Cognition & Memory Ch. 12-14
In the Gick and Holyoak paradigm (1980), participants were required to solve the tumor problem. Those who demonstrated the fastest solution times were the participants who
read the "general fortress" solution and were told to apply it to the tumor problem
In a game where one chooses cards from either a high-risk or low-risk stack, participants with damage to the orbitofrontal cortex
displayed an emotional response only after turning over the card
The water-jar problem, in which participants are given three jars of different sizes and need to use those jars to come up with a certain volume of water, has been used to demonstrate
Einstellung
Which of the following is FALSE with regard to the role of emotions in decision making?
Emotions have little place in the reasoned process of decision making
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic distinguishing experts in a particular domain from novices in that domain?
Experts rely more heavily on working backwards strategy
Why might someone have a hard time solving the problem of how to support a candle on a wall?
He or she had trouble seeing past the most salient functions of the available tools.
Why might someone have a hard time solving the problem of how to support a candle on a wall?
He/she is having trouble seeing the past with more salient functions of available tools
Which of the following is TRUE of covariation?
Illusory covariation sometimes generates prejudice towards a group of people
Why does statistical training have an effect on judgment and reasoning?
It makes it easier for us to use system 2
Which of the following is the BEST definition of "induction"?
Making general claims from specific facts/observations
The text describes one study in which some participants were asked to come up with 6 examples of when they had been assertive in the past and others were asked to come up with 12 examples. Which of the following best describes the results of this study?
Participants who came up with fewer examples judged themselves to be more assertive.
Which of the following is FALSE with regard to the illusory covariations found in studies of how people interpret (real or simulated) Rorschach responses?
There were objective correlations between respondents to inkblots and respondent characteristics
What is a benefit of problem-solving sets?
They allow you to focus on your search
Which of the following is FALSE regarding categorical syllogisms?
When syllogisms endorse conclusions people believe to be false, they will scrutinize them particularly hard and therefore answer more accurately
Which of the following statements is true? Select one: a. Creativity may result from the correct combination of ordinary processes. b. The only benefit of incubation is that it helps people recover from fatigue. c. Historical evidence supports the idea that problem solving happens in four consistent steps. d. Flashes of insight or illumination almost always lead directly to the problem's solution.
a. Creativity may result from the correct combination of ordinary processes. CorrectFeedback: Creativity can involve a combination of ordinary processes that are brought together in a novel manner.
Which of the following is FALSE with regard to the confirmation bias? Select one: a. People tend to take disconfirming evidence at face value. b. People often fail to use disconfirming evidence when they encounter it. c. People are more likely to seek confirming than disconfirming evidence. d. People fail to consider alternative hypotheses that might account for the data.
a. People tend to take disconfirming evidence at face value. CorrectFeedback: People tend to disregard disconfirming evidence.
The strategy whereby one compares the current state to the goal state, often using this information to break a large problem into smaller subproblems, is called Select one: a. means-end analysis. b. the hill-climbing strategy. c. working backward. d. analogy generation.
a. means-end analysis. CorrectFeedback: Means-end analysis involves always assessing how close you are to the goal state.
When people are explicitly told that a particular instance is NOT representative of the larger group, they Select one: a. often continue to reason as if the instance were indeed representative. b. tend to act as if the larger group were the exact opposite of the instance. c. act in a manner consistent with their prior beliefs about the larger group and ignore the particular instance. d. show a similar, but weaker, effect of the anchoring heuristic.
a. often continue to reason as if the instance were indeed representative. CorrectFeedback: Even when people are told not to use a representative heuristic they may still rely on the availability heuristic.
Which of the following responses is a result of a rigid Einstellung? Select one: a. overlooking a simple response in favor of a practiced, more difficult one b. flexibility in seeking alternative solutions c. improvement in performance when a prior formula is seen to lead to a dead end d. failure to automatize successful strategies
a. overlooking a simple response in favor of a practiced, more difficult one CorrectFeedback: In a problem set, or Einstellung, you will choose the most practiced response even if it is more complicated.
Wallas argued that creative thought proceeds through four stages in which order? Select one: a. preparation, incubation, illumination, verification b. preparation, illumination, incubation, verification c. incubation, verification, preparation, illumination d. incubation, preparation, verification, illumination
a. preparation, incubation, illumination, verification CorrectFeedback: This is the correct order.
Regarding the use of analogies in problem solving, Select one: a. students taught new information via analogy were better able to make inferences from that information than other students. b. explicit hints about useful analogies are not beneficial to problem solvers. c. people spontaneously make analogies between superficially different problems. d. to use analogy, people must prevent themselves from mapping one situation onto another.
a. students taught new information via analogy were better able to make inferences from that information than other students. CorrectFeedback: Analogies help in problem solving.
Chess experts are better at remembering chess positions than novices because they Select one: a. use chunking strategies. b. never use a working-backward strategy. c. rely more heavily on the use of analogies. d. have larger memories than novices.
a. use chunking strategies. CorrectFeedback: Chess experts remember configurations of boards rather than just single items. They use a chunking strategy.
According to utility theory, people should NOT
allow wording of choice to affect expected value.
Which features of a problem would cause pictures to be a more useful strategy than mental images?
problem solution requires a change in reference frame
Chess experts are better at remembering chess positions than novices because they
are using chunking strategies
Participants were MOST likely to guess correctly the rule behind a series of numbers if they
asked questions that could disconfirm their theories
Which of the following is FALSE with regard to the role of emotions in decision making? Select one: a. Certain emotions are associated with clear bodily reactions. b. Emotions have little place in the reasoned process of decision making. c. Having justification for decisions can help defend against the emotion of regret. d. People with brain damage impairing the evaluation of their "gut feelings" are less likely to avoid risky choices.
b. Emotions have little place in the reasoned process of decision making. CorrectFeedback: Emotions play an important role in decision making.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic distinguishing experts in a particular domain from novices in that domain? Select one: a. Experts organize their knowledge more effectively. b. Experts rely more heavily on the working-backwards strategy. c. Experts have more automatized routines to deal with different types of problems. d. Experts have more knowledge than novices in their domain of expertise.
b. Experts rely more heavily on the working-backwards strategy. CorrectFeedback: Working backward is a conscious strategy that is used both by experts and novices.
Why does statistical training have an effect on judgment and reasoning? Select one: a. It causes System 2 to develop, which we can then use. b. It makes it easier to for us trigger System 2. c. It shows us how effective heuristics are. d. It causes us to use System 2 for all problems.
b. It makes it easier to for us trigger System 2. CorrectFeedback: System 2 involves more complex reasoning and is helped by statistics reasoning.
The text describes one study in which some participants were asked to come up with 6 examples of times when they had been assertive in the past and others were asked to come up with 12 examples. Which of the following best describes the results of this study? Select one: a. Most participants were unable to come up with more than two or three examples of times when they had been assertive. b. Participants who were asked to come up with fewer examples judged themselves to be more assertive. c. Both groups' estimates depended entirely on their personal histories. d. Participants who were asked to come up with more examples judged themselves to be more assertive.
b. Participants who were asked to come up with fewer examples judged themselves to be more assertive. CorrectFeedback: It was easier to come up with a few examples. Thus, people felt they were more assertive since the instances came to mind easily.
Which of the following is TRUE about decision making? Select one: a. Overall, people are quite good at predicting their own future reactions. b. People tend to overestimate how much they will later regret their errors. c. Having the option to back out of a decision increases the likelihood of satisfaction with that decision. d. People tend to overestimate their ability to adapt to new features in their environment.
b. People tend to overestimate how much they will later regret their errors. CorrectFeedback: In general, the perceived future dread is much larger than the actual feeling that occurs later.
Which of the following statements about creative thought is most likely to be true? Select one: a. Creative people have less need than others to locate remote associates in memory. b. The "aha" experience implies only that we've discovered a new approach to a problem, not that we've discovered the right solution. c. Incubation works by allowing people to work on a problem's solution unconsciously until it is ready to reenter consciousness. d. Highly creative people have almost nothing in common with each other except luck.
b. The "aha" experience implies only that we've discovered a new approach to a problem, not that we've discovered the right solution. CorrectFeedback: Studies have revealed that people have "aha" moments even when they answer the question wrong.
What is a benefit of problem-solving sets? Select one: a. They widen your options. b. They allow you to focus your search. c. They make sure your search is thorough. d. They have no benefits and should be avoided.
b. They allow you to focus your search. CorrectFeedback: Problem-solving sets allow you to solve problems quickly. They are like a heuristic.
How does memory search in highly creative people differ from memory search in everyone else? Select one: a. They have extra machinery available to them. b. They are better at making novel associations. c. They are much faster at searching memory. d. They use activation but not inhibition.
b. They are better at making novel associations. CorrectFeedback: Highly creative people can put common ideas or concepts together in novel ways.
Which of the following is FALSE about statistical training? Select one: a. A single training session of less than an hour improves judgment. b. Training makes us more likely to use the representative heuristic. c. A course in statistics can improve judgment even in tasks not connected to the course. d. Training probably helps by allowing us to trigger System 2 thinking more easily.
b. Training makes us more likely to use the representative heuristic. CorrectFeedback: Statistics courses help with judgment.
Which of the following is FALSE regarding categorical syllogisms? Select one: a. People often agree that if "all P are M" and "all S are M," then "all P are S." b. When syllogisms endorse conclusions people believe to be false, they will scrutinize them particularly strongly and therefore answer more accurately. c. People are more likely to endorse conclusions that support what they already believe to be true. d. Performance improves when syllogisms are spelled out in concrete terms.
b. When syllogisms endorse conclusions people believe to be false, they will scrutinize them particularly strongly and therefore answer more accurately. CorrectFeedback: This is not true. People tend to confirm their conclusions even if the syllogism is based on false premises.
In the "Hobbits and Orcs" problem, the ratio of Hobbits to Orcs traveling on the boat would be considered Select one: a. an operator. b. a path constraint. c. a goal state. d. an initial state.
b. a path constraint. CorrectFeedback: Path constraints are rules or limitations.
According to utility theory, people should NOT Select one: a. calculate expected value based on subjective ratings. b. allow the wording of a choice to affect expected value. c. try to maximize benefits and minimize costs. d. accommodate trade-offs in their decision making.
b. allow the wording of a choice to affect expected value. CorrectFeedback: Utility theory assumes formulaic calculation of the value of decisions.
Decisions based on utility calculations should Select one: a. make us vulnerable to external manipulations. b. be immune to framing effects. c. lead to self-contradictions. d. be most likely to be made in situations involving questions of morality.
b. be immune to framing effects. CorrectFeedback: They are calculations and as such should not be based on the words but only on figuring out the value of a future event.
People are often selective in how they search memory for evidence. As a result, they usually search memory Select one: a. for evidence that might challenge their current beliefs. b. for evidence that might confirm their current beliefs. c. looking only for recently acquired evidence. d. looking only for self-flattering evidence.
b. for evidence that might confirm their current beliefs. CorrectFeedback: This is the essence of confirmation bias.
Intelligence as measured by IQ is most similar in Select one: a. biological siblings. b. monozygotic twins. c. dizygotic twins. d. adoptive siblings
b. monozygotic twins. CorrectFeedback: Monozygotic, or identical, twins are the most similar in IQ.
Utility theory seems implausible as a(n) _______ theory of decision making and, for many people, it is morally unacceptable as a(n) _______ theory of decision making. Select one: a. descriptive; normative b. normative; descriptive c. inductive; deductive d. deductive; inductive
b. normative; descriptive CorrectFeedback: This is a common view because it emphasizes the calculation of expected values and hence is dehumanized.
When reasoning, it is important to consider the overall likelihood that an individual will be in one category or another, independent of diagnostic information. This overall likelihood is called Select one: a. stereotyping. b. the base rate. c. anchoring. d. the standard error rate.
b. the base rate. CorrectFeedback: Diagnostic information can be misleading because it does not tell us the likelihood that something will happen. For example, a shy person may not be a good salesperson, but if 90% of the available jobs are for salespeople, then the shy person is much more likely to take this job since no other jobs are available.
Participants are presented with a hypothetical description of two parents in a child-custody case. One parent has moderate traits, while the other has some positive and some negative traits. When asked to whom they would award child custody, the majority of people choose Select one: a. the parent with moderate traits. b. the parent with both positive and negative traits. c. either parent, because the positive and negative traits will, in effect, cancel each other out. d. neither parent, because the choice is too confusing.
b. the parent with both positive and negative traits. CorrectFeedback: People take a risk-seeking approach with a positive frame.
Women and men in general are matched on IQ scores. However, women tend to score higher on tests of _______ ability whereas men tend to score higher on tests of _______ ability. Select one: a. spatial; verbal b. verbal; spatial c. math; writing d. writing; match
b. verbal; spatial CorrectFeedback: Overall, verbal skills are better in women but spatial skills are better in men.
When reasoning, it is important to consider the overall likelihood that an individual will be in one category or another, independent of diagnostic information. This overall likelihood is called
base-rate information
Decisions based on utility calculations should
be immune to framing effect
All of the following are effective strategies for turning an ill-defined problem into a well-defined problem EXCEPT
broadening your set of options and operators
Participants were MOST likely to correctly guess the rule behind a series of numbers if they Select one: a. remembered incorrect guesses as almost correct instead of wrong. b. focused on providing support for their own theories. c. asked questions that could disconfirm their theories. d. carefully scrutinized disconfirming evidence for flaws and inconsistencies.
c. asked questions that could disconfirm their theories. CorrectFeedback: Seeking disconfirming evidence was the best way to rule out the wrong rule and find the right rule.
The pattern of causal relationships within a problem is the problem's Select one: a. means-end frame. b. surface structure. c. deep structure. d. reference frame.
c. deep structure. CorrectFeedback: "Deep structure" refers to the conceptual relationships or pattern seen in the problem.
In a game where one chooses cards from either a high-risk or low-risk stack, participants with damage to the orbitofrontal cortex Select one: a. chose cards from the low-risk stack. b. behaved the same as participants without brain damage. c. displayed an emotional response only after turning over a card. d. correctly assessed the risk but found it exciting rather than aversive.
c. displayed an emotional response only after turning over a card. CorrectFeedback: These patients are unable to anticipate an outcome.
Problem-solving heuristics do NOT Select one: a. increase the efficiency of problem-solving strategies. b. strategically decrease the size of the problem space. c. guarantee a feasible solution.
c. guarantee a feasible solution. CorrectFeedback: Heuristics are fast and efficient but not always accurate.
Participants were presented with an example of a newly discovered bird, a newly discovered element, or a member of a newly discovered island culture. When asked to generalize about these categories, Select one: a. participants agreed that all members of the island culture were obese, after seeing a single example. b. participants disagreed with the suggestion that because the element burned with a blue flame on one occasion, it would always burn with a blue flame. c. participants required several examples of the bird, all of which were blue, before agreeing that all members of the new bird species were blue. d. in all cases, participants tended to generalize based on seeing one example.
c. participants required several examples of the bird, all of which were blue, before agreeing that all members of the new bird species were blue. CorrectFeedback: People know that birds can vary even within a species and hence will require several examples before drawing any conclusions.
In the Gick and Holyoak paradigm (1980), participants were required to solve the "tumor problem." Those who demonstrated the fastest solution times were the participants who Select one: a. read the "General and Fortress" solution prior to reading the "tumor problem." b. had encountered other problems about tumors that were unrelated to the current problem in deep structure. c. read the "General and Fortress" solution and were told to apply it to the "tumor problem." d. applied the strategy from solving the "Hobbits and Orcs" problem to the "tumor problem."
c. read the "General and Fortress" solution and were told to apply it to the "tumor problem." CorrectFeedback: Analogies work best when the parallels are pointed out.
All of the following are true with regard to the presentation of multiple analogues EXCEPT that Select one: a. prior presentation of two analogues results in better performance than prior presentation of just one. b. seeing multiple analogues highlights the underlying structure of the story. c. seeing multiple analogues is helpful for experts, but for novices it is just confusing. d. participants told that they would be instructing others were more likely to make the appropriate analogies than those told simply to remember the information.
c. seeing multiple analogues is helpful for experts, but for novices it is just confusing. CorrectFeedback: Analogical reasoning is crucial for experts. However, novices get lost in the details and are unable to see the similarity between the problems.
With regard to the "man who" arguments described by Nisbett and Ross (1980), Select one: a. we make these arguments because of our assumption that categories are heterogeneous. b. they are not sound even when the whole category closely resembles the single instance. c. they reflect our willingness to take a small sample of data as seriously as a larger sample. d. we make these arguments because we extrapolate from what we know of an entire set to a single case.
c. they reflect our willingness to take a small sample of data as seriously as a larger sample. CorrectFeedback: In these cases we take a single case and extrapolate to a larger population.
Which of the following statements is true?
creativity may result from the right combination of ordinary processes
The water-jar problem, in which participants are given three jars of different sizes and must use those jars to come up with a certain volume of water, has been used to demonstrate Select one: a. functional fixedness. b. incubation. c. working backward. d. Einstellung.
d. Einstellung. CorrectFeedback: Einstellung, or problem-set, is a strategy in which people continue to use the same approach despite the fact that another, simpler approach might work.
Which of the following is TRUE of covariation? Select one: a. A negative covariation indicates that there is no relationship between two variables. b. People tend to underestimate covariation when they have theories about the relationship between two variables. c. Covariations are "all-or-none" and cannot vary in strength. d. Illusory covariations sometimes generate prejudice toward groups of people.
d. Illusory covariations sometimes generate prejudice toward groups of people. CorrectFeedback: Illusory correlations can lead to prejudice by associating certain characteristics with a certain group.
Participants are given a pair of pliers to help solve the two-string problem. Which situation would help overcome the effects of functional fixedness? Select one: a. The participants see the experimenter use the pliers to pull a tack out of a table. b. The participants are given a full toolbox with the pliers included. c. The participants complete the "Hobbits and Orcs" problem before attempting the two-string problem. d. The experimenter (apparently absentmindedly) sets one of the strings swinging back and forth while giving the instructions.
d. The experimenter (apparently absentmindedly) sets one of the strings swinging back and forth while giving the instructions. CorrectFeedback: By swinging the string, the experimenter primes the weight aspect of the pliers for the participants.
Which features of a problem would cause using pictures to be a more useful strategy than using mental images? Select one: a. The elements of the problem can be visualized. b. The problem solution requires rearrangement of the elements. c. The problem requires frequent size or shape modifications of an image. d. The problem solution requires a change in reference frame.
d. The problem solution requires a change in reference frame. CorrectFeedback: Pictures can cause people to change the reference frame.
How does memory search in highly creative people differ from memory search in everyone else?
highly creative people are better at making novel associations
Which of the following is FALSE with regard to the illusory covariations found in studies of how people interpret (real or simulated) Rorschach responses? Select one: a. Undergraduate students with no prior training perceived illusory covariations between the responses to the inkblots and respondent characteristics. b. Professionals with training and experience perceived illusory covariations between the responses to the inkblots and respondent characteristics. c. The illusory covariations perceived by untrained undergraduate participants were identical to those perceived by professional clinicians. d. There were objective correlations between the responses to the inkblots and respondent characteristics.
d. There were objective correlations between the responses to the inkblots and respondent characteristics. CorrectFeedback: The covariations were illusory because there were no actual correlations between inkblots and characteristics.
What is the most likely reason why people would have a hard time solving the problem of how to support a candle on a wall? Select one: a. They had a hard time understanding the task. b. They did not have time for incubation to lead to illumination. c. They did not have the relevant set of physical skills. d. They had trouble seeing past the most salient functions of the available tools.
d. They had trouble seeing past the most salient functions of the available tools. CorrectFeedback: This is called functional fixedness, a state in which people are unable to find new functions for common objects.
Which of the following is the BEST definition of "induction"? Select one: a. a process in which you make specific claims on the basis of previous, general knowledge b. assessments of how frequently various events have happened in the past c. a reasoning process by which you make suitable adjustments to an anchor estimate d. a process in which you draw general conclusions from specific facts or observations
d. a process in which you draw general conclusions from specific facts or observations CorrectFeedback: Induction involves drawing general conclusions from one instance.
Which of the following things did researchers find that highly creative people typically had in common? Select one: a. extreme sensitivity to criticism b. external (rather than internal) motivation c. low tolerance for ambiguous findings d. being in the right place at the right time
d. being in the right place at the right time CorrectFeedback: Creativity is the product of many processes, both internal and external.
You live in western Massachusetts and need to get to San Francisco to close a business deal by the following night. Because the only available flights are in Boston, you drive east to Boston in order to catch the first flight to San Francisco that morning. This solution would NOT have been possible if you had exclusively employed a Select one: a. means-end analysis. b. working-backward strategy. c. working-forward analysis. d. hill-climbing strategy.
d. hill-climbing strategy. CorrectFeedback: Hill-climbing requires you to go toward your goal at all times. Driving east to go west is moving backward to go forward.
People are MOST likely to use heuristics Select one: a. when explicit training has primed the effortful system. b. if they are fully alert and free of distractions. c. if they have high intelligence. d. if they are under time pressure.
d. if they are under time pressure. CorrectFeedback: Heuristics allow efficient processing and hence will be used under time pressure.
People seem NOT to have pragmatic reasoning schemata that apply to situations involving Select one: a. cause-and-effect relations. b. obligations. c. permission. d. if-then relations in general.
d. if-then relations in general. CorrectFeedback: Abstract if-then relations are not pragmatic since they do not apply to everyday situations.
Kahneman and Tversky (1973) asked participants to make judgments about the likelihood that people with certain characteristics were lawyers or engineers. These participants were also told the proportion of people in the overall population who were lawyers or engineers. In this situation, participants Select one: a. made their judgments based on a combination of the base rate and diagnostic information. b. ignored both types of information and made their decisions at random. c. ignored diagnostic information and relied only on the base rate. d. ignored the base rate and relied only on diagnostic information.
d. ignored the base rate and relied only on diagnostic information. CorrectFeedback: When given diagnostic information and base-rate information, people invariable ignore the latter.
Crystallized intelligence _______ with age whereas fluid intelligence _______ with age. Select one: a. decreases; decreases b. increases; increases c. decreases; increases d. increases; decreases
d. increases; decreases CorrectFeedback: Vocabulary tends to improve but measures of processing speed do not.
Errors in reasoning about conditional statements are LESS common when Select one: a. the conclusions diverge from one's prior beliefs. b. problems are abstract rather than concrete. c. the problems involve negatives. d. the problems are concrete rather than abstract.
d. the problems are concrete rather than abstract. CorrectFeedback: Participants often fail the four-card test of conditional reasoning when the stimuli are abstract (e.g., A, 6, J, 7) but not when stimuli are concrete (e.g., drinking a beer; over 21).
The pattern of causal relationships within a problem is the problem's
deep structure
Problem-solving heuristics do NOT
guarantee a feasible solution
You live in western Massachusetts and need to get to San Francisco to close a business deal by the following night. Because the only flights that are available are in Boston, you drive east to Boston in order to catch the first flight to San Francisco that morning. This solution would NOT have been possible if you had exclusively employed a
hill-climbing strategy
People are MOST likely to use heuristics
if they are under time pressure
People seem NOT to have pragmatic reasoning schemata that apply to situations involving
if-then relations in general
The strategy whereby one compares the current state to the goal state, often using this information to break a large problem into smaller subproblems, is called
means-end analysis
Utility theory seems implausible as a(n) _______ theory of decision making and, for many people, is morally unacceptable as a(n) _______ theory of decision making.
normative; descriptive
When people are explicitly told that a particular instance is NOT representative of the larger group, they
often continue to reason as if the instance is representative of the entire population
Which of the following responses is a result of a rigid Einstellung?
overlooking a simple response, in favor of a practiced, more difficult response.
Kahneman and Tversky (1973) asked participants to make judgments about the likelihood that people with certain characteristics were lawyers or engineers. These participants were also told the proportion of people in the overall population who were lawyers or engineers. In this situation,
participants ignored base rate and only relied on diagnostic information
Participants were presented with an example of a newly discovered bird, a newly discovered element, or a member of a newly discovered island culture. When asked to generalize about these categories, ________________.
participants required several examples of the bird, all which were blue, before agreeing that all members of the new bird species were blue.
In the "Hobbits and Orcs" problem, the ratio of Hobbits to Orcs traveling on the boat would be considered
path constraint
Which of the following is TRUE about decision making?
people tend to overestimate how much they will feel later
Which of the following is FALSE with regard to the confirmation bias?
people tend to take dis-confirming evidence at face value
Wallas argued that creative thought proceeds through four stages in which order?
prep, incubation, illumination, verification
All of the following are true with regard to the presentation of multiple analogues EXCEPT
seeing multiple analogies is useful for experts, but confusing for novices
Regarding the use of analogies in problem solving,
students taught new info using analogies were better able to make inferences from that than other students
People are often selective in how they search memory for evidence. As a result, they usually search memory
that might confirm their current belief
Which of the following statements about creative thought is most likely to be true?
the "aha" moment means we've discovered a new method to solving the problem, not that it is the right solution
Participants are given a pair of pliers to help solve the two-string problem. Which situation would help overcome the effects of functional fixedness?
the experimenter absentmindedly sets one of the string swings back and forth while giving the instructions
Errors in reasoning about conditional statements are LESS common when
the logical rule under question is modus ponens rather than modus tollens
Two parents are presented in a hypothetical child-custody case. One parent has moderate traits, while the other has some positive and some negative traits. When asked to whom they would award child custody, the majority of people choose
the parent with both positive and negative traits
With regard to the "man who" arguments described by Nisbett and Ross (1980)
they reflect the willingness to take a small sample of data as seriously as a large sample size
Which of the following things did researchers find that highly creative people typically had in common?
they were in the right place at the right time
Which of the following is FALSE about statistical training?
training makes us more likely to use representative heuristic
