Cognitive Exam 2
A retrieval cue will be effective if and only if it reinstates the context of the to-be-remembered event, according to the principle of:
encoding specificity
The capacity of short-term memory was thought by George Miller to be:
7 (plus or minus 2) meaningful chunks of information.
Which of the following is an example of a controlled process, for most people?
sending a telegraph message
Unattended information is stored briefly in:
sensory memory.
Information is held in _____ for 20 to 30 seconds.
short-term memory
Information is held in ______ for 20 to 30 seconds.
short-term memory
Which of the following factors does NOT influence the allocation of mental resources in Kahneman's capacity model?
the lateness of selection
Which of the following processing contexts would lead to the greatest probability of recalling the target worf "DISH"?
"Does the word fit into this sentence: He passed her a ____ full of steaming homemade pasta and rich tomato sauce."?
You have listened to a list of 20 words. When asked to recall these words in any order, you are least likely to recall the:
10th word.
Research on false memory creations suggests that about ____ of participants report "memories" of suggested events that never really occurred.
25%
Bahrick assessed memory for landmarks and buildings in the town in which participants went to college; 46 years after graduation, alumni still remembered about ____ of the information that current graduating seniors have.
40%
In the Deese/Roediger-McDermott paradigm, participants are presented with lists of related words such as nap, bed, quiet, dark, dream, pillow, and night. Later, about _____ of college student participants falsely recognize related items such as sleep, which were never actually presented, as being part of the list.
80%
Studies of coding in short-term memory suggest that which of the following would be most DIFFICULT to recall correctly?
C-D-P-V-T
Glancing out your window, you notice a woman in a blue coat walking with a child in a red coat. Later, you recall seeing a child in a blue coat. You have fallen victim to the phenomenon known as:
Illusory conjuction.
Which of the following is NOT a principle feature of anterograde amnesia?
It affects information only in the visual modality.
Which of the following is a characteristic of an automatic process?
It does not interfere with other activities.
As classically conceived, long-term memory is held to have all of the following properties EXCEPT:
It primarily uses acoustic coding.
In Treisman's (1960) classic experiment, participants were asked to shadow a message in one ear. At a certain point in the middle of the messages, the content of the first message and the second message were switched. What happened to shadowing performance?
Many participants switched ears and repeated a few words from the unattended ear without realizing that the messages had been switched.
The term "anterograde amnesia" refers to:
The loss of the ability to form new memories.
In the Brown-Peterson short-term memory task, recall performance was hurt most by:
a large number of interfering items.
Which of the following is true regarding retrograde amnesia?
The time span for which memory is lost varies enormously.
Broadbent, in proposing his filter theory of attention, argued that an attentional filter lets some information through and blocks out the rest. This filter is based upon:
a physical characteristic of the message, such as its location.
Roediger's work on the testing effect tells us that taking tests:
actually improves memory for material.
Spelke, Hirst and Neisser attempted to teach participants to simultaneously take dictation and read with comprehension. Their results suggested that:
after 6 weeks of practice, people could simultaneously take dictation accurately and read with normal comprehension.
In Treisman's experiments on feature integration, the number of distractors did not matter when participants were asked to spot:
an S among T's and X's.
Brain surgery patient "H.M." suffered after surgery from:
an inability to form new memories of new events.
According to the attention hypothesis of automatization,
attention is needed during practice, and determines both what is learned during practice and what will be remembered from the practice.
Certain stimuli seem to jump off the page at the viewer, causing an involuntary shift of attention that is referred to as:
attentional capture.
Bartlett's research on the retelling of stories shows that over time, the same person's recall:
becomes more distorted
Currently, cognitive psychologists are more likely to believe that:
both decay and interference play a role in short-term memory forgetting, and some decay is actually essential to avoid catastrophic interference.
The results of the Brown-Peterson short-term memory task can be explained by:
both decay and interference.
Sternberg's classic work on searching for information from short-term memory indicated that the search process is:
both serial and exhaustive.
Weaver's study comparing memories of a mundane event (meeting a roommate or friend) with a "flashbulb" event (the beginning of the Persian Gulf War) showed that:
both types of memories dropped off most during the first 3 months following the event.
The primacy and recency effects in memory:
can be independently manipulated, indicating at least two types of memory at work.
Children with attention deficit hyperactivity diorder (ADHD):
cannot sustain vigilance on repetitive or dull tasks.
Research suggests that talking on a cell phone while driving:
causes significantly more errors and slows reaction time significantly more than listening to the radio.
When listening to a conversation, your attention is momentarily diverted when you hear your name spoken in a different conversation across the room. This is an example of the:
cocktail party effect.
A retrieval cue will be most effective when it it highly distinctive or unusual, according to the principle of:
cue overload
Disrupting the process of long-term potentiation leads to:
disruption of learning and remembering.
In a _______ task, a person listens to an audiotape and hears two seperate messages presented simultaneously to the left and right ears/
dichotic listening
Parts of the frontal, parietal, and subcortical lobes are involved in:
disengaging attention from where it was previously focused.
Neuropsychological studies have indicated that patients with damage to the right parietal lobe:
do not pay attention to the objects on the left side of visual space.
The suffix effect relates to which type of memory?
echoic
The recency effect is thought to result from participants' use of:
either sensory or short-term memory.
The _______ component of working memory is thought to be a temporary storage system that interacts with long-term memory and the other components of working memory to facilitate the transfer of information to long-term memory.
episodic buffer
Your memory of your first college lecture would be an example of:
episodic memory
Memories that are consciously recollected are called ____ memories.
explicit
People with amnesia perform more poorly than nonamnesic patients on tests of _____ memory.
explicit
Anterograde amnesia victims:
express newly learned skills only in exactly the same context in which the skills were learned.
Studies of false memories indicate that:
false memories are rated as having less clarity than true memories.
The more facts that you learn about a particular topic, the longer it takes you to retrieve any particular fact. This is referred to as the ____ effect.
fan
The ______ theory of attention states that there is a very limited amount of information that can be attended to at one time; unattended information is blocked out.
filter
Studies of flashbulb memory indicate that:
flashbulb memories are no more accurate than memories for more mundane life events.
Context effects and state-dependent learning effects occur:
for recall tests only
Ebbinghaus's forgetting curve demonstrates that:
forgetting is rapid at first and then levels off
The surgery performed on "H.M." involved removal of most of the:
hippocampus
Research on divided attention suggests that:
if you think that you are doing two things simultaneously, you are probably really rapidly switching attention back and forth between the two.
Wood and Cowan switched a passage in participants' unattended ear to backwars speech, and reorted that performance in shadowing the other ear:
included more errors that peaked 10 to 20 seconds after the backward message began, for those that did notice the message.
As research participants study more facts about a particular concept, the time that it takes to retrieve a particular fact:
increases
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD):
involves an inability to inhibit an ongoing response such as talking or playing a game.
Higher working memory capacity means that an individual:
is better able to control his/her cognitive focus.
The phenomenon of attentional capture:
is driven by the properties of the stimulus, but can be overridden by top-down processes under certain circumstances.
The icon is said to be characterized by all of the following EXCEPT:
it lasts about 20 seconds.
In the absence of rehersal, short-term memory tends to:
last about 20 seconds.
Information is stored in iconic memory for:
less than 1 second.
Information such as the name of the person who sat in front of you in the fifth grade is stored in:
long-term memory
Information such as the name of the name of the person who sat in front of you in the fifth grade is stored in:
long-term memory.
Echoic memory is thought to last:
longer than the icon, perhaps up to 20 seconds.
Conway and colleagues discovered that research participants who detect their own names in an unattended message are likely to have:
lower working memory spans than those who do not.
The code in long-term memory is based on:
meaning
in Schneider and Shiffrin's classic study of visual search for targets, which of the following variables DID have an effect on processing in the varied-mapping conditions?
memory set size, frame size, and frame time.
One of the first mnemonic techniques was invented around 500 BCE by the Greek poet Simonides. This method of learning a list is called the:
method of loci
Bower claimed that a person would recall more information if he/she were in the same mood at recall time as at encoding time. This phenomenom is referred to as:
mood-dependent memory
Retroactive interference occurs when ____ information interferes with ____ information in memory:
new; old
According to Treisman, people tend to process:
only as much as is necessary to seperate the attended from the unattended message.
Bahrick's study of retention of Spanish vocabulary words showed that large portions of information remained in long-term memory for:
over 50 years
In a study of inattentional blindness, Daniel Simons and collegues presented an unexpected event, such as a woman with an umbrella crosing the room from left to right, to a group of participants who were trying to monitor the number of passes that a particular basketball team made in a film. When questioned later about "anything unexpected" that happened in the film,
overall, 46% of the participants failed to notice the woman at all.
Sensory neglect (also called hemineglect) occurs when patients suffer damage to the _______ lobe.
parietal
Stroop interference lessens when:
participants are given more practice at naming colors.
Brewer's research on autobiographical memory showed that:
participants showed very good overall retention for autobiographical events, even randomly selected ones.
Learning a rhyme that begins "One is a bun, two is a shoe" is part of the mnemonic technique called the:
pegword method.
Linton's and Barsalou's studies of autobiographical memories suggested that:
people often summarize two or more events of the same type into one recollection.
The fact that the size of the memory set does affect search time in short-term memory suggests that:
search is a serial process.
Stroop interference peaks at around the age of:
second or third grade
In Waugh and Norman's probe digit task:
presentation rate had no effect on performance.
Words from the beginning of the list are more likely to be recalled than words from the miffle of the list. This phenomenom is known as the _____ effect.
primacy
The calling to mind of previously stored information is known as:
retrieval.
According to ______ theory, we never actually acquire unattended material at all.
schema
You met an attractive person at a party last Friday, when you were a bit tipsy from too many beers. The next morning you could no longer remember that person's name and phone number. Saturday night you went to another party and drank a few more beers, and suddenly you were able to remember the name again. Which principle best explains your retrieval processes?
state-dependent learning
Daydreams are a type of:
stimulus-independent thought (SIT)
In Godden and Baddeley's study of scuba divers, the best recall was achieved by divers who:
studied and took their test in the same location, whether that was under water or on land.
PET scan studies:
support Baddeley's notion that verbal and spatial working memory are different systems.
Studies of eyewitness memory:
support Bartlett's idea of memory as a constructive process.
Greater effort or concentration results in better performance on:
tasks that require resource-limited processing.
Studies of event-related potentials for attended and unattended tones idicate that:
the amplitude of the waveform is larger for the attended ear.
Retrieval involves:
the calling to mind of previously stored information.
The production of stimulus-independent thoughts (SITs), such as daydreams, depend upon:
the central executive
Damage to the frontal lobe of the brain often disrupts processing by:
the central executive.
The production of stimulus-independent thoughts (SITs), such as daydreams, depends upon:
the central executive.
The main distinction between "short-term memory" and "working memory" hinges on:
the emphasis on static structure vs. active processing.
Which of the following is NOT a component of Baddeley's working memory model?
the icon
Which of the following would NOT be a reasonable basis for filtering, according to Broadbent's model?
the language that the message was being read in.
In the Schneider and Shiffrin's classic study of visual search for targets, which of the following variables DID have an effect on processing in the consistent-mapping condition?
the length of time each array was displayed.
The "cocktail party effect" refers to the fact that shadowing performance is disrupted when ________ is embedded on the unattended message.
the listener's name
Repeating a phone number to yourself to hold it in memory while you dial it would use which component of working memory?
the phonological loop
You are shown a series of photographs of different people. Later, your memory for the photographs will be best if, during the time you first see the photographs, you are asked to make judgments about:
the sincerity of each person
Encoding variability is a potential explanation for:
the spacing effect
Which of the following are most likely to be confused in long-term memory?
the words "big" and "large"
Psychologists believe that the capacity of long-term memory is:
unlimited.
Experiments indicate that storing a string of six digits in short-term memory interferes with the ability to:
verify letter sequences, read and comprehend text, and recall recently learned information.
Most studies of sensory memory have focused on memory for information from which sensory modalities?
vision and hearing.
You had just heard some bad news and were very sad when you listened to a lecture on levels of processing. Now it is time to take the test on that lecture material. According to the mood-dependent memory effect, you should:
watch a sad movie just before the exam.
Treisman's feature integration theory argues that:
we perceive objects in two distinct stages.
Partial reports of visually presented matrices of letters can be successfully cued by all of the following EXCEPT:
which letters rhyme with B
The concept of fluid intelligence is highly related to:
working memory capacity.
A person approaches you on the street and asks for directions. While you are talking, two people carry a door between you and the person to whom you are speaking. While the door is passing, the person you are talking to is replaced by a different person. If you are like the people in the studies by Simons and Levin,
you have only about a 50% chance of noticing the switch.
According to the retrieval cue explanation of interference, you are more likely to forget where you parked your car in a lot where:
you have parked frequently, but in many different spaces.
