Cognitive Development (Early and Middle Childhood): Psych 241: Exam 3

What is zone of proximal development?

The difference between what the child can do alone and what the child can do with assistance

Explain what moral development is.

Thoughts, feelings, and behaviors about - rules and conventions - what people should do in their interactions with other people

During the concrete operational stage, if you give a child a concrete example, they can tell you the answer. True or False

True

Information processing theory. Preschoolers are more likely to pay attention to things that are salient( stands out). True or False

True

Learning how to ride a bike and learning how to swim are examples of scaffolding. True or False

True

When looking at zone of proximal development, children tend to do more with help vs. being able to do things without help. True or False

True

Zone of proximal development and scaffolding go with which cognitive development approach?

Vygotsky's social constructivist approach

Construction of knowledge through social interaction. What is this approach called?

Vygotsky's social constuctivist approach

What age range does false belief develop?

around the ages of 4-5

Information processing theory. Managing one's thoughts in order to engage in directed behavior, advances in what?

cognitive inhibition

When do children began to use the passive voice, complex constructions, and conditional sentences?

during the elementary school years

Name the 2 different types of attention that are in the information processing theory.

exective and sustained

Showing a child a bandage box that has crayons in it instead of bandages and not sharing the information with others. What is this an example of?

false belief task

Explain theory of mind.

involves the ability to... - Infer the existence of mental states and use them as an explanatory device for human behavior - Predict and control behavior: Empathize Comfort Deceive

Language Development. What is fastmapping?

learning words quickly after hearing it a few times

What are the 2 concepts of learning to read?

phonics & whole-language approach

Information Processing Theory. Preschoolers usually are not very strategic in trying to plan things. Which part of attention that is still developing does this describe?

planfulness

Which one of piaget's cognitive development stages is one dimensional?

preoperational

Name the two things in the information processing theory that are still developing when looking at attention.

salient vs. relevant dimensions & planfulness

Name the 4 stages in piaget's cognitive development.

sensorimotor preoperational concrete operational formal operational

Information Processing theory. What is attention?

the focusing of cognitive resources(Ex: being able to pay attention to something)

What is false belief?

- Children began to understand that an individuals beliefs depends on a situation

What 4 things is central executive function responsible for?

- Coordinating performance on two tasks - Quickly switching between tasks - Selectively attending to key information and ignoring irrelevant information - Retrieving information from long-term memory

Name 4 straegies that are used with preschool children towards reading and writing.

- Use books to initiate conversation with children - Use what & why questions - Encourage kids to ask questions about story - Choose some books that play with language

What is scaffolding?

- changing the level of support that you give a child or student that is learning something - you change how you teach based on how they perform

What are the 2 limitations of concrete operational thought?

- children still need concrete information - abstract concepts are still difficult

What do school children learn and understand in elementary schools years?

- learn synonyms - understand complex grammatical structures

English Language Learners. About what percent of school-age children in the U.S. speak a language other than English at home?

22%

Vocabulary expands by 4 or 8 times during the elementary school years?

4

What is central executive function?

A control processor that regulates cognitive activities

Objects now have feelings and their own thought. Which limit of preoperational thought is this? A) Animism B) Egocentrism C) Centration D) Irreversibility

A) Animism

The movie toy story is an example of which limit of preoperational thought? A) Animism B) Egocentrism C) Centration D) Irreversibility

A) Animism

Marshellow test. This is an example of which term? A) Delay of ratification B) Executive function

A) Delay of ratification

Information Processing Theory. Planning actions, monitoring progress on certain tasks, dealing with new difficult stimuli or circumstances. Which type of attention is this? A) Executive attention B) Sustained attention

A) Executive attention

Language Development. School children use syntactical rules to construct langthy and complex sentences. What is Syntax? A) How to use words to construct a sentence B) Meaning of words and the whole sentence C) The use of appropriate language in different context (talking differently with their friends versus your friends)

A) How to use words to construct a sentence

English as a second language, or ESL. Which strategy to learning english is this? A) Immersion approach B) Bilingualism C) Dual Language Learning

A) Immersion approach

Which strategy to learning english is the most common approach used in the United States? A) Immersion approach B) Bilingualism C) Dual Language Learning

A) Immersion approach

Language Development. All 4 legged animals are dogs. This is an example of which type of language irregularity? A) Overextension B) Overregularities

A) Overextension

Language Development. Applying a word too broadly. Which type of language irregularity is this? A) Overextension B) Overregularities

A) Overextension

Learning to read. Based on memorizing rules and the sounds of each letter to sound out words. Which concept is this? A) Phonics B) Whole-language approach

A) Phonics

Rights and wrong determined by reward/punishment. Which morality in Kohlberg's stages is this? A) Pre-conventional morality B) Conventional morality C) Post-conventional morality

A) Pre-conventional morality

The lowest level of Kohlberg's moral stage is what? A) Pre-conventional morality B) Conventional morality C) Post-conventional morality

A) Pre-conventional morality

Punishment/obedience. Whatever leads to punsihment is wrong. Which stage is this in Kolberg's stages? A) Pre-conventional morality stage 1 B) Preconventional morality stage 2 C) Conventional morality stage 3 D) Conventional morality stage 4 E) Post-conventional morality stage 5 F) Post-conventional morality stage 6

A) Pre-conventional morality stage 1

Stealing would be example of which stage in Koldberg' s stages? A) Pre-conventional morality stage 1 B) Preconventional morality stage 2 C) Conventional morality stage 3 D) Conventional morality stage 4 E) Post-conventional morality stage 5 F) Post-conventional morality stage 6

A) Pre-conventional morality stage 1

Metamemory. Systematically repeating information so you don't forget it. Which strategy is this? A) Rehearsal B) Organization C) Elaboration

A) Rehearsal

Metamemory. Trying to remember a number without writing it down so you keep repeating it in your head. This is an example of which strategy? A) Rehearsal B) Organization C) Elaboration

A) Rehearsal

____ describes of what occurs in a particular situation. A) Scripts B) Stories C) Memory strategies

A) Scripts

Information Processing. Remains stable through childhood. Which type of memory is this? A) Sensory memory B) Working memory

A) Sensory memory

Piaget's Stages of Concrete Operational. Children can classify colors but not shades of colors Which term does this example go to? A) Seriation B) Transitive inference C) Class inclusion D) Decentration E) Reversibility F) Conservation

A) Seriation

Piaget's Stages of Concrete Operational. The ability to classify or order stimuli in some way but it is usually one dimensional thinking. This goes with which term? A) Seriation B) Transitive inference C) Class inclusion D) Decentration E) Reversibility F) Conservation

A) Seriation

Name the 4 limits of preoperational thought.

Animism Egocentrism Centration Irreversibility

First they are taught in their own language then they are taught in English language. Which strategy to learning english is this? A) Immersion approach B) Bilingualism C) Dual Language Learning

B) Bilingualism

Views of others matter. Avoidance of blame; seeking aproval. Which morality in Kohlberg's stages is this? A) Pre-conventional morality B) Conventional morality C) Post-conventional morality

B) Conventional morality

A child gives his female care taker a toy truck because he likes trucks so she must like trucks. This is an example of which limit of preoperational thought? A) Animism B) Egocentrism C) Centration D) Irreversibility

B) Egocentrism

Can't take on another persons perspective, focus too much on their own point of view. Which limit of preoperational thought is this? A) Animism B) Egocentrism C) Centration D) Irreversibility

B) Egocentrism

Language Development. School children use syntactical rules to construct langthy and complex sentences. What is semantics? A) How to use words to construct a sentence B) Meaning of words and the whole sentence C) The use of appropriate language in different context (talking differently with their friends versus your friends)

B) Meaning of words and the whole sentence

Metamemory. Giving a child a chunk of words and the child sorting them by which words are animals. This is an example of which strategy? A) Rehearsal B) Organization C) Elaboration

B) Organization

Metamemory. Organizing information in chunks or themes. Which strategy is this? A) Rehearsal B) Organization C) Elaboration

B) Organization

Language Development. Forgetting that some words don't all follow the normal pattern. Which type of language irregularity is this? A) Overextension B) Overregularities

B) Overregularities

Language Development. Sayings feets instead of feet, I runned instead of I ran. This is an example of which type of language irregularity? A) Overextension B) Overregularities

B) Overregularities

The right way to behave is the way that is rewarded. Which stage is this in Kolberg's stages? A) Pre-conventional morality stage 1 B) Preconventional morality stage 2 C) Conventional morality stage 3 D) Conventional morality stage 4 E) Post-conventional morality stage 5 F) Post-conventional morality stage 6

B) Preconventional morality stage 2

Which is the classic protocol for assessing the development of thepry of mind? A) The Smartie Tube B) Sally- Anne test

B) Sally- Anne test

Information Processing Theory. Focus and extended attention with an object of event or task of some aspect of the environment. Which type of attention is this? A) Executive attention B) Sustained attention

B) Sustained attention

Ability to logically come to conclusions based on their relationship between variables. This goes with which term? A) Seriation B) Transitive inference C) Class inclusion D) Decentration E) Reversibility F) Conservation

B) Transitive inference

Piaget's Stages of Concrete Operational. a=b, b=c so a=c Which term does this example go to? A) Seriation B) Transitive inference C) Class inclusion D) Decentration E) Reversibility F) Conservation

B) Transitive inference

Learning to Read. Which concept is with cognitive-developmental theory and is used more often in schools today? A) Phonics B) Whole-language approach

B) Whole-language approach

Learning to read. Literacy is viewed as an extension of language and children learn to read and write through trial and error discovery. Which concept is this? A) Phonics B) Whole-language approach

B) Whole-language approach

Information Processing. Shows steady increases in middle childhood, especially in executive function. Which type of memory is this? A) Sensory memory B) Working memory

B) Working memory

(2 to 5-7 years) One dimension Focusing on one aspect of a situation, not being able to focus on someone else's perspective. Which one of Piaget's cognitive stages is this? A) sensorimotor B) preoperational C) concrete operational D) formal operational

B) preoperational

A child starting out with certain amount of liquid in a glass and pour the liquid in a taller and skinner glass, they think there is more liquid in the skinner glass because it appears taller. Child did not take into account that before they poured the liquid in the skinner glass that the two cups had the same amount of liquid. This is an example of which limit of preoperational thought? A) Animism B) Egocentrism C) Centration D) Irreversibility

C) Centration

Ability to only think of one aspect of a situation, can lead to illogical conclusions. Which limit of preoperational thought is this? A) Animism B) Egocentrism C) Centration D) Irreversibility

C) Centration

Piaget's Stages of Concrete Operational. 4 red flower and 2 white and asking the child are there more red flowers or are there more flowers. Which term does this example go to? A) Seriation B) Transitive inference C) Class inclusion D) Conservation E) Decentration F) Reversibility

C) Class inclusion

Piaget's Stages of Concrete Operational. Illogical conclusions. This goes with which term? A) Seriation B) Transitive inference C) Class inclusion D) Decentration E) Reversibility F) Conservation

C) Class inclusion

Chose not to steal because stealing is not socially exceptable and it would ruin his reputation. This is an example of which one of the Kolberg's stages? A) Pre-conventional morality stage 1 B) Preconventional morality stage 2 C) Conventional morality stage 3 D) Conventional morality stage 4 E) Post-conventional morality stage 5 F) Post-conventional morality stage 6

C) Conventional morality stage 3

Good intentions. Bahving in ways that conform to "good behavior". Which stage is this in Kolberg's stages? A) Pre-conventional morality stage 1 B) Preconventional morality stage 2 C) Conventional morality stage 3 D) Conventional morality stage 4 E) Post-conventional morality stage 5 F) Post-conventional morality stage 6

C) Conventional morality stage 3

Saying a sentence and half of it being English and half in their language. Which strategy to learning english is this? A) Immersion approach B) Bilingualism C) Dual Language Learning

C) Dual Language Learning

Which strategy to learning english is considered a two-way immersion? A) Immersion approach B) Bilingualism C) Dual Language Learning

C) Dual Language Learning

Metamemory. Making up a bizarre are elaborate story in order to piece together information. Which strategy is this? A) Rehearsal B) Organization C) Elaboration

C) Elaboration

Metamemory. Making up story for a list of groceries so you remember what u need to get. This is an example of which strategy? A) Rehearsal B) Organization C) Elaboration

C) Elaboration

Abstract notions of justice. Rights of others can override obedience to laws/rules. Which morality in Kohlberg's stages is this? A) Pre-conventional morality B) Conventional morality C) Post-conventional morality

C) Post-conventional morality

Language Development. School children use syntactical rules to construct langthy and complex sentences. What is pragmatics? A) How to use words to construct a sentence B) Meaning of words and the whole sentence C) The use of appropriate language in different context (talking differently with their friends versus your friends)

C) The use of appropriate language in different context (talking differently with their friends versus your friends)

What is the false belief task

Task that requires kids to know that someone may not share their knowledge on something

(5-7 to 12 years) Multidimensional Cause and effect relationships Can take on another persons perspective, think about other peoples feelings. Which one of Piaget's cognitive stages is this? A) sensorimotor B) preoperational C) concrete operational D) formal operational

C) concrete operational

Seriation, Transitive inference, conservation, decentration, reversibility, and Class conclusion go with which stage of Piaget's cognitive development? A) sensorimotor B) preoperational C) concrete operational D) formal operational

C) concrete operational

Liquid in the 2 cups and realizing they are equal, then choosing a skinner and taller cup, pouring one cup of the liquid in there and still knowing that both of the cups have the same amount of liquid. Which term does this example go to? A) Seriation B) Transitive inference C) Class inclusion D) Conservation E) Decentration F) Reversibility

D) Conservation

Ability to focus on more than one aspect of a problem. This goes with which term? A) Seriation B) Transitive inference C) Class inclusion D) Decentration E) Reversibility F) Conservation

D) Decentration

Forget that once you do something you can undo it most of the time. Which limit of preoperational thought is this? A) Animism B) Egocentrism C) Centration D) Irreversibility

D) Irreversibility

Playing legos with a child and adding something they don't like, they usually begin to cry because they don't think it can be undone. This is an example of which limit of preoperational thought? A) Animism B) Egocentrism C) Centration D) Irreversibility

D) Irreversibility

When looking at the liquid and glass they realize the different glass size. Which term does this example go to? A) Seriation B) Transitive inference C) Class inclusion D) Conservation E) Decentration F) Reversibility

E) Decentration

Able to reverse things mentally in their head. This goes with which term? A) Seriation B) Transitive inference C) Class inclusion D) Decentration E) Reversibility F) Conservation

E) Reversibility

The higher level of cognitive processes, linked to the brain developing of the prefrontal cortex. Child has to have inhibitory control and working memory as well as mental flexibility. Sharing a toy then when its your turn, remembering that you have to share. What type of function is this?

Executive function

Awareness that altering an objects appearance does not change its basic properties. This goes with which term? A) Seriation B) Transitive inference C) Class inclusion D) Decentration E) Reversibility F) Conservation

F) Conservation

Playing with legos and adding something that they don't like, they know that they can just take it off to make it better. Which term does this example go to? A) Seriation B) Transitive inference C) Class inclusion D) Conservation E) Decentration F) Reversibility

F) Reversibility

Sally- Anne test & The Smartie tube are examples of what kind of task?

False Belief Task

Name the 3 strategies to learning english.

Immersion approach Bilingualism Dual Language Learning

Executive functioning, changes in delay of ratification, attention, and advances in cognitive inhibition all go with what theory?

Information processing theory

- The understandig of one's memory and ability to use stragtegies to enhance it - Improves steadily throughout the elementary school years What term goes with this?

Matememory

Language Development. Name the 2 types of language irregularities.

Overextension and overregularities

What is delay of ratification?

Putting of an immediate reward in hopes that you will get more later on

Name 3 metamemory strategies.

Rehearsal Organization Elaboration