Cognative Psychology 3330 Byrne Clemson Final Exam (Chp 10, 12)

is the study of how people reason

Reasoning

on the brain stem *the bulge--

pons

Series example (part of inducing structure problem)

Series- ABMCDM_ _ _ EFM

Wernicke's aphasia symptoms

Severe comprehension difficulties Unable to grasp meaning of spoken words Cannot understand what others are saying or what they themselves are saying

What information do speakers and listeners use?

Sound (accents) Grammer (structure to clearly communicate with others) Meaning (what is trying to be said) Pragmatics (inferred/implied meaning not directly said)

4 Neural Methods Dimensions-Localization is Important

Spatial Resolution - Temporal Resolution Invasiveness - Cost -

Byron Peterson

Stroke survivor with fluent aphasia Communicating nonsense, incomprehensible words Communication stunted between frontal cortex where thoughts are formed and wernicke's area where comprehension is

We cannot have proper deductive reasoning if it

Doesn't follow a syllogism pattern

Inducing structure can be used to:

Fit relationships into patterns Some objects are given- need to figure out how objects relate

Conditional Syllogism Layout:

-Consists of 2 premises and a conclusion 1st premise in statement is form "if p, then q" p= antecedent q=consequent condition 2nd premise can take 1 of 4 forms: Affirmation of the antecedent (P) -(AA): p is true Denial of the antecedent (p)- (DA): p is not ture Affirmation of the consequent (q)- (AC): q is true Denial of the consequent (q)- (DC): 1 is not true

Categorical syllogism example and proper layout:

1) premise 1: All porsches are reliable premise 2: The boxster is a porche conclusion: The boxster is reliable 2) Layout (general): Premise 1: All A are B. Premise 2: C is an A Conclusion: C is a B

Inductive reasoning requirements: (example given)

1)No inductive process can ever be certain 2)Cannot know all instances that can exist In induction- using our inference to add new knowledge, which though plausible may be incorrect, to our existing knowledge Ex: if you have seen four violent football games, you assume ALL football games are violent 4 football games- could be high school, college or NFL Generalizing to ALL football

How many phonemes are in the English language? Worldwide?

46, 200

Sample problem with inducing structure problem- doorman

A man wanted to enter an exclusive club but did not know the password that was required. He waited by the door and listened. A club member knocked on the door and the doorman said, "twelve." The member replied, "six " and was let in. A second member came to the door and the doorman said, "six." The member replied, "three" and was let in. The man thought he had heard enough and walked up to the door. The doorman said ,"ten" and the man replied, "five." But he was not let in. Should have said "three". The doorman let in those who answer with the number of letters in the word the doorman says.

Bronze Coin Problem

A stranger approached a museum curator and offered him an ancient bronze coin. The coin had an authentic appearance and was marked with the date 544 B.C.E. The curator had happily made acquisitions from suspicious sources before, but this time he promptly called the police and had the stranger arrested. Why? Knew it was fake because it wouldn't be marked with BCE

refers to coherent group of written or spoken sentences (Social rules that govern language)

Discourse

what you can take to get from initial state to goal state Frequently mental ones Such as planning an alternate route

Actions of Problem solving

property that permits more than one interpretation of a sound, word, phrase or sentence

Ambiguity

Factors that HINDER reading comprehension

Ambiguity- when same thing can have multiple meanings Ex: visiting relatives can be a nuisance Could mean: "relatives visiting me can be a nuisance" or "going to visit relatives is a nuisance"

inferior to the thalamus

Amygadala

given letter and rule of English- then make a word

Anagrams ***THIS IS AN ARRANGEMENT PROBLEM***

highly demanding of attention (parietal) and memory (medial temporal)

Analogical Reasoning

highly demanding of attention (parietal) and memory (medial temporal)

Analogical reasoning

apply structure form Pair 1 to Pair 2

Analogies (part of inducing structure problem)

Language or speech disruption "Without speech" Brain can't distinguish between language/grammar production and meaning comprehension- this is what happens when something disrupts that

Aphasia

Fact that the relationship between sounds (or spelling) of a word and its meaning is not predictable Aka: sound of word gives no hint to its meaning Ex: there is nothing about sound or spelling of word "cat" that has feline-like properties

Arbitrariness

problems that present all necessary elements to solve a problem

Arrangement

thinking that moves outward from a problem in many possible directions.

Divergent thinking

Medical students use what type of search tactic?

BACKWARD SEARCH -goal of diagnosis to the symptoms that constitute the initial state

Kohler 1972 study with monkey's in a cage

Bananas hanging from top of cage out of reach Some boxes in corner of cage After sitting quietly- suddenly produced a solution -monkeys stacked boxes to get banannas

grey matter on the side of the thalamus- hippocampus and amygdala is attached to it

Basal Ganglia

the tendency to be more likely to accept a believable conclusion in a syllogism than unbelievable conclusion, even if it doesn't follow logically from the premises

Belief Bias

Cells in visual system respond only to input form both eyes If these cells don't get input from both eyes within 1st year of life, they do not develop combine/converge into 1 image Vision is blurry because they do not converge

Binocular vision in humans

What is the critical period determined by?

Biolgical determination (with some environmental input)

Language production is located in what part of the brain?

Broca's Area

Sadly, Geraldine has a stroke. When her sister asks her, "How are you feeling today?" Geraldine fully understands the question but is unable to respond to this question. Instead, Geraldine takes awhile to try to form words, but merely responds "Day." What type of brain damage might Geraldine have? a) Global aphasia b) Broca's aphasia c) Wernicke's aphasia d) Visual agnosia e) Apraxia

Broca's aphasia

trouble speaking fluently but comprehension is relatively preserved

Broca's aphasia

in frontal cortex anterior to central sulcus

Broca's area

Bilingualism can act as a ______ against cognitive decline

Buffer

represents relationship between variables

Conditional Syllogism

what analogies come up with when given a metaphor Ex: empty bookcase- empty mind, desert, abandoned beehive

Capacity for metaphor

relations between 2 categories of things

Categorical syllogism

Theory as to how insight occurs Input = the problem information Hidden layer = information processing Unconscious, nonverbal thinking activity Combined input is equal to or exceeds its threshold Output = solution is what?

Connectionist theory

errors in deductive reasoning that result when the content of the scenario in the syllogism is used instead of logical form

Content Errors

Cannot be broken down into smaller meaning parts ex: he, is, it, cot

Content morpheme

______ Helps percieve phonemes

Context

The key to resolving ambiguitites

Context and Top-down processing

Two types of thinking

Convergent Divergent

thinking that proceeds towards a single answer

Convergent Thinking

consistently coming up with novel and appropriate ideas and solutions Something that has not been done before, not common, unique

Creativity

One way to improve reading comprehension is to: A.Present the context to the reader in an ambiguous way B.Use passive voice C.Read information aloud D.Reduce the number of inferences a reader needs to make

D- reduce the number of inferences a reader needs to make

one of the fundamental tools cognitive psychologists use to understand human rationality

Deductive Reasoning

that affect specific brain systems

Drug Admin

Fact that MEANINGFUL units (morphemes) are made up of MEANINGLESS units (phonemes) Can be combined over and over to make different words Phonemes (t), (k), (a) can be arranged in different ways to make 3 different English words: cat, act, tack 1 sound, 1 meaning relationship Separation between meaning of sounds and word- not how it is combined

Duality of Patterning

4 ways that human communication is different from animal communication

Duality of Patterning Arbitrariness Generative Capacity Recursion

increase or decrease in electrical activity in the brain electrical activity generated by neuron firing/action potentials excellent temporal resolution* to 1 millisecond Poor spatial resolution Low invasiveness and cost example: seizures-alpha waves

EEG

carrying over specific and often unhelpful features from previous example when designing something new Hyper-focused on old ideas and hinders new ideas Unhelpful to creativity

Fixation

Analogies example

Ex: sugar: sweet :: lemon : ___ Choose from: yellow, sour, fruit, squeeze choose sour

How do experts differ from novices in problem solving strategies?

Experts CHUNK INFORMATION Can access related chunks of knowledge from long term memory Makes problem solving more efficient Experts use a FORWARD SEARCH -Search from initial state to the goal state Ex: physician works from symptoms to diagnosis

Sarcasm, irony, jokes and other types of figurative language often rely on intonation

Figurative Language

simple, efficient rules which people often use to form judgments and make decisions.

Heuristic

Use the transformation problem for : (2 things)

For simpler types of problems to solve Clear goal= easier to solve the problem

errors in deductive reasoning that result from the structural form or format of the premise-conclusion relationship

Form Errors

In a categorical syllogism, if a person accepts the conclusion as valid if it contains the same quantifier—"some," "all," or "no"—as appears in the premises, then they may make be susceptible to a For example: Some people are doctors. Joe is a doctor. Some people are Joe. a) Content error b) Form error C) Belief bias effect

Form error

Victor, the Wild Boy of Aveyron

Found around 1800 near outskirts of Aveyron, France Estimated to be around 7 years old Neither spoke nor responded to speech Taken to and studied by Dr. Jean-Marc-Gaspard Itard, an educator of deaf-mute and disabled children Never learned to speak and his receptive language ability was limited to a few simple commands Described by Itard as "an almost normal boy who could not speak"

Genie

Found in Arcadia, CA in 1970 Was not exposed to human language until age 13.5 Raised in isolation in a situation of extreme abuse Could barely walk and could not talk when found Dr. Susan Curtiss made great efforts to teach her language, and she did learn how to talk, but her grammar never fully developed Only capable of producing telegraphic utterances Ex: mike paint, applesauce buy store Speech sounded like that of a 2 year old By age of 17, after years of extensive training- vocabulary of a 5 year old Poor grammar- telegraphic speech mostly, few grammatical words Ex: mama wash hair in sink At school scratch face I want Curtiss play piano Like go ride yellow school bus Father take piece of wood. Hit. cry.

Analogical reasoning relies on

Frontal Cortex

UNT study showed using 2+ different languages can provide cognitive advantages during normal aging More synaptic connections and more communication between 3 areas of the brian which are:

Frontal,temporal,parietal

tendency to think of objects only for their typical or customary uses

Functional fixedness

Metcalfe and Wiebe 1987 study-evidence for insight

Gave participants Bronze coin problems (insight) and math problems (noninsight) Participants make "feeling of warmth" ratings every 15 seconds 1st evidence to show insight occurs in a flash

Humans can recombine morphemes, words and sentences to convey a potentially infinite number of thoughts Aka-combine words into thoughts Animal communication is more limited: Sounds, gestures, cues, chemical signals Less detailed and sophisticated than human communication Do not have same neural regions to allow for language to communicate

Generative Capacity

produce few recognizable words and understand little or not spoken language Most severe form Rarest- both Wernicke's and Broca's

Global Aphasia

where you want to be- at the solution to the problem

Goal State of Problem Solving

psycholinguists use this to refer to knowledge that someone has about structure of his/her language

Grammer

Previous research demonstrates that one benefit of bilingualism is: A.Enhanced amygdala responses to speech sounds B. Reduced likelihood of developing Alzheimer's disease C. Enhanced retrieval from long-term memory D. Greater executive processing capabilities

Greater executive processing capabilities

Deductions can also be known as ______ based on known facts?

Guesses

Sara with broca's had:

Hemorrhagic stroke- occurs more often in younger people, mostly due to accidents Speech problems- writes things down to remember Can understand questions and point to different parts of body in reference Struggles to grasp language production ***disconnect between thoughts and cannot produce words she wants to say 8 years after therapy- can make complete sentences, does not need to be prompted as much

Occurs when problem solver looks one move ahead and chooses the move that most closely resembles goal state Disadvantage- look just 1 move ahead Not most effective strategy Ex: weight loss- grapefruit diet Eat only grapefruit for 12 days Only works shorterm Pitfalls- not a long term solution, unhealthy, unsafe

Hill Climbing

posterior to the amygdala

Hippocampus

Smith, Ward, Schumacher Study 1993

Imagine a planet just like Earth existing somewhere in the universe. It is currently uninhabited. Your task is to design a new creature to inhabit the planet. Within the allotted 2 minutes draw as many new and different creatures of your own creative design as you are able. Duplication of creatures now extinct or living on the planet Earth are not permitted. ½ group given examples- they looked similar to examples given with minute differences other ½ were not given examples and showed ingenuity Result: recent experience can lead to unintentional conformity, constraining generation of creative ideas Did a similar study but with creation of new toys and showed same correlation

cases in which putting a problem aside, rather than continuing to work on it can lead to insightful solution

Incubation

Washington is to 1. Lincoln is to 10 or 5? Part 1- the above example represents what type of cognitive problem? Part 2- what's the answer?

Inducing structure problem because it is an analogy 5

any thought process that uses our knowledge of specific known instances to draw an inference about a new situation

Inductive Reasoning

In the game Clue, you need to determine who committed a murder, the murder weapon, and the room it was committed in. Who, what, and where essentially form a rule that you are trying to determine. As you find make observations and find clues, you notice a pattern that allows you to narrow down the options. Once you are reasonably sure about who, for instance, you may hold that clue constant and continue to gather information about other parts of the rule. This strategy can best be described as:

Inductive reasoning *** Key word is Pattern***

relies on combination of many cognitive processes LEFT PREFRONTAL CORTEX- primary region involved What type of reasoning?

Inductive reasoning (brain area)

where you are now as you face the problem that needs to be solved

Initial state of problem solving

one type of ill-defined cognitive problem The answer seems to come all of a sudden in a flash of understanding Not given a lot of information Requires more creativity and testing

Insight

"melody" of a sentence Rise and fall of pitch Variations in stress

Intonation

Belief Bias example and structure

It is often caused by a content error in a premise Example from book: Premise 1- all things that have a motor (a) need oil (b) Premise 2- automobiles (c) need oil (b) Conclusion- automobiles (c) have motors (a) Have to have form or content error to have belief bias effect 2. Understand the concept and be able to recognize examples of transformation, insight, arrangement, and inducing structure problems.

shared symbolic system for communication

Language

Language in general part of brain

MOTOR CORTEX- to form words communicating

*STRUCTURE* of the brain: shape, distortions, volume excellent spatial resolution* to ½ cm low temporal resolution and invasiveness High cost detail structures of other areas of body: bones, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, muscle, blood vessels

MRI

Arrangement example

Matchsticks- move one matchstick to make each arithmetic statement into a true statement

Compares current state with goal state and choose action to bring you closer to the goal Break problem down into SMALL SUB GROUPS Very effective strategy for solving transformation and arrangement problems is what?

Means-end Analysis strategies

The simplest and cognitively least demanding of the problem solving strategies is random search

Random Search

Long term effects of bilingualism

More analytical approach to language and perception Greater ease of learning an additional language Greater inclination to process for meaning

Building blocks of words; smallest unit of meaning in language

Morpheme

Analogical reason 2 steps

Must 1st attend to superficial similarities between source and target Then search long-term memory for the appropriate analog

Analogical Reasoning steps

Must 1st attend to superficial similarities between source and target Then search long-term memory for the appropriate analog Analogical reasoning relies on FRONTAL CORTEX**

What is the difference between transformation and arrangement problems?

Not knowing what the goal state is

Inductive reasoning stages (4)

Observation pattern tentative hypothesis theory

A baby is trying to learn which slot different shapes belong in. The baby uses trial and error to figure out that the red block fits in the square shaped slot. What problem solving strategy is the baby using?

Random search- ineffective (no thought process to it)

increase or decrease in neurotransmitter (serotonin, dopamine) activity good spatial resolution to 5 mm poor temporal ~40 seconds very invasive (injected with radioactive) and very expensive cancer, heart function, alzheimer's

PET

What area of the brain helps regulate attention, spatial relationship, and mental imagery? a) Frontal Cortex b) Occipital Cortex c) Parietal Cortex d) Temporal Cortex

Parietal Cortex

Incubation and fixation in RAT problem solving study

Participants shown 30 stimuli and told to develop solution Tested immediately after and then 24 hours later Overall- immediately after= 20% accuracy After 24 hours= 50% accuracy- doubled improvement *incubation effect- delay in time leads to improvement in problem solving

Gick and Holyoak 1980 study

People do not always notice analogies Attack problem- The general, however, was undaunted. He divided his army up into small groups and dispatched each group to the head of a different road. When all was ready he gave the signal, and each group charged down a different road. All of the small groups passed safely over the mines, and the army then attacked the fortress in full strength. In this way the general was able to capture the fortress. Radiation problem- Suppose you are a doctor faced with a patient who has a malignant tumor in his stomach. It is impossible to operate on the patient, but unless the tumor is destroyed the patient will die. There is a kind of ray that can be used to destroy the tumor. If the rays reach the tumor all at once at a sufficiently high intensity, the tumor will be destroyed. Unfortunately, at this intensity the healthy tissue that the rays pass through on the way to the tumor will also be destroyed. At lower intensities the rays are harmless to healthy tissue, but they will not affect the tumor either. What type of procedure might be used to destroy the tumor with the rays, and at the same time avoid destroying the healthy tissue? Gave all participants the radiation problem No analogy group- given no analogy (lowest % correct) Analogy group- read attack before radiation problem (middle % correct) Analogy + hint group- read attack before radiation problem and given a hint (Highest % correct)

Smallest units of speech sound that make up the morphemes in a given language

Phoneme

Levels of Language Representation

Phoneme level (most basic level) Morpheme level Word Level Syntactic level (sentence) Discourse level (proposition or inference)

Warren and Warren 1970 Filling in missing phonemes using context Ex: it was found the *eel was on the axle Based on context, know it is wheel

Phoneme restoration effect

In the word "hi", the "h" sound is called a ______________, and the word hi is called a _____________. a) Morpheme, phoneme b) Phoneme, morpheme c) Syntax, morpheme d) Morpheme, syntax e) Syntax, phoneme

Phoneme, morpheme

Primary area of brain involved in inductive reasoning is the: a) Basal ganglia b) Parietal cortex c) Temporal cortex d) Prefrontal cortex e) Hippocampus

Prefrontal cortex

Inferences and reading comprehension

Prior knowledge affects types of inferences we make Reduce # of inferences helps comprehension Text is readable when: Reader relies on what is active in WORKING MEMORY Reader does not have to do a search of LONG-TERM MEMORY to understand the text

act of using cognitive processes to reach a goal when path to that goal isn't obvious

Problem Solving

# of solutions examined

Problem Space

Ariel is trying to solve the following two anagrams: "qeesezu" and "stsear". Ariel finds it pretty easy to unscramble the first anagram into the English word "squeeze" because she knows that the letter "q" is usually followed by the letter "u" and then another vowel. However, she is struggling to unscramble the second anagram. One reason that the first anagram is easier to solve is that the number of possible solutions, or ______________, is smaller for the first anagram than the second anagram. a) problem space b) pattern structure c) insight probability d) initial state e) verbal protocol

Problem space 5!= 5 factorial Vs 7!= factorial Anagrams are arrangement

situation in which there is not an immediately apparent, standard, or routine way of reaching a goal

Problem-

Inducing structure example and uses

Progressive matrices- 1st matrix is easiest Box is the problem space- not giving a clue- can do anything in this box Try to figure out pattern among these objects to form the last one

Lenneberg 1967

Proposed there is a critical time for language Assumes language acquisition occurs before end of critical period About 6-7 years old Evidence: feral and isolated children like Victor and Genie If not exposed to language during early childhood- ability to learn is severely impaired, particularly grammar

Bransford and Johnson 1972 study results:

Proved reducing number of inferences by providing context right off the bat is effective Comprehension ratings- Maximum score= 7.0 No context, 1 reading = 2.3 No context, 2 readings= 3.6 Context, after= 6.1

Factors that help reading comprehension

Provide context/top-down processing Reduce # of inferences reader must make Pictures help to understand meaning of passages better

study of comprehension, production and acquisition of language

Psycholinguistics

Embedding multiple grammatical phrases in one sentence Focus on grammar No other animal has capacity for grammar- structured sentence- noun, verb, object Any human can learn recursive grammar Can understand structure and od not have to repeat ourselves Ex: "John is skilled at sailing since he grew up on a lake." NOT " John is skilled at sailing since John who is skilled at sailing grew up on a lake."

Recursion

most common measure used Smith and Blankenship study Given 3 words and determine what they all have in common Ex: salad, head, goose = egg

Remote Associate Test

Mind wandering facilitates creative incubation 2012 study

Research question- How does engaging in unrelated cognition affect frequency of creative solutions? Unrelated cognition- thoughts/activities not directly associated with creative problem Study Design Baseline unusual uses test- 1 brick, 1 plastic bottle- find multiple uses for each Incubation manipulation- 38 subjects in each of 4 conditions Between subjects Each group (besides no break) duration of task/break= 12 minutes 4 conditions: Demanding task- working memory Undemanding task- basic attention Rest No break Self- report mind wandering questionnaire Taken during each group phase Sample questions: I thought about something that happened earlier in the day I thought about personal concerns and interests I reflected about myself Post-manipulation unusual uses test Shown same stimuli from baseline, and given 2 new stimuli to have 4 total Results Undemanding only group to show improvement from baseline to test For new unusual questions- there were no significant differences between 4 groups Only see improvement in creativity for repeat problems Shows creative boost due to incubation rather than general increase in creativity ** Results for self-reported mind wandering Participants in undemanding group reported significantly GREATER mind wandering than demanding group Demand group - not able to let mind wander because needed to use all cognitive resources to complete task Results suggest working memory lead decreases with frequency of mind wandering**

Thinking determined by our language- linguistic determinism People who speak different languages perceive and think about world differently-linguistic relativity

Sapire-Whorf Hypothesis-

Incubation is what you do on a test when you cannot figure out an answer:

Stuck on a problem? skip it and come back later

Bilingualism and alzheimer's

Study- 184 participants- ½ monolingual, ½ bilingual Results: Bilinguals showed average delay of 4 years on age of dementia onset compared to monolinguals Does not mean it is less likely- just slower progression Same study looked at education levels and occupation Monolinguals had more education Bilinguals still a stronger protector to delay of dementia than education and occupation Best time to learn a second language? Optimal time to learn during critical period, but, can still learn after as long as one language is first learned Adults and children are equally skilled in learning new words There is no relationship between age of acquisition and vocabulary proficiency in English

Why study language?

Stuyding speech production can tell us about thought

Finke Study 1990 (showed the role of imagery in creativivity)

Subject picks 3 geons and then imagines ways to combine them Subject given category to design using their selected geons

magnet disrupts certain regions of brain temporarily increase or decrease activity in motor cortex, neural regions of brain CAUSAL neuroimaging method- the only 1

TMS

A researcher hypothesizes that the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is critical for executive processing. In particular, the researcher wants to use a causal neuroimaging method to determine whether the dorsolateral PFC causes goal updating to occur. What neuroimaging method should the researcher use? a)EEG b) MRI c) fMRI d) PET e) TMS

TMS- only causal neuro-imaging method

Random search is also known as the process of

TRIAL and Error

Functional fixedness example with candle

The candle problem Imagine that you are led to a room that contains a table. On the table are 3 objects: a candle, a box of matches, and a box of thumbtacks. Your task is to find a way to attach the candle to the wall of the room so that it burns properly, using no other objects than those on the table. How is functional fixedness at work in the Candle Problem? Must think of box for the tacks as a candle holder

Cases of "feral" or neglected children who cannot learn grammar in language later in childhood shows us that: a) The critical period for learning language is before the age of 6 or 7 b) Grammar is more critical for language communication than vocabulary c) The capability of learning a second language is lost during adulthood D)Working memory capacity needed to keep a conversation in mind declines if language is not learned early in life

The critical period for learning language is before the age of 6 or 7

people unaware words producing are incorrect and nonsensical

Wernicke's aphasia

Why is ZUQRAT easier to solve than taumer?

The problem space (# of solutions examined) is smaller for zuqrat than taumer For taumer - any letter could be the first letter Both have 720 (6 x 5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1) possible solutions. But, because of rules of English, there are fewer promising solution to the ZUQRAT than TAUMER: Q almost always precedes U Expect a vowel to follow QU QUA is a likely start to the word

Shown cards with different themes and make up short story around them Subjective Not objective- hard to quantify creativity of a story

Thematic apperception test

Deductive reasoning steps

Theory hypothesis observation Conformation

Transformation problem example and uses

Tower of Hanoi Measures: planning/sequencing, problem solving in executive processes Have to plan several moves ahead If have difficulty with this→ indicative of issues with planning

located in the temporal cortex, inferior to parietal cortex and area s1

Wernicke's area

problems present a goal state and the solver must find the proper strategies that will transform the initial state into the goal state. a) Transformation b) Arrangement c) Inducing structure d) Insight

Transformation

a theory of the lexicon, used to describe word representation, with three major components: spelling (orthography), sound (phonology), and meaning

Triangle model of lexicon

What are the different types to attempt to measure creativity?

Unusual uses tasks Remote associate test (RAT) Capacity for metaphor Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

list as many possible uses for something, like a brick

Usual uses task

Creative summary

Variety of ways to measure creativity Imagery can aid creativity Examples can hinder creativity Incubation is useful in solving problems and being creative

how does spreading activation (from the connectionist model) helps explain incubation.

What is happening during incubation? Activate schemas in neural networks and spread to other schemas and information in long-term memory Neural activation from different parts of information stored in long-term memory to help us process information Conclusions Taking a break by doing simple undemanding task improves creative performance more than taking a break by doing a demanding task, resting or not taking a break Why? Creative problem solving may be facilitated by simple tasks that maximize wandering and incubation

9 dot problem Connect all 9 dots in 4 lines without lifting a pencil is what type of problem?

an arrangement problem

Anagram examples:

ZUQRAT = quartz TAUMER= mature

Language and culture relationship is

bi-directional- each influences the other

Examples of phonemes:

c (cat), b (bat), ch (chip, watch), p (pit, pin)

Premise 1: All squares are rectangles. Premise 2: A circle is not a square. Conclusion: A circle is not a rectangle. is an example of a _______ syllogism

categorical syllogism

Morpheme types (2 types)

content function

how much for both equipment, special facility and use

cost

Define a means end analysis problem solving strategy

create sub goals to bring closer the end goal (take a pizza (goal) and slice it (sub goals)

Functional fixedness prevents thinking from

creating new, novel solutions

Reasoning can be broadly defined as the process of:

drawing conclusions to inform how people solve problems and make decisions

*ACTIVITY* look at what areas of the brain are active while doing a TASK average temporal resolution very high cost need 3 things: blood, water, spins looking at changes in blood flow while imagining an activity loss and gain information for decision making

fMRI

Bilinguals ______ in performing different ATTENTION tasks (Stroop) and EXECUTIVE PROCESSING tasks (WI card sorting)

faster

what is added to the end of words ex: -ed (past tense) or s (plural)

function morpheme

Problem solving 3 parts

goal state, initial state and actions

Hess 1973 study

imprinting in ducks- Ducklings follow 1st moving thing they see Only happens if see something moving within 1st few hours of hatching (after 32 hours will not happen)

finding a pattern among a fixed set of relations

inducing structure problem

A man needing a haircut goes into a small town where everyone in the town gets their haircut by 1 of 2 barbers. The man visits the first—a very clean shop where the barber has a terrific haircut. Then he visits the second—a very dirty shop where the barber has a terrible haircut. Part 1- what type of cognitive problem is this an example of? Part 2- where does the man get his haircut?

insight problem; barber 2

degree to which require information of foreign substances into the brain (pill or injection)

invasiveness

Comprehension as defined by book with speed reading

is a multifaceted process in which many different levels of information are integrated with one another. Skipping over pieces of the material leads to missing key portions of context and other information that are crucial to developing an accurate meaning representation of the material.

Explain duality of patterning

meaningless sounds make us meaningful words

Ilse has a goal of going to the Air Force Academy for college. In order to achieve her overall goal, she makes several sub-goals, such as maintaining a 3.90 GPA, getting at least a 29 on her ACT, staying in good shape, and volunteering 20 hours a year. Ilse is using what problem solving strategy?

means-end analysis

Damage to broca's area example

patient asked to describe his job: "lower falls....Maine...paper (unable to produce speech and communicate thoughts)

Grammer is a set of _____

rules that govern word order

how precisely localized brain area (produces a signal)

spatial resolution

In the english language the order of a sentence is

subject, verb, object

One tool used to study deductive reasoning is a

syllogism

An argument that consists of 2 statements and a conclusion (example included)

syllogism (def) Ex. You see someone wearing scrubs so you assume if someone is wearing scrubs they are a doctor even though it could be a costume

precisely track changes in brain activity over time

temporal resolution

Random search steps

the problem solver randomly picks a move and tests to see whether the goal state is achieved. Instructor stated this strategy is: "just plain dumb"- time consuming, not smart/effective

Language comprehension is located in what area of the brain

wernicke's area