Cognitive Exam 2 - quiz questions

The principle that we learn information together with its context is known as a.memory consolidation. c.encoding specificity. b.repetition priming. d.a self-reference effect.

.c.encoding specificity.

The predominant type of coding in LTM is a.phonological. c.semantic. b.concrete. d.visual.

c.semantic

The primary effect of chunking is to A.maximize the recency effect. B.increase memory for items by grouping them together based on sound. C.develop a visual code to supplement a phonological code for the information. D.stretch the capacity of STM.

d.stretch the capacity of STM.

The primacy effect is attributed to a.recall of information stored in LTM. b.a type of rehearsal that improves memory for all items in a list. c.recall of information still active in STM. d.forgetting of early items in a list as they are replaced by later items.

a.recall of information stored in LTM.

Elaborative rehearsal of a word will LEAST likely be accomplished by a.repeating it over and over. b.linking the new word to a previously learned concept. c.using it in a sentence.d.thinking of its synonyms and antonyms.

a.repeating it over and over

Information remains in sensory memory for A.seconds or a fraction of a second. B.15-30 seconds C.1-3 minutes.d.as long as it is rehearsed.

a.seconds or a fraction of a second.

Dichotic listening occurs when a. the same message is presented to the left and right ears. b. different messages are presented to the left and right ears. c. a message is presented to one ear, and a masking noise is presented to the other ear. d. participants are asked to listen to a message and look at a visual stimulus, both at the same time.

b. different messages are presented to the left and right ears.

The effective duration of short-term memory, when rehearsal is prevented, is A.a fraction of a second. B.15-20 seconds. C.1-3 minutes .D.5-7 minutes.5.

b.15-20 seconds.

he word-length effect shows that it is more difficult to remember A. a long list of words than a short list of words. B.a list of long words than a list of short words. C.a list of words that are all the same length than a list of words that are of different lengths. D. a list of words that are of different lengths than a list of words that are all the same length.

b.a list of long words than a list of short words.

According to levels of processing theory, deep processing results in better memory. However, studies have shown that shallow processing can result in better memory when the individual encodes _____ and is tested _____.a.semantically; auditorially c.auditorially; semantically b.auditorially; auditorially d.semantically; visually____

b.auditorially; auditorially

Carrie answers her phone with "Hello?" A response, "Hi, Carrie!" comes from the other end of the line. Carrie responds back with "Hi, Dad!" Carrie processed "Hi, Carrie" using a(n) a.auditory code in short-term memory. b.auditory code in long-term memory. c.iconic code in short-term memory. d.iconic code in long-term memory.

b.auditory code in long-term memory.

Jocelyn is in an experiment where she is presented words representing categories. She is presented the word "furniture" in an earlier trial, which makes it easier for her later to recall the word "chair" because of the similarity of meaning. Jocelyn's memory enhancement for "chair" due to seeing the word "furniture" illustrates a.repetition priming .c.reconsolidation. b.conceptual priming. d.mental time travel.

b.conceptual priming.

ebb's idea of long-term potentiation, which provides a physiological mechanism for the long-term storage of memories, includes the idea of A.an increase in the size of cell bodies of neurons. B.enhanced firing in the neurons. C.larger electrical impulses in the synapse. D .the growth of new dendrites in neurons.

b.enhanced firing in the neurons.

Students, beware! Research shows that _____ does not improve reading comprehension because it does not encourage elaborative processing of the material. a.organization b.highlighting c.making up questions about the material d.feedback

b.highlighting

The emphasis of the concept of working memory is on how information is A.permanently stored. B.manipulated C.forgotten. D.perceived.

b.manipulated

This multiple choice question is an example of a ____ test. a.recall c.word-completion b.recognition d.personal semantic memory

b.recognition

When a person is shadowing a message, he or she is a. silently following it mentally .b. ignoring it while paying attention to another message. c. saying the message out loud. d. thinking about something closely related to the message.

c. saying the message out loud.

The three structural components of the modal model of memory are A.receptors, occipital lobe, temporal lobe. B.receptors, temporal lobe, frontal lobe. C.sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory. D.sensory memory, iconic memory, rehearsal.

c. sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory.

The "magic number," according to Miller, is A.7 and 11. B.5 plus 2 C.7 plus or minus 2. D.lucky 13.6.

c.7 plus or minus

Which of the following is an example of a semantic memory? a.I remember my earth science teacher telling me how volcanoes erupt. b.I remember seeing a volcano erupt in Hawaii last summer. c.I remember the big island of Hawaii has many active volcanoes. d.I remember "volcano" was the first word on the list Juan read to me.

c.I remember the big island of Hawaii has many active volcanoes.

Memory for a word will tend to be better if the word is used in a complex sentence (like "the bicycle was blue, with high handlebars and a racing seat") rather than a simple sentence (like "he rode the bicycle"). This probably occurs because the complex sentence a.causes more rehearsal. c.creates more connections. b.takes longer to process. d.is more interesting.

c.creates more connections

Brief sensory memory for sound is known as A.iconic memory. B.primary auditory memory. C.echoic memory. D.pre-perceptual auditory memory.

c.echoic memory.

Phoebe steps up to the golf ball and hits it down the fairway. She sees that the ball is heading towards someone, so she yells "Fore!" After her two partners hit their balls, they pick up their bags and start walking to the next hole. But Phoebe says, "Wait a minute, I haven't teed off yet." This behavior shows that Phoebe has a problem with ____ memory. a.semantic c.episodic b.procedural d.working

c.episodic

The standard model of consolidation proposes that the hippocampus is A.strongly active for both new memories as they are being consolidated and memories for events that occurred long ago and are already consolidated. B.strongly active for long-ago memories that are already consolidated but becomes less active when memories are first formed and being consolidated. C.strongly active when memories are first formed and being consolidated but becomes less active when retrieving older memories that are already consolidated. D.uninvolved in memory consolidation.

c.strongly active when memories are first formed and being consolidated but becomes less active when retrieving older memories that are already consolidated.

Scene schema is a. rapid movements of the eyes from one place to another in a scene. b. short pauses of the eyes on points of interest in a scene. c. how attention is distributed throughout a static scene. d. knowledge about what is contained in a typical scene.

d. knowledge about what is contained in a typical scene.

The ability to pay attention to, or carry out, two or more different tasks simultaneously is known as a. divided attention. b. dual attention. c. divergent tasking. d. selective attention.

a. divided attention

The inability to assimilate or retain new knowledge is known as a.anterograde amnesia. c.the primacy effect. b.retrograde amnesia. d.the serial effect.

a.anterograde amnesia.

The cocktail party effect is a.the ability to pay attention to one message and ignore others, yet hear distinctive features of the unattended messages .b. the inability to pay attention to one message in the presence of competing messages. c. the diminished awareness of information in a crowd. d. the equal division of attention between competing messages.

a. the ability to pay attention to one message and ignore others, yet hear distinctive features of the unattended messages.

If you remember something in terms of its meaning, the type of encoding you are using is A.semantic B.acoustic. C.visual. D.iconic.

a.semantic

One function of ____ is controlling the suppression of irrelevant information. a.sensory memory b.the phonological loop c.articulatory suppression d.the central executive

d.the central executive

Illusory conjunctions are a. combinations of features from different stimuli. b. misidentified objects using the context of the scene. c. combinations of features from the masking field and the stimuli. d. features that are consistent across different stimuli.

a. combinations of features from different stimuli.

According to the levels of processing theory, which of the following tasks will produce the best long-term memory for a set of words? a.Making a connection between each word and something you've previously learned b.Deciding how many vowels each word has c.Generating a rhyming word for each word to be remembered d.Repeating the words over and over in your mind

a.Making a connection between each word and something you've previously learned

Controlled processing involves a.close attention .b.ease in performing parallel tasks. c.overlearning of tasks .d.few cognitive resources.

a.close attention

According to the levels of processing theory, memory durability depends on how information is a.encoded. c.retrieved. b.stored. d.all of the above

a.encoded.

Memory performance is enhanced if the type of task at encoding matches the type of task at retrieval. This is called a.transfer-appropriate processing. c.elaborative rehearsal .b.episodic-based processing. d.personal semantic memory.

a.transfer-appropriate processing.

According to Treisman's feature integration theory, the first stage of perception is called the _____ stage. a. feature analysis b. focused attention c. pre-attentive d. letter analysis

c. pre-attentive

Two types of declarative memory are _____ and _____ memory. a.semantic; implicit c.episodic; semantic b.implicit; episodic d.procedural; episodic

c.episodic; semantic

The defining characteristic of implicit memory is that a.it always leads to episodic memory for events. b.it is enhanced by the self-reference effect. c.we are not conscious we are using it. d.people use it strategically to enhance memory for events.

c.we are not conscious we are using it.

Which of the following is an experimental procedure used to study how attention affects the processing of competing stimuli? a. Early selection b. Filtering c. Channeling d. Dichotic listening

d. Dichotic listening

Location-based attention is when a. the enhancing effect of attention spreads throughout an object .b. attention is divided across two or more tasks simultaneously. c. people move their attention from one place to another. d. attention affects an entire object, even if it is occluded by other objects.

d. attention affects an entire object, even if it is occluded by other objects.