Clinical Research Rutgers Practice

In which citation style is the first article cited referred to a reference number any time it is cited in the manuscript? A. AMA style B. APA style C. MLA style D. ICMJE style

AMA style

A paragraph-length summary of an article, chapter, or book is known as a(n)? A. Abstract B. Summary C. Review D. Database

Abstract

The _________________ is the summary of the article. A. Introduction section B. Methods section C. Abstract D. Discussion section

Abstract

What section of the manuscript is used to thank individuals who did not earn coauthorship but who benefitted the study with their contributions? A. Title page B. Introduction C. Abstract D. Acknowledgments

Acknowledgments

At what point should the researcher identify three or more specific objectives that stem from the main study goal? A. Prior to the literature review B. After completion of the abstract C. After finalizing the overarching study goal D. Prior to development of a conceptual model

After finalizing the overarching study goal

Which of the following uses computers to simulate the actions and interactions of various individuals in a population? A. Machine learning B. Agent-based modeling C. Spatial analysis D. Logistic regression

Agent-based modeling

Which of the following models can assist with developing and testing new theories as well as with understanding complex data? A. SIR models B. Agent-based models C. Deterministic models D. Stochastic models

Agent-based models

Which statement about review articles is FALSE? A. A well written review article often becomes a foundation for new research B. Review articles are often cited more often than reports of individual studies C. All journals publish review articles D. A good review requires meticulous library work

All journals publish review articles

A ___________ should provide enough information so that it can be independently interpreted and understood even in the absence of the text. A. Table B. Figure C. Graph D. All of the above

All of the above

In a few scientific subspecialties, which of the following is considered to be equivalent to peer-reviewed journals? A. Abstracts B. Oral presentations C. Conference papers D. Poster presentations

Conference papers

A _____________ is a statistical estimate of how close to the population value a sample of a particular size is expected to be. A. Confidence interval B. Relative risk C. Odds ratio D. None of the above

Confidence interval

Which of the following is a statistical estimate of how close to the population value a sample of a particular size is expected to be? A. Chi-square statistic B. Confidence interval C. Study power D. p-Value

Confidence interval

On a scatterplot used to illustrate correlation, when the points are not exactly linear but a line for trend can be drawn through them, the correlation is said to be which of the following? A. Strong B. Moderate C. Weak D. Nonexistent

Moderate

Which of the following should provide enough information in the title, figure, and/or legend or key for a reader to be able to interpret it without reading the related portion of the text? A. Tables B. Graphs C. Maps D. Flowcharts

Graphs

Which is a good starting point when selecting a research topic? A. Having a brainstorming session B. Refining research areas of interest C. Compiling a list of key words D. Both A and C

Having a brainstorming session

When participants in an experimental study change their behavior for the better, this is known as? A. Masking B. Blinding C. Equipoise D. Hawthorne effect

Hawthorne effect

Which of the following applies advanced techniques from information science and computer science to the compilation and analysis of health data? A. Health informatics B. Bioinformatics C. Clinical informatics D. Public health informatics

Health informatics

Which of the following is NOT an example of an examination a clinician can conduct to examine many health states that machines are unable to assess well? A. Breath sounds and other respiratory functions B. Heart sounds C. Heart rate D. The condition of the skin, hair, and nails

Heart rate

Recording responses to open-ended questions verbatim without rephrasing, paraphrasing, "correcting," or interpreting them is an example of what type of characteristic of well-trained interviewers? A. Honest B. Careful C. Impartial D. Consistent

Honest

Population-based studies are typically conducted using: A. Human subjects B. Animals C. Research facilities D. None of the above

Human Subjects

Which of the following is defined as the percentage of members of a population who die of any condition during a specified time period? A. Morbidity rate B. Mortality rate C. Case fatality rate D. Proportionate mortality rate

Mortality rate

The researcher who will do the majority of the work is defined as which of the following? A. Primary investigator B. Lead researcher C. Statistical consultant D. Mentor

Lead researcher

Which of the following points toward the selection of key indicators that would provide evidence for the success of the intervention? A. Brainstorming B. Concept mapping C. PICOT D. Practical questions

PICOT

A benefit of which of the following is that it helps ensure that the article being cited has been understood? A. Quoting B. Referencing C. Paraphrasing D. Plagiarism

Paraphrasing

What type of table is used in case-control studies to compare two dichotomous (yes/no) variables? A. Crosstab B. Bar histogram C. Contingency table D. Two-by-two (2x2) table

Two-by-two (2x2) table

In comparative statistics, what type of error occurs when a test indicates a significant difference between two or more populations even though the null hypothesis is true? A. Type 1 error B. Type 2 error C. Type 3 error D. Type 4 error

Type 1 error

What type of error occurs when a study population yields a significant statistical test result even though a significant difference or association does not actually exist in the source population? A. Type 1 error B. Type 2 error C. Type 3 error D. Type 4 error

Type 1 error

An error that occurs when a study population yields a significant statistical test result when one does not exist in the source population is known as: A. Type I error B. Type II error C. Type A error D. None of the above

Type I error

An error that occurs when a statistical test of the study population finds no significant result when one actually exists in the source population. A. Type I error B. Type II error C. Type A error D. None of the above

Type II error

A ________________ for a statistical test is used to decide whether the results observed are likely to reflect real differences between groups. A. Null hypothesis B. Proportion C. p-value D. None of the above

p-value

When someone is given honorary coauthorship without having significantly contributed to the work during the study or manuscript is known as: A.Ghost authorship B.Gift authorship C.Informal authorship D.Required authorship

.Gift authorship

A valid study will have a value of kappa that is close to which of the following? A. −1 B. −0.5 C. 0 D. 1

1

To how many journals can a health sciences manuscript be submitted at one time? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 5+

1

Studies that can be completed within what time frame may not require further review by the research ethics committee after initial approval? A. 6 months B. 1 year C. 2 years D. 3 years

1 year

Full-length manuscripts for health science journals are usually limited to: A. 1000 words B. 2000 words C. 3000 words D. There is no limit in the number of words used on the manuscript

3000 words

What is the impact factor for the most prominent journals such as Science, Nature, JAMA, The Lancet, and the New England Journal of Medicine? A. 5-6 B. 6-8 C. 8-10 D. 10 or greater

10 or greater

Reviewers usually provide how many sets of comments to the journal? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 5+

2

A typical article in the health science may refer to ___________ other articles published in peer-review journals. A. 1 or 2 B. 5 or 10 C. 20 or 30 D. 200 or more

20 or 30

The standard expectation is that a study's analyses should have a power of what value or greater? A. 60% B. 70% C. 80% D. 90%

80%

Assuming that α = 0.05, the null hypothesis is rejected when the p-value is: A. > 0.05 B. < 0.05 C. = 0.05 D. None of the above

< 0.05

Every paper should tell a "story" that has all of the following, EXCEPT: A. A beginning - the abstract B. A middle - the methods and results say what happen C. An end - the discussion provides a conclusion that ties all parts of the story together. D. All of the above are what every paper should have to tell a "story"

A beginning - the abstract

Once eligible articles are identified for a systematic review study, the content of these articles is extracted into: A. A book B. An article C. A data extraction table D. None of the above

A data extraction table

A moderated discussion between 4 to 12 people that is led by a facilitator of a research team is known as: A. An in-depth interview B. A focus group C. An informal group discussion D. None of the above

A focus group

All of the following are true statements about publishing a manuscript, EXCEPT: A. A manuscript has a high likelihood of being published if it is written in decent English B. Submitting the manuscript to a journal as soon as it is revised and polished is critical C. A manuscript has a high likelihood of being published even if the methods research methods are not rigorous and valid D. Additional revision will likely be required after the manuscript has been submitted for review in a journal

A manuscript has a high likelihood of being published even if the methods research methods are not rigorous and valid

Progress reports may be required by the ethics committee; these reports should include all of the following information, EXCEPT: A. Current versions of the study protocol, informed consent, questionnaire and other study documents B. A report of any adverse effects or complaints C. A summary of study findings D. A report of each individual study participant, including personal information such address and phone number

A report of each individual study participant, including personal information such address and phone number

Which is NOT an example of publication costs that could be incurred by the author of an article? A. A publication fee B. A processing fee or charge C. A reviewing fee D. A per-page fee

A reviewing fee

By the time the manuscript is written, there will be imperfections in the completed study that cannot be fixed. What could a researcher do in the manuscript to address these study imperfections? A. Fully explain the actual methods used B. Include a helpful set of references that support the results C. Honestly identify the limitations of the study D. All of the above

All of the above

Cross-sectional surveys measure: A. The prevalence of various demographic characteristics in a well-defined population B. The exposure histories of a well-defined population C. The disease states in a well-defined population D. All of the above

All of the above

Health science abstracts usually provide a brief description of: A.The study design B.The study population C.Key findings of the study D.All of the above

All of the above

Most exposures and outcomes used in correlational studies are in the form of: A. Each population must be assigned its own row in the spreadsheet B. Each exposure/outcome should be assigned its own column in the spreadsheet C. The data should be filled into the cells in each column so that they line up with the correct population D. All of the above

All of the above

Population health research objectives may include: A. Identifying and classifying new health problems. B. Determining risk factors for disease C. Evaluating the impact of health policies on health outcomes D. All of the above

All of the above

When checking the style and clarity of the paper the author should ensure that: A. Words are used carefully B. Sentences are concise and clear C. The voice of the manuscript is consistent D. All of the above

All of the above

When submitting an abstract, the conference organizing committee and other reviewers will: A. Rate the submitted abstracts B. Decide which researchers will be invited to present C. Select who will give an oral presentation or be part of a poster session D. All of the above

All of the above

Which of the following is NOT considered to be a special requirement for a case series study approach? A. All case series require approval by a research ethics committee B. Informed consent is needed from all study participants C. Research must carefully protect the identities of study participants D. All of the above are considered to be special requirements for a case series study approach

All of the above are considered to be special requirements for a case series study approach

Which is NOT an example of a type of population? A. Adults with diabetes B. Teachers with at least 10 years of classroom experience C. Non-governmental organizations working on issues related to HIV/AIDS in Uganda D. All of the above are examples of a type of population

All of the above are examples of a type of population

Which of the following is NOT an example of a manuscript formatting requirements addressed by a journal's author guidelines? A. Listing of the authors, word counts, key words and other information on the title page. B. Specification on if the abstract should be structured using the indicated subheadings or unstructured C. Preference for the labeling and formatting of the manuscript sections D. All of the above are examples of formatting requirements the journal's author guidelines will address

All of the above are examples of formatting requirements the journal's author guidelines will address

Which is an example of health abstract databases available from libraries via subscription? A. Embase B. ISI Web of Science C. MEDLINE D. All of the above are examples of health abstract databases

All of the above are examples of health abstract databases

An example of a placebo used in an experimental study is? A. A sugar pill B. An injection of saline solution C. A sham procedure D. All of the above are examples of placebos

All of the above are examples of placebos

All of the following are examples of reasons to avoid writing the research manuscript, EXCEPT: A. "I don't know how to write a scholarly paper" B. "I don't know what to do next" C. "I don't have time to write" D. All of the above are examples of reasons to avoid writing the research manuscript

All of the above are examples of reasons to avoid writing the research manuscript

Which is NOT an example of resources a researcher needs to consider when creating a research plan? A. Availability of individuals to contribute their time and expertise B. Accessibility to study participants C. Availability of statistical software D. All of the above are examples of resources to consider when creating a research plan

All of the above are examples of resources to consider when creating a research plan

All of the following are examples of spatial analysis that can be conducted using a Geographic Information System (GIS), EXCEPT: A. Identification of spatial disease clusters B. Determination of associations, if any, between social or physical environment and disease C. Estimation of distances between locations D. All of the above are examples of spatial analysis that can be conducted using GIS

All of the above are examples of spatial analysis that can be conducted using GIS

All of the following are examples of statistical tests that can be used to compare independent populations, EXCEPT: A. Independent-samples t-test B. Fisher's exact test C. Chi-square test D. All of the above are examples of statistical tests that can be used to compare independent populations

All of the above are examples of statistical tests that can be used to compare independent populations

Which of the following is an example of a study goal? A.To compare the levels of exposure or disease in two or more populations B.To identify possible risk factors for a particular disease in a population C.To examine the impact of a program or policy D.All of the above are examples of study goals

All of the above are examples of study goals

What type of study approach is considered to be the 'gold standard' in assessing causality? A. Cohort B. Experimental C. Case-control D. Ecological

Experimental

All of the following are examples of tests of physiological function, EXCEPT: A. Spirometry B. Electrocardiography (ECG) C. Audiometry D. All of the above are examples of test of physiological function

All of the above are examples of test of physiological function

A case series study approach might be useful for all of the following EXCEPT: A. Describing the characteristics and similarities of a group of individuals with the same signs and/or symptoms of disease B. Identifying new syndromes and refining case definitions C. Clarifying typical disease progression D. All of the above are factors for which case series might be a useful study approach

All of the above are factors for which case series might be a useful study approach

All of the following are good sources of information that a researcher can use to explore what his/her primary area of research interest is, EXCEPT: A. Factsheets B. Newspapers C. Popular magazines D. All of the above are good sources of information

All of the above are good sources of information

Which is NOT considered a helpful resource for locating individuals or groups of individuals who could participate in a case-control study? A. Hospitals B. Public health offices C. Advocacy organizations D. All of the above are helpful resources for locating participants for a case-control study

All of the above are helpful resources for locating participants for a case-control study

All of the following are issues that need to be resolved prior to submission of a research proposal to multiple research ethics committees, EXCEPT: A. The application documents that will be required B. The wording of the informed consent statement C. The order of review D. All of the above are issues that need to be resolved prior to submitting a research proposal to multiple ethics committees

All of the above are issues that need to be resolved prior to submitting a research proposal to multiple ethics committees

All of the following are key points in time, in which researchers working on a research report need to address their motivation, EXCEPT: A. Overcoming the barriers of getting started B. Finding the motivation to persevere and complete the manuscript C. Finding ways to prolong periods of high productivity D. All of the above are key points in time when a researcher needs to address his/her motivation for writing a research report.

All of the above are key points in time when a researcher needs to address his/her motivation for writing a research report.

Which is NOT considered a method for collecting and recording survey data? A. Mail survey B. Interview C. Internet-based survey D. All of the above are methods for collecting and recording survey data

All of the above are methods for collecting and recording survey data

For ratio and interval variables, the central tendency can be described using all of the following, EXCEPT: A. Medians B. Modes C. Means D. All of the above are methods to describe the central tendency

All of the above are methods to describe the central tendency

Which of the following is NOT considered a method for managing research-related data? A. Codebooks B. Data cleaning C. Data recoding D. All of the above are methods used to manage research-related data

All of the above are methods used to manage research-related data

Which is NOT a question that could be asked to ensure the paper tells a compelling "story"? A. Does the paper have a clear "story line"? B. Is the goal of the study clearly stated in the introduction section? C. Are the conclusions fully supported by the data? D. All of the above are questions that could be asked to ensure the paper tells a compelling "story"

All of the above are questions that could be asked to ensure the paper tells a compelling "story"

Which is NOT a step in the research process? A. Identify a study question B. Select a study approach C. Report study findings D. All of the above are steps in the research process

All of the above are steps in the research process

Which is NOT a responsibility of a poster presenter during a conference? A. Setting up the poster at the assigned time B. Being prepared with clips, pushpins, and tape for displaying the poster C. Taking down the poster at a specified time D. All of the above are the responsibility of the poster presenter

All of the above are the responsibility of the poster presenter

All of the following are true statements about selecting a target journal, EXCEPT: A. Identify one or more journals that could reasonably be expected to disseminate the research results B. Select a target journal early in the writing process C. Examine recent articles published in the target journal D. All of the above are true statements about selecting a target journal

All of the above are true statements about selecting a target journal

All of the following are typical contents of a research proposal, EXCEPT: A. Goals B. Methods and procedures (i.e. study design, source population) C. Timeline D. All of the above are typical contents of a research proposal

All of the above are typical contents of a research proposal

All of the following are part of the structure of a professional conference, EXCEPT: A. A plenary session where keynote addresses are given B. Poster session in which attendees can mingle while reviewing research posters C. Concurrent sessions in which multiple panels of oral presentations are held in different rooms D. All of the above are ways in which a conference is structure

All of the above are ways in which a conference is structure

Which of the following would be classified as a routine practice activity? A. An epidemiologist working for a health department tracks down the source of an outbreak of gastroenteritis. B. An outbreak investigation team identifies an unusual food item as the cause of the outbreak, does additional survey and laboratory work to confirm the hypothesis, and then shares that discovery by writing a formal report describing their methods and results. C. A clinician conducts a systematic search of the literature, completes a novel synthesis of the compiled articles, and then writes and disseminates that summary. D. A client survey uses a validated questionnaire and sampling methods, is approved by an ethics committee, answers a question that builds on the evidence base provided by previously published articles, and has the results shared through presentation or publication.

An epidemiologist working for a health department tracks down the source of an outbreak of gastroenteritis.

A senior researcher is: A.An experienced researcher who guides the work of a newer investigator B.A researcher who is of advanced age C.A researcher who has a senior position in the institution D.Both B and C

An experienced researcher who guides the work of a newer investigator

Which of the following statements is NOT considered to be a challenge when using already available data? A. Analysts are limited to exploring only the topics included in the original survey B. Analysts will always be able find someone who can answer questions about the procedures used for data collection during the research process C. Analysts have to trust that the data were collected using valid and standardized methods D. Data files are not often available for free to the researcher

Analysts will always be able find someone who can answer questions about the procedures used for data collection during the research process

Which is NOT an example of population-based research? A. Compare rates of acute lung diseases in several metropolitan areas and see whether the rates of disease are correlated with local air quality B. Determine whether survival following a breast cancer diagnosis is linked to the presence of certain genes C. Conduct a vaccine trial D. Analyze biochemical composition of selected foods

Analyze biochemical composition of selected foods

___________ is(are) the measurement of the size / composition of the human body. A. Anthropometry B. Vital signs C. Clinical examinations D. Biological specimens

Anthropometry

Which is NOT a question that should be asked when checking the style and clarity of the manuscript? A. Is the tone of the writing appropriate? B. Are all abbreviations introduced at first use? C. Are conclusions fully supported by the data? D. Is all punctuation correct?

Are conclusions fully supported by the data?

All of the following are the first steps that should be carried out when conducting a cross-sectional survey, EXCEPT: A. Define a source population B. Develop a strategy for recruiting a representative sample C. Decide on the methods to be used for data collection D. Assign a case definition

Assign a case definition

For international research projects, how many local researchers at the study site should be a co-investigator who is involved in every step of the research process, including the identification of the study question, the design of the study, and the collection of data? A. 0 B. At least 1 C. At least 3 D. At least 5

At least 1

Each journal provides ___________________ that state how manuscripts should be formatted. A. Author guidelines B. The aims C. The scope D. None of the above

Author guidelines

_________________ is(are) physiological measurement(s) that can be accurately taken after minimal instruction. A. Anthropometry B. Basic vital signs C. Clinical examinations D. Biological specimens

Basic vital signs

Which of the following is a compendium of journals with problematic practices that provides helpful guidelines about evaluating questionable journals? A. The Red List B. Beall's List C. The Predatory Chronicles D. The Journal Citation Reports

Beall's List

What type of randomization randomly assigns groups of people to an intervention group and other groups of people to a control group? A. Cluster randomization B. Block randomization C. Stratified randomization D. Cluster randomization

Block randomization

All of the following are examples of anthropometric measurements, EXCEPT: A. Height B. Waist circumference C. Skinfold measurements D. Blood pressure

Blood pressure

Biological specimens such as urine, stool and saliva samples can be useful for identifying all of the following, EXCEPT: A. Risk factors for disease B. Characteristics associated with having the disease C. Blood pressure D. Presence of disease

Blood pressure

A type of tool used to identify an appropriate sample size goal is known as: A. Sample size calculator B. Sample size estimator C. Sample size program D. Both A and B

Both A and B

How are research results most likely be shared for the first time publicly? A. Oral presentations B. Poster sessions C. Online presentations D. Both A and B

Both A and B

Once a complete manuscript has been drafted, what are the following steps needed to complete the manuscript? A. Revise the manuscript B. Polish the manuscript C. Re-write the manuscript D. Both A and B

Both A and B

One of the most common sources of funding is: A. Internal grants B. External grants C. Gifts D. Both A and B

Both A and B

The person who is most involved in the writing of the manuscript is known as: A.The lead author B.The first author C.The senior author D.Both A and B

Both A and B

A correlational study is also known as a(n): A. Ecological study B. Longitudinal study C. Aggregate study D. Both A and C

Both A and C

A(n) example of a study approach(es) that focuses on individuals with a particular disease is: A.Case-series B.Cross-sectional C.Case-control D.Both A and C

Both A and C

How do most primary studies collect data from individual participants? A. Interviews B. In-person C. Self-administered surveys D. Both A and C

Both A and C

Predictor variables for a logistic regression can be: A. Categorical B. Ratio C. Continuous D. Both A and C

Both A and C

Which is one of the most common methods used to collect data in qualitative studies? A. In-depth interviews B. Questionnaires C. Focus groups D. Both A and C

Both A and C

A Spearman rank-ordered correlation should be used to analyze the data of an ecological study when: A. Continuous variables are used B. Variables that assign a rank to responses are used C. Variables that have ordered categories are used D. Both B and C

Both B and C

Comparing exposure histories of people with the disease and people without the disease is the goal for what type of study design? A. Case series B. Case-control C. Cohort D. Experimental

Case-control

What type of study approach uses Odds Ratio (OR) as a comparative statistical test? A. Cohort B. Case-control C. Experimental D. Both A and C

Case-control

For what type of variables is it not possible to create a histogram or boxplot? A. Ratio variables B. Interval variables C. Ordinal variables D. Categorical variables

Categorical variables

All of the following are true statements about categorical variables, EXCEPT: A. Categorical variables must be have at least four answer options B. Categorical variables can be ranked C. Categorical variables can be unordered D. All of the above are true statements about categorical variables

Categorical variables must be have at least four answer options

Which of the following are generally considered to be previews of works in progress and not final products like published journal articles? A. Conference abstracts B. Oral presentations C. Peer reviews D. Poster presentations

Conference abstracts

The methods section should begin by: A. Clearly identifying the study design used B. Listing person, place, time characteristics C. Providing definitions of key exposures, outcomes or other variables D. None of the above

Clearly identifying the study design used

What type of questions allows a limited number of possible answers to be listed in a questionnaire? A. Open-ended questions B. Free-response questions C. Close-ended questions D. None of the above

Close-ended questions

What type of question forces respondents to select answers that do not truly express their status or opinions? A. Open-ended questions B. Closed-ended questions C. Categorical questions D. Dichotomous questions

Closed-ended questions

A___________________ describes each variable and specifies how the collected information will be entered into a computer database. A. Data entry B. Book keeping C. Codebook D. None of the above

Codebook

Some case series follow patients for days, months, or even years. In this type of study approach, the case series functionally becomes what type of study? A. Cross-sectional study B. Cohort study C. Case-control study D. Correlational study

Cohort study

_______________ refers to what a typical person in the discipline would know about a particular topic. A. Common knowledge B. Professional knowledge C. Specific knowledge D. Required knowledge

Common knowledge

___________________ compare groups of participants by sex or age, by exposure or disease status, or by other characteristic. A. Review statistics B. Comparative statistics C. Relational statistics D. None of the above

Comparative statistics

The major advantage of what type of survey is that they eliminate the need for later data entry? A. In-person interviews B. Telephone interviews C. Postal surveys D. Computer-assisted surveys

Computer-assisted surveys

All of the following are details a researcher needs to keep in mind when preparing an oral presentation, EXCEPT: A. About 10 - 12 minutes will be available for the presentation for a 15-minute presentation time-slot B. About 12 to 20 slides are appropriate for a 10-12 minute presentation C. Computerized slides should attempt to reproduce the paper being presented D. Using images in place of words to represent a key message is appropriate

Computerized slides should attempt to reproduce the paper being presented

Using circles and arrows to visibly group related topics to clarify connections, then considering which of those broad areas might be worth exploring is a process known as which of the following? A. Brainstorming B. Snowballing C. Concept mapping D. Flow charting

Concept mapping

Which of the following is sketched out using boxes and arrows that illustrate the various relationships that will be evaluated during the study? A. Conceptual framework B. Theoretical framework C. Experimental framework D. Perceptual framework

Conceptual framework

During a conference, what type of sessions occurs in which multiple panels of oral presentations are held at the same time in different rooms? A. Plenary sessions B. Concurrent sessions C. Poster sessions D. Exhibition sessions

Concurrent sessions

Which of the following is a major function of an ethics review board? A. Conduct continuing review of long-term research projects B. Protect researchers by preventing them from engaging in activities that could cause harm C. Legally protect the researchers' institution from the liability that could occur as a result of research activities D. Protect the human subjects who will participate in observational or experimental studies or whose personal information will be examined by researchers

Conduct continuing review of long-term research projects

Under which paradigm do researchers have a relativist perspective that considers reality for each individual to be a function of that person's lived experiences? A. Post-positivism B. Critical theory C. Constructivism D. Transformative paradigm

Constructivism

All of the following are some of the eight central considerations in research ethics, EXCEPT: A. Compensation B. Confidentiality C. Conflicts of interest D. Content

Content

A Pearson correlation coefficient (r) should be used to calculate a correlation when: A. Continuous variables are used B. Variables that assign a rank to responses are used C. Variables that have ordered categories are used D. None of the above

Continuous variables are used

Which of the following usually requires that a particular deliverable, such as a commissioned report, be submitted to the funding agency by the end of the agreement? A. Contract B. Internal grant C. External grant D. Solicited proposal

Contract

Which is NOT an example of a probability-based sampling method used by a researcher to select a sample population? A. Simple random sampling B. Systematic sampling C. Convenience population D. Cluster sampling

Convenience population

The "story" the manuscript is telling should: A. Never be summarized in one or two sentences B. Contain a précis that summarizes the whole story in one compelling paragraph C. Convey a cohesive story D. None of the above

Convey a cohesive story

What is the key statistical measure used when analyzing an ecological study? A. Numbers needed to treat B. Relative Risk C. Correlation D. None of the above

Correlation

When a study seeks to compare the average levels of exposure and disease in several populations, it is known as a(n)? A.Correlational (ecological) study B.Case series C.Cohort study D.Experimental study

Correlational (ecological) study

The __________________ is the person who will communicate with the journal and answer questions from readers after the paper is published. A. Principal investigator B. First author C. Corresponding author D. All of the above

Corresponding author

Even though most submissions are made via computer instead of by postal delivery, most online submission systems still expect which of the following to be uploaded? A. Proposal B. Abstract C. Cover letter D. Author guidelines

Cover letter

When using medical records as part of the data collection process for a case series, the researcher should: A. Be aware that information found in medical records is recorded for research purposes B. Create a questionnaire that guides the extraction of information from the medical records C. Remember that medical records will have all the information the researcher will like to know D. Keep in mind that less relevant signs and symptoms, patient comments, and clinicians' observations are always recorded on medical records.

Create a questionnaire that guides the extraction of information from the medical records

All of the following are methods to maintaining the confidentiality of any information study participants disclosed to researchers, EXCEPT: A. Safely store paper records, including informed consent statements, in a locked and secure room B. Destroy individually identifying information once the records are no longer needed and research ethics committee has approved of the secure of research-related documents C. Create computerized data files that include individually identifying information from study participants that could be accessed by anyone D. All of the above are methods of maintain the confidentiality of participants' records

Create computerized data files that include individually identifying information from study participants that could be accessed by anyone

What type of studies seek to recruit a study population that is representative of a well-defined larger population? A. Case-control studies B. Case series C. Cross-sectional studies D. Meta-analysis

Cross-sectional studies

The process of correcting any typographical or other errors in data files is known as: A. Data collection B. Data coding C. Data cleaning D. Data recoding

Data cleaning

Which of the following is the process of correcting any typographical or other errors in data files? A. Data capture B. Data cleaning C. Data recoding D. Data security

Data cleaning

_________________ refers to the entire process of record keeping. A. Data organization B. Data management C. Data storage D. Data sorting

Data management

What type of programs typically offer two mechanisms for creating derived variables? A. Database and spreadsheet programs B. Spreadsheet and statistical programs C. Database and statistical programs D. File comparison and database programs

Database and statistical programs

Which of the following are designed to be visually appealing to facilitate consistent entry of the acceptable responses for each question and to perform automatic skips between questions when such jumps are indicated on the survey instrument? A. Database programs B. Spreadsheet programs C. Statistical programs D. File comparison programs

Database programs

Which of the following is the first step when designing an experimental study? A. Decide on the intervention and eligibility criteria B. Define what will constitute a favorable outcome C. Decide on what control is an appropriate comparison for the intervention D. Select the method for randomizing participants to an intervention or control group

Decide on the intervention and eligibility criteria

What is the first step to complete when using a systematic review approach? A. Decide what story the article will tell B. Decide on the specific objectives of the review C. Select inclusion and exclusion criteria for articles D. Select the search methods that will be used to find potentially relevant articles

Decide on the specific objectives of the review

Which of the following would be the first step in conducting a cross-sectional survey? A. Define a source population B. Develop a strategy for recruiting a representative sample C. Decide on methods to be used for data collection D. Describe the exposure and/or disease status in a population

Define a source population

________________ is an example of a method used in qualitative studies when the goal of the study is to identify areas of consensus and areas of contention among individual experts on a particular topic. A. Delphi method B. Socratic method C. Revealing method D. Recurring method

Delphi method

Oral presentations involve all of the following, EXCEPT: A. Displaying a poster about the research project B. Facing an open question-and-answer period C. Discussing the work that was completed D. Speaking in front of a group of people

Displaying a poster about the research project

_____________ are used to describe the basic characteristics of study populations and other data sources A. Analytic statistics B. Descriptive statistics C. Related statistics D. None of the above

Descriptive statistics

Health researchers examine all of the following factors that contribute to health and to disease, illness, disability and death, EXCEPT: A. Developmental B. Socioeconomic C. Biological D. Environmental

Developmental

A study goal often includes all of the following EXCEPT: A.Exposure B.Direction C.Disease D.Population

Direction

Which process of qualitative data analysis uses the tools of linguistics to analyze the written, spoken, or nonverbal language used by participants? A. Narrative analysis B. Discourse analysis C. Meta-analysis D. Mixed methods analysis

Discourse analysis

What type of variables typically result from counting something so there are gaps between acceptable values? A. Nominal variables B. Binomial variables C. Continuous variables D. Discrete variables

Discrete variables

_______________ section usually begins with a summary of the key findings of the new study. A. Introduction B. Methods C. Results D. Discussion

Discussion

A(n) __________________ is a third variable that often represents biologically distinct groups of individuals who might experience different biological responses to various exposures. A. Effect modifier B. Confounder C. Lurking variable D. None of the above

Effect modifier

All of the following are ethical principles an investigator must take into consideration when planning and conducting an experimental study, EXCEPT: A. Equipoise B. Efficacy C. Nonmaleficence D. Distributive justice

Efficacy

The following are benefits of utilizing paper questionnaires when collecting data, EXCEPT: A. Allows for collection of data from large number of participants at one time B. Eliminates the need for later data entry C. Allows for the easy collection of signatures on informed consent statements D. Provides the researcher a paper back-up of the data

Eliminates the need for later data entry

All of the following are details a researcher needs to pay attention to when preparing a poster presentation, EXCEPT: A. Pay attention to the content of the poster B. Pay attention to the design of the poster C. Ensure the poster is not seen by any other person before the conference D. Ensure a good balance between text, images, and white space

Ensure the poster is not seen by any other person before the conference

________________ aims to develop an insider's view, rather than an outsider's view, of how members of a particular cultural group see their world. A. Phenomenology B. Grounded Theory C. Ethnography D. Focus groups

Ethnography

A(n) ______________ may be granted when the research involves the analysis of existing records or existing biological specimens that cannot be linked to individuals. A. Full review B. Expedited review C. Exemption D. Rejection

Exemption

After publication, what is the next goal of a research scientist? A. Republish the same results B. Move on to a new course of study C. Expand the research in a new but related direction D. Mentor researchers with similar research goals

Expand the research in a new but related direction

Comparing outcomes in participants assigned to an intervention or control group is the objective for what type of study approach? A. Case-series B. Case-control C. Retrospective cohort D. Experimental

Experimental

Research proposals that will be submitted for review to a research ethics committee need to include all of the following information, EXCEPT: A. Discuss the risks and benefits of the study B. Explain how study participants' information will be distributed to the public C. Disclose potential conflicts of interest D. Describe the expected study participants

Explain how study participants' information will be distributed to the public

The creation of fake data, such as creating a fictitious row of data in a spreadsheet for people who never completed a questionnaire or never participated in an experiment is referred to as which of the following? A. Fabrication B. Falsification C. Plagiarism D. Justification

Fabrication

All of the following are considered to be formal sources of information that can be cited in a research report, EXCEPT: A. Official organization report B. Fact sheet C. Articles from peer-reviewed journals D. Book or book chapters

Fact sheet

A good way to begin writing the research report is by: A. Writing the protocol of the study B. Having the appropriate software to analyze the data C. Finding a model article and use it as a template to create an outline for what to cover on the paper D. None of the above

Finding a model article and use it as a template to create an outline for what to cover on the paper

For early career professionals, what is the first step in conducting scientific research? A. Developing a focused research question B. Identifying an area of original research C. Identifying a professor or other experienced researcher to serve as a mentor D. Finding one or more senior colleagues who are willing to serve as formal or informal mentors

Finding one or more senior colleagues who are willing to serve as formal or informal mentors

Longitudinal studies use what type of population in which all participants start the study at the same time and no one is permitted to join later? A. Open population B. Limited population C. Fixed population D. Dynamic population

Fixed population

When study participants start the study at the same time, is known as? A. Dynamic population B. Fixed population C. Stationary population D. None of the above

Fixed population

Which of the following is usually required when an intervention will be tested in individuals or a community, data will be collected through interaction with individuals, or identifiable private information will be collected? A. Exemption from review of the research proposal B. Expedited review of the research proposal C. Abbreviated review of the research proposal D. Full review of the research proposal

Full review of the research proposal

Publicly available data sets could be found through the following agencies, EXCEPT: A. GIS B. CDC C. UN D. WHO

GIS

When someone who has made substantial intellectual contribution to the study is not appropriately recognized is known as a: A.Gift authorship B.Hidden authorship C.Ghost authorship D.Reference authorship

Ghost authorship

An individual who is given honorary coauthorship without having significantly contributed to the work is referred to as which of the following? A. Gift authorship B. Ghost authorship C. Silent authorship D. Associate authorship

Gift authorship

Which is NOT a reason for attending an academic or professional conference? A. Meet new people working in the same field of interest B. Learn about what others are doing in the field C. Go on vacation D. Learn new methods or techniques in a discipline

Go on vacation

In which model of publishing do authors or their funders pay to make an article freely available to the public? A. Gold open access B. Green open access C. Gray open access D. Granted open access

Gold open access

Because many peer-reviewed journals are not included in the databases, especially journals in languages other than English, which search engine may be helpful for identifying additional relevant abstracts? A. SPORTDiscus B. Ovid C. Google Scholar D. LexisNexis

Google Scholar

Which statistic is reported as a percentage from 0% to 100%, where higher percentages indicate a greater presence of heterogeneity? A. Kappa statistic B. Chi-square statistic C. Cochran's Q statistic D. I2 statistic

I2 statistic

Which of the following can be part of the case definition but is rarely sufficient to cover all inclusion and exclusion criteria on its own? A. ICD code B. Disease description C. Relevant person, place, and time characteristics D. Records from clinical locations

ICD code

The Committee that established authorship criteria in the health sciences that most journals have adopted is: A.ICMJE B.ICETS C.COHS D.None of the above

ICMJE

Which of the following tasks would need to be performed by the researcher if existing data is going to be analyzed? A. Identify an appropriate way to sample and recruit participants B. Develop a questionnaire and other data collection tools C. Prepare an application for a research ethics review committee D. Identify an appropriate data source and supporting materials

Identify an appropriate data source and supporting materials

Cross-sectional surveys are used for all of the following EXCEPT: A. Evaluating programs B. Establishing baseline data prior to initiating longitudinal studies C. Assessing population needs D. Identifying new syndromes and refining case definitions

Identifying new syndromes and refining case definitions

All of the following are true statements regarding the characteristics of the journal that should be considered by the article author, EXCEPT: A. If the article is of a systematic review, make sure the journal accepts reviews B. If the article is more likely to surpass the 3000-3500-word limit, a journal with more flexible word limits needs to be identified C. The method of submitting the articles to the journal D. If the article is a short report, it will be accepted by any journal

If the article is a short report, it will be accepted by any journal

The ___________________ is based on the number of times a typical article in a journal is cited in its first year or two after publication. A. Aim B. Impact factor C. Weight of the article D. Scope

Impact factor

In what manner are authors generally listed on a manuscript? A. In alphabetical order B. In order according to level of education C. In order according to contribution to the project D. In reverse order according to contribution to the project

In order according to contribution to the project

What statistical test could be used to compare the mean ages of cases and controls participating in a case-control study? A. Independent samples t-test B. Fisher's exact test C. Chi-square test D. Kruskal-Wallis H test

Independent samples t-test

An interviewer who will be collecting data in a study should receive a comprehensive interviewer handbook that provides information about all of the following, EXCEPT: A. Purpose of the study B. Details about interview logistics C. Annotated script of the interview D. Information about individual study participants

Information about individual study participants

What type of statement provides essential information about research projects to potential research participants so that they can make a thoughtful decision about whether to enroll in a study? A. Waiver B. Informed consent C. Certificate of confidentiality D. Advance directive

Informed consent

_________________ provide essential information about research projects to potential study participants so that they can make a reasoned decision about whether to enroll in the study. A. Surveys B. Interviews C. Informed consent statements D. Research protocols

Informed consent statements

Research Ethics Committees are also known as _________________ in the Unites States. A. Institutional review meetings B. Institutional review boards C. Ethical meetings D. Research review committees

Institutional review boards

Critical reading involves asking a series of questions about what aspect of a study in order to ascertain how well a particular study was designed, conducted, interpreted, and reported and to assess how likely it is that the resulting paper presents the truth about a particular research question in a particular population at a particular place and time? A. Internal validity B. External validity C. Specificity D. Sensitivity

Internal validity

What section of a paper in the health sciences should spell out the core question that the paper will explore and answer? A. Abstract B. Introduction C. Methods D. Discussion

Introduction

All of the following are questions that could be asked to check the structure and content of the paper, EXCEPT: A. Does the introduction make the research project appear necessary and important? B. Are the methods described in adequate detail? C. Is enough statistical analysis presented? D. Is technical jargon used?

Is technical jargon used?

All of the following are true statements about the introduction section of an article, EXCEPT: A. It provides the background information that the reader must know to understand the methods and results of the article B. It often includes information about the study population C. It might include the results of the study being reported D. It may include a discussion of what is novel about the new study

It might include the results of the study being reported

What commonly used type of cross-sectional study asks participants about their knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, perceptions, practices, and behaviors? A. KAP survey B. Repeated cross-sectional survey C. Longitudinal cohort survey D. Meta-analytical survey

KAP survey

Which of the following display cumulative survival rates in a study population? A. Log-rank tests B. Cox proportional hazards regression C. Kaplan-Meier plots D. Hazard ratios

Kaplan-Meier plots

What type of learners may find it helpful to take a long walk away from a computer and use that time to think through the story that needs to be written? A. Oral learners B. Visual learners C. Kinesthetic learners D. Productive learners

Kinesthetic learners

Which of the following may be helpful for identifying the presence of a disease or markers for a disease? A. Tests of physiological function B. Laboratory analysis of biological specimens C. Medical imaging D. Clinical examination

Laboratory analysis of biological specimens

The core collaborators in the support team should include all of the following EXCEPT: A. Cultural expert B. Subject matter expert C. Laboratory technician D. Lead researcher

Laboratory technician

Which of the following is a key characteristic to watch out for when performing a case series study? A. Lack of specificity B. Lack of sensitivity C. Lack of generalizability D. Lack of validity

Lack of generalizability

All of the following are true statements about large sample sizes, EXCEPT: A. Large samples are usually better than small ones. B. The confidence interval will be narrower when the sample size is large. C. In large sample sizes, the mean is expected to be closer to the mean of the total population. D. Larger sample sizes make it less likely that a study will yield statistically significant results.

Larger sample sizes make it less likely that a study will yield statistically significant results.

What is the first step a researcher should take when designing a questionnaire? A. Select specific question topics B. Choose question and answer types C. List the topics that the survey instrument must cover D. None of the above

List the topics that the survey instrument must cover

Which of the following, related to the candidate question, will assist the researcher in determining what is already known about the topic and what new information a new study could contribute? A. Meta-analysis B. Literature review C. Questionnaires D. Concept mapping

Literature review

In the health sciences there are different types of populations that must be considered by the researcher when preparing to collect data, which of the following is NOT considered to be a type of population? A. Target population B. Local population C. Sample population D. Source population

Local population

Models that are used when the outcome variable is a dichotomous variable are known as: A. Simple linear regression models B. Bi-linear regression models C. Multiple linear regression models D. Logistic regression models

Logistic regression models

All of the following are true statements about regression models, EXCEPT: A. They seek to understand the relationship between one or more predictor variables and one outcome B. Linear regression is one of the most common types of regression C. Logistic regression models can be used when the outcome variable is a ratio or interval variable D. Logistic regression is commonly used in case-control studies

Logistic regression models can be used when the outcome variable is a ratio or interval variable

Participants of what kind of study are recruited based on membership in a well-defined source population? A. Historic cohort study B. Retrospective cohort study C. Prospective cohort study D. Longitudinal cohort study

Longitudinal cohort study

A researcher conducting a case series must do all of the following EXCEPT: A. Select one disease of interest B. Determine what will be new and interesting about the study C. Identify an appropriate and available source of cases D. Look at individuals with the disease and those without the disease

Look at individuals with the disease and those without the disease

Which database is sponsored by the U.S. National Library of Medicine and features only journals that have applied for inclusion and passed through a review process? A. LILACS B. MEDLINE C. SciELO D. EBSCO

MEDLINE

The most important decision an investigator can make when selecting a topic for a review article is to: A. Make the topic as general as possible that all relevant publications can be acquired B. Make the topic narrow enough that all relevant publications can be acquired C. Ensure that only other review articles are examined D. Ensure that the topic is narrow enough to only find a few articles on the topic

Make the topic narrow enough that all relevant publications can be acquired

Which of the following is the first step in the editing process? A. Making sure the big picture message is being clearly communicated B. Making sure the paper has a clear storyline C. Making sure the title of the paper reflects the key message of the study D. Making sure the introduction overtly asks the main research question

Making sure the big picture message is being clearly communicated

Which of the following is NOT one of the three main principles in biomedical research ethics? A. Beneficence B. Autonomy C. Maleficence D. Distributive justice

Maleficence

What type of matching approach is common in genetic studies that link each case to a genetic sibling or another close genetic relative for analysis? A. Frequency matching B. Group matching C. Matched-pairs matching D. Contingency matching

Matched-pairs matching

Which database, developed by the U.S. National Library of Medicine, can be helpful in narrowing the scope of the research area? A. ISI Web B. MeSH C. HELLP D. CINAHL

MeSH

What database, developed by the U.S. National Library of Medicine, can be helpful for identifying the full extent of a research area and for narrowing the scope of a research area? A. PubMed B. MedWatch C. MeSh (Medical Subject Headings Database) D. MEDLINE

MeSh (Medical Subject Headings Database)

Which is NOT a method to report the 'average' response to a variable in a study population? A. Mean B. Median C. Medium D. Mode

Medium

All of the following are examples of vulnerable populations, EXCEPT: A. Prisoners B. Individuals with severe mental health disorders C. Children D. Men

Men

A _____________ creates a summary statistic for the results of systematically identified articles. A. Meta-analysis B. Systematic review C. Literature review D. Secondary study

Meta-analysis

Which of the following study designs is used under the 'tertiary analysis' approach? A.Ecological B.Cross-sectional C.Meta-analysis D.Experimental

Meta-analysis

Which section of a research article can often be written even before data collection begins? A. Introduction B. Methods C. Results D. Discussion

Methods

Which section of a paper in the health sciences provides all necessary clues for answering the main research question and demonstrates that those observations are valid, sufficiently comprehensive, and reasonably unbiased? A. Abstract B. Introduction C. Methods and results D. Discussion

Methods and results

Most researchers serve as what type of coauthors before moving into the lead author role for the first time? A. Mentors B. Consultants C. Middle coauthors D. Last author

Middle coauthors

Models that examine the effects of several predictor variables on the value of the outcome variable are known as: A. Simple linear regression models B. Bi-linear regression models C. Multiple linear regression models D. None of the above

Multiple linear regression models

Which of the following is NOT considered to be a source of data for secondary analysis studies? A. Clinical records B. New data collected by the researcher conducting the study C. Governmental organizations D. All of the above are considered to be sources of data for secondary analysis studies

New data collected by the researcher conducting the study

When using random sampling as a method of selecting a sample population, what type of bias should the researcher be most concerned with? A. Ascertainment bias B. Non-random sampling bias C. Non-response bias D. All of the above are biases a researcher should avoid when using random sampling

Non-random sampling bias

Researchers attempting to generate a random sample from the source population need to avoid what type of bias that could occur if each individual in the source population does not have an equal chance of being selected for the sample population? A. Nonrandom sampling bias B. Ascertainment bias C. Nonresponse bias D. Convenience bias

Nonrandom sampling bias

The _______________ describes the expected result of a statistical test if there is no difference between the two values being compared. A. Null hypothesis B. Alternative hypothesis C. p-value D. Test

Null hypothesis

The key statistical measure for case-control studies is: A. Prevalence B. Correlation C. Odds Ratio (OR) D. Risk Ratio (RR)

Odds Ratio (OR)

Which of the following is the measure of association that readers will expect to be reported for a case-control study? A. Odds ratio B. Chi-square C. Confidence interval D. p-value

Odds ratio

Secondary data collection might become labor intensive if which of the following have to be retrieved, read, coded, and entered into a database? A. Questionnaires B. Abstracts C. Full-text journal articles D. Old hospital charts

Old hospital charts

At what point is the research manuscript sent to a copyeditor, who checks the paper carefully for grammar, spelling, and adherence to the journal's style? A. Immediately following peer review B. Once the paper has been formally accepted C. Once the article has been assigned an issue D. Once the article has been published in print

Once the paper has been formally accepted

At what point is the full research cycle complete? A. Once the paper has been formally accepted B. Once the article has been assigned an issue C. Once the article has been published in print D. Once the published article has been cited for the first time in another article

Once the published article has been cited for the first time in another article

A case report describes: A. One patient with a disease condition B. Two or more patients with the same disease condition or who have undergone the same procedure C. People with the disease and people without the disease D. None of the above

One patient with a disease condition

All of the following are true statements about online journals, EXCEPT: A. Some printed journals also offer their articles online to subscribers B. Open-access journals are free for authors and readers C. Some online-only journals are legitimate and are indexed in relevant databases D. Some online-only, open access journals have a reputation for not having rigorous review standards

Open-access journals are free for authors and readers

Developing an "elevator pitch" that tells the main lesson learned from the project in 30 seconds can greatly assist researchers who process their thoughts in which manner? A. Orally B. Verbally C. Kinesthetically D. Intellectually

Orally

Variables that organize responses from first to last or from best to worst are known as: A. Ratio variables B. Interval variables C. Nominal variables D. Ordinal variables

Ordinal variables

All of the following are criteria listed under the Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals that each coauthor must have meet EXCEPT: A.Substantial contribution to conception, design and/or data acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of the data B.Organization of the list of authors as they should appear on the manuscript C.Drafting the manuscript and/or revising it critically D.Final approval of the version of the manuscript to be published

Organization of the list of authors as they should appear on the manuscript

All of the following are the primary goals of research ethics committees, EXCEPT: A. Protect the 'human subjects' who will participate in observational or experimental studies or whose personal information will be examined by researchers B. Oversee research carried out on animals C. Legally protect the researcher's institution from the liability that could occur as a result of research activities D. Protect researchers by preventing them from engaging in activities that could cause harm

Oversee research carried out on animals

All of the following are true statements about recruiting study participants, EXCEPT: A. One goal of recruiting a study population is to recruit as many members of the sample population as possible B. Participation rates will be lower if study recruits understand the importance and value of the research project C. Random-digit dialing can be used as a way to recruit study participants D. Participating is higher if multiple invitations and opportunities to participate are available

Participation rates will be lower if study recruits understand the importance and value of the research project

Which of the following uses regression models to examine causal patterns among variables, assuming a recursive model in which all causality is unidirectional? A. Path analysis B. Structural equation modeling C. Survival analysis D. Analysis of covariance

Path analysis

For continuous variables and other variables with responses that can be plotted on a number line, which of the following is used to calculate the correlation? A. Pearson correlation coefficient B. Spearman rank-order correlation C. Kendall's rank-order correlation D. Linear regression models

Pearson correlation coefficient

Which of the following can be viewed as an opportunity to receive expert and constructive feedback about a draft report? A. Question and answer sessions B. Oral presentations C. Peer-review process D. Poster presentations

Peer-review process

In a case-control study, 'cases' are: A.People without the disease B.People with the disease C.People with the exposure D.People without the exposure

People with the disease

Which of the following is the highest cost associated with interviews? A. Postage B. Personnel C. Data entry D. Photocopying

Personnel

Which approach to gather and interpret qualitative data seeks to understand how participants understand, interpret, and find meaning in their own life experiences and feelings? A. Phenomenology B. Grounded theory C. Ethnography D. Critical theory

Phenomenology

Which of the following calculates the correlation between two binomial variables? A. Spearman's rho B. Kendall's tau C. Phi coefficient D. Cramér's V

Phi coefficient

All of the following are categories of cohort studies, EXCEPT: A. Retrospective cohort B. Planned cohort C. Prospective cohort D. Longitudinal cohort

Planned cohort

Which of the following are the two main threats to the validity of a meta-analysis? A. Poor quality of included studies and publication bias B. Poor quality of included studies and information bias C. Publication bias and information bias D. Information bias and assessment bias

Poor quality of included studies and publication bias

Most exposures and outcomes used in correlational studies are in the form of which of the following? A. Personal level statistics B. Population level statistics C. Regional level statistics D. Global level statistics

Population level statistics

Which of the following examines where a new test is good at predicting the presence of disease? A. Positive predictive value B. Negative predictive value C. Positive likelihood ratio test D. Negative likelihood ratio test

Positive likelihood ratio test

In which paradigm do researchers aim to experimentally test theories about how the world works, but they acknowledge that the unpredictability of human behavior limits the validity of some empirical methods? A. Post-positivism B. Critical theory C. Constructivism D. Pragmatism

Post-positivism

Factors that might influence the relationships between key exposures and outcomes are referred to as which of the following? A. Categorical variables B. Potential confounders C. Potential variables D. Type 2 errors

Potential confounders

_______________ is related to the ability of a statistical test to detect significant differences in a population when differences really do exist. A. Power B. Errors C. Size D. None of the above

Power

Which of the following is normally submitted by the researcher so that the funder can confirm that there is a reasonable match between the sponsor and the proposed research plan before inviting a full proposal to be written and submitted? A. Request for applications B. Preproposal C. Solicited proposal D. External proposal

Preproposal

The most common way to report results for a cross-sectional survey is simply to report which of the following? A. Incidence rate B. Prevalence rate C. Morbidity rate D. Mortality rate

Prevalence rate

A cross-sectional survey is also known as a(n): A. Ecological study B. Cohort study C. Prevalence study D. Case-control study

Prevalence study

What type of research/study approach is used when data are newly collected and analyzed? A.Primary B.Secondary C.Tertiary D.None of the above

Primary

Defining the study question and identifying partners is the first step in planning what type of analysis? A. Primary analysis B. Secondary analysis C. Tertiary analysis D. Systematic review

Primary analysis

Which study approach gives the researcher control over items like selection of a source population, and the content and wording of a questionnaire? A.Primary studies B.Secondary studies C.Tertiary studies D.Every type of study

Primary studies

Which of the following is defined as the assurance that individuals get to choose what information they reveal about themselves? A. Privacy B. Autonomy C. Confidentiality D. Authority

Privacy

What type of sampling is usually the preferred option for producing a sample population that is similar to the source population as a whole? A. Random sampling B. Cluster sampling C. Multistage sampling D. Probability based sampling

Probability based sampling

A ____________ is usually a request for funding or supervisory approval. A. Project B. Protocol C. Proposal D. Program

Proposal

Comparing the rates of new (incident) disease in people with different exposure histories is the goal of what type of study approach? A. Case-control study B. Cross-sectional study C. Prospective Cohort study D. None of the above

Prospective Cohort study

What type of study design should be used to investigate an exposure that is relatively uncommon but a source of exposed individuals is available? A. Time-series study B. Panel study C. Longitudinal cohort study D. Prospective cohort study

Prospective cohort study

The __________________ explains the exact procedures that will be used for every step of the research process. A. Proposal B. Project C. Protocol D. Program

Protocol

Which of the following is the most important, publicly available, health science database? A. PsycINFO B. ISI Web of Science C. PubMed D. CINAHL

PubMed

What type of projects might use data mining and computational linguistics to explore social media events? A. Health informatics B. Bioinformatics C. Clinical informatics D. Public health informatics

Public health informatics

All of the following are true statements about publicly available data, EXCEPT: A. Entire data sets might be immediately available to download from an agency's website B. If a screening process is in place, researchers will need to submit a request form to use the data C. Publicly available data set files are always available for free D. Access to some data files might be limited to the citizens or residents of the country in which the data was collected

Publicly available data set files are always available for free

What type of study approach looks for the themes and meanings that emerge from the observation and evaluation of a situation or context? A. Qualitative B. Case-control C. Quantitative D. Experimental

Qualitative

All of the following are types of evaluative research, EXCEPT: A. Program evaluation B. Needs assessment C. Cost-effectiveness analysis D. Quantitative analysis

Quantitative analysis

All of the following are true statements about questionnaires, EXCEPT: A. Questionnaires must include questions confirming that participants meet the eligibility criteria for the study. B. Questionnaires must be able to place study participants into key categories. C. Questionnaires should not include questions about factors influencing the relationship between exposures and outcomes. D. Length of the questionnaire should be considered

Questionnaires should not include questions about factors influencing the relationship between exposures and outcomes.

All of the following are true statements about paraphrasing information from articles being cited in a research report, EXCEPT: A. Paraphrasing helps ensure that the article being cited has been understood B. Paraphrasing requires citation of the original source C. Quotation marks need to be used when paraphrasing D. An in-text citation must be provided when paraphrasing

Quotation marks need to be used when paraphrasing

For what type of questions must decisions be made about how many entries to include on a scale and whether there will be a neutral option? A. Open-ended questions B. Closed-ended questions C. Categorical questions D. Ranked questions

Ranked questions

Variables that are classified to have numeric responses plotted on a scale on which a value of zero stands for 'nothing', is known as: A. Ratio variables B. Interval variables C. Nominal variables D. Ordinal variables

Ratio variables

All of the following are true statements about conducting a systematic review, EXCEPT: A. A systematic review may involve searching two or more databases B. A systematic review may involve looking up every article cited in an included article to try to fully capture the entire published literature C. A system for identifying eligible articles must be in place D. Reading the abstracts alone is sufficient to determine the final eligibility of an article

Reading the abstracts alone is sufficient to determine the final eligibility of an article

When cases and controls systematically have different memories of the past, this is known as: A. Recap bias B. Recall bias C. Response bias D. Misclassification bias

Recall bias

What is the major limitation when using existing clinical records? A. Data are difficult to extract. B. Data are protected by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act. C. Records are often incomplete D. Records require signed release from the patient.

Records are often incomplete

All of the following are options for matching cases and controls in a case-control study, EXCEPT: A. No matching B. Frequency (group) matching C. Matched-pairs (individual) matching D. Recurrent matching

Recurrent matching

All of the following are true statements about articles used as a reference in a research report, EXCEPT: A. References should be carefully selected to support the importance, validity, and conclusion of the study B. References can be used to acknowledge the alternative methodological approaches that could have been used C. References can be used to identify areas in which new findings agree with existing literature D. References could be used to contradict the new study findings

References could be used to contradict the new study findings

The key statistical measure for cohort studies is? A. Relative risk B. Odds ratio C. Prevalence D. Correlation

Relative risk

What type of study method is used for many of the largest studies conducted by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention? A. KAP survey B. Repeated cross-sectional survey C. Longitudinal cohort survey D. Meta-analytical survey

Repeated cross-sectional survey

All of the following are true statements about the information that should be included in the methods section of an article, EXCEPT: A. Methods used to identify, sample, and recruit study participants should be described B. Methods used for data collection should be described, including interviewing techniques C. Identify who collected the original data and how they were collected D. Report a summary of key study findings

Report a summary of key study findings

To look for a health science abstract in PubMed one can use all of the following search methods EXCEPT: A. Keywords B. MeSH terms C. Boolean operators D. Reprise operators

Reprise operators

All of the following are true statements about revising and resubmitting a manuscript, EXCEPT: A. Responding to reviewer's comments is necessary B. Some journals require a version of the manuscript that highlights the changes made in the document in the resubmission C. Repsonses to reviewers' comments should be prepared in the same file as the manuscript D. A new cover letter should be enclosed with the revised manuscript

Repsonses to reviewers' comments should be prepared in the same file as the manuscript

Which statements about correlational studies is FALSE? A. Uses population-level data to look for associations between two or more group characteristics. B. It is also known as an ecological study. C. Existing data sources are almost always used for this type of study. D. Requires the collection of data from individual study participants.

Requires the collection of data from individual study participants.

The process of systematically and carefully investigating a subject in order to learn or discover new information about the world is known as? A. Epidemiology B. Health C. Research D. None of the above

Research

A Gantt chart can be very helpful for visually displaying which of the following? A. Research policy B. Research protocol C. Research timeline D. Research outline

Research timeline

All of the following are true statements about using incentives to increase study participation rate, EXCEPT: A. Researchers may offer a small gift to study participants (i.e. bar of soap) B. Researchers may offer a substantial gift to all study participants (i.e. a new car) C. Researchers may provide treatment for certain conditions examined in the study D. Researchers may enter all questionnaire respondents into a drawing for a more substantial gift (i.e. $100 gift certificate to a local restaurant)

Researchers may offer a substantial gift to all study participants (i.e. a new car)

Which of the following typically spells out expectations and procedures for disclosing conflicts of interest, avoiding research misconduct, reporting research ethics or personal violations, and otherwise exhibiting professionalism? A. Advance directives B. Informed consent C. Certificate of confidentiality D. Responsible conduct of research training programs

Responsible conduct of research training programs

When preparing slides for an oral presentation, the greatest number of slides should be dedicated to which area of content? A. Research goal B. Background C. Methods D. Results

Results

Which section of a research article should start with a description of the study population that clearly identifies the sample size and the demographics of the participants? A. Introduction B. Methods C. Results D. Discussion

Results

______________ section should start with a description of the study population that clearly identifies the sample size and the demographics of the study participants. A. Introduction B. Methods C. Results D. Discussion

Results

What type of cohort study establishes baseline information from birth records, school records, medical files, occupational records, or other sources that may be decades old? A. Prospective cohort study B. Retrospective cohort study C. Longitudinal cohort study D. Generational cohort study

Retrospective cohort study

All of the following are examples of approaches used in qualitative research to gather and interpret data, EXCEPT: A. Phenomenology B. Grounded Theory C. Ethnography D. Retrospectivity

Retrospectivity

Which of the following should always be the top priority when designing and implementing an experimental study? A. Safety B. Efficacy C. Sensitivity D. Specificity

Safety

___________ population is the group of individuals that are asked to participate in research studies. A. Target B. Source C. Sample D. Study

Sample

All of the following are components of a detailed research plan for a researcher collecting new data from individuals, EXCEPT: A. Develop a questionnaire and other data collection tools B. Screen abstracts and full-length articles for eligibility C. Prepare an application for a research ethics review committee D. Identify an appropriate way to recruit participants

Screen abstracts and full-length articles for eligibility

What type of research/study approach is used when existing data are used and analyzed? A.Primary B.Secondary C.Tertiary D.None of the above

Secondary

When studies analyze existing clinical records, survey data, or population data rather than collecting new information from study participants, this is known as: A. Primary analysis B. Secondary analysis C. Tertiary analysis D. None of the above

Secondary analysis

The timeline for what type of study might be very short if an entire data file and the relevant supporting documentation can be downloaded from a website? A. Primary study B. Secondary study C. Tertiary study D. Quaternary study

Secondary study

The goal of a qualitative study is to: A. Synthesize existing knowledge. B. Seek to understand how individuals and communities perceive and make sense of the world and their experiences. C. Compare exposure histories in people with the disease (cases) and people without the disease (controls). D. Describe a group of individuals with a disease.

Seek to understand how individuals and communities perceive and make sense of the world and their experiences.

The systematic review process requires all of the following, EXCEPT: A. Identification of an appropriately narrow study question B. Selection of a semi-structured strategy C. Screening for all potentially relevant articles to determine whether they meet the predefined eligibility criteria D. Extraction of relevant information from all eligible articles

Selection of a semi-structured strategy

When the sample size is __________ , the sample mean may be _________ the mean in(to) the total population. A. Small, far from B. Small, close to C. Large, far from D. Large, close to

Small, far from

Which of the following is defined as looking up every article cited by eligible articles in order to identify other articles that might be relevant but not indexed in the selected databases? A. Brainstorming B. Snowballing C. Plagiarizing D. Validating

Snowballing

Which is an example of a type of exposure? A. Socioeconomic status B. Depressive disorders C. Near drowning D. Poisonings

Socioeconomic status

When a funder reaches out to a researcher and asks that person to submit a __________, the organization might offer a contract rather than a grant. A. Request for applications B. Preproposal C. Solicited proposal D. External proposal

Solicited proposal

All of the following are true statements about a case series study approach EXCEPT: A. Some case series for rare conditions may require at least one hundred participants B. Some case series may include hundreds of individuals C. A clear case definition must be established when using a case series study approach D. Participants may be selected from clinical locations that use ICD codes

Some case series for rare conditions may require at least one hundred participants

Which of the following must be cited when it is referred to in a scientific paper? A. Random knowledge B. Common knowledge C. General knowledge D. Specific knowledge

Specific knowledge

Which of the following is a test that measures lung function? A. Spirometry B. Audiometry C. Electrocardiography D. Electroencephalography

Spirometry

Measures of ______________ are used to describe the variability and range of responses. A. Central tendency B. Mode C. Spread D. Mean

Spread

Before conducting a statistical analysis of aggregate data, the data from each population must be entered into which of the following? A. Histogram B. Matrix C. Scatterplot D. Spreadsheet

Spreadsheet

All of the following are true statements about conducting a meta-analysis, EXCEPT: A. Statistics from similar studies can be pooled even if the studies have different population groups or different interventions B. Pooling several unadjusted (crude) odds ratios may be appropriate C. Before pooling the data, the researcher must show that the results of the studies are comparable D. A random effects model is required when the test of heterogeneity show that the included studies are dissimilar

Statistics from similar studies can be pooled even if the studies have different population groups or different interventions

Which of the following models have inputs that vary according to a probability distribution, so the outcomes differ every time the model is run? A. SIR models B. Compartmental models C. Deterministic models D. Stochastic models

Stochastic models

Which of the following is NOT a step a researcher can take to regain motivation to continue writing the research manuscript? A. Changing habits or scenery when writing the manuscript B. Stop writing for a long period of time to not get bored with the writing process C. Setting a time line for completing small parts of the paper D. Build in rewards that celebrate those intermediate successes on the way to the completed paper

Stop writing for a long period of time to not get bored with the writing process

When individuals are randomly assigned within certain subgroups to a particular exposure, this is known as? A. Simple randomization B. Block randomization C. Stratified randomization D. None of the above

Stratified randomization

All of the following are true statements about acquiring/using private data sets, EXCEPT: A. Access to a private data set is most likely to be granted if the new researcher has some connection to the original researcher B. When privately held data are shared with a new investigator, the original researchers usually expect to be coauthors on any resulting publication C. Individual researchers or small research teams may have data available that have not yet been analyzed and therefore could be acquired by a new researcher D. Students are less likely to get privately owned data from their professors to conduct their own research

Students are less likely to get privately owned data from their professors to conduct their own research

Which of the following is NOT an example of an additional assessment that can be conducted as a way to supplement self-reported information during the data collection process? A. Vital signs B. Test of physiological function C. Physical fitness tests D. Surveys

Surveys

Which of the following examines the distribution of the durations of time that individuals in a study population experience from an initial time point until some well-defined event, which can be death, discharge from a hospital, or some other outcome? A. Path analysis B. Structural equation modeling C. Survival analysis D. Analysis of covariance

Survival analysis

______________ examines the distribution of the durations of time that individuals in a study population experience from an initial time point until some well-defined event. A. Spatial analysis B. Survival analysis C. Regression D. Confounder

Survival analysis

A _____________ is the careful compilation and summary of all publications relevant to a particular research topic. A. Meta-analysis B. Literature review C. Systematic review D. Selective review

Systematic review

All of the following are examples of citation styles used in the health sciences, EXCEPT: A. AMA B. APA C. ICMJE D. TPA

TPA

Most journals will reformat which aspect of all accepted manuscripts into their house styles when they convert the text into the single-spaced, small font, multicolumn format that is popular in health science journals? A. Maps B. Graphs C. Tables D. Photographs

Tables

Systematic reviews and meta-analyses are considered to be what type of study: A. Primary B. Secondary C. Tertiary D. None of the above

Tertiary

What type of study revolves around a thorough review of existing literature? A. Primary study B. Secondary study C. Tertiary study D. Quaternary study

Tertiary study

All of the following are required steps when completing a review article EXCEPT: A.An extensive search of the literature B.The extraction of key information from relevant articles C.The clear and concise presentation of information D.The analysis of data

The analysis of data

A codebook should specify all of the following, EXCEPT: A. The name of each variable B. The wording of the question that was asked C. The appropriate answer for each question D. The variable type

The appropriate answer for each question

All of the following information should be included in the cover letter that accompanies the manuscript being submitted for review, EXCEPT: A. The importance of the research B. The author's and coauthor's work experience C. The validity of the research D. The fit of the manuscript to the journal

The author's and coauthor's work experience

Which is NOT an issue to consider when choosing a potential target journal? A. The citation style used in the journal B. The target audience of the journal C. The aims of the journal D. The topics that fall within the scope of the journal

The citation style used in the journal

The most important consideration(s) when deciding which data collection approach to use in a primary study is(are)? A. Cost B. The goals of the study and expectations of the sample population members C. Time D. Potential barriers to participation for study participants

The goals of the study and expectations of the sample population members

During the manuscript's submission process to a journal, some journals will require all of the following information, EXCEPT: A. The number of tables included in the manuscript B. Statements about ethics approval, funding, conflict of interest, and authors contributions C. The word count of the manuscript D. The number of words on the title page

The number of words on the title page

An OR = 1 means: A. The odds of exposure is higher in cases B. The odds of exposure is higher in controls C. The odds of exposure is the same for cases and controls D. None of the above

The odds of exposure is the same for cases and controls

The person accepting the responsibility for guaranteeing that the protocol is followed, adverse outcomes are immediately reported to the ethics committee, and the budget is properly managed is known as: A. The primary investigator B. The investigator in charge C. The boss D. The senior researcher

The primary investigator

Participants in a case-control study are selected based on: A. Their disease status B. Their exposure status C. Both exposure and disease status D. None of the above

Their disease status

In a retrospective cohort study, study participants are recruited based on: A. Their exposure status B. Their disease status C. Their disease and exposure status D. Their disease history

Their exposure status

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of formal scientific reports? A. They are published in a popular magazine, newspaper or website B. They describe the study design and explain why it was appropriate for the objectives of the study C. They explain how exposures and outcomes were defined and assessed D. They discuss the limitations of the study

They are published in a popular magazine, newspaper or website

The cross-sectional study approach should be used when? A. Time is limited and/or budget is small B. The disease is relatively uncommon C. The exposure is relatively uncommon D. A source of cases is available, and no comparison group is required or available

Time is limited and/or budget is small

Usually, what is the goal of any single research project? A. To accomplish something no one else has B. To uncover a cure or a treatment C. To answer one well-defined question D. To raise awareness of a particular medical condition

To answer one well-defined question

What is the next step after determining the broad categories of questions and selecting the specific topics to be addressed in a questionnaire? A. To choose question and answer types that are appropriate B. To check the questionnaire's wording C. To choose an order for the questions D. To conduct a pre-test

To choose question and answer types that are appropriate

All of the following are methods to analyze experimental studies, EXCEPT: A. Number needed to treat (NNT) B. Efficacy C. Number needed to harm (NNH) D. Treatment-given approach

Treatment-given approach

Which is NOT an example of Laboratory research? A. Compare tests of air quality in several metropolitan areas B. Identify biological mechanisms for the emergence of drug-resistant bacteria C. Use a food frequency questionnaire to examine dietary behaviors in a selected population group D. Develop a new vaccine

Use a food frequency questionnaire to examine dietary behaviors in a selected population group

A secondary analysis of data refers to: A.Collecting new data from individuals B.Writing a review article C.Using existing data D.None of the above

Using existing data

A(n) _____________ questionnaire measures what it was intended to measure in the population being assessed. A. Accurate B. Reliable C. Valid D. Discrete

Valid

A needs assessment answers which of the following questions? A. What is the health status of this population? B. What are the threats to health in this population? C. How good are we at preventing, diagnosing, and treating health concerns in the populations in which we serve? D. Was this intervention successful at improving the health status in this population?

What is the health status of this population?

What is the primary study question to ask when conducting a cross-sectional survey? A. What are the key characteristics of the cases in this study population? B. What is the prevalence of the exposure and/or disease in the population? C. Do cases and controls have different exposure history? D. None of the above

What is the prevalence of the exposure and/or disease in the population?

All of the following are true statements about data entry, EXCEPT: A. Data can be entered into a database program like Microsoft Access B. When entering data on Microsoft Excel each variable data should be entered on a row C. Database and spreadsheet files can be uploaded into standard statistical software programs for analysis D. It may be worth doing double-entry of at least 10% of the completed surveys to check the accuracy of data entry

When entering data on Microsoft Excel each variable data should be entered on a row

When should the Narrative Review approach be used? A. When the goal is to describe a new perspective on a topic that can be supported by the existing literature. B. When the goal is to compare the findings of previous studies on a well-defined topic. C. When the goal is to summarize previous findings using pooled statistics. D. When the goal is to write a report on the information found.

When the goal is to describe a new perspective on a topic that can be supported by the existing literature.

All of the following are ways a researcher can begin writing a research report if s/he is not sure where to begin, EXCEPT: A. Include relevant information about the methods used in the research from the study's protocol in the working document B. Fill the names of the people to thank in the acknowledgement section C. Include a working title for the paper at the beginning of the document D. Write the entire manuscript in one sitting

Write the entire manuscript in one sitting

Which of the following can create a negative thought cycle that can be difficult to break? A. Reviews of peers B. Flaws in the study C. Writer's block D. Language barriers

Writer's block

A way for an investigator to become an expert in the literature on a well-defined topic is by: A. Writing a review article B. Describing the goals of the study C. Identifying a research question D. None of the above

Writing a review article

Most topics in population based research can be expressed in terms of which formula? A. [disease/outcome] and [exposure] in [population] B. [exposure] and [population] in [disease/outcome] C. [exposure] and [disease/outcome] in [populations] D. None of the above

[exposure] and [disease/outcome] in [populations]

All of the following are examples of comparative statistical tests, EXCEPT: A. Rate ratios B. Odds ratios C. d-tests D. All of the above are example of comparative statistical tests

d-tests

Which is NOT an example of a type of disease/outcome? A. Bone fractures B. Depressive disorders C. Drinking water D. Schizophrenia

drinking water

A ________________ indicates how many standard deviations away from the sample mean an individual's response is. A. z-score B. Histogram C. Box plot D. Range

z-score