Cognitive development 13, 15, 17

creativity is more of a function of ______ than chronicle age

"carrer age"

what are the three stages

-dualistic thinking -relativistic thinking -commitment within relativist thinking

what are other reasons

-job changes -personal achievement -divorce

what contributes to wisdom

-life experience -age -history of overcoming adversity -education and physical health

there is more difficulty in

-multitasking -focusing on relevant info -switching attention -inhibition

who does cognition change in early adulthood

-structure of though -acquire advanced knowledge in a specific area

the quality of creative may change in ___ ways

3

creative productivity peaks when

30/40s

what percent of college students are over 25

39%

what are the us drop out rates at 2 year schools and 4 year schools

44% at 2 year 32% at 4 year

what percent of adults learners are women

60%

pragmatic thought

a structural advance in which logic becomes a tool for solving real-world problems

reminiscence bump

a time period between the age of 10 and 30 that has a weighted autobiographical memory

expertise

acquisition of extensive knowledge in a field or endeavor

transition from a largely egocentric self expression to

altruistic goals

expressed hostility

angry outbursts, rude, disagreeable shabbier, critical and condescending nonverbal cues during social interaction, including glares; and expressions of contempt and disgust

youthful creativity in literature and arts is often spontaneous and intensely emotional while creative works produced after age 40 often

appear more deliberately thoughtful

neural network view

as nuerons in the brain die, breaks in neural networks occur. the brain adapts by forming by passes new synaptic connections that go around the breaks but are less efficient

piaget recognized that important advancements in thinking follow the

attainment of formal operations

what else broadens

attitudes and values

cognitive affective complexity

awareness of conflicting positive and negative feelings and coordination of them into a complex, organized structure that recognizes the uniqueness of individual expereinces

older people often say that their remote memory is

better than their memory for recent events but research does not support this conclusion

wisdom

breadth and depth of practical knowledge, ability to reflect on and apply that knowledge in ways that make life more bearable and worthwhile; emotional maturity, including the ability to listen patiently and emotional maturity, including the ability to listen patentily and empathetically and give sound advice, and alturitcs creative that contributes to humanity and enriches others lives.

major contributing factors are the high US

child poverty rate, poor-quality elementary and secondary schools in low income neighborhood, and the high rate of high school drop out

select

chose valued actvivties

from adolescence through middle adulthood people gained

cognitive affective complexity

post formal thought

cognitive development beyond pianist formal operational stage

what ar largely responsible for this differnce

cohort effets

creators shift from generating unusual products to

combining extensive knowledge and experience into unique ways of thinking. creative works by older adults more often sum up or integrate ideas

influenced less by culture and more by

conditions in the brain and by learning unique to the individual

what is expertise necessary for

creativity

what kind of studies showed this pattern and what did they show

cross-sectional a peak in performance at age 35 followed by a steep drop in old age

what is it influenced by

culture

once a prospective memory task is finished, older adults find it harder than younger adults to

deactivate, or inhibit their intention to engage in the future action, especially when cues are still present after the task has been preformed

these changes are effected by a

decline in the use of memory strategies

past research indicated that intelligence

declined in middle adulthood

on continous performance tasks performances

declines steadily from the thirties to old age, with older adults making more errors of commission.

fluid intelligence

depends on more heavily on basic information-processing skills-ability to detect relationships among visual stimuli, speed of anazlying information and capacity of working memory

core assumptions od the lifespan perspective

development as a multidimensional, or the combined result of biological, psychological expression of growth and decline, with the precise matrix varying across abilities and individuals and development as plastic or open to change

college serves as a

developmental testing ground, a time for devoting full attention to exploring alternative values, roles, and behaviors

optimize

devote limited resources to valued activities

from the 20s-60s the amount of information people can retain in working memory

diminishes

the more complex the situation the more

disadvantaged older adults are

dualistic thinking

dividing information, values, and authority into right and wrong, good and bad, we and they

when does it decline

early 20s

William perry provided the starting point for an expanding research on literature on the development of

epistemic cognition

what race is more likely to drop out

ethnic minority students from low SES families are at an increased risk for dropping out

older adults do better in _____ based than on ______ based prospective memory tasks

event time

older adults focus in relevant information and handle two tasks proficiently when they have

extensively practiced those activities over their lifetimes.

type A behavior pattern

extreme competitiveness, ambition, impatience, hostility, angry outbursts, and a sense of time pressure

what type of memory did not change

factual and procedural memory

compensate

find ways to overcome limitations

personal

first-year students who have trouble adapting because of lack of motivation, poor study skills, financial pressure or emotional dependence on parents quickly develop negative attitudes toward college

what did findings show

five mental abilities showed the typical cross-sectional drop after mid thirties but longitudinal trends fro those abilities released modest gains in midlife sustained into fifties and early sixties after which performance decreased gradually

cognitive affective complexity promotes

greater awareness of one's own and other's perspectives and motivations

expressed hostility is associated with

greater cardiovascular arousal, coronary artery plaque buildup and heart disease

as adults get older inhibition is also

harder

hostiity and anger may have negative effects on

health

what are concerns with students (specifically women)

high psychological stress from other family members, friends and employers role overload

he observed that adolescents prefer an

idealistic, internally consistent perspective on the world to one that is vague, contradictory and adapted to particular circumstances

complex tasks, which have more processing steps are more affected by

information loss

commitment within relative thinking

instead of choosing between opposing views, they try to formulate a more personally satisfying perspective synthesizes contradictions.

ex pain player asked how he managed to sustain such extraordinary piano playing at his advanced age he said he

is seletive, he played fewer pieces. this enabled him to optimize his energy; he could practice each piece more. Finally he developed new, compensatory techniques for a decline in playing speed.

instead of creativity declining with age

it takes on new forms

example of this

keep taking a photocopy, each is less and less clear

when to creative accomplishments peak

laste 30s early 40s

droup out rates are higher in colleges with

less selective admission requirements

wha often triggers a return to formal education

life transitions

there is a relationship between behavioral factors and

mental health

selective optimization with compensation

narrowing their goals, they select personally valued activities to optimize returns for their diminishing energy

what helps

older adults benefit from a system of reminders that regularly scheduled tasks have been completed, and they often arrange such system themselves

what two factors related to leaving

personal and institiational

gisella labouvie-vief portrait of adult cognition echoes features of perry theory by saying adolescences operate whiting a world of adulthood is

possibility and adults involvement movement from hypothetical to pragmatic thought

seattle longitudinal study

ppl aged 22 to 70 were tested cross-sectionally, then longitudinal follow ups were conducted and new samples added (5,000 participants )

what was labouvie-vief's theory

pragmatic thought and cognitive affective complexity

institutional

reaching out to student especially during the early weeks and throughout the first year is crucial. young people who feel that their college community is concerned about them as individuals are more likely to graduate

students become better at

reasoning about problems that have no clear solution, identifying the strengths and weaknesses of opposing sides of complex issues, and reflecting on the quality of their thinking

what is another influence leading to difficulties in retaining to be remembered items and processing them at the same time

reduced working memory capacity

epistemic cognition

refers to our reflections on how we arrive at facts, beliefs, and ideas

prospective memory

refers to remembering to engage in planned actions in the future

crystallized intelligence

refers to skills that depend on accumulated knowledge and experience, good judgement, and the mastery of social conventions-abilities acquired because they are valued by the individuals culture

but in the 1920s longitudinal research was done to find an age

related increase.

whats an example of remote memory

reminiscence bump for events of adolescence, early adulthood

inhibition

resistance to inference from irrelevant inforamtion

during college years students develop greater

self-understanding, enhanced self-esteem, and a firmer sense of identity

to explain this K warner used a

sequential design. combining longitudinal and cross-sectinoa approaches in the Seattle longitudinal study

what can help older people compensate for are related declines in working memory

slowing the pace at which information is presented

information loss view

suggest that older adults experience greater loss of information as it moves through the cognitive system. as a result the whole system must slow down to inspect and interpret information

an age related decrement also occurs in the ability to

switch back and forth between mental operations, such as judging one of a pair of numbers as "odd or even"

when can this be dangerous

taking medicine

terminal decline refers to

the acceleration in deterioration of cognitive functioning prior to death

what could these declines in attention be from

the slowdown in information processing described earlier, which limits the amount of information a person can focus on at once

what is it supported by

the specialization that begins with selecting a college major or occupation, since it takes many years to master any complex domain

when does crystallized intelligence increase steadily

through middle adulthood

mature creativity requires a

unique cognitive capacity-the ability to formulate new, culturally meaningful problems and to ask significant questions that have not been posed before.

remote memory

very long-term recall

relativistic thinking

viewing all knowledge as embedded in a framework of thought. aware of diversity of opinions on many topics, they gave up the possibility of absolute truth in favor of multiple truths, each relative to its context

what measures crystallized intelligence on intelligence tests

vocabulary, general information, verbal compression, and logical reasoning items