CMST&210 Ch. 3 Study Guide

What are the components of Cognitive Complexity? (There are 3.)

Cognitive Complexity: knowing how to say or do the same thing in different ways (e.g., expressing affection in different ways, solving the same problem with different methods) 1. Differentiation: the number of different constructs an individual has to describe others -- The number of distinctions or separate elements an individual can utilize to recognize and interpret an event. 2. Integration: the degree to which those constructs cohere -- Integration is an individual's ability to see connections or relationships among the various elements he or she has differentiated. 3. Abstractiveness: the level of abstraction of the constructs -- Something which exists apart from concrete realities, specific objects, or actual instances. If someone doesn't tell you he or she disagrees with what you've said (concrete) but instead provides small nonverbal cues of disagreement, they are communicating abstractly.

What are the communication dispositions? (There are 4.)

Communication dispositions are general patterns of communicative behavior. They include... A) introversion/extraversion B) approach and avoidance traits C) argumentativeness/verbal aggressiveness D) sociocommunicative orientation

What is the definition of dogmatism?

Dogmatism: the inclination to believe that one's point-of-view is undeniably true based on faulty premises and without considering evidence and the opinions of others • Highly dogmatic people believe there is just one point-of-view on a specific topic, and it's their point-of-view. • They view the world in terms of "black and white" while missing most of the shades of grey that exist between. • They force their beliefs on others and refuse to accept any variation or debate about these beliefs, which can lead to strained interpersonal interactions.

What are the components of Emotional Intelligence? (There are 4.)

Emotional intelligence (EQ) is an individual's appraisal and expression of their emotions and the emotions of others in a manner that enhances thought, living, and communicative interactions. Salovey and Mayer noted four basic processes: A. Perceiving Emotions: The ability to Identify and recognize one's own emotions and those of others around them. B. Understanding Emotions: The ability to understand complex emotions and how they link to other emotions one may be experiencing. C. Managing Emotions: The ability to control emotions in yourself and others. D. Using Emotions: The ability to generate specific emotions and use these emotions within interpersonal interactions with others.

What is likely to happen to someone with emotional and social loneliness? (4 things.)

Emotional loneliness results when an individual feels that he or she does not have an emotional connection with others. Social loneliness, on the other hand, results from a lack of a satisfying social network. • have lower self-esteem • are more socially passive • are more sensitive to rejection from others • are often less socially skilled

What trait is associated with using deceit and power to accomplish self-centered goals? (Four traits.)

Four basic Machiavellian characteristics: I. Lack of affect in interpersonal relationships (relationships are a means to an end); II. Lack of concern with conventional morality (people are tools to be used in the best way possible); III. Rational view of others not based on psychopathology (people who actively manipulate others must be logical and rational); and IV. Focused on short-term tasks rather than long-range ramifications of behavior (these individuals have little ideological/organizational commitment).

Is temperament a product of social environment?

Jan Strelau explains that temperament and personality differ in five specific ways: I. Temperament is biologically determined where personality is a product of the social environment.

Is intrapersonal just an internal phenomenon?

Larry Barker and Gordon Wiseman explain that intrapersonal communication exists on a continuum from thinking and reflecting (more internal) to talking aloud or writing a note to one's self (more external).

Being preoccupied with yourself is what psychological condition?

Narcissism is a psychological condition (or personality disorder) in which a person has a preoccupation with themself, an inflated sense of their importance, and longing of admiration from others. Highly narcissistic individuals are completely self-focused and tend to ignore the communicative needs and emotions of others. In fact, in social situations, highly narcissistic individuals strive to be the center of attention.

Are introversion and extraversion on a continuum?

People exist on a continuum that exists from highly extraverted (an individual's likelihood to be talkative, dynamic, and outgoing) to highly introverted (an individual's likelihood to be quiet, shy, and more reserved).

People highly sensitive to rejection are more or less likely to know when they are being rejected?

People highly sensitive to rejection are more adept at noting when they are being rejected; however, it's not uncommon for these individuals to see rejection when it does not exist.

Know the steps of the rejection sensitivity. (8 steps)

Rejection sensitivity: how much a person expects, readily perceives, and adversely experiences rejection 1. Fear of being rejected. 2. Excessive need for affection (e.g., demands for exclusive and unconditional love). 3. When the need is not met, they feel rejected. 4. The individual reacts negatively (e.g., with hostility) to the rejection. 5. Repressed hostility for fear of losing the affection. 6. Unexpressed rage builds up inside. 7. Increased fear of rejection. 8. Increased need for relational reassurance from a partner.

Know the differences between attachment styles. (There are 4.)

Secure -- believe they are loveable and expect that others will behave in accepting and responsive ways within interpersonal interactions. They tend to show the most satisfaction, commitment, and trust in their relationships. Preoccupied -- do not perceive themself as worthy of love but generally see people as trustworthy and available for interpersonal relationships. They attempt to get others to accept them. Fearful/Fearful Avoidant -- see themselves as unworthy of love and generally believe that others will react negatively through either deception or rejection. Avoid interpersonal relationships to avoid being rejected. May avoid communication due to belief that others won't provide helpful information or will simply reject their communicative attempts. Dismissing -- see themselves as worthy of love, but generally believe that others will be deceptive and reject them in interpersonal relationships. Tend to avoid interpersonal relationships to protect themselves against disappointment that occurs from placing too much trust in another person or making one's self vulnerable to rejection.

What are the components of self-compassion? (There are 3.)

Self-compassion: "being touched by and open to one's own suffering, not avoiding or disconnecting from it, generating the desire to alleviate one's suffering and to heal oneself with kindness. Self-compassion also involves offering nonjudgmental understanding to one's pain, inadequacies and failures, so that one's experience is seen as part of the larger human experience." 1. Self-kindness -- extending the same level of care and understanding to ourselves as we would to others 2. Common humanity -- "seeing one's experiences as part of the larger human experience instead of seeing them as separating and isolating" 3. Mindfulness -- "holding one's painful thoughts and feelings in balanced awareness rather than over-identifying with them."

What is the difference between self-concept, self-worth, self-image, and ideal-self?

Self-concept: what a person believes about themself, "including their attributes and who and what the self is" • self-concept is made of self-image, self-worth, and ideal-self • "looking-glass self" - how we see ourselves reflects how we think others view us Self-worth: the value you place on yourself. How much you see yourself as a good person worthy of being valued and respected. Self-image: how you view yourself. In a positive self-image, there are more positive attributes than negative ones. Ideal-self: the version of yourself you would like to be. Formed through our life experiences, cultural demands, and expectations of others.

Know the difference between short-term and long-term self-conscious shyness.

Self-conscious shyness involves feeling conspicuous or socially exposed when dealing with others face-to-face. Short-term: Self-conscious shyness is generally initially caused by feelings of conspicuousness, breaches of one's privacy, teasing/ridicule/bullying, overpraise, or one's foolish actions. Long-term self-conscious shyness can be a result of socialization, public self-consciousness, history of teasing/ridicule/bullying, low self-esteem, negative appearance, and poor social skills.

Being responsive and assertive is part of the ______ orientation.

Sociocommunicative Orientation Responsiveness refers to an individual who "considers other's feelings, listens to what others have to say, and recognizes the needs of others." Words associated with responsiveness are helpful, responsive to others, sympathetic, compassionate, sensitive to the needs of others, sincere, gentle, warm, tender, and friendly. Assertiveness refers to individuals who "can initiate, maintain, and terminate conversations, according to their interpersonal goals." Words associated with assertiveness are defends own beliefs, independent, forceful, has a strong personality, assertive, dominant, willing to take a stand, acts as a leader, aggressive, and competitive.

What personality model has "surgency" and "culture" in it?

The Big Five. Tupes and Christal found five consistent personality clusters they labeled: surgency, agreeableness, dependability, emotional stability, and culture. I. Surgency (silent vs. talkative; secretive vs. frank; cautious vs. adventurous; submissive vs. assertive; and languid, slow vs. energetic) V. Culture (boorish vs. intellectual, cultured; clumsy, awkward vs. polished; immature vs. independent-minded; lacking artistic feelings vs. esthetically fastidious, practical, logical vs. imaginative)

What type of disposition is the external locus of control?

The external locus of control is a cognitive disposition. External locus of control: the belief that an individual's behavior and circumstances exist because of forces outside their control. Cognitive dispositions determine people's response and reaction to the world around them. They can be described as one's mental or emotional outlook.

What is the ideal-self?

The ideal-self is the version of yourself that you would like to be, which is created through our life experiences, cultural demands, and expectations of others. We need to ask if the idealized version of ourself is attainable. Our ideal-self is continuously evolving.

Know the difference between objective evaluation and subjective evaluation.

The word "subjective" emphasizes that self-esteem is based on an individual's emotions and opinions and is not based on facts. By evaluation, we mean a determination or judgment about the quality, importance, or value of something. Objectivity "of a person or their judgment [is] not influenced by personal feelings or opinions in considering and representing facts". A fact is "a thing that is known or proved to be true".

What happens if you have a congruent self-concept?

You self-actualize. When someone's self-image, ideal-self, and self-worth overlap, that person is considered congruent because the three parts of self-concept overlap and are compatible with each other. The more this overlap grows, the greater the likelihood someone will be able to self-actualize. Until a person self-actualizes, then they will be out of balance with how they relate to the world and with others.

Does communication influence self-esteem?

• Our communication with others impacts our self-esteem, and our self-esteem impacts our communication with others. As such, our self-esteem and communication are constantly being transformed by each other. • As such, interpersonal communication and self-esteem cannot be separated. • Self-esteem is how a person thinks and feels about their abilities and limitations.

What makes up the self-concept?

• Self-concept: "the individual's belief about him- or herself, including their attributes and who and what the self is." • An attribute is a characteristic, feature, or quality or inherent part of a person, group, or thing. • Carl Rogers believed that an individual's self-concept is made up of three distinct things: self-image, self-worth, and ideal-self.

What's the definition of Communication Apprehension?

• the fear or anxiety "associated with real or anticipated communication with" others.