Cog Psych Exam 2

Why is classical conditioning considered a form of implicit memory?

Because it involves learning an association without being aware of the reasons behind it.

Regarding free recall of a list of items, which of the following will most likely cause the recency effect to disappear by preventing rehearsal?`

Counting backward for 30 seconds before recall

___________ memories are those that we are not aware of.

implicit

Hebb's idea of long-term potentiation, which provides a physiological mechanism for the long-term storage of memories, includes the idea of

increased firing in the neurons.

Transfer-appropriate processing is likely to occur if

the type of encoding task matches the type of retrieval task.

Deep processing involves paying closer attention to a stimulus than shallow processing and results in better processing.

transfer-appropriate processing.

Researchers understood that KF had experienced a decline in short-term memory capacity because he had a digit span of ________ .

two

Which of the following has been shown to play a role in the strength of memories that are associated with emotion?

cortisol

A person who is activating their visuospatial sketch pad is likely to say which of the following?

"I can see it in my mind's eye."

What is the typical duration of short-term memory?

15 to 20 seconds

Jacoby's experiment, in which participants made judgments about whether they had previously seen the names of famous and non-famous people, found that inaccurate memories based on source misattributions occurred after a delay of

24 hours

According to your text, which of the following movies is LEAST accurate in its portrayal of a memory problem?

50 first dates

Which of the following stimuli will last longer in the receiver's sensory memory?

A lion's roar at the zoo

Your text describes an experiment by Talarico and Rubin (2003) that measured people's memories of the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. Which of the following was the primary result of that research?

After 32 weeks, participants had a high level of confidence in their memories of the terrorist events, but lower belief in their memories of "everyday" events.

Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding post-event information and the misinformation effect?

Even when participants are told that the post-event information is incorrect, the misinformation effect can still occur.

Extrapolating from the cultural life script hypothesis, which of the following events would be easiest to recall?

Graduating from college at age 22

According to the levels of processing theory, which of the following tasks will produce the best long-term memory for a set of words?

Making a connection between each word and something you've previously learned

Robin lost the softball game for her team when she ran toward home and was thrown out at the plate. The coach asked her, "Why did you run? You knew it was a risky move." Robin replied, "But I heard you yell, 'Go! Go!'" The coach replied, "I was saying, 'No! No!'" Robin's ill-fated run was the result of a ________ error.

Phonological

Which of the following statements is true of the cognitive interview technique?

Police allow witnesses to talk with a minimum of interruption from the officer.

The episodic buffer directly connects to which two components in Baddeley's model of memory?

The central executive and long-term memory

In which of the following examples of two different brain-injured patients (Tom and Tim) is a double dissociation demonstrated?

Tom has good semantic memory and poor episodic memory, while Tim has good episodic memory but poor semantic memory.

According to the model of working memory, which of the following mental tasks should LEAST adversely affect people's driving performance while operating a car along an unfamiliar, winding road?

Trying to remember the definition of a word they just learned

Which of the following correctly lists types of memory from least to most complex?

Visual, semantic, episodic

Within the context of studying, which of the following would be related to an illusion?

highlighting

Research suggests that the capacity of short-term memory is

somewhat small, holding only about seven items at one time.

Which statement below is most closely associated with levels of processing theory?

Deep processing involves paying closer attention to a stimulus than shallow processing and results in better processing.

__________ occurs when reading a sentence leads a person to expect something that is not explicitly stated or necessarily implied by the sentence.

Pragmatic inference

Which of the following involves procedural memory?

Reading a sentence in a book

Which of the following represents the correct progression of information as it moves through the primary memory stores?

Sensory, short-term, long-term

Which of the following statements about short-term memory is FALSE?

Short-term memory stores an exact replica of sensory stimuli.

Your book explains that brief episodes of retrograde amnesia (e.g., the traumatic disruption of newly formed memories when a football player takes a hit to the head and can't recall the last play before the hit) reflect

a failure of memory consolidation.

On what factor do working memory and short-term memory most differ?

activity

The misinformation effect occurs when a person's memory for an event is modified by misleading information presented

after the event

Jason quickly scanned the map on his phone to get to his job interview, then took a left and ran down the block so he wouldn't be late. According to Stokes, Jason's ability to recall the directions as he's running is the result of ________.

an activity state followed by a synaptic state

The "telephone game" is often played by children. One child creates a story and whispers it to a second child, who does the same to a third child, and so on. When the last child recites the story to the group, his or her reproduction of the story is generally shorter than the original and contains many omissions and inaccuracies. This game shows how memory is a __________ process.

constructive

Bartlett's experiment in which English participants were asked to recall the "War of the Ghosts" story that was taken from the French Indian culture illustrated the

constructive nature of memory.

Peterson and Peterson studied how well participants can remember groups of three letters (like BRT, QSD) after various delays. They found that participants remembered an average of 80 percent of the groups after 3 seconds but only 10 percent after 18 seconds. They hypothesized that this decrease in performance was due to ___________, but later research showed that it was actually due to ___________.

decay; interference

According to the levels of processing theory, memory durability depends on the depth at which information is

encoded

Acquiring information and transforming it into long-term memory is

encoding

"I remember being really excited last year, when my college team won the national championship in basketball." This statement is an example of ___________ memory.

episodic

A lesson to be learned from the research on flashbulb memories is that

extreme vividness of a memory does not mean it is accurate.

Much research has been dedicated to improving the reliability of eyewitness testimony. One finding reveals that when constructing a lineup,

increasing similarity between "fillers" and a suspect leads to an increased level of missed identification of some guilty suspects.

In the experiment conducted by Viskontas and coworkers using picture pairs, a participant's later experience of familiarity with a particular pair was coded as ________.

know

Semantic memory is to ________ as episodic memory is to ________.

knowing; remembering

Experiments that argue against a special flashbulb memory mechanism find that as time increases since the occurrence of the flashbulb event, participants

make more errors in their recollections.

A property of control processes in the modal model of memory is that they

may differ from one task to another.

After witnessing a bank robbery downtown, Javier completed a cognitive interview at the police station. What term would Javier likely use to describe his interview experience?

multidimensional

Bransford and Johnson's study had participants hear a passage, which turned out to be about a man on the street serenading his girlfriend in a tall building. The wording of the passage made it difficult to understand, but looking at a picture made it easier to understand. The results of this study illustrated the importance of ___________ in forming reliable long-term memories.

organizational Context

One of the defining characteristics of implicit memory is that

people are not conscious they are using it.

Experimental evidence suggesting that the standard model of consolidation needs to be revised are data that show that the hippocampus was activated during retrieval of ___________ memories.

recent and remote episodic

You have been studying for weeks for a nursing school entrance exam. You love the idea of becoming a nurse, and you have been enjoying learning about the material for your exam. Each night, you put on comfortable clothes and study in the quiet of your lovely home. Memory research suggests you should take your test with a(n) ________ mindset.

relaxed

Which of the following is key to the illusory truth effect?

repetition

Information remains in sensory memory for

seconds or a fraction of a second

The following statement represents what kind of memory? "The Beatles stopped making music together as a group in the early 1970s."

semantic

The predominant type of coding in long-term memory is

semantic

Which of the following terms does NOT reflect the concept of control processes?

sensory

The three structural components of the modal model of memory are

sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory.

Your book discusses the memory functioning of patient H.M. who underwent brain surgery to relieve severe epileptic seizures. H.M.'s case has been extremely informative to psychologists by demonstrating that

short-term memory can operate normally while long-term memory is impaired.

The principle that we encode information together with its context is known as encoding

specificity

James Nairne would say that effective encoding of memory is based on which of the following?

survival

Dr. Leung is leading a research team to explore the retrieval practice effect. Which of the following will likely be a key component of her team's research protocol?

testing

Jeannie loves to dance, having taken ballet for many years. She is now learning salsa dancing. Although the movements are very different from the dances she is familiar with, she has found a successful memory strategy of linking the new dance information to her previous experiences as a dancer and to her own affection for dance. This strategy suggests reliance on

the self-reference effect.

Lamar has just gotten a new job and is attending a company party where he will meet his colleagues for the first time. His boss escorts him around to small groups to introduce him. At the first group, Lamar meets four people and is told only their first names. The same thing happens with a second group and a third group. At the fourth group, Lamar is told their names and that one of the women in the group is the company accountant. A little while later, Lamar realizes that he only remembers the names of the people in the first group, though he also remembers the profession of the last woman he met (the accountant). Lamar's experience demonstrates

a build-up and release of proactive interference.

Neuropsychological evidence indicates that short- and long-term memories probably

are caused by different mechanisms that act independently.

Your text's discussion of false memories leads to the conclusion that false memories

arise from the same constructive processes that produce true memories.

A task with the instructions "Read the following words while repeating 'the, the, the' out loud, look away, and then write down the words you remember" would most likely be studying

articulatory suppression.

Ming is taking a memory test. She is more likely to recall the name of a popular singer if she had

attended the singer's concert last year with her boyfriend.

In Lindsay's "misinformation effect" experiment, participants saw a sequence of slides showing a maintenance man stealing money and a computer. This slide presentation included narration by a female speaker who described what was happening in the slides as they were shown. Results showed that the misinformation effect was greatest when presentation of misleading post-event information was

auditory from a female speaker.

From a cognitive psychology perspective, memories from specific experiences in our life are defined as being ________.

autobiographical

The staff working in the air traffic control tower at a busy airport can be considered a suitable metaphor for which of the following?

central executive

Schrauf and Rubin's "two groups of immigrants" study found that the reminiscence bump coincided with periods of rapid change, occurring at a normal age for people emigrating early in life but shifting to 15 years later for those who emigrated later. These results support the

cognitive hypothesis

According to the ______ approach to memory, what people report as memories is based on what actually happened plus additional factors such as other knowledge, experiences, and expectations.

constructive

In Slameka and Graf's (1978) study, some participants read word pairs, while other participants had to fill in the blank letters of the second word in a pair with a word related to the first word. The latter group performed better on a later memory task, illustrating the

generation effect.

Believing that a particular statement is true simply because you have seen the statement in previous instances is known as the ________ effect.

propaganda

Procedural memories are also known as ________ memories.

skill

The "wedding reception" false memory experiment shows that false memories can be explained as a product of familiarity and

source misattribution.

When the methods used to encode and retrieve information are the same, this is called ________ processing.

transfer-appropriate

Recent research on memory, based largely on fear conditioning in rats, indicates that

when a memory is reactivated, it becomes capable of being changed or altered, just as it was immediately after it was formed.