Cog Exam 2 MC
A person who is activating their visuospatial sketch pad is likely to say which of the following?
"I can see it in my mind's eye"
In the experiment conducted by Viskontas and coworkers using picture pairs, a participant's later experience of familiarity with a particular pair was coded as _____
"Know"
Which of the following represents the most effective chunking of the digit sequence 1492911776?
1492 911 1776
The effective duration of short-term memory, when rehearsal is prevented, is
15-20 seconds
What is the typical duration of short term memory?
15-20 seconds
According to your text, which of the following movies is LEAST accurate in its portrayal of a memory problem?
50 First Dates
Which of the following stimuli will last longer in the receiver's sensory memory?
A lion's roar at the zoo
Compared to the whole report technique, the partial report procedure involves
A smaller response set
On what factor do working memory and short-term memory most differ?
Activity
Jason quickly scanned the map on his phone to get to his job interview, then took a left and ran down the block so he wouldn't be late. According to Stokes, Jason's ability to recall the directions as he's running is the result of _____
An activity state followed by a synaptic state
Neuropsychological evidence indicates that the short- and long-term memories probably
Are caused by different mechanisms that act independently.
Why is classical conditioning considered a form of implicit memory?
Because it involves learning as an association without being aware of the reasons behind it.
Murdoch's "remembering a list" experiment described the serial position curve and found that memory is best for ____ of a list.
Both the first and last words
Mantyla's "banana/yellow, bunches, edible" experiment demonstrates that for best memory performance, retrieval cues should be created
By the person whose memory will be tested
Imagine you are driving to a friend's new house. In your mind, you say the address repeatedly until you arrive. To remember the address, you used a(n) ________ process in short-term memory.
Control
Regarding free recall of a list of items, which of the following will most likely cause the recency effect to disappear by preventing rehearsal?
Counting backward for 30 seconds before recall
Peterson and Peterson studied how well participants can remember groups of three letters (like BRT, QSD) after various delays. They found that participants remembered an average of 80 percent of the groups after 3 seconds but only 10 percent after 18 seconds. They hypothesized that this decrease in performance was due to ___, but later research showed that it was actually due to ____.
Decay; interference
When investigating the serial position curve, delaying the memory test for 30 seconds.
Decreases the recency effect
How would you describe the relationship between elaborative rehearsal and maintenance rehearsal in terms of establishing long-term memories?
Elaborative is more effective than maintenance
Elementary school students in the United States are often taught to use the very familiar words "HOMES" as a cue for remembering the names of the Great Lakes (each letter in "HOMES" provides a first-letter cue for one of the lakes: Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior). This memory procedure usually works better than repeating the names over and over. The use of this familiar word provides an example of
Elaborative rehearsal
Research into reconsolidation of memories in people who have PTSD has focused on the _______ aspects of memory.
Emotional
Acquiring information and transforming it into long-term memory is
Encoding
People often report an annoying memory failure when they walk from one end of the house to the other for something and then forget what they wanted when they reach their destination. As soon as they return to the first room, they are reminded of what they wanted in the first place. This common experience best illustrates the principle of
Encoding specificity
Which of the following provides the key benefit to the generate-and-test study strategy?
Engagement
Which of the following is not a stage in the information processing model of memory?
Episodic memory
As people get older, their memories of past experiences tend to have an emphasis on ____.
Feelings
The coding of a stimulus into memory refers to which of the following?
Form
Within the context of studying, which of the following would be related to an illusion?
Highlighting
Which of the following is an example of a semantic memory?
I remember the big island of Hawaii has many volcanoes.
According to your text, imagery enhances memory because
Imagery can be used to create connections between items to be remembered.
____ memories are those that we are not aware of
Implicit
Katie and Alana are roommates taking the same psychology class. They have a test in four days during a 10:00 - 11:00 AM class period. Both women intend to study for three hours, but because of different work schedules, Katie will study one hour for each of the next three days, while Alana will study three hours the day before the exam. What could you predict about their performances?
Katie should perform better because of the spacing effect.
The concept of encoding specificity is grounded in which of the following
Location
Given what we know about the operation of the phonological loop, which of the following word lists would be most difficult for people to retain for 15 seconds?
MAC, CAN, CAP, MAN, MAP
If the brain can be considered a busy factory that takes in and processes information, which of the following would occur during the synaptic state in Stoke's working memory concept?
Machines would shut down for material resupply
According to the levels of processing theory, which of the following tasks will produce the best long-term memory for a set of words?
Making a connection between each word and something you've previously learned.
A property of control processes in the modal model of memory is that they
May differ from one task to another
It is easier to perform two tasks at the same time if
One is handled by the visuospatial sketch pad and one is handled by the phonological loop.
The story in the text about the balloons that were used to suspend a speaker in mid-air was used to illustrate the role of ___ in memory
Organization
Bransford and Johnson's study had participants hear a passage, which turned out to be about a man on the street serenading his girlfriend in a tall building. The wording of the passage made it difficult to understand, but looking at a picture made it easier to understand. The results of this study illustrated the importance of _____ in forming reliable long-term memories.
Organizational context
One of the defining characteristics of implicit memory is that
People are not conscious they are using it.
When light from a flashlight is moved quickly back and forth on a wall in a darkened room, it can appear to observers that there is a trail of light moving across the wall, even though physically the light is only in one place at any given time. This experience is an effect of memory that occurs because of
Persistence of vision
Robin lost the softball game for her team when she ran toward home and was thrown out at the plate. The coach asked her, "Why did you run? You knew it was a risky move." Robin replied, "But I heard you yell, 'Go! Go!'" The coach replied, "I was saying 'No! No!'" Robin's ill-fated run was the result of a ____ error.
Phonological
Physiological studies indicate that damage to the brain's ________ can disrupt behaviors that depend on working memory.
Prefrontal cortex
The maintenance rehearsal task of learning a word by repeating it over and over again is most likely to
Produce some short-term remembering, but fail to produce longer-term memories
A man suffering from Korsakoff's syndrome would be able to perform which of the following activities without difficulty?
Propaganda
Experimental evidence suggesting that the standard model of consolidation needs to be revised are data that show that the hippocampus was activated during retrieval of __________ memories.
Recent and remote episodic
The multiple-choice question is an example of a _________ test
Recognition
Treatment of PTSD has benefitted from recent research on
Reconsolidation
Before going to the grocery store, Jamal quickly made a list in his head of the few items he needed to cook dinner. Driving to the store, he repeated the list over and over to himself so that he wouldn't forget anything. How would Broadbent describe Jamal's actions in the car?
Rehearsal in short-term memory
You have been studying for weeks for a nursing school entrance exam. You love the idea of becoming a nurse, and you have been enjoying learning about the material for your exam. Each night, you put on your comfortable clothes and study in the quiet of your lovely home. Memory research suggests you should take your test with a(n) ____ mindset.
Relaxed.
A patient with impaired episodic memory would most likely have the greatest difficulty in
Remembering graduating from college
Retrograde amnesia is usually less severe for ____ memories.
Remote
Elaborative rehearsal of a word will LEAST likely be accomplished by
Repeating it over and over
Models designed to explain mental functioning are constantly refined and modified to explain new results. Which of the following exemplifies this concept based on the results presented in your text?
Replacing the short-term memory component of the modal model with working memory
_____ cues help us remember information that has been stored in memory.
Retrieval
The following statement represents what kind of memory? "The Beatles stopped making music together as a group in the early 1970s."
Semantic
The predominant type of coding in long-term memory is
Semantic
Which of the following is NOT an example of an implicit memory?
Semantic memory
The three structural components of the modal model of memory are
Sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates how effective of ineffective maintenance rehearsal is in transferring information into long-term memory?
Serena's keys were stolen from her purse. She cannot give a detailed description of her keychain to the police, even though she used it every day for 3 years
According to memory research, studying is most effective if study sessions are
Short and across several days
A person with a reduced digit span would most likely have a problem with ____ memory.
Short-term
Which of the following statements about short-term memory is FALSE?
Short-term memory stores an exact replica of sensory stimuli
Rehearsal is important for transferring information from
Short-term memory to long-term memory
The propaganda effect demonstrates that we evaluate familiar statements as being true
Simply because we have been exposed to them before
__________ consolidation involves the gradual reorganization of circuits within brain regions and takes place on a fairly long time scale.
Systems
Jenkins and Russell (1952) presented a list of words like "chair, apple, dish, shoe, cherry, sofa" to participants. In a test, participants recalled the words in a different order than the order in which they were originally presented. This result occurred because of the
Tendency of objects in the same category to become organized
Dr Leung is leading a research team to explore the retrieval practice effect. Which of the following will likely be a key component of her team's research protocol?
Testing
One function of _____ is to pull information out of long-term memory.
The central executive
The episodic buffer directly connects to which two components in Baddeley's model of memory?
The central executive and long-term memory
The dramatic case of patient H.M. clearly illustrates that ___ is crucial for the formation of long-term memories.
The hippocampus
Your text discusses how episodic and semantic memories are interconnected. This discussion revealed that when we experience events,
The knowledge that makes up semantic memories is initially attained through a personal experience based in episodic memory.
Memory enhancement due to repetition priming is a result of the test stimulus being
The same as or resembling the priming stimulus
Jeannie loves to dance, having taken ballet for many years. She is know learning salsa dancing. Although the movements are very different from the dances she is familiar with, she has found a successful memory strategy of linking the new dance information to her previous experiences as a dancer and to her own affection for dance. This strategy suggests reliance on
The self-reference effect
Which of the following learning techniques is LEAST likely to lead to deep processing of the information?
Thuy has just bought a new car and is trying to learn her new license plate sequence. Every morning, for three weeks, she repeats the sequence out loud when she wakes up.
Which term best reflects the core concept of echoic memory?
Time
According to the model of working memory, which of the following mental tasks should LEAST adversely affect people's driving performance while operating a car along an unfamiliar, winding road?
Trying to remember the definition of a word they just learned
Which of the following correctly lists types of memory from least to most complex?
Visual, semantic, episodic
Recent research on memory, based largely on fear conditioning in rats, indicates that
When a memory is reactivated, it becomes capable of being changed or altered, just as it was immediately after it was formed.
If working memory were an actual workplace, which of the following best describes the members of Baddeley's model?
Workers and manager
Working memory differs from short-term memory in that
Working memory is engaged in processing information
The staff working in the air traffic control tower at a busy airport can be considered a suitable metaphor for which of the following?
central executive
Sperling's delayed partial report procedure provided evidence that
information in sensory memory fades within one or two seconds
Which of the following represents the correct progression of information as it moves through the primary memory stores?
sensory , short-term, long-term
Research suggests that the capacity of short-term memory is
somewhat small, holding only about seven items at one time
The type of coding that occurs in a particular situation primarily depends on the _____.
task
The ability to manipulate information in memory temporarily while remembering something else is called
working memory
Free recall of the stimulus list "apple, desk, shoe, sofa, plum, chair, cherry, coat, lamp, pants" will most likely yield which of these response patterns?
Apple, cherry, plum, shoe, coat, pants, lamp, chair
A task with the instructions "Read the following words while repeating 'the, the, the' out loud, look away, and then write down the words you remember" would most likely be studying
Articulatory suppression
From a cognitive psychology perspective, memories from specific experiences in our life are defined as being _________.
Autobiographical
Which of the following statements is the most accurate with regard to autobiographical memories?
Autobiographical memories can involve both episodic and semantic content
Which of the following statements is most accurate with regard to autobiographical memories?
Autobiographical memories can involve both episodic and semantic content.
Explicit memory is to _________ as implicit memory is to __________.
Aware; unaware
The research by Ericsson and colleagues (1980) examined the ability of a college student to achieve amazing feats of memory by having him remember strings of random digits that were recited to him. They found that this student used his experience with running times to help him retain these strings of numbers. The significance of this finding was that
Chunking requires knowledge of familiar patterns or concepts
Which of the following stimulus characteristics most challenges the processing capacity of short-term memory?
Complexity
_________ transforms new memories from a fragile state, in which they can be disrupted, to a more permanent state, in which they are resistant to disruption.
Consolidation
Which statement below is most closely associated with levels of processing theory?
Deep processing involves paying closer attention to a stimulus than shallow processing and results in better processing
Funahashi and coworkers recorder neurons in the PF cortex of monkeys during a delayed response task. These neurons showed the most intense firing during
Delay
Which of the following is a key factor in memory-enhancing capacity of sleep?
Distraction
Brief sensory memory for sound is known as
Echoic memory
"I remember being really excited last year, when my college team won the national championship in basketball." This statement is an example of _____ memory.
Episodic
____ memories are to experiences as _____ memories are to facts.
Episodic; semantic
The concept of reconsolidation is based on the _____ of retrieved memories.
Fragility
The constructive episodic stimulation hypothesis describes how our memories are connected to our _________.
Future
In Slameka and Graf's (1978) study, some participants read word pairs, while other participants had to fill in the blank letters of the second word in a pair with a word related to the first word. The latter group performed better on a later memory task, illustrating the
Generation effect
The recency effect occurs when participants are asked to recall a list of words. One way to eliminate the recency effect is to
Have participants count backwards for 30 seconds after hearing the last word of the list
Research shows that _____ does not improve reading comprehension because it does not encourage elaborative processing of the material
Highlighting
_____ memories are those that we are not aware of.
Implicit
______ memories are those we are not aware of
Implicit
Work with brain-injured patients reveals that _________ memory does not depend on conscious memory.
Implicit and procedural
The primacy effect of chunking is to
Increase the efficiency of short-term memory
The primary effect of chunking is to
Increase the efficiency of short-term memory
Your text describes an "Italian woman" who, after an attack of encephalitis, had difficulty remembering people or facts she knew before. She could, however, remember her life events and daily tasks. Her memory behavior reflects
Intact episodic memory but defectives semantic memory
K.C., who was injured in a motorcycle accident, remembers facts like the difference between a strike and a spare in bowling, but he is unaware of experiencing things like hearing about the circumstances of his brother's death, which occurred two years before the accident. His memory behavior suggests
Intact semantic memory but defective episodic memory
K.C., who was injured in a motorcycle accident, remembers facts like the differences between a strike and a spare in bowling, but he is unaware of experiencing things like hearing about the circumstances of his brother's death, which occurred two years before the accident. His memory behavior suggests
Intact semantic memory but defective episodic memory
According to Tulving, the defining property of the experience of episodic memory is that
It involves mental time travel
Lakeisha and Kim have been studying for two hours for their chemistry exam. Both girls are tired of studying. Lakeisha decides to watch a two-hour movie on DVD, while Kim decides to go to bed. What would you predict about their performance on the chemistry exam?
Kim performs better because of consolidation
The primacy (from the serial position curve experiment) is associated with _________
Long-term
Chantal has frontal lobe damage. She is doing a problem-solving task in which she has to choose the red object out of many choices. She can easily complete this repeatedly, but when the experimenter asks her to choose the blue object on a new trial of the task, she continues to choose the red one, even when the experimenter gives her feedback that she is incorrect. Chantal is displaying
Perseveration
Believing that a particular statement is true simply because you have seen the statement in previous instances is known as the _____ effect.
Propaganda
Which of the following involves procedural memory?
Reading a sentence in a book
The primacy effect is attributed to
Recall of information stored in long-term memory
Experimental evidence suggesting that the standard model of consolidation needs to be revised are data that show that the hippocampus was activated during retrieval of ________ memories.
Recent and remote episodic
Examples from your book describing real experiences of how memories, even ones from a long time ago, can be stimulated by locations, songs, and smells highlight the importance of _______ in long-term memory.
Retrieval cues
What is the key difference between synaptic consolidation and systems consolidation?
Scale
Information remains in sensory memory for
Seconds or a fraction of a second
Remembering that a tomato is a fruit rather than a vegetable is an example of________ memory
Semantic
Which of the following scenarios best illustrate how effective or ineffective maintenance rehearsal is in transferring information into long-term memory?
Serena's keys were stolen from her purse. She cannot give a detailed description of her keychain to the police, even though she used it every day for three years.
Digit span is one measure of capacity of
Short-term memory
Observations that people may actually process and manipulate information rather than simply store it for brief periods of time challenged the conceptualization of
Short-term memory
Suppose you're on the phone with a customer support representative who gives you a ticket number for your records. You're later transferred to a different representative who asks for your ticket number, but you've forgotten it. This probably occurred because the number was only temporarily stored in your
Short-term memory
Your book discusses the memory functioning of patient H.M. who underwent brain surgery to relieve severe epileptic seizures. H.M.'s case has been extremely informative to psychologists by demonstrating that
Short-term memory can operate normally while long-term memory is impaired
Procedural memories are also known as ____ memories
Skill
The principle that we encode information together with its context is known as encoding
Specificity
The standard model of consolidation proposes that the hippocampus is
Strongly active when memories are first formed and being consolidated but becomes less active when retrieving older memories that are already consolidated.
Dr. Leung is leading a research team to explore the retrieval practice effect. Which of the following will likely be a key component of her team's research protocol?
Testing
Wicken's et al.'s "fruit, meat, and professions" experiment failed to show a release from proactive interference in the "fruit" group because
The stimulus category remained the same
Transfer-appropriate processing is likely to occur if
The type of encoding task matches the type of retrieval task
Imagine yourself walking from your car, bus stop, or dorm to your first class. Your ability to form such a picture in your mind depends on which of the following components of working memory?
The visuospatial sketch pad
In which of the following examples of two different brain-injured patients (Tom and Tim) is a double dissociation demonstrated?
Tom has good semantic memory and poor episodic memory, while Tim has good episodic memory but poor semantic memory.
When the methods used to encode and retrieve information are the same, this is called ___ processing
Transfer-appropriate
Memory performance is enhanced if the type of task at encoding matches the type of task at retrieval. This is called
Transfer-appropriate processing.