.g., by learning relaxation to lower levels of arousal), and overt behaviors (e.g., by practicing conversational skills and reducing avoidance of feared situations).

existential therapy

Use a combination of psychodynamic and person-centered methods to help clients in their potentially frightening search for the meaning of their lives. Accepting the fact

Catharic Method

Breuer discovered that if, while in this hypnotic-like state, Anna was asked to describe the details of her hallucinations, during the following late-night hours she would enjoy a period of almost normal tranquility and mental clarity. Anna came to refer to the process of describing the hallucinations as talking cure or chimney sweeping

Biofeedback

Clients are provided direct feedback about their recorded physiological responses (e.g., heart rate, blood pressure, muscle tension) to help them learn how to regulate these responses.

Token economies

Clients are reinforced with tokens that act as currency to purchase desired rewards (e.g., snacks, television time) when they perform designated behaviors.

Intellectualization

Dealing with upsetting experiences in an overly logical manner, usually with reference to some non-emotional explanatory theory or scientific principle Asked by a family therapist to describe life since he lost his job, James Jackson says that he has been learning a lot about the macroeconomic theories that led to his company's decision to downsize the department where he worked.

Compensation

Coping with feelings of inferiority in one area by working to become superior in another area Rachel's younger sister, Janelle, has never been accepted by the "popular" group at school, but has become a standout player on the basketball team.

Displacement

Directing pent-up impulses toward a safer substitute rather than the target that aroused the impulses Angry and embarrassed after being teased about her weight by one of her new friends, Rachel screams at her mother for asking her to set the dinner table.

Humanistic psychotherapy

Emphasizes conscious awareness rather than unconscious conflict. See their clients as creative beings, capable of psychological growth, and who, if all goes well, consciously guide their behavior toward realization of their fullest potential as unique individuals. Positive psychology movement that is so prevalent today, humanistic therapists focus on amplifying clients' strengths rather than just addressing their problems.

functional analysis

Gathering information about the personal and environmental factors that trigger and support a client's adaptive and maladaptive behaviors. an assessment that focuses on the stimulus, organism, response, and consequences of the behavior (SORC) examines four key areas: stimulus, organism, response, and consequence Antecedent, behavior, consequence Argument with Lena. Meet friend at a local bar, drink 6 beers. Forget for a while about marital problems and unemployment. Was hungover so didn't look for a job the next day, wasted more

Emotion-focused therapy

Use a supportive therapeutic relationship and a combination of directive and nondirective methods to help clients to become aware of and modify emotions associated with their personal and/or interpersonal problems.

Short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy

Focus on a current crisis or problem; quickly form a therapeutic alliance and encourage clients to adopt coping strategies to deal with specific problems within specific domains. emphasizes pragmatic goals that are achievable in relatively few sessions, typically no more than 20. They encourage clients to focus immediately on the specifics of their problems, challenge them to recognize and abandon defenses that have been perpetuating those problems and, if necessary, create a "head-on collision" in which they point out that the client's resistance to self-examination will make significant improvement impossible.

Ego psychology: Anna Freud

Focus on current problems; bolsteringadaptive ego functioning and establishment of firm identity and intimacy.

Psychoanalysis

Freud's theory that links personality characteristics and psychological disorders to unconscious conflicts stemming from early childhood relationships and to psychological defenses against the anxiety created by those conflicts. therapists look for signs of conflicts and defenses in clients' behavior, including reactions to the therapist that reflect early relationships with their parents. Focusing on transference of previous relationship patterns onto the therapeutic relationship helps psychoanalytic therapists interpret the meaning of their clients' maladaptive behaviors and better understand the unconscious factors that motivate them. developed to treat Hysterics or neurotics (Included paralysis, amnesia, blindness, numbness, inability to speak Slide Ex. whenever he could induce Anna to recall unpleasant memories, and she could express the emotions they caused her to disappear, her symptoms remitted

Herbert "Harry" Stack Sullivan

He believed that people develop their personality through interpersonal relationships. Sullivan believed that therapists should use their observations of the client's current and past interpersonal relationships to clarify for them how their typical cognitions and behaviors create what he called problems in living Central to this trend is the idea that no objective authority can judge whether one view of reality is "correct,

unconditional positive regard

In person-centered therapy, the therapist attitude that expresses caring for and acceptance of the client as a valued person. The ideal form of unconditional positive regard is nonpossessive caring, in which genuine positive feelings are expressed in a way that makes clients feel valued but still free to be themselves, not obligated to try to please the therapist. The therapist's willingness to listen is an important aspect of unconditional positive regard. Empathetic understanding: To understand a client's behavior and help them understand. (Repeat what they say) the therapist's attempt to appreciate how the world looks from the client's point of view.

Orangism

Internal physiologial, responses, emotions, and cognitions Hunger, worry about being fat

Object relations

Modifying mental representations of interpersonal relationships that stem from early attachments; using thenurturing therapeutic relationship to support change. believe that most of the problems that bring clients to treatment stem from the nature of their earliest social relationships, especially their pattern of emotional attachment to their mothers or other caregivers

Contingency management

Operant conditioning principles are used to promote adaptive behavior by rewarding desirable actions—or, less frequently, punishing undesirable ones. The delivery of reward (or punishment) is contingent on the client's behavior.

Regression

Retreating to coping strategies characteristic of earlier stages of development Rachel's 12-year-old brother Jamal asks his mother to lay out his school clothes for him, and tuck him in and read to him before bed "like you used to."

Incongruence

Rogers said that children who develop under conditions of worth begin to adopt thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that reflect a socially approved, ideal self-concept rather than their genuine, real self-concept. Distorts real feelings, the more they do so, the more incongruent. Severely distorts their true feelings

Social skills training

Some psychological disorders may develop partly because people lack the social skills necessary to establish and maintain satisfying interpersonal relationships and other social reinforcers. Social skills training encompasses many techniques, depending on the nature of the difficulties, from teaching people how to shake hands and make eye contact to ordering food in a restaurant and engaging in casual conversations.

Individual psychology: Alfred Adler

Striving to overcome feelings of inferiority; importance of social motives and social behavior. Neo-Freudian; introduced concept of "inferiority complex" and stressed the importance of birth order The development of personality and disorder comes not from id impulses but from an innate desire to overcome infantile feelings of helplessness and to gain some control over the environment. innate desire to overcome infantile feelings of helplessness and to gain some control over the environment. Adlerians interpret behavior to promote insight into the client's current lifestyle. Adlerian therapists use modeling, homework assignments, and other techniques to help clients become aware of their lifestyle and to prompt them to change.

Hysterics/Neurotics

attempted to treat patients in his medical practice who displayed paralysis, amnesia, blindness, numbness, inability to speak, and other physical symptoms for which no physical cause could be found. standard treatments included wet packs and baths

Theoretical Foundations

The key assumption underlying behavioral approaches to therapy is that the behaviors seen in psychological problems develop through the same laws of learning

Transference neurosis

The reenactment of the causes of the client's problems within the therapy relationship. This reproduction of early unconscious conflicts, and the psychological and physical reactions associated with them, allows the analyst to deal with important problems from the past as they occur in the present.

Freudian slips

Unexpected verbal associations are presumed to be psychologically meaningful, as are mental images, failures of memory, and a variety of other experiences. If a client suddenly remembers something that seems trivial or unrelated to the topic of discussion during a therapy session (e.g., a family vacation taken when he was 6, or the color of her mother's favorite dress), the therapist will probably assume that there is a significant reason that this material "popped into" the client's head. By asking the client to elaborate on, rather than ignore the material, the therapist looks for clues that might reveal an unconscious meaning behind the connection. believed that associations among memories, impressions, and experiences in a client's mind are not random, but are determined by underlying unconscious processes.

Automatic thoughts

Thoughts or images that come to mind involuntarily and often maintain negative mood or promote unhealthy behaviors.

interoceptive exposure

To help these clients learn that they can tolerate these uncomfortable but not dangerous feelings, they are assigned to create interoceptive exposures in which they spend a minute or so engaging in exercises to make their heart race or to bring on feelings of dizziness. The goal is to help the client gain mastery and control in feared situations, thus providing a greater sense of self-efficacy, or confidence in their ability to manage their fears.

Gesalt therapy

Use active methods, such as a focus on the immediate present, role-playing, internal dialogues, attention to nonverbal messages, and the empty chair technique to help clients identify the interpersonal games they play, reject phony aspects of themselves, and get in touch with their true thoughts and feelings. aims at enhancing clients' self-awareness to free them to grow in their own consciously guided ways They write—but do not send—a letter in which they express important but previously unspoken feelings. Gestalt therapists pay special attention to what clients do as they speak, especially when information from this nonverbal channel seems to contradict the client's words. Gestalt therapists use many other methods to promote self-exploration. To help clients give up their maladaptive interpersonal roles and games, for example, Perls deliberately set out to frustrate their efforts to interact with him as they do with others. Role-playing

motivational interviewing

Use reflection and other aspects of person-centered therapy but in a more directive way that actively encourages clients to make decisions about how to solve their problems.

psychodynamic psychotherapy

Variations on psychoanalytic treatment departed significantly from the principles and methods of Freud's original theories. Emphasize more positive aspects of personality, especially the role of the ego in motivating psychological growth, and not just resolving intrapsychic conflicts. Second, while emphasizing the importance of early relationships with the mother or other caregivers, the theorists who developed these treatments did not see those relationships

Sigmund Freud

Viennese neurologist who founded the psychodynamic approach to psychology. He described mental life as occurring partly at a conscious level of full awareness; partly at a preconscious level, about which we can become aware by shifting our attention, and partly and most importantly, at an unconscious level, which we cannot experience without the use of special therapy techniques.

operant conditioning

When certain behaviors are strengthened or weakened by the rewards or punishments These avoidance or escape behaviors are reinforced by the rewarding sense of relief and anxiety reduction

Countertransference

When therapists' reactions toward clients are based on the therapist's personal history and conflicts can impair the progress of therapy if therapists begin to distort the therapeutic interaction on the basis of their own conflicts and defenses.

stimulus generalization

When two situations are similar enough that they elicit the same response Another way of saying this is that the person does not psychologically discriminate (i.e., recognize a difference)

Pierre Paul Broca

a French physician and anatomist who had pioneered research on the idea that different parts of the brain serve different functions.

Cognitive appraisal

a cognitive response that shapes our emotions and behavioral responses to that event. Interpretation of an event

Behavioral activation

behavioral therapy for depression in which the clinician helps the client identify activities associated with positive mood

Classical conditioning

ccurs when a neutral stimulus (such as a musical tone) comes just before or otherwise signals the arrival of another stimulus (such as a pin-prick) that automatically triggers a reflexive response Altoid is given each time a sound is heard

negative attributional style

depressed people appear to explain negative events in a way that is most damaging to their self-esteem and sense of hope a negative event occurs, depressed people are more likely than nondepressed people to attribute the cause of the event to factors that are internal to themselves,

Negative schema

driven thoughts can be activated so quickly that we may not be consciously aware of having them or of their influence on us, "She only asked because she feels sorry for me or because she feels obligated—she really doesn't want to have lunch with me.

assertiveness training

especially valuable for use with adults whose inability to effectively express their needs and wishes leads to resentment, aggression, or depression. teach clients how to express themselves appropriately if they do not already have the skills to do so, and eliminate cognitive obstacles to clear self-expression.

behavior change

is targeting mood and behaviors Example: teaching a puppy to stop peeing in the house

vivo exposure

meaning that the client actually enters the feared situation, but gradual exposure can also be imaginal, meaning that the client either imagines increasingly frightening stimuli, or is exposed to them using virtual reality technology

Types of Operant Conditioning

positive reinforcement: kid gets dessert for eating all their vegetables - kid eats vegetables more often (++/+) negative reinforcement: Kid doesn't get dessert for not eating vegetables - kid eats vegetables more often (-/+) Positive punishment: Kid gets scolded for not eating vegetables - kid leaves vegetables untouched less often (--/+) negative punishment: Kid doesn't get dessert for not eating vegetables - kid "does not" eat vegetables less often (-/+)

Attributions

refer to the causal explanations we assign,

interpretations

reflect the meanings we assign when there is some ambiguity about what is occurring.

ego

reflects how we would ideally like to be and which rewards us with pride when we do things that are morally right.

Schema

the organized knowledge structures or associations in memory that influence how we anticipate, perceive, interpret, and recall information. after a few trips, the child will have constructed a fairly detailed understanding that involves knowledge of the setting and of the normal sequences of events and actions that take place there (returning books, finding new books, checking out books, and so on).

Role of therapist: analytic incognito

someone whose personal identity is unknown—they reveal little or nothing about themselves during the course of psychotherapy. The therapist remains purposely opaque, much like a blank wall, so that clients can be free to project onto the therapist the attributes and motives that are unconsciously associated with parents and other important people in their lives.

superego

the part of the personality that incorporates social and behavioral norms from our parents, family, and culture. The superego contains both our conscience, which punishes us with guilt when we do things that are morally wrong seeks to inhibit those impulses and dictate more socially appropriate behavior. tries to mediate between the conflicting demands of the id and superego while also recognizing and responding to external realities.

id

the source of our most fundamental biological drives, especially sexual/sensual and aggressive ones. seeks to discharge tension by expressing sexual or aggressive impulses claimed that by the age of 3 or 4 years, children come to desire their opposite-sex parent and want to eliminate their same-sex parent, who is seen as a rival for the opposite-sex parent's affection.

Latent content

the unconscious ideas, fantasies, and impulses that may appear in disguised form.

Response Prevention

to see that nothing bad happens when compulsion isn't exercised

Topographical model of the mind

unconscious, to preconscious, to conscious In Freud's system, those forces are represented as the id, the ego, and the superego. When they are in severe and prolonged conflict, he said, the result is neurosis.

Habit reversal

used to treat repetitive disorders, such as trichotillomania (hair-pulling), and involve recognizing an urge or early sign of the problem behavior, and replacing that behavior with a more benign alternative behavior.