cog psych test 3

representative heuristic

the probability that A (a person) comes from B category (a specific profession) can be determined by how well A resembles properties of B.

goal state

the problem is solved

Categorization

the process by which things are place into groups

intermediate state

the process of solving the problem

Mental Set

the tendency to keep using an approach that worked previously to similar problems on a new problem

initial state

thinking about the unsolved problem

falsification principle

to test a rule or hypothesis, you must look for situations that can falsify the rule (instead of just keep searching for evidence that would support the rule)

People tend to overestimate what negative feelings will occur following a decision more so than positive feelings. what positive feelings will occur following a decision more so than negative feelings. what positive and negative feelings will occur following a decision to the same degree. subjective utility values following a decision.

what negative feelings will occur following a decision more so than positive feelings.

Availability heuristic

when we estimate the likelihood or probability of events, we base our judgments on how easily we can think of the examples of the events

connectionist network approach

Based on to the actual brain mechanism. Distributed representation. Input, hidden, and output units.

conjunction rule

the probability of a conjunction between two independent events should be smaller than the probability of each individual event

criticisms of semantic network (collins and loftus)

Cannot explain the typicality effect Response times of some sentences do not correspond to the network.

Which term below is most closely associated with semantic networks? Distributed processing Cognitive economy Prototype formation Serial processing

Cognitive Economy

Semantic network model

Each concept is represented as a node and related concepts are connected

permission schema (Cheng & Holyoak)

If A is satisfied, then B can be carried out. If A is not satisfied, then B cannot be carried out

functional fixedness

Restricting the use of an object to its familiar functions

Which of the following is not one of the types of units found within a parallel distributed processing model? Hidden units Input units Working units Output units

Working units

Prototype approach

a single 'average' representation of the members of a category

How is cognitive economy represented in the following example? The property ________ is stored at the _______ node. a. can fly; bird b. can fly; canary c. has feathers; ostrich d. bird; penguin

a. can fly; bird

back propagation

adjustment based on feedback

According to Collins and Quillian's semantic network model, it should take longest to verify which statement below? a. Turtles are turtles. b. A turtle is an animal. c. A turtle is related to a fish. d. A turtle is an amphibian.

b. A turtle is an animal.

risk-aversion

strategy used when problem is stated in terms of gains (ex. 200 people will be saved)

You completed a CogLab experiment for lexical decision-making in which you were asked to distinguish between words and non-words. What does the demonstration predict? a. That people will distinguish between words and non-words equally well regardless of how it is related to preceding words. b. Participants will be faster to identify words when they are preceded by a semantically related word then it is preceded by an unrelated word c. Mental lexicons (i.e., mental representation of words) do not affect word and non-word distinction. d. That lexical decisions are not related to the semantic priming

b. Participants will be faster to identify words when they are preceded by a semantically

The semantic network model predicts that the time it takes for a person to retrieve information about a concept should be determined by _____________________________________. a. the amount of information contained in each concept. b. the distance that must be traveled through the network. c. the typicality of the information contained in each concept. d. the representativeness of the information contained in each concept.

b. the distance that must be traveled through the network.

risk-taking

strategy when problem is stated in terms of losses (400 people will die)

Collins and Quillian's semantic network model predicts that the reaction time to verify "a canary is a bird" is ______ the reaction time to verify "an ostrich is a bird." a. interfered with by b. faster than c. the same as d. slower than

c. the same as

definitional approach

could be useful for categorizing geometric objects but not work for many other cases (ex. fish)

confirmation bias

tendency to selectively look for information that conforms to our hypothesis and overlook information that argues against it

Learning takes place in a connectionist network through a process of ________ in which an error signal is transmitted starting from the property units. a. graceful degradation b. error verification c. spreading activation d. back propagation

d. back propagation

One of the key properties of the _______ approach is that a specific concept is represented by activity that is distributed over many units in the network. a. semantic network b. hierarchical c. spreading activation d. connectionist

d. connectionist

One beneficial property of connectionist networks is graceful degradation, which refers to the property that these networks learn by a process that is analogous to the way a child learns about the world by making mistakes and being corrected. learning a new concept does not interfere with remembering a previously learned concept. damage to the system does not completely disrupt its operation. learning can be generalized between similar concepts to facilitate future learning.

damage to the system does not completely disrupt its operation.

framing effect

decisions are influenced by how a decision is stated with a highlight on one aspect (gain or loss) of a situation

immediate emotions

emotions experienced at the time a decision is being made

expected emotions

emotions that people predict that they will feel concerning an outcome

In the two-string problem, tying the pliers to one of the strings best represents a(n) _____ state. intermediate initial goal analogy

intermediate

Heuristic

intuitive decision making process based on past experiences. Faster and more efficient than exhaustive and careful search

According to the typicality effect, objects in a category have a family resemblance to one another. objects that are not typical stand out and so are more easily remembered. items that are high in prototypicality are judged more rapidly as being in a group. we prefer typical objects to non-typical objects.

items that are high in prototypicality are judged more rapidly as being in a group.

Exemplar approach

multiple actual members of a category

Griggs and Cox (1982)

showed that people are better at judging the validity of syllogisms when real-word examples are substituted for abstract symbols

Collins and Quillian explained the results of priming experiments by introducing the concept of _____ into their network model. spreading activation cognitive economy typicality back propagation

spreading activation

cognitive economy

storing shared properties just once at a higher-level node.