Cognitive Psych. Ch. 5-8 Quiz Questions
Rehearsal in short-term memory
Before going to the grocery store, Jamal quickly made a list in his head of the few items he needed to cook dinner. Driving to the store, he repeated the list over and over to himself so that he wouldn't forget anything. How would Broadbent describe Jamal's actions in the car? - Buffering in the central executive - Rotation in the phonological loop - Rehearsal in short-term memory - Chunking in sensory memory
source misattribution.
The "wedding reception" false memory experiment shows that false memories can be explained as a product of familiarity and - confabulation. - consequentiality. - source misattribution. - retroactive interference.
Form
The coding of a stimulus into memory refers to which of the following? - Form - Location - Process - Consciousness
Location
The concept of encoding specificity is grounded in which of the following? - Structure - Location - Task - Mood
fragility
The concept of reconsolidation is based on the ________ of retrieved memories. - potentiation - fragility - emotionality - classification
future
The constructive episodic stimulation hypothesis describes how our memories are connected to our ________. - knowledge - neural networks - future - emotions
Semantic
The following statement represents what kind of memory? "The Beatles stopped making music together as a group in the early 1970s." - Implicit - Procedural - Semantic - Episodic
reconsolidation.
Treatment of PTSD has benefitted from recent research on - reconsolidation. - transfer-appropriate processing. - depth of processing. - levels of processing.
time
Which term best reflects the core concept of echoic memory? - repetition - access - time - buffer
Highlighting
Within the context of studying, which of the following would be related to an illusion? - Spacing - Highlighting - Sleeping - Encoding
The propaganda effect
Which of the following is most closely associated with implicit memory? - Release from proactive inhibition - The propaganda effect - Encoding specificity - The self-reference effect
Episodic memory
Which of the following is not a stage in the information processing model of memory? - Sensory memory - Long-term memory - Episodic memory - Short-term memory
the person took himself or herself.
Autobiographical memory research shows that a person's brain is more extensively activated when viewing photos - the person has seen before. - the person took himself or herself. - of familiar places. - the person has never seen before.
constructive nature of memory.
Bartlett's experiment in which English participants were asked to recall the "War of the Ghosts" story that was taken from the French Indian culture illustrated the - reminiscence bump. - misinformation effect. - familiarity effect. - constructive nature of memory.
echoic memory.
Brief sensory memory for sound is known as - pre-perceptual auditory memory. - primary auditory memory. - echoic memory. - iconic memory.
Illusory truth effect
Despite scientific evidence to the contrary, Harry believes that drinking dandelion tea would improve his long-term memory because he saw several news stories and articles about it online. What is Harry experiencing? - Pragmatic inference - Source monitoring error - Illusory truth effect - Misinformation effect
short-term memory.
Digit span is one measure of capacity of - sensory memory. - long-term semantic memory. - short-term memory. - long-term memory.
Testing
Dr. Leung is leading a research team to explore the retrieval practice effect. Which of the following will likely be a key component of her team's research protocol? - Sleeping - Testing - Elaborating - Organizing
repeating it over and over.
Elaborative rehearsal of a word will LEAST likely be accomplished by - repeating it over and over. - thinking of its synonyms and antonyms. - using it in a sentence. - linking the new word to a previously learned concept.
an activity state followed by a synaptic state
Jason quickly scanned the map on his phone to get to his job interview, then took a left and ran down the block so he wouldn't be late. According to Stokes, Jason's ability to recall the directions as he's running is the result of ________. - a buffering process followed by an executive process - a buffering process followed by an activity process - an activity state followed by a synaptic state - a synaptic state followed by a buffering state
intact semantic memory but defective episodic memory.
K.C., who was injured in a motorcycle accident, remembers facts like the difference between a strike and a spare in bowling, but he is unaware of experiencing things like hearing about the circumstances of his brother's death, which occurred two years before the accident. His memory behavior suggests - intact procedural memory but defective semantic memory. - intact episodic memory but defective procedural memory. - intact semantic memory but defective episodic memory. - intact episodic memory but defective semantic memory.
Kim performs better because of consolidation.
Lakeisha and Kim have been studying for two hours for their chemistry exam. Both girls are tired of studying. Lakeisha decides to watch a two-hour movie on DVD, while Kim decides to go to bed. What would you predict about their performance on the chemistry exam? - Kim performs better because of encoding specificity. - Kim performs better because of consolidation. - Lakeisha performs better because of consolidation. - Lakeisha performs better because of encoding specificity.
people are not conscious they are using it.
One of the defining characteristics of implicit memory is that - people use it strategically to enhance memory for events. - it is enhanced by the self-reference effect. - people are not conscious they are using it. - it always leads to episodic memory for events.
Sensory, short-term, long-term
Which of the following represents the correct progression of information as it moves through the primary memory stores? - Sensory, episodic, long-term - Episodic, short-term, sensory - Sensory, short-term, long-term - Short-term, long-term, episodic
Systems
___________ consolidation involves the gradual reorganization of circuits within brain regions and takes place on a fairly long time scale. - Remote - Systems - Standard - Synaptic
episodic
"I remember being really excited last year, when my college team won the national championship in basketball." This statement is an example of ___________ memory. - semantic - procedural - episodic - implicit
repressed
Memories of the past that have been pushed out of a person's consciousness are considered to be ________. - illusory - flashbulbs - repressed - false
transfer-appropriate processing.
Memory performance is enhanced if the type of task at encoding matches the type of task at retrieval. This is called - episodic-based processing. - elaborative rehearsal. - personal semantic memory. - transfer-appropriate processing.
short-term memory.
Observations that people may actually process and manipulate information rather than simply store it for brief periods of time challenged the conceptualization of - short-term memory. - the persistence of vision. - the physiological approach to coding. - the phonological similarity effect.
Prefrontal cortex
Physiological studies indicate that damage to the brain's___________can disrupt behaviors that depend on working memory. - Prefrontal cortex - Occipital lobe - Hippocampus - Amygdala
short-term memory to long-term memory.
Rehearsal is important for transferring information from - sensory memory to short-term memory. - sensory memory to long-term memory. - long-term memory to sensory memory. - short-term memory to long-term memory.
semantic
Remembering that a tomato is a fruit rather than a vegetable is an example of ___________ memory. - visual - acoustic - semantic - iconic
emotional
Research into reconsolidation of memories in people who have PTSD has focused on the ________ aspects of memory. - emotional - systemic - episodic - visual
involves making inferences.
The experiment in which participants first read sentences about a baseball game and were then asked to identify sentences they had seen before, illustrated that memory - involves making inferences. - depends on the participant's mood. - is like a tape recording. - is better for vivid descriptions.
semantic.
The predominant type of coding in long-term memory is - phonological. - concrete. - semantic. - visual.
less efficiently than normal.
"S," who had a photographic memory that was described as virtually limitless, was able to achieve many feats of memory. According to the discussion in your text, S's memory system operated - using more visual encoding than normal. - using stronger semantic connections than normal. - less efficiently than normal. - in a manner that bypassed normal neurological "blocks."
Identifying a photograph of his childhood home
A man suffering from Korsakoff's syndrome would be able to perform which of the following activities without difficulty? - Following a story in a book - Recognizing people he has recently met - Identifying a photograph of his childhood home - Remembering what he needs to buy when he gets to the grocery store
aware; unaware
Explicit memory is to ___________ as implicit memory is to ___________. - aware; unaware - self; others - episodic; semantic - primacy; recency
encoding specificity.
People often report an annoying memory failure when they walk from one end of the house to the other for something and then forget what they wanted when they reach their destination. As soon as they return to the first room, they are reminded of what they wanted in the first place. This common experience best illustrates the principle of - maintenance rehearsal. - the self-reference effect. - levels of processing theory. - encoding specificity.
highlighting
Research shows that ___________ does not improve reading comprehension because it does not encourage elaborative processing of the material. - making up questions about the material - organization - highlighting - feedback
the type of encoding task matches the type of retrieval task.
Transfer-appropriate processing is likely to occur if - the person remembering generates their own retrieval cues. - the type of encoding task matches the type of retrieval task. - imagery is used to create connections among items to be transferred into long-term memory. - there is deep processing during acquisition of the new material.
the stimulus category remained the same.
Wickens et al.'s "fruit, meat, and professions" experiment failed to show a release from proactive interference in the "fruit" group because - the stimulus category remained the same. - the response task changed. - the stimulus category changed. - the response task remained the same.
relaxed
You have been studying for weeks for a nursing school entrance exam. You love the idea of becoming a nurse, and you have been enjoying learning about the material for your exam. Each night, you put on comfortable clothes and study in the quiet of your lovely home. Memory research suggests you should take your test with a(n) ________ mindset. - nervous - neutral - relaxed - excited
short-term memory can operate normally while long-term memory is impaired.
Your book discusses the memory functioning of patient H.M. who underwent brain surgery to relieve severe epileptic seizures. H.M.'s case has been extremely informative to psychologists by demonstrating that - impairment of one memory system (long-term or short-term) necessarily leads to deficits in the functioning of the other. - a double dissociation exists for short-term and long-term memory. - short-term memory can operate normally while long-term memory is impaired. - long-term memory can operate normally while short-term memory is impaired.
Cortisol
Which of the following has been shown to play a role in the strength of memories that are associated with emotion? - Cholesterol - Acetylcholine - Androgen - Cortisol
short-term
A person with a reduced digit span would most likely have a problem with ___________ memory. - sensory - short-term - long-term - autobiographical
may differ from one task to another.
A property of control processes in the modal model of memory is that they - are difficult to modify. - are performed without conscious awareness. - do not require attention. - may differ from one task to another.
short and across several days.
According to memory research, studying is most effective if study sessions are - long and across several days. - long and all on a single day. - short and across several days. - short but all on a single day.
50 First Dates
According to your text, which of the following movies is LEAST accurate in its portrayal of a memory problem - 50 First Dates - The Long Kiss Goodnight - The Bourne Identity - Memento
Multidimensional
After witnessing a bank robbery downtown, Javier completed a cognitive interview at the police station. What term would Javier likely use to describe his interview experience? - Suggestible - Autobiographical - Multidimensional - Structured
creations from inferences based on baseball knowledge.
Arkes and Freedman's "baseball game" experiment asked participants to indicate whether the following sentence was present in a passage they had previously read about events in a game: "The batter was safe at first." Their findings showed inaccurate memories involved - omissions of information that was presented. - creations from inferences based on baseball knowledge. - participants who did not understand baseball and assumed more information was presented than actually was. - confusions about presented information when it was ambiguous.
facts
As people get older, their memories of past experiences tend to have an emphasis on ________. - episodes - facts - procedures - feelings
elaborative rehearsal.
Elementary school students in the United States are often taught to use the very familiar word "HOMES" as a cue for remembering the names of the Great Lakes (each letter in "HOMES" provides a first-letter cue for one of the lakes: Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior). This memory procedure usually works better than repeating the names over and over. The use of this familiar word provides an example of - implicit memory. - elaborative rehearsal. - repetition priming. - a self-reference effect.
Machines would shut down for material resupply.
If the brain can be considered a busy factory that takes in and processes information, which of the following would occur during the synaptic state in Stokes's working memory concept? - An alarm would sound signaling system overload. - The factory machines would consume electricity. - The factory machines would produce electricity. - Machines would shut down for material resupply.
workers and manager
If working memory were an actual workplace, which of the following best describes the members of Baddeley's model? - workers and manager - competing employees - independent consultants - equal team members
a build-up and release of proactive interference.
Lamar has just gotten a new job and is attending a company party where he will meet his colleagues for the first time. His boss escorts him around to small groups to introduce him. At the first group, Lamar meets four people and is told only their first names. The same thing happens with a second group and a third group. At the fourth group, Lamar is told their names and that one of the women in the group is the company accountant. A little while later, Lamar realizes that he only remembers the names of the people in the first group, though he also remembers the profession of the last woman he met (the accountant). Lamar's experience demonstrates - the phonological similarity effect. - a build-up and release of proactive interference. - a partial-report procedure. - the cocktail party phenomenon.
cognitive hypothesis.
Schrauf and Rubin's "two groups of immigrants" study found that the reminiscence bump coincided with periods of rapid change, occurring at a normal age for people emigrating early in life but shifting to 15 years later for those who emigrated later. These results support the - autobiographical hypothesis. - cognitive hypothesis. - self-image hypothesis. - narrative rehearsal hypothesis.
knowing; remembering
Semantic memory is to ________ as episodic memory is to ________. - images; sounds - implicit; explicit - fragile; permanent - knowing; remembering
long-term
The primacy effect (from the serial position curve experiment) is associated with ___________ memory. - implicit - long-term - short-term - sensory
Scale
What is the key difference between synaptic consolidation and systems consolidation? - Consciousness - Scale - State - Content
15 to 20 seconds
What is the typical duration of short-term memory? - 5 to 7 seconds - 7 to 15 seconds - 15 to 50 seconds - 15 to 20 seconds
Reading a sentence in a book
Which of the following involves procedural memory? - Reading a sentence in a book - Knowing how it feels to be scared - Recalling a childhood memory - Knowing how an automobile engine works
Semantic memory
Which of the following is NOT an example of an implicit memory? - Procedural memory - Semantic memory - Repetition priming - Classical conditioning
Deep processing involves paying closer attention to a stimulus than shallow processing and results in better processing.
Which statement below is most closely associated with levels of processing theory? - People who were sad when they studied did better when they were sad during testing. - Events that are repeated enough can influence our behavior, even after we have forgotten the original events. - Information enters memory by passing through a number of levels, beginning with sensory memory, then short-term memory, then long-term memory. - Deep processing involves paying closer attention to a stimulus than shallow processing and results in better processing.
retrieval cues
Examples from your book describing real experiences of how memories, even ones from a long time ago, can be stimulated by locations, songs, and smells highlight the importance of ___________ in long-term memory. - elaborative rehearsal - mass practice - retrieval cues - long-term potentiation
adolescence and young adulthood.
For most adults over age 40, the reminiscence bump describes enhanced memory for - childhood and adolescence. - childhood and middle age. - young adulthood and middle age. - adolescence and young adulthood.
"know."
In the experiment conducted by Viskontas and coworkers using picture pairs, a participant's later experience of familiarity with a particular pair was coded as ________. - "sense." - "know." - "remember." - "think."
Tom has good semantic memory and poor episodic memory, while Tim has good episodic memory but poor semantic memory.
In which of the following examples of two different brain-injured patients (Tom and Tim) is a double dissociation demonstrated? - Tom has good semantic memory and poor episodic memory, while Tim has good episodic memory but poor semantic memory. - Both Tom and Tim have good semantic memory but poor episodic memory. - Tom and Tim both show deficits in episodic and semantic memory. - Both Tom and Tim have good episodic memory but poor semantic memory.
two
Researchers understood that KF had experienced a decline in short-term memory capacity because he had a digit span of ________ . - one - two - four - six
Distraction
Which of the following is a key factor in the memory-enhancing capacity of sleep? - Reconsolidation - Classification - Elaboration - Distraction
After 32 weeks, participants had a high level of confidence in their memories of the terrorist events, but lower belief in their memories of "everyday" events.
Your text describes an experiment by Talarico and Rubin (2003) that measured people's memories of the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. Which of the following was the primary result of that research? - Participants had high confidence in the accuracy of their memories of the terrorist events 32 weeks later, but when actually tested made significant errors when asked what they were doing on the day of the attacks. - After 32 weeks, participants had a high level of confidence in their memories of the terrorist events, but lower belief in their memories of "everyday" events. - Participants had very little confidence in the accuracy of their memories of the events 32 weeks after they occurred. - Participants had a very high level of confidence of the terrorist events and also had high confidence in their present "everyday" memories 32 weeks later.
failing to elaboratively rehearse these kinds of events due to fear.
Your text's discussion of eyewitness testimony illustrates that this type of memory is frequently influenced by all of the following EXCEPT - increased confidence due to post-event questioning. - failing to elaboratively rehearse these kinds of events due to fear. - source-monitoring errors due to familiarity. - inattention to relevant information due to the emotional nature of these events.
arise from the same constructive processes that produce true memories.
Your text's discussion of false memories leads to the conclusion that false memories - do not occur for all people but rather are experienced by suggestible or inattentive people. - occur in laboratory settings but do not occur in real-world circumstances. - occur for details but not for entire events. - arise from the same constructive processes that produce true memories.
Episodic; semantic
___________ memories are to experiences as ___________ memories are to facts. - Procedural; episodic - Implicit; episodic - Semantic; implicit - Episodic; semantic
Consolidation
___________ transforms new memories from a fragile state, in which they can be disrupted, to a more permanent state, in which they are resistant to disruption. - Consolidation - Encoding specificity - Amnesia - Cued-recall
Trying to remember the definition of a word they just learned
According to the model of working memory, which of the following mental tasks should LEAST adversely affect people's driving performance while operating a car along an unfamiliar, winding road? - Trying to imagine how many cabinets are in their kitchen - Trying to remember the definition of a word they just learned - Trying to remember a map of the area - Trying to imagine a portrait from a recent museum exhibit
encoding.
Acquiring information and transforming it into long-term memory is - state-dependent learning. - memory consolidation. - transfer-appropriate processing. - encoding.
Even when participants are told that the post-event information is incorrect, the misinformation effect can still occur.
Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding post-event information and the misinformation effect? - The misinformation effect does not occur when people are told explicitly that the post-event information may be incorrect - Misinformation effects are significantly reduced when post-event information is provided, but only if that information is given within just a few minutes of the initial event. - The provision of accurate post-event information provided a paradoxical (and as of yet unexplained) increase in the misinformation effect - Even when participants are told that the post-event information is incorrect, the misinformation effect can still occur.
Serena's keys were stolen from her purse. She cannot give a detailed description of her keychain to the police, even though she used it every day for three years.
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates how effective or ineffective maintenance rehearsal is in transferring information into long-term memory? - Serena's keys were stolen from her purse. She cannot give a detailed description of her keychain to the police, even though she used it every day for three years. - Renee starred in the lead role of her high school play a few years ago. Although she helped write the play and based her character on her own life, she cannot remember many of the actual lines of dialogue anymore. - Ben learned his martial arts moves by making up "short stories" and mental images to describe each movement. - Sanjay recalls his grandmother's house where he grew up, even though he hasn't been there for 22 years.
A lion's roar at the zoo
Which of the following stimuli will last longer in the receiver's sensory memory? - A red bird in the snow - An infant's first smile - A striped top on a mannequin - A lion's roar at the zoo
it involves mental time travel.
According to Tulving, the defining property of the experience of episodic memory is that - it always corresponds to events from our past that actually happened. - it involves both explicit and implicit memories. - it accesses knowledge about the world that does not have to be tied to any specific personal experience. - it involves mental time travel.
encoded.
According to the levels of processing theory, memory durability depends on the depth at which information is - encoded. - stored. - consolidated. - retrieved.
Making a connection between each word and something you've previously learned
According to the levels of processing theory, which of the following tasks will produce the best long-term memory for a set of words? - Making a connection between each word and something you've previously learned - Repeating the words over and over in your mind - Deciding how many vowels each word has - Generating a rhyming word for each word to be remembered
It is memory for the circumstances surrounding how a person heard about an emotional event that remains especially vivid but not necessarily accurate over time.
Flashbulb memory is best represented by which of the following statements? - It is memory for the circumstances surrounding how a person heard about an emotional event that remains especially vivid but not necessarily accurate over time. - It is vivid, highly accurate memory for emotional events. - It is vivid memory for emotional events. - It is vivid, highly accurate memory for the circumstances surrounding how a person heard about an emotional event.
"apple, cherry, plum, shoe, coat, pants, lamp, chair"
Free recall of the stimulus list "apple, desk, shoe, sofa, plum, chair, cherry, coat, lamp, pants" will most likely yield which of these response patterns? - "apple, desk, shoe, coat, lamp, pants" - "apple, cherry, plum, shoe, coat, pants, lamp, chair" - "apple, desk, shoe, sofa, plum, chair, cherry, coat, lamp, pants" - "apple, chair, cherry, coat, desk, lamp, plum, shoe, sofa"
autobiographical
From a cognitive psychology perspective, memories from specific experiences in our life are defined as being ________. - subjective - autobiographical - personal - reflective
delay.
Funahashi and coworkers recorded neurons in the PF cortex of monkeys during a delayed response task. These neurons showed the most intense firing during - encoding. - stimulus presentation. - delay. - response.
articulatory suppression.
Have you ever tried to think of the words and hum the melody of one song while the radio is playing a different song? People have often noted that this is very difficult to do. This difficulty can be understood as - an LTM recency effect. - an overload of sensory memory. - articulatory suppression. - rehearsal interference.
increased firing in the neurons.
Hebb's idea of long-term potentiation, which provides a physiological mechanism for the long-term storage of memories, includes the idea of - larger electrical impulses in the synapse. - the growth of new dendrites in neurons. - increased firing in the neurons. - an increase in the size of cell bodies of neurons.
control
Imagine you are driving to a friend's new house. In your mind, you say the address repeatedly until you arrive. To remember the address, you used a(n)___________process in short-term memory. - control - coding - iconic - automatic
The visuospatial sketch pad
Imagine yourself walking from your car, bus stop, or dorm to your first class. Your ability to form such a picture in your mind depends on which of the following components of working memory? - The visuospatial sketch pad - Delayed response coding - The STM recency effect - The phonological loop
generation effect.
In Slameka and Graf's (1978) study, some participants read word pairs, while other participants had to fill in the blank letters of the second word in a pair with a word related to the first word. The latter group performed better on a later memory task, illustrating the - generation effect. - spacing effect. - cued recall effect. - multiple trace hypothesis.
constructive memory processes.
In the "word list" false memory experiment where several students incorrectly remembered hearing the word sleep, false memory occurs because of - verbatim recall. - cryptoamnesia - the effect of scripts. - constructive memory processes.
Prefrontal cortex
Latoya is remembering a fun day at the beach that she had with her dad when she was a little girl. Which region of brain will have the LEAST connection to the more personal aspects of Latoya's memory? - Amygdala - Prefrontal cortex - Parietal cortex - Hippocampus
procedural
Lucille is teaching Kendra how to play racquetball. She explains how to hold the racquet, how to stand, and how to make effective shots. These learned skills that Lucille has acquired are an example of ___________ memory. - procedural - working - autobiographical - semantic
Replacing the short-term memory component of the modal model with working memory
Models designed to explain mental functioning are constantly refined and modified to explain new results. Which of the following exemplifies this concept based on the results presented in your text? - Replacing the short-term memory component of the modal model with iconic memory - Replacing the sensory memory component of the modal model with the episodic buffer - Replacing the short-term memory component of the modal model with working memory - Replacing the sensory memory component of the modal model with working memory
short-term memory.
Observations that people may actually process and manipulate information rather than simply store it for brief periods of time challenged the conceptualization of - the physiological approach to coding. - the phonological similarity effect. - the persistence of vision. - short-term memory.
decay; interference
Peterson and Peterson studied how well participants can remember groups of three letters (like BRT, QSD) after various delays. They found that participants remembered an average of 80 percent of the groups after 3 seconds but only 10 percent after 18 seconds. They hypothesized that this decrease in performance was due to ___________, but later research showed that it was actually due to ___________. - decay; lack of rehearsal - decay; interference - interference; decay - priming; interference
when a memory is reactivated, it becomes capable of being changed or altered, just as it was immediately after it was formed.
Recent research on memory, based largely on fear conditioning in rats, indicates that - when a memory is reactivated, it becomes capable of being changed or altered, just as it was immediately after it was formed. - fear conditioning is the most effective kind of conditioning for forming durable memories. - memory consolidation does not occur when animals are afraid of a stimulus. - memories are not susceptible to disruption once consolidation has occurred.
Counting backward for 30 seconds before recall
Regarding free recall of a list of items, which of the following will most likely cause the recency effect to disappear by preventing rehearsal? - Presenting the stimulus list at a slower pace - Using a very long list (greater than 30 items at one item per second) - Inserting a 30-second delay before recall - Counting backward for 30 seconds before recall
the presence of a weapon hinders memory for other parts of the event.
Stanny and Johnson's "weapons focus" experiment, investigating memory for crime scenes, found that - the presence of a weapon enhances memory for all parts of the event. - the threat of a weapon causes people to focus their attention away from the weapon itself. - the presence of a weapon has no effect on memory for the event. - the presence of a weapon hinders memory for other parts of the event.
constructive
The "telephone game" is often played by children. One child creates a story and whispers it to a second child, who does the same to a third child, and so on. When the last child recites the story to the group, his or her reproduction of the story is generally shorter than the original and contains many omissions and inaccuracies. This game shows how memory is a __________ process. - consequentiality based - constructive - narrative-rehearsal - life-narrative
can seriously disrupt functioning in one's personal life
The conclusion to be drawn from the man named Shereshevskii whose abnormal brain functioning gave him virtually limitless word-for-word memory is that having memory like a video recorder - is largely a blessing because no event would be erased. - can seriously disrupt functioning in one's personal life - helped him draw powerful inferences and intelligent conclusions from his vast knowledge base. - is an advantage because it eliminates "selective" recording (remembering some events and forgetting others), which provides no useful service to humans.
narrative rehearsal hypothesis.
The idea that we remember life events better because we encounter the information over and over in what we read, see on TV, and talk about with other people is called the - narrative rehearsal hypothesis. - cognitive hypothesis. - life-narrative hypothesis. - reminiscence hypothesis.
memory for life events is enhanced during the time we assume our life identities.
The observation that older adults often become nostalgic for the "good old days" reflects the self-image hypothesis, which states that - our memories change as we live longer and have more "lifetime periods" to draw events from. - memory for life events is enhanced during the time we assume our life identities. - people tend to remember more of the positive events in their lives than negative ones. - life in a society gets more complicated and difficult as generations pass.
specificity.
The principle that we encode information together with its context is known as encoding - consolidation. - transcription. - specificity. - priming.
simply because we have been exposed to them before.
The propaganda effect demonstrates that we evaluate familiar statements as being true - unless we are told explicitly that the statements are false. - simply because we have been exposed to them before. - only when we agree with them. - only when we are aware we've seen them before.
have participants count backwards for 30 seconds after hearing the last word of the list.
The recency effect occurs when participants are asked to recall a list of words. One way to eliminate the recency effect is to - have participants say "la, la, la" while studying the list. - have participants count backwards for 30 seconds after hearing the last word of the list. - present the list more slowly. - have participants see the words on a screen, rather than hear them.
the same participants remembering some information at longer and longer intervals after learning the information.
The repeated reproduction technique used in memory studies involves - the same participants remembering some information for as many trials as it takes to recall all of the information correctly. - the same participants remembering some information at longer and longer intervals after learning the information. - the same participants recalling some information many times but, each time, receiving different retrieval cues to assist their recall. - different groups of participants remembering some information across different periods of time after learning the information.
chunking requires knowledge of familiar patterns or concepts.
The research by Ericsson and colleagues (1980) examined the ability of a college student to achieve amazing feats of memory by having him remember strings of random digits that were recited to him. They found that this student used his experience with running times to help him retain these strings of numbers. The significance of this finding was that - chunking requires knowledge of familiar patterns or concepts. - knowledge in an area of expertise increases a person's digit span. - expertise with some material reduces susceptibility to proactive interference with that material. - experts show larger primacy and recency effects than beginners.
strongly active when memories are first formed and being consolidated but becomes less active when retrieving older memories that are already consolidated.
The standard model of consolidation proposes that the hippocampus is - uninvolved in memory consolidation. - strongly active for long-ago memories that are already consolidated but becomes less active when memories are first formed and being consolidated. - strongly active when memories are first formed and being consolidated but becomes less active when retrieving older memories that are already consolidated. - strongly active for both new memories as they are being consolidated and memories for events that occurred long ago and are already consolidated.
the length of iconic memory is about a fraction of a second.
When a sparkler is twirled rapidly, people perceive a circle of light. This occurs because - the trail you see is caused by sparks left behind from the sparkler. - the length of iconic memory is about a fraction of a second. - Gestalt principles work to complete the circle in our minds. - longer light wavelengths from the sparkler produce a visual echoic effect.
persistence of vision.
When light from a flashlight is moved quickly back and forth on a wall in a darkened room, it can appear to observers that there is a trail of light moving across the wall, even though physically the light is only in one place at any given time. This experience is an effect of memory that occurs because of - persistence of vision. - a visual delay effect. - top-down processing. - echoic memory.
transfer-appropriate
When the methods used to encode and retrieve information are the same, this is called ________ processing. - stimulus-fluency - recall-potentiation - transfer-appropriate - state-dependent
Although Emily doesn't very often think about her first love, Steve, she can't help getting caught up in happy memories when "their song" (the first song they danced to) plays on the radio.
Which example below best demonstrates state-dependent learning? - Although Emily doesn't very often think about her first love, Steve, she can't help getting caught up in happy memories when "their song" (the first song they danced to) plays on the radio. - Even though Walt hasn't been to the beach cottage his parents owned since he was a child, he still has many fond memories of time spent there as a family. - Carmen always suffers test anxiety in her classes. To combat this, she tries to relax when she studies. She thinks it's best to study while lying in bed, reading by candlelight with soft music playing. - Last night, at the grocery store, DeShaun ran into a psychology professor he took a class with three semesters ago. He recognized her right away.
Visual, semantic, episodic
Which of the following correctly lists types of memory from least to most complex? - Semantic, visual, episodic - Episodic, visual, semantic - Visual, semantic, episodic - Semantic, episodic, visual
Long-term memories are unaffected by damage to the hippocampus.
Which of the following is NOT a conclusion from the case of H.M., who had an operation to help alleviate his epileptic seizures? - The hippocampus is necessary for forming new long-term memories. - Short-term and long-term memories are controlled by different mechanisms. - Short-term and long-term memories can operate independently of each other. - Long-term memories are unaffected by damage to the hippocampus.
Repetition
Which of the following is key to the illusory truth effect? - Culture - Source - Stress - Repetition
Police allow witnesses to talk with a minimum of interruption from the officer.
Which of the following statements is true of the cognitive interview technique? - Police offer positive reinforcement to witnesses (e.g., "Good, that makes sense.") when the witnesses give information consistent with what is in the police file. - Police start their interview with simple filler questions to make the witnesses feel comfortable. - Police allow witnesses to talk with a minimum of interruption from the officer. - Police ask witnesses questions and have them rate their confidence level in their recollections.
sensory
Which of the following terms does NOT reflect the concept of control processes? - proactive - variable - sensory - conscious
Accurate
Which of the following terms does NOT reflect the concept of flashbulb memories? - Circumstantial - Malleable - Accurate - Intense
Although eyewitness testimony is often faulty, people who have just viewed a videotape of a crime are quite accurate at picking the "perpetrator" from a lineup.
Which statement below is NOT true, based on the results of memory research? - Suggestion can create false memories for events that occurred when a person was a young child. - Many miscarriages of justice have occurred based on faulty eyewitness testimony. - Suggestion can create false memories for an event that a person has experienced just recently. - Although eyewitness testimony is often faulty, people who have just viewed a videotape of a crime are quite accurate at picking the "perpetrator" from a lineup.
Because it involves learning an association without being aware of the reasons behind it.
Why is classical conditioning considered a form of implicit memory? - Because it usually involves memory for the episode in which it occurred. - Because learning the association between the neutral and conditioned stimulus requires effort. - Because it involves learning an association without being aware of the reasons behind it. - Because it is based on motor skills similar to procedural memory.
a failure of memory consolidation.
Your book explains that brief episodes of retrograde amnesia (e.g., the traumatic disruption of newly formed memories when a football player takes a hit to the head and can't recall the last play before the hit) reflect - disrupted long-term potentiation. - temporary post-traumatic stress disorder. - Korsakoff's syndrome. - a failure of memory consolidation.
schema.
Your friend has been sick for several days, so you go over to her home to make her some chicken soup. Searching for a spoon, you first reach in a top drawer beside the dishwasher. Then, you turn to the big cupboard beside the stove to search for a pan. In your search, you have relied on a kitchen - source memory. - script. - schema. - scan technique.