Cog Psych Midterm 1 Qs

The method of loci technique requires you to imagine to-be-remembered items (a)__________. You can imagine these locations (b)__________.

(a) at specific, pre-selected locations; (b) in a specific, pre-determined order

The notions of (a) levels of processing and (b) the generation effect, respectively, are MOST DIRECTLY associated with which of the three elements of the deep processing principle (or, more accurately, the deep, active, and elaborative processing principle)?

(a) deep processing; (b) active processing

Although (a)__________ is a well known and robust phenomenon, its applicability to various testing situations is quite limited to cases in which students know exactly how their knowledge will be tested later. In most other cases (including studying for exams for this course), students are better off relying on the notion of (b)__________ instead, because they cannot be sure how they will be asked to retrieve the information learned later.

(a) encoding specificity; (b) encoding variability

Massed learning likely promotes (a)__________, whereas spaced learning likely promotes (b)__________.

(a) encoding specificity; (b) encoding variability

An important aspect of reducing procrastination identified during the 01/29 (T) lecture is to (a)__________. This challenging initial step could be effectively targeted by (b)__________.

(a) overcome the initial resistance; (b) developing a starting ritual using a method like the pomodoro technique

Which of the following stages of memory processes are MOST directly relevant to the memory principles of (a) deep processing and (b) focused learning, respectively?

(a) the encoding stage; (b) the encoding stage

Which of the following is the LEAST accurate statement about behaviorism?

Behaviorism is primarily designed to explain why organisms believe their behavior is justified or reasonable.

Which of the following questions would lead to the greatest probability of successfully recalling the target word HUNGRY later?

Can you think of a word that is synonymous to the word HUNGRY?

When you use flashcards to study for an exam (with the goal of achieving long-term retention), which of the following should you AVOID doing?

Dropping, from further study, items you were able to recall correctly once or twice Flipping each card over and over again and read both sides as many times as possible Relying exclusively on the flashcard method

Which of the following study strategies/habits is actually helpful in terms of maximizing the effectiveness of your learning?

Engaging in elaborative rehearsal while learning new concepts

Although the evidence suggests that engaging in media multitasking negatively effects learning and academic performance, this negative impact is limited to those individuals who actually multitask during learning. Therefore, students who can see their peers multitask in a classroom but are not multitasking themselves do NOT experience the same negative impact of multitasking on their learning. True or False?

False

Ebbinghaus's forgetting curve suggests that forgetting is very slow at first (e.g., within the first 2 or 3 days) but then rapidly accelerates as time goes by. True or False?

False

Repeated learning ensures long-lasting memories, as long as you are exposed to the to-be-learned material many, many times. True or False?

False

Which of the following is NOT associated with good academic performance?

Frequent media multitasking during learning

Which of the following was NOT one of the problems associated with introspection as a research technique?

How people react to a stimulus is heavily influenced by past experience.

Which of the following is NOT a known benefit of using flash cards?

It promotes the integration of complex higher-order information

According to the Five Popular Study Strategies article, which of the following practices may NOT be harmful when using flash cards for studying?

Mixing flash cards from two different topics

Which of the following statements about imagery-based mnemonic techniques is TRUE?

None of the above (i.e., all three statements above are NOT true)

Which of the following statements about metacognition is NOT true?

One effective way to minimize the inaccuracy of our metacognition is to read the study material over and over so that we become familiar with the material

Which of the following statement is TRUE about procrastination?

One reason contributing to procrastination is that people tend to have a cognitive bias called the optimism bias

Which is NOT a studying pitfall discussed in this article?

Over-testing learned flash cards at the expense of unlearned material

What is the most precise explanation for why many aspects of psychology (and most of cognitive psychology) rely on inferential methods?

Psychology often demands hypotheses about processes that cannot be observed directly in order to explain the capacities and the behaviors that we can observe.

Which of the following levels of difficulty is considered DESIRABLE in terms of promoting focused learning and active, deeper processing?

Quite challenging (but still manageable with some effort)

At which of the following stages, the SQ3R method requires learners to apply the principle of retrieval practice to their learning process?

Recite

When you use flashcards for studying for exams, which of the following should you try to AVOID?

Removing a card after recalling it correctly once

The authors of the Five Popular Study Strategies article actually make which of the following claims about rereading in this article?

Rereading can give students the false impression that they are effectively learning the text because the second reading is often perceived to be more fluent.

Which of the following activities can be considered EFFECTIVE in terms of learning and long-term retention?

Studying a book chapter with the SQ3R method

Which of the following events did NOT have any direct influence on the cognitive revolution?

The development of neuroimaging techniques.

What is the most important reason why the authors of the Five Popular Study Strategies article recommend that students wait to mark important information until after the first read of the material?

The first read helps students put information into perspective, making it easier to identify true key points

Which of the following is the MOST fundamental to the concept of transfer-appropriate processing?

The match between encoding and retrieval contexts

Gestalt psychologists argued which of the following?

The perceiver is of central importance in organizing his or her own experience.

According to the Five Popular Study Strategies article, which of the following statements is TRUE about the successful and effective training procedures developed and tested so far for the outlining strategy?

The training emphasizes the importance of correctly identifying the main points

How do cognitive psychologists use speed to assess behavior?

They measure small differences in response times to gain insight into the mental processing that is necessary for those responses.

Note-taking can be beneficial not only as a tool for later reviewing, but also as a tool for effective encoding True or False?

True

According to the Five Popular Study Strategies article, massed rereading (as opposed to spaced rereading) is particularly INEFFECTIVE under which of the following situations?

When long-term retention of the text content is required or desirable

Which of the following study strategies for textbook chapters are NOT recommended by the authors of the Maximizing Learning in College article?

Write a chapter summary as you read

Which of the following behaviors is most difficult to explain from a behaviorist perspective?

Your response to a stimulus is dependent on how you interpret that stimulus.

A psychologist who adheres to the behaviorist school of thought would most likely attribute someone reaching for a slice of pie to

a learned behavior in response to specific environmental triggers.

Researchers in cognitive psychology rely on all of the following forms of data EXCEPT

anecdotes and testimonials.

In his TED talk, Joshua Foer talked about the memory of the word baker, as presented as somebody's last name (e.g., Mr. Baker) versus as an occupation (e.g., He is a baker). People's recall of the word Baker/baker is:

better for baker (occupation) than for Baker (last name)

According to the authors of the Five Popular Study Strategies article, note-taking has been shown to be beneficial for:

both encoding and storage (reviewing)

Note-taking research has shown that, when students take notes with a computer, they are more likely to __________ than when they take notes with paper and pencil.

copy the lecture content verbatim

Mnemonic techniques are effective because they require to:

create unique retrieval cues

The strategy of answering some comprehension questions about some topic before you start learning that topic is

effective as a learning strategy by making it easier for students to connect new information to what they already know while reading the text.

Suppose you want to remember the name of a restaurant called "Prego." You therefore think about how "prego" means "please" in Italian, and you also think about the brand name of a popular spaghetti sauce. This kind of mental activity is called:

elaborative rehearsal

Suppose that you just learned that all you have to do in a forthcoming biology quiz is to write down the definitions of 20 scientific terms. In this situation, which of the following concepts/principles most likely allows you to maximize your later recall performance at the time of the biology quiz?

encoding specificity

The SQ3R method of studying a text takes advantage of all of the following memory effects or principles, EXCEPT:

encoding specificity

Martin is trying to understand why he has been forgetting things lately. As a well-trained cognitive psychologist, Martin is likely to investigate this puzzle by

examining the circumstances associated with his memory failures, including the complexity or familiarity of the material and how fully he paid attention to the material during learning.

In this class, you answer some in-class quiz questions, take a post-lecture online quiz (like this), a mid-term exam after 5 lectures, and then a cumulative final exam at the end. This schedule requires you to review what you learned multiple times by steadily increasing the time intervals between your successive review sessions. In other words, this schedule takes advantage of __________.

expanding retrieval practice

Ryan believes that smart people do not need to work hard and views his failures (e.g., receiving worse than expected exam scores) as the limits of his learning ability. Ryan has:

fixed mindset

At a conference you meet a researcher who says she is of the same school of thought as the famous nineteenth-century scholars Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener. You can gather from this statement that she feels that the best way to study thoughts is to

have only highly trained and qualified people introspect about their own thoughts.

According to the Joshua Foer video you watched in preparation for the 01/29 (T) class, the method of loci was invented:

in ancient Greece; Cicero wrote about a tragic episode that involved the use of this mnemonic technique

The tendency of students to be ineffective in knowing when to drop learned flash cards can be considered an issue of __________ .

inaccurate metacognition

When Jane was attending a lecture on "encoding specificity" (something you will learn later in Module 1), she spent a lot of time doing some media multitasking (e.g., sending texts to friends, checking emails). When she had to take an in-class quiz administered at the end of that lecture, she was not able to recall lecture information well, although she thought she was processing some lecture-related information. This example BEST illustrates forgetting that occurs due to __________.`

insufficient initial encoding

According to the Five Popular Study Strategies article, marking (i.e., underlining and highlighting) is a highly popular study strategy that:

is not particularly effective without some training

Existing research on the effect of marking (i.e., underlining and highlighting) on learning and later retention has compellingly demonstrated that:

learners can indeed recall marked information better than unmarked information.

Which of the following is NOT among the seven principles of effective learning covered in class? good time and motivation management massed learning deep processing transfer-appropriate processing

massed learning

Which of the following types of practice or learning is NOT effective, according to the authors of the Maximizing Learning in College article?

massed practice

Which of the following goal orientation/mindset combinations is the BEST one in terms of long-term learning and academic achievements?

mastery goal orientation and growth mindset

The authors of the Five Popular Study Strategies article recommends that, when using flash cards, students keep testing themselves even after they get an item correct. Which of the following is NOT a directly relevant reason behind this particular recommendation?

none of the above, all 3 are reasons

Research has shown that LATER REVIEWING of the material learners produced yields substantial benefits for:

note-taking, but not for highlighting and underlining (marking)

Modern psychologists follow the lead of Immanuel Kant in arguing that the solution to the impasse between introspectionism and behaviorism lies in a method in which we begin with __________ and then proceed to __________.

observable facts; likely internal causes

Research reviewed in the Five Popular Study Strategies article clearly demonstrates that, without proper prior training, the outlining strategy is EFFECTIVE:

only for instructor- or experimenter-generated outlines, but not for learner-generated outlines

According to the Five Popular Study Strategies article, for which of the following popular study strategies, the distinction between instructor- (or experimenter-) generated and learner-generated materials makes the BIGGEST difference in terms of benefiting students' learning (at least when no proper training is provided)?

outlining

Which of the following popular study strategies covered in the Five Popular Study Strategies article require the most extensive amount of training before students can effectively implement that strategy and fully benefit from it?

outlining

Which of the following study strategies is likely to be the MOST helpful in preparing for an exam that prompts students to synthesize essay-form arguments around material learned in the course?

outlining

Which of the following mnemonic techniques requires you to memorize a list of cues in the form of a rhyme (e.g., "one is bun") before you can apply this technique?

pegword method

One of the bullet points in the summary table of the strategies for optimizing learning in the Putnam et al. (2016) article you read for the 01/17 (TH) lecture was: "Be skeptical about what you think you know---testing yourself can provide a better picture about which concepts you know well and which you might need to study further." The recommendation that you "be skeptical about what you think you know" is based most DIRECTLY on the fact that ____________.

people do not always have good metacognition about their own learning

If a patient were to suffer amnesia similar to the amnesia suffered by H.M., which of the following would pose a particular problem?

remembering his or her divorce, which occurred after brain surgery

Another bullet point in Putnam et al.'s (2016) summary table of the strategies for optimizing learning in college was: "Instead of writing down a chapter summary as you read, write down what you remember after you read, recalling the details from memory. [...]" This recommendation is most DIRECTLY relevant to which of the following principles of effective learning?

retrieval practice

You have to take two exams on the same day, one in sociology and one in anthropology. You first study for your sociology exam. After a few hours of review, you study for your anthropology exam. On the next morning, you first take the sociology exam, but you are dismayed to discover that the appropriate sociology terms/concepts keep eluding you while various anthropology terms pop into your head. In this case, you are experiencing _________.

retroactive interference

You met an attractive person at a party last Friday, when you were a bit tipsy from too many beers. The next morning, you could no longer remember that person's name. Saturday night, you went to another party and drank a few more beers, and suddenly you were able to remember the name again. This example BEST illustrates which of the following effects or concepts?

state-dependent learning

One important overarching theme of the Five Popular Study Strategies article is that:

students are often unaware of the pitfalls associated with each of the five commonly used study strategies covered in this article

If you compare students' metacognitive judgments about their exam performance and their actual exam scores, you will most likely find that:

students with high exam scores can make more accurate metacognitive judgments than those with low exam scores

Suppose you discover that, if you make up a list of important concepts in social psychology yourself, then you recall those concepts better than if someone else constructs the same list for you. This finding is an example of:

the generation effect

According to the Karpicke & Blunt (2011) study discussed in class, which of the following groups was MOST confident about their learning right after the learning session was over?

the restudy group

According to the results of the Karpicke & Blunt (2011) study, which of the following groups performed BEST on the comprehension questions administered a week later?

the retrieval practice (test) group

If you want note-taking to be a strategy to effectively and deeply ENCODE information during learning, you should:

try to engage in generative processes

Cognitive psychology is primarily concerned with which of the following?

what we know, what we remember, and how we think

According to the authors of the Maximizing Learning in College article, which form of note-taking is more effective for learning: typing on a laptop and writing by hand?

writing by hand