Cognitive Psych Test 2
From a cognitive psychology perspective, memories from specific experiences in our life are defined as being ________. a. autobiographical b. personal c. reflective d. subjective
a
Which of the following provides the key benefit to the generate-and-test study strategy? a. Engagement b. Classification c. Elaboration d. Rehearsal
a
A property of control processes in the modal model of memory is that they a. may differ from one task to another. b. are difficult to modify. c. are performed without conscious awareness. d. do not require attention.
a
Observations that people may actually process and manipulate information rather than simply store it for brief periods of time challenged the conceptualization of a. short-term memory. b. the persistence of vision. c. the phonological similarity effect. d. the physiological approach to coding.
a
Wickens et al.'s "fruit, meat, and professions" experiment failed to show a release from proactive interference in the "fruit" group because a. the stimulus category remained the same. b. the response task remained the same. c. the response task changed. d. the stimulus category changed.
a
A task with the instructions "Read the following words while repeating 'the, the, the' out loud, look away, and then write down the words you remember" would most likely be studying a. the visuospatial sketch pad. b. articulatory suppression. c. echoic memory. d. the central executive.
b
Have you ever tried to think of the words and hum the melody of one song while the radio is playing a different song? People have often noted that this is very difficult to do. This difficulty can be understood as a. rehearsal interference. b. articulatory suppression. c. an LTM recency effect. d. an overload of sensory memory.
b
If working memory were an actual workplace, which of the following best describes the members of Baddeley's model? a. competing employees b. workers and manager c. equal team members d. independent consultants
b
One function of ___________ is to pull information out of long-term memory. a. the phonological loop b. the central executive c. sensory memory d. articulatory suppression
b
Which of the following is an example of a semantic memory? a. I remember my earth science teacher telling me how volcanoes erupt. b. I remember the big island of Hawaii has many active volcanoes. c. I remember seeing a volcano erupt in Hawaii last summer. d. I remember "volcano" was the first word on the list Juan read to me.
b
___________ consolidation involves the gradual reorganization of circuits within brain regions and takes place on a fairly long time scale a. Synaptic b. Systems c. Remote d. Standard
b
A patient with impaired episodic memory would most likely have the greatest difficulty in a. remembering the meaning of some words. b. recognizing famous people. c. remembering graduating from college. d. recalling where to find eating utensils in the kitchen.
c
The coding of a stimulus into memory refers to which of the following? a. Location b. Consciousness c. Form d. Process
c
Compared to the whole report technique, the partial report procedure involves a. a shorter rehearsal period. b. a smaller stimulus set and a smaller response set. c. a smaller stimulus set. d. a smaller response set.
d
Digit span is one measure of capacity of a. long-term semantic memory. b. long-term memory. c. sensory memory. d. short-term memory.
d
Experimental evidence suggesting that the standard model of consolidation needs to be revised are data that show that the hippocampus was activated during retrieval of ___________ memories. a. remote semantic b. recent and remote episodic c. recent episodic d. recent and remote semantic
b
In which of the following examples of two different brain-injured patients (Tom and Tim) is a double dissociation demonstrated? a. Tom has good semantic memory and poor episodic memory, while Tim has good episodic memory but poor semantic memory. b. Both Tom and Tim have good episodic memory but poor semantic memory. c. Both Tom and Tim have good semantic memory but poor episodic memory. d. Tom and Tim both show deficits in episodic and semantic memory.
a
Semantic memory is to ________ as episodic memory is to ________. a. knowing; remembering b. images; sounds c. implicit; explicit d. fragile; permanent
a
It is easier to perform two tasks at the same time if a. both are handled by the phonological loop. b. one is handled by the visuospatial sketch pad and one is handled by the phonological loop. c. both are handled by the visuospatial sketch pad. d. the central executive is deactivated during the dual task time period.
b
Memory enhancement due to repetition priming is a result of the test stimulus being a. different in meaning from the priming stimulus. b. the same as or resembling the priming stimulus. c. similar in meaning to the priming stimulus. d. different from the priming stimulus.
b
People often report an annoying memory failure when they walk from one end of the house to the other for something and then forget what they wanted when they reach their destination. As soon as they return to the first room, they are reminded of what they wanted in the first place. This common experience best illustrates the principle of a. maintenance rehearsal. b. encoding specificity. c. the self-reference effect. d. levels of processing theory.
b
Procedural memories are also known as ________ memories. a. static b. skill c. task d. explicit
b
Which example below best demonstrates state-dependent learning? a. Even though Walt hasn't been to the beach cottage his parents owned since he was a child, he still has many fond memories of time spent there as a family. b. Although Emily doesn't very often think about her first love, Steve, she can't help getting caught up in happy memories when "their song" (the first song they danced to) plays on the radio. c. Last night, at the grocery store, DeShaun ran into a psychology professor he took a class with three semesters ago. He recognized her right away. d. Carmen always suffers test anxiety in her classes. To combat this, she tries to relax when she studies. She thinks it's best to study while lying in bed, reading by candlelight with soft music playing.
b
Your text describes an "Italian woman" who, after an attack of encephalitis, had difficulty remembering people or facts she knew before. She could, however, remember her life events and daily tasks. Her memory behavior reflects a. intact semantic memory but defective episodic memory. b. intact episodic memory but defective semantic memory. c. intact episodic memory but defective procedural memory. d. intact procedural memory but defective episodic memory.
b
The standard model of consolidation proposes that the hippocampus is a. strongly active for both new memories as they are being consolidated and memories for events that occurred long ago and are already consolidated. b. strongly active for long-ago memories that are already consolidated but becomes less active when memories are first formed and being consolidated. c. strongly active when memories are first formed and being consolidated but becomes less active when retrieving older memories that are already consolidated. d. uninvolved in memory consolidation.
c
This multiple-choice question is an example of a ___________ test. a. recall b. word-completion c. recognition d. personal semantic memory
c
Transfer-appropriate processing is likely to occur if a. there is deep processing during acquisition of the new material. b. the person remembering generates their own retrieval cues. c. the type of encoding task matches the type of retrieval task. d. imagery is used to create connections among items to be transferred into long-term memory.
c
What is the key difference between synaptic consolidation and systems consolidation? a. Consciousness b. State c. Scale d. Content
c
What is the typical duration of short-term memory? a. 15 to 50 seconds b. 5 to 7 seconds c. 15 to 20 seconds d. 7 to 15 seconds
c
Which of the following is most closely associated with implicit memory? a. The self-reference effect b. Release from proactive inhibition c. Encoding specificity d. The propaganda effect
d
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates how effective or ineffective maintenance rehearsal is in transferring information into long-term memory? a. Sanjay recalls his grandmother's house where he grew up, even though he hasn't been there for 22 years. b. Renee starred in the lead role of her high school play a few years ago. Although she helped write the play and based her character on her own life, she cannot remember many of the actual lines of dialogue anymore. c. Ben learned his martial arts moves by making up "short stories" and mental images to describe each movement. d. Serena's keys were stolen from her purse. She cannot give a detailed description of her keychain to the police, even though she used it every day for three years.
d
Which of the following stimuli will last longer in the receiver's sensory memory? a. red bird in the snow b. An infant's first smile c. A striped top on a mannequin d. A lion's roar at the zoo
d
Which of the following correctly lists types of memory from least to most complex? a. Semantic, episodic, visual b. Semantic, visual, episodic c. Visual, semantic, episodic d. Episodic, visual, semantic
c
"I remember being really excited last year, when my college team won the national championship in basketball." This statement is an example of ___________ memory. a. episodic b. semantic c. implicit d. procedural
a
According to Tulving, an episodic memory is distinguished by the process of ________ it. a. reliving b. coding c. semanticizing d. knowing
a
According to the levels of processing theory, which of the following tasks will produce the best long-term memory for a set of words? a. Making a connection between each word and something you've previously learned b. Repeating the words over and over in your mind c. Deciding how many vowels each word has d. Generating a rhyming word for each word to be remembered
a
Acquiring information and transforming it into long-term memory is a. encoding. b. state-dependent learning. c. memory consolidation. d. transfer-appropriate processing.
a
Before going to the grocery store, Jamal quickly made a list in his head of the few items he needed to cook dinner. Driving to the store, he repeated the list over and over to himself so that he wouldn't forget anything. How would Broadbent describe Jamal's actions in the car? a. Rehearsal in short-term memory b. Buffering in the central executive c. Chunking in sensory memory d. Rotation in the phonological loop
a
Examples from your book describing real experiences of how memories, even ones from a long time ago, can be stimulated by locations, songs, and smells highlight the importance of ___________ in long-term memory. a. retrieval cues b. elaborative rehearsal c. long-term potentiation d. mass practice
a
Free recall of the stimulus list "apple, desk, shoe, sofa, plum, chair, cherry, coat, lamp, pants" will most likely yield which of these response patterns? a. "apple, cherry, plum, shoe, coat, pants, lamp, chair" b. "apple, desk, shoe, sofa, plum, chair, cherry, coat, lamp, pants" c. "apple, desk, shoe, coat, lamp, pants" d. "apple, chair, cherry, coat, desk, lamp, plum, shoe, sofa"
a
Funahashi and coworkers recorded neurons in the PF cortex of monkeys during a delayed response task. These neurons showed the most intense firing during a. delay. b. encoding. c. stimulus presentation. d. response.
a
In the experiment conducted by Viskontas and coworkers using picture pairs, a participant's later experience of familiarity with a particular pair was coded as ________. a. "know." b. "sense." c. "remember." d. "think."
a
K.C., who was injured in a motorcycle accident, remembers facts like the difference between a strike and a spare in bowling, but he is unaware of experiencing things like hearing about the circumstances of his brother's death, which occurred two years before the accident. His memory behavior suggests a. intact semantic memory but defective episodic memory. b. intact procedural memory but defective semantic memory. c. intact episodic memory but defective procedural memory. d. intact episodic memory but defective semantic memory.
a
One of the defining characteristics of implicit memory is that a. people are not conscious they are using it. b. it is enhanced by the self-reference effect. c. it always leads to episodic memory for events. d. people use it strategically to enhance memory for events.
a
Research suggests that the capacity of short-term memory is a. somewhat small, holding only about seven items at one time. b. larger than the capacity of long-term memory among young people. c. equivalent to sensory memory, holding about a hundred items at one time. d. quite large, holding a large number of items simultaneously.
a
The primacy effect is attributed to a. recall of information stored in long-term memory. b. recall of information still active in short-term memory. c. forgetting of early items in a list as they are replaced by later items. d. a type of rehearsal that improves memory for all items in a list.
a
Treatment of PTSD has benefitted from recent research on a. reconsolidation. b. depth of processing. c. transfer-appropriate processing. d. levels of processing.
a
When investigating the serial position curve, delaying the memory test for 30 seconds a. decreases the recency effect. b. has no effect on the curve. c. increases the primacy effect. d. increases both the primacy and the recency effects.
a
When the methods used to encode and retrieve information are the same, this is called ________ processing. a. transfer-appropriate b. state-dependent c. recall-potentiation d. stimulus-fluency
a
Which of the following learning techniques is LEAST likely to lead to deep processing of the information? a. Thuy has just bought a new car and is trying to learn her new license plate sequence. Every morning, for three weeks, she repeats the sequence out loud when she wakes up. b. Terrell is trying to understand how to use statistics by drawing associations between a set of data describing how adolescents respond to peer pressure and the theories he learned last semester in developmental psychology. c. For his history course, Jorge is trying to learn the order of the U.S. presidents by creating a silly sentence where each consecutive word starts with the same letter of the next president to be remembered. d. Maggie is trying to learn new vocabulary words because she is taking the SAT next month. Each day, she selects one word. Throughout the day, she repeats the definition over and over to herself and generates sentences using it in her conversations that day.
a
Work with brain-injured patients reveals that ___________ memory does not depend on conscious memory. a. implicit and procedural b. declarative and non-declarative c. personal semantic and remote d. semantic and episodic
a
Working memory differs from short-term memory in that a. working memory is engaged in processing information. b. working memory has unlimited capacity. c. short-term memory consists of a number of components. d. short-term memory has a central executive function.
a
___________ memories are those that we are not aware of. a. Implicit b. All of these are correct c. Explicit d. Declarative
a
Elementary school students in the United States are often taught to use the very familiar word "HOMES" as a cue for remembering the names of the Great Lakes (each letter in "HOMES" provides a first-letter cue for one of the lakes: Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior). This memory procedure usually works better than repeating the names over and over. The use of this familiar word provides an example of a. a self-reference effect. b. elaborative rehearsal. c. implicit memory. d. repetition priming.
b
Given what we know about the operation of the phonological loop, which of the following word lists would be most difficult for people to retain for 15 seconds? a. SAY, BET, PIN, COW, RUG b. MAC, CAN, CAP, MAN, MAP c. PIG, DOG, RAT, FOX, HEN d. BIP, TEK, LIN, MOD, REY
b
Hebb's idea of long-term potentiation, which provides a physiological mechanism for the long-term storage of memories, includes the idea of a. an increase in the size of cell bodies of neurons. b. increased firing in the neurons. c. larger electrical impulses in the synapse. d. the growth of new dendrites in neurons.
b
How would you describe the relationship between elaborative rehearsal and maintenance rehearsal in terms of establishing long-term memories? a. Both are equally effective in all learning circumstances. b. Elaborative is more effective than maintenance. c. Maintenance is more effective than elaborative. d. Each one is sometimes more effective, depending on the learning circumstances.
b
Imagine you are driving to a friend's new house. In your mind, you say the address repeatedly until you arrive. To remember the address, you used a(n) ___________process in short-term memory. a. iconic b. control c. coding d. automatic
b
Models designed to explain mental functioning are constantly refined and modified to explain new results. Which of the following exemplifies this concept based on the results presented in your text? a. Replacing the sensory memory component of the modal model with the episodic buffer b. Replacing the short-term memory component of the modal model with working memory c. Replacing the short-term memory component of the modal model with iconic memory d. Replacing the sensory memory component of the modal model with working memory
b
Physiological studies indicate that damage to the brain's ___________can disrupt behaviors that depend on working memory. a. Occipital lobe b. Prefrontal cortex c. Hippocampus d. Amygdala
b
Remembering that a tomato is a fruit rather than a vegetable is an example of ___________ memory. a. acoustic b. semantic c. iconic d. visual
b
The principle that we encode information together with its context is known as encoding a. transcription. b. specificity. c. priming. d. consolidation.
b
Which of the following represents the most effective chunking of the digit sequence 14929111776? a. 14 929 111 776 b. 1492 911 1776 c. 14 92 91 117 76 d. 149 29111 776
b
A person who is activating their visuospatial sketch pad is likely to say which of the following? a. "Let's walk down memory lane." b. "I can remember like it was yesterday." c. "I can see it in my mind's eye." d. "It's right on the tip of my tongue."
c
According to the levels of processing theory, memory durability depends on the depth at which information is a. consolidated. b. stored. c. encoded. d. retrieved.
c
According to your text, which of the following movies is LEAST accurate in its portrayal of a memory problem? a. The Bourne Identity b. The Long Kiss Goodnight c. 50 First Dates d. Memento
c
Bransford and Johnson's study had participants hear a passage, which turned out to be about a man on the street serenading his girlfriend in a tall building. The wording of the passage made it difficult to understand, but looking at a picture made it easier to understand. The results of this study illustrated the importance of ___________ in forming reliable long-term memories. a. imagery b. reconsolidation c. organizational context d. implicit memory
c
If the brain can be considered a busy factory that takes in and processes information, which of the following would occur during the synaptic state in Stokes's working memory concept? a. The factory machines would produce electricity. b. An alarm would sound signaling system overload. c. Machines would shut down for material resupply. d. The factory machines would consume electricity.
c
Jason quickly scanned the map on his phone to get to his job interview, then took a left and ran down the block so he wouldn't be late. According to Stokes, Jason's ability to recall the directions as he's running is the result of ________. a. a synaptic state followed by a buffering state b. a buffering process followed by an activity process c. an activity state followed by a synaptic state d. a buffering process followed by an executive process
c
Katie and Alana are roommates taking the same psychology class. They have a test in four days during a 10:00-11:00 AM class period. Both women intend to study for three hours, but because of different work schedules, Katie will study one hour for each of the next three days, while Alana will study three hours the day before the exam. What could you predict about their performances? a. Katie and Alana should perform equally well, because each studied the same time overall (supporting the equal-time hypothesis). b. State-dependent learning predicts that Katie should perform better, because the exam takes place during a one-hour class period. c. Katie should perform better because of the spacing effect. d. Alana will perform better because of a long-term memory recency effect.
c
Neuropsychological evidence indicates that short- and long-term memories probably a. represent different aspects of the same mechanism. b. are caused by different mechanisms that depend upon each other. c. are caused by different mechanisms that act independently. d. both rely most heavily on a semantic coding mechanism.
c
Peterson and Peterson studied how well participants can remember groups of three letters (like BRT, QSD) after various delays. They found that participants remembered an average of 80 percent of the groups after 3 seconds but only 10 percent after 18 seconds. They hypothesized that this decrease in performance was due to ___________, but later research showed that it was actually due to ______ a. priming; interference b. decay; lack of rehearsal c. decay; interference d. interference; decay
c
Robin lost the softball game for her team when she ran toward home and was thrown out at the plate. The coach asked her, "Why did you run? You knew it was a risky move." Robin replied, "But I heard you yell, 'Go! Go!'" The coach replied, "I was saying, 'No! No!'" Robin's ill-fated run was the result of a ________ error. a. visuospatial b. control c. phonological d. suppressive
c
The ability to manipulate information in memory temporarily while remembering something else is called a. short-term memory. b. episodic memory. c. working memory. d. semantic memory.
c
The concept of reconsolidation is based on the ________ of retrieved memories. a. emotionality b. classification c. fragility d. potentiation
c
The constructive episodic stimulation hypothesis describes how our memories are connected to our ________. a. knowledge b. emotions c. future d. neural networks
c
The episodic buffer directly connects to which two components in Baddeley's model of memory? a. The phonological loop and long-term memory b. The phonological loop and the visuospatial sketchpad c. The central executive and long-term memory d. The central executive and the phonological loop
c
The primacy effect (from the serial position curve experiment) is associated with ___________ memory. a. implicit b. sensory c. long-term d. short-term
c
The story in the text about the balloons that were used to suspend a speaker in mid-air was used to illustrate the role of ___________ in memory. a. rehearsal b. forming connections with other information c. organization d. depth of processing
c
Which of the following involves procedural memory? a. Knowing how an automobile engine works b. Recalling a childhood memory c. Reading a sentence in a book d. Knowing how it feels to be scared
c
Which of the following is a key factor in the memory-enhancing capacity of sleep? a. Elaboration b. Reconsolidation c. Distraction d. Classification
c
Which of the following is not a stage in the information processing model of memory? a. Long-term memory b. Short-term memory c. Episodic memory d. Sensory memory
c
Which of the following statements about short-term memory is FALSE? a. Retention of information in short-term memory is brief. b. Short-term memory has a relatively small capacity for information. c. Short-term memory stores an exact replica of sensory stimuli. d. Short-term memory provides meaning to information.
c
Which of the following statements is the most accurate with regard to autobiographical memories? a. It is not possible to have an autobiographical memory that has only semantic or episodic content. b. Autobiographical memories are highly accurate from as early as 3 years of age. c. Autobiographical memories can involve both episodic and semantic content. d. When autobiographical memories are impaired, their episodic content will block access to related semantic content.
c
Which of the following stimulus characteristics most challenges the processing capacity of short-term memory? a. source b. frequency c. complexity d. color
c
A person with a reduced digit span would most likely have a problem with ___________ memory a. long-term b. sensory c. autobiographical d. short-term
d
Brief sensory memory for sound is known as a. pre-perceptual auditory memory. b. primary auditory memory. c. iconic memory. d. echoic memory.
d
Jeannie loves to dance, having taken ballet for many years. She is now learning salsa dancing. Although the movements are very different from the dances she is familiar with, she has found a successful memory strategy of linking the new dance information to her previous experiences as a dancer and to her own affection for dance. This strategy suggests reliance on a. a mass practice effect. b. the integrative experience effect. c. semantic memory. d. the self-reference effect.
d
Lakeisha and Kim have been studying for two hours for their chemistry exam. Both girls are tired of studying. Lakeisha decides to watch a two-hour movie on DVD, while Kim decides to go to bed. What would you predict about their performance on the chemistry exam? a. Lakeisha performs better because of encoding specificity. b. Kim performs better because of encoding specificity. c. Lakeisha performs better because of consolidation. d. Kim performs better because of consolidation.
d
Researchers understood that KF had experienced a decline in short-term memory capacity because he had a digit span of ____ a. four b. one c. six d. two
d
Retrograde amnesia is usually less severe for ______ memories. a. emotional b. recent c. anterograde d. remote
d
Suppose you're on the phone with a customer support representative who gives you a ticket number for your records. You're later transferred to a different representative who asks for your ticket number, but you've forgotten it. This probably occurred because the number was only temporarily stored in your a. sensory memory. b. episodic memory. c. long-term memory. d. short-term memory.
d
The concept of encoding specificity is grounded in which of the following? a. Mood b. Structure c. Task d. Location
d
The following statement represents what kind of memory? "The Beatles stopped making music together as a group in the early 1970s." a. Procedural b. Implicit c. Episodic d. Semantic
d
The recency effect occurs when participants are asked to recall a list of words. One way to eliminate the recency effect is to a. have participants see the words on a screen, rather than hear them. b. have participants say "la, la, la" while studying the list. c. present the list more slowly. d. have participants count backwards for 30 seconds after hearing the last word of the list.
d
The type of coding that occurs in a particular situation primarily depends on the ________. a. source b. stimulus c. neurons d. task
d
Your book discusses the memory functioning of patient H.M. who underwent brain surgery to relieve severe epileptic seizures. H.M.'s case has been extremely informative to psychologists by demonstrating that a. impairment of one memory system (long-term or short-term) necessarily leads to deficits in the functioning of the other. b. long-term memory can operate normally while short-term memory is impaired. c. a double dissociation exists for short-term and long-term memory. d. short-term memory can operate normally while long-term memory is impaired.
d
