Cognitive psych reviews 6-8

Imagine that you are a participant in a memory experiment and that you are given one of the four orienting tasks below to learn a list of words. Which orienting task should lead to the BEST performance on the memory test? A. Determining whether each word fits into a complex sentence (for example: "Trey came home from school and was welcomed with the pleasant smell of freshly baked________ that his sister made") B. Determining whether each word fits into a simple sentence (for example: "The________ won the game") C. Determining whether each word contains the letter "E" D. Determining whether each word rhymes with another word89

A

Sam was given a series of numbers to remember, and he decided to think about the numbers as though they were dates. For example, he thought to himself "the year I started college", when he was given the digits 1, 9, 8, 6. What is Sam organizing information into? A. chunks B. packages C. sentences D. images

A

The cocktail party effect suggests that A. unattended meaningful information can sometimes break through the attention filter B. unattended meaningful information cannot break through the attention filter C. attentional capture occurs in auditory perception only D. dichotic listening tasks have no real-world applications

A

Which of the following statements about attentional resources is INCORRECT? A. We have an unlimited supply of attentional resources that we can allocate across tasks. B. We can perform multiple tasks only if the sum of those tasks' demands does not exceed our attentional resources. C. Practice with a task can reduce the attentional resources required to complete that task. D. Attentional resources are used for any task requiring conscious or attention

A

Which of the following statements about short-term memory is FALSE? A. Short-term memory is nearly unlimited in storage capacity. B. Rehearsal helps maintain information in short-term memory. C. The digit span task is one way we can measure the capacity of short-term memory. D. Multiple short-term memory stores are included in the working memory system, each devoted to storing information of a different modality (verbal, visual, etc.).

A

Which of the scenarios below indicate inattentional blindness? Scenario 1: You have been looking around the living room for 10 minutes for your keys while having a very interesting conversation with your roommate. Your roommate walks by and picks them up off the coffee table; your keys are right in front of you the whole time. Scenario 2: Dillon is watching the movie Spiderman. He fails to notice that a lamp Spiderman just broke is fully intact a few seconds later in the scene. Scenario 3: Martha has an important presentation at work today, and she has been stressing about it all morning. She looked in the mirror at least a dozen times while getting ready for work, but she still failed to notice the pen stain on the front pocket of her blouse. Scenario 4: While reading a magazine, Jerome comes across a "Can you spot the difference?" game, but he can't see how the two images differ from each other. A. scenarios 1 and 3 B. none of the scenarios C. scenarios 2 and 4 D. all scenarios

A

A researcher randomly assigns their participants into four groups. Each group gets adifferent set of instructions to study the same word list: - Group 1 is given instructions to memorize the words and is told to repeat the word over and over again while studying. - Group 2 is given instructions to memorize the words and is told to pay attention to the appearance of the words. - Group 3 is not given instructions to memorize the words and is asked to search the list for typos. - Group 4 is not given instructions to memorize the words and is asked to determine how the words in the list relate to one another. After spending three minutes listing all the countries they can think of, the participant takes a free recall test on the word list. According to the levels of processing framework, which group should have the BEST memory for the word list? A. group 2 B. group 4 C. group 3 D. group 1

B

In studies of spatial attention, participants are shown a neutral cue, a high-validity cue (correctly predicting the location of the upcoming target across most trials), or a misleading cue (incorrectly predicting the location of the upcoming target). In each trial, participants need to press a button as soon as they see the target. Which of the following is CORRECT about typical findings from these studies? A. There is no difference in response times between a neutral cue and a misleading cue B. Response times to a neutral cue are faster than response times to a misleading cue C. Response times to a neutral cue are faster than response times to a high-validity cue D. Response times to a misleading cue are faster than response times to a neutral cue

B

Patricio's mom calls and recites the following list of items for him to pick up at the grocery store: eggs, bananas, cheese, onions, milk, lettuce, pickles, cereal, bread, potatoes, chicken, avocado, crackers, coffee, apples, salsa, tissues Patricio is unable to write down the items as she says them, but he quickly creates a note on his phone after his mom hangs up. Which group of items is Patricio most likely to MISS? A. apples, salsa, and tissues B. lettuce, pickles, and cereal C. Patricio will remember all the items on the list D. eggs, bananas, and cheese

B

The skill through which a person focuses on one thing (either external or internal) while ignoring other things is referred to as: A. The cocktail party effect B. Selective attention C. Divided attention D. Attentional capture

B

Which of the following best describes the concepts of availability and accessibility in long-term memory? A. Whatever is available in long-term memory will only be accessible if the information is encoded via the deep level of processing. B. Whatever is available in long-term memory may not always be accessible during retrieval. C. Whatever is available in long-term memory will only be accessible using implicit memory tests. D. Whatever is available in long-term memory will always be accessible during retrieval

B

Which of the following statements about the Stroop effect is false? A. Stroop effects demonstrate that inhibiting well-practiced processes can take up attentional resources. B. The Stroop effect demonstrates how easy it is for people to selectively attend to various types of information. C. Stroop effects demonstrate that word reading is well-practiced and relatively automatic. D. When asked to name the ink color in which color names are presented, people will be slower if the ink color and color name conflict with each other (e.g., the word blue presented in red ink) than if they match (e.g., the word blue presented in blue ink).

B

what does the transfer-appropriate processing experiment we discussed in class demonstrate? A. A shallower level of processing at the time of encoding will always yield the best test result, no matter the test type B. Encoding information in a way that matches the processing required during retrieval will yield the best test result C. A deeper level of processing at the time of encoding will always yield the best test result, no matter the test type D. Matching the physical location of encoding and retrieval will yield the best test result compared to when those do not match

B

Across two phone interview experiments, most participants failed to notice that the female interviewer, to whom they were responding, changed after the third question of the interview, probably because of: A. inattentional blindness B. the cocktail party effect C. change blindness D. dichotic listening

C

As college students, many of you often use some form of technology in the classroom for either learning-related tasks (for example, taking notes), or for tasks unrelated to learning(for example, texting with a friend). According to the research on divided attention in classroom settings, which of the following statements is FALSE? A. Research suggests that multitasking in the classroom (for example, listening to the lecture and browsing on social media apps) hinders students' overall performance in the course. B. There is nothing inherently wrong about using technology in the classroom as long as it is used for class-related tasks. C. The students who are in college today are expert multitaskers; dividing attention between learning and technology use unrelated to learning should have no negative consequences. D. Research suggests that the students who use their laptops in the classroom for tasks unrelated to learning can distract the students sitting nearby, impairing the learning of their peers

C

Based on what you learned about attention and the video we watched at the end of class on Thursday, which of the following statements about distracted driving must be INCORRECT? A. Distracted driving can increase the likelihood of inattentional blindness for pedestrians, animals, and road signs. B. Even people who consider themselves as good drivers suffer from dividing their attention between driving and cell phone use. C. Using a hands-free phone while driving is not a problem, because your eyes are on the road and your hands are on the wheel. D. People are slower to react to driving-related tasks if they are talking on the phone compared to if they are not on the phone while driving.

C

Priya is taking an in-person psychology course at IU that meets in Room 113 of the psychology building. At the end of the semester, the instructor will give a take-home final exam and Priya is wondering if she should try to complete it in Room 113 rather than at her apartment or the library. Based on what you know about context-dependent memory, which of the below is the best recommendation? A. She should not take the final exam in Room 113 to avoid the interference that might occur from reinstating the encoding context at the time of retrieval. B. It should not matter where Priya takes the final exam, because context-dependent memory effects are not observed outside of laboratory experiments. C. The location of the final exam should not matter if the exam consists of multiple-choice questions that already provide specific and helpful retrieval cues. D. She should take the final exam in Room 113, because matching the encoding and retrieval context always boosts memory relative to not matching these two contexts

C

What is the difference between short-term memory and working memory? A. STM and WM are the same thing; there is no difference between them B. STM has unlimited capacity, but WM has limited capacity C. STM is used for temporarily storing information, but WM is used for doing something with the temporarily stored information in the face of distractors D. STM is only used in laboratory tasks, whereas WM is only used in tasks outside the laboratory

C

Which of the following BEST describes the levels of processing effects? A. The level with which to-be-remembered information is encoded matters only if people are aware of an upcoming memory test and, therefore, have the intention to remember the information. B. A cued recall test with specific hints will lead to better memory for to-be-remembered information than a free recall test without specific cues. C. A deeper, more meaningful way to encode to-be-remembered information will lead to better memory for that information. D. Although there are different levels with which to-be-remembered information can be encoded, memory is determined only by the level of processing the retrieval task requires.

C

Which of the following statements about attentional control is FALSE? A. we do not always have full control over what we pay attention to B. one aspect of attentional control is to inhibit relatively automatic processes, which uses up some attentional resources C. that some people can control their attention really well suggests that attentional resources are unlimited D. the stroop task is one of the ways in which cognitive psychologists have studied attentional control

C

Which of the following statements about task switching is CORRECT? A. We never complete two tasks at the same time; we always switch back and forth between the two tasks. B. Task switching can only be observed in laboratory experiments studying attention. C. Switching between two attention-demanding tasks rather than completing the two separately increases errors and/or completion times. D. Switching back and forth between tasks does not impair how accurately or quickly you complete tasks

C

Which of the statements below about inattentional blindness is false? A. cases of inattentional blindness are fairly common B. inattentional blindness shows that where we are looking may not be where our attention is C. inattentional blidness is a consequence of impaired eyesight D. inattentional blidness is a failure to perceive what you might be looking at

C

You are at a professional basketball game. You look across from your seat and notice the other side of the stadium and all of the people in their seats. You close your eyes, and for about a second, you see an accurate afterimage of that view in your mind. This is an example of ______ A. long-term memory B. working memory C. sensory memory D. short-term memory

C

Divided attention refers to situations in which attentional resources are devoted to more than one task. Sometimes attention is divided between tasks that overlap more (for example, driving and texting on your phone), and other times attention is divided between tasks that do not overlap much (for example, cooking and listening to music). Which of the following statements about divided attention in these contexts is CORRECT? A. How costly it is to divide your attention across multiple tasks does not depend on the overlap in the processes required to complete those tasks. B. The overlap in the processes required to complete multiple tasks at the same time does not matter, because attention is an unlimited resource. C. The cost of dividing attention across multiple tasks should be smaller when there is more overlap between those tasks (in terms of the processes required to complete them). D. The more overlap there is between tasks (in terms of the processes required to complete those tasks), the larger the cost of dividing attention across those tasks will be.

D

Dividing your attention among multiple tasks leads to increased response times and decreased accuracy, relative to doing each task separately. In which of the scenarios below would you NOT observe costs to dividing attention? A. watching a TV show and doing homework B. shoe shopping and taking notes in class C. texting while driving D. you would expect costs to divide attention in all these scenarios

D

In memory experiments, particularly in those examining long-term memory, researchers typically include a brief distractor task (listing all US states, counting backward from 300 by 3s, etc.) between the learning phase (where participants study a set of material) and the testing phase (where participants try to remember the set of material they studied earlier). What would you expect such a distractor task to do? A. the distractor task should not have any effect on what is remembered from the learning phase B. Diminish primacy effects C. diminish both recency and primacy effects D. diminish recency effects

D

Reshma has really poor vision, so she has to wear thick glasses to be able to read anything. She is given the following words and she is asked to read the ink color: BLUE, RED, YELLOW, GREEN, and PURPLE, Here is description of the words if you experience difficulty perceiving color: the word blue in orange ink, the word red in green ink, the word yellow in blue ink, the word green in green ink, the word purple in purple ink, the word red in red ink. Which of the following should be FALSE about Reshma's performance on this task? A. Reshma will most likely automatically read the word itself in all cases even if she is trying to focus on the ink color. B. Reshma will be slower to name the ink color of the first three words than the ink color of the last three words. C. If Reshma takes off her glasses so she can't read the words anymore, she should be equally quick naming the ink color of the first three words and of the last three words. D. Even when Reshma is asked to read the word instead of naming the ink color, she will be significantly slower for the first three words compared to the last three words.

D

We have limited attentional resources. Which of the following does NOT provide evidence for this? A. Stroop effect B. spatial attention studies C. inattentional blindness D. cocktail party effect

D

Which of the following is CORRECT regarding the study on recalling and recognizing the apple logo? A. Only the participants who were users of Apple products were able to draw the logo from memory, demonstrating that maintenance rehearsal is sufficient for encoding information into long-term memory. B. All participants were able to draw the logo from memory, demonstrating that maintenance rehearsal is sufficient for encoding information into long-term memory. C. Only the participants who were users of Apple products were able to draw the logo from memory, demonstrating that elaborative rehearsal is sufficient for encoding information into long-term memory. D. All participants showed poor performance when drawing the logo from memory, demonstrating that maintenance rehearsal is not sufficient for encoding information into long-term memory.

D

Which of the following is an example of a recognition memory test? A. "describe how you spent new years eve going into the year 2019" B. "what political event does this song remind you of" C. "write the formula needed for computing the area of a circle" D. "which of these individuals is the person you saw at the party"

D

stroop test performance is NOT correlated with working memory capacity

false

the main effect of anterograde amnesia is

trouble creating new memories

deep processing works to improve memory performance

true

the cocktail party effect suggests that

unattended meaningful information can sometimes break through into awareness

which of the following is not an attribute to working memory?

unlimited storage capacity