Cognition Chapter 6

priming

An enhanced ability to think of a stimulus, such as a word or object, as a result of a recent exposure to the stimulus. Neocortex

Which of the following statements is the most accurate with regard to autobiographical memories?

Autobiographical memories can involve both episodic and semantic content.

explicit memory

the act of consciously or intentionally retrieving past experiences

Your text discusses how episodic and semantic memories are interconnected. This discussion revealed that when we experience events,

the knowledge that makes up semantic memories is initially attained through a personal experience based in episodic memory.

46. Why is classical conditioning considered a form of implicit memory?

Because it involves learning an association without being aware of the reasons behind it.

Regarding free recall of a list of items, which of the following will most likely cause the recency effect to disappear by preventing rehearsal?

Counting backward for 30 seconds before recall

implicit memory

Memories we don't deliberately remember or reflect on consciously

In which of the following examples of two different brain-injured patients (Tom and Tim) is a double dissociation demonstrated?

Tom has good semantic memory and poor episodic memory, while Tim has good episodic memory but poor semantic memory.

semantic memory

a network of associated facts and concepts that make up our general knowledge of the world

autobiographical memory

a special form of episodic memory, consisting of a person's recollections of his or her life experiences

procedural memory

a type of implicit memory that involves motor skills and behavioral habits, muscle memory

emotional responses

amygdala (hippocampus)

anterograde amnesia

an inability to form new memories

retrograde amnesia

an inability to retrieve information from one's past

Neuropsychological evidence indicates that short- and long-term memories probably

are caused by different mechanisms that act independently.

From a cognitive psychology perspective, memories from specific experiences in our life are defined as being ________.

autobiographical

skeletal musculature

cerebellum (hippocampus)

When investigating the serial position curve, delaying the memory test for 30 seconds

decreases the recency effect

declarative memory system

explicit memory, memory for factual information- hippocampus, medial temporal lobe

As people get older, their memories of past experiences tend to have an emphasis on ________.

facts

The coding of a stimulus into memory refers to which of the following?

form

The constructive episodic stimulation hypothesis describes how our memories are connected to our ________.

future

Patient HM

had hippocampi removed; showed that removing hippocampi destroyed the ability to form new memories. Had good procedural memory.

example of episodic memory

high school graduation

example of procedural memory

how to ride a bike

Work with brain-injured patients reveals that ___________ memory does not depend on conscious memory.

implicit and procedural

Nondeclarative Memory

implicit memory, skills and habits, priming, basic associative learning, non associative learning

According to Tulving, the defining property of the experience of episodic memory is that

it involves mental time travel

example of semantic memory

knowing the capital of France

nonassociative learning

learning that occurs in the absence of associating specific stimuli or events; two types are habituation and sensitization. Reflex Pathways

semantization of remote memories

loss of episodic detail for memories of long-ago events

episodic memory

memory for one's personal past experiences

Which of the following involves procedural memory?

reading a sentence in a book

The primacy effect is attributed to

recall of information stored in long-term memory.

According to Tulving, an episodic memory is distinguished by the process of ________ it.

reliving

The predominant type of coding in long-term memory is

semantic

Which of the following is NOT an example of an implicit memory?

semantic memory

Your book discusses the memory functioning of patient H.M. who underwent brain surgery to relieve severe epileptic seizures. H.M.'s case has been extremely informative to psychologists by demonstrating that

short-term memory can operate normally while long-term memory is impaired.

The propaganda effect demonstrates that we evaluate familiar statements as being true

simply because we have been exposed to them before

Procedural memories are also known as ________ memories.

skill

skills and habits

striatum, motor cortex, cerebellum

The type of coding that occurs in a particular situation primarily depends on the ________.

task

Which of the following is most closely associated with implicit memory?

the propaganda effect

Memory enhancement due to repetition priming is a result of the test stimulus being

the same as or resembling the priming stimulus.

Wickens et al.'s "fruit, meat, and professions" experiment failed to show a release from proactive interference in the "fruit" group because

the stimulus category remained the same.

Researchers understood that KF had experienced a decline in short-term memory capacity because he had a digit span of ________ .

two

Which of the following correctly lists types of memory from least to most complex?

visual, semantic, episodic