Codes of Ethics

Gilligan's model of moral development

1- orientation to individual survival, and being moral is surviving by being submissive to society 2- goodness as self sacrifice where being moral is first of all not urting others with no thought of hurt to self. 3-Morality of nonviolence avoiding hurt becomes the moral guide governing all moral reasoning.

Traditional medical codes of ethics

1-duties in individual patient-dr relationshop, obligation of confidentialy. 2-authority and duty of beneficence. 3- obligation to each other.

autonomous stage

12+, morality of self based on cooperation, rules are tested and become internalized.

Egocentric stage

2-7 years, bends rules and reacts to environment instinctively

Heteronomous stage

7-12 years, accepts the moral authority of others

Level 2

Conventional reasoning in which expectations of family and groups are maintained where loyalty and conformity are considered important includes stage 3- interpersonal concordance and stage 4- law and order

Theories of Moral Development

Created by Piaget has 4 stages amoral stage, egocentric stage, heteronomous stage, autonomous stage.

Ethical code section 3

DH should be healthy in mind and body so she has clearness of judgment.

Ethical code section 1

DH should be ready to respond to wants of patrons, and recognize her duties towards them. Should be firm, kind, and sympathizing.

Ethical code section 2

DH should explain things to her patient and educate the public to appreciate our profession.

Dental Code

Has 3 parts, principles of ethics, code of professional conduct, advisory opinions. has 5 fundamental principles.

Morality

Some say this can be learned, others say it is a process. increases with education and age. Can continue to learn this throughout life.

Cognitive development

We make moral decision based on experiences that we've had in our lives.

Moral reasoning

a system of moral thinking that provides a frame of reference that will assist the individual to make morally appropriate responses to moral dilemmas.

Amoral stage

age 0-2 years

Nonconsequentialist ethics

an action is right when it conforms to a judgment or rule of conduct that meets the requirement of some overriding duty. the rightness or wrongness of and action not the consequences of an action.

Consequentialist ethics

an action or rule is right or good insofar as it produces or leads to the maximization of good consequences. Consider consequences of what you do prior to deciding upon a action.

Professional Code

binds the members of a groups together by expressing their goals and aspirations and defines expected standards of behavior.

Level 3

postconventional or pricipled where the person autonomously examines and defines moral values with decisions of conscience dictating the right action. includes stage 5- social contract legalistic and stage 6- universal ethical principle.

Level 1

proconventional reasoning in which externally established rules determine right and wrong action. Includes Stage 1- punishment and obedience orientation and stage 2- instrumental relativist orientation.

code of ethics principle functions

provides an enforceable standard. and indicates general terms of ethical considerations a professional must take into account in deciding on conduct. also serves as a tool in self regulation.

Ethical theories

the role of these is to lay a foundation for ethical decision making.

Normative Ethics

this describes a group of theories that provide, define, and defend a system of principles and rules that determine which actions are right or wrong.

Non-normative ethics

this examines how individuals reason and act, not what ought to be done.

Character

those qualities or dispositions that are practiced consistently. Usually includes 6 core ethical values: trustworthiness, respect, responsibilty, fairness, caring, citizenship.

Three level model of moral development

was developed by kohlberg has three levels and 6 stages.