Cognitive Psychology
Which of the following adjectives has the LEAST connection to perception
Conscious
___________ transforms new memories from a fragile state, in which they can be disrupted, to a more permanent state, in which they are resistant to disruption.
Consolidation
In the "word list" false memory experiment where several students incorrectly remembered hearing the word sleep, false memory occurs because of
Constructive memory processes
Bartlett's experiment in which English participants were asked to recall the "War of the Ghosts" story that was taken from the French Indian culture illustrated the
Constructive nature of memory
The key difference between depictive representation and propositional representation is based on which of the following?
Content
Which of the following does NOT reflect the System 1 approach to thinking as proposed by Kahneman?
Deliberate
Which of the following word strings all refer to the same pathway?
Dorsal, where, action
Which term best reflects the process of reading and understanding sentences in a story?
Dynamic
According to Ebbinghaus's research on memory, savings is a function of
Elapsed time
Which of the following best describes the result of attention the context of perception?
Enhancement
Which of the following is not a stage in the information processing model of memory?
Episodic memory
Which approach to categorization can more easily take into account atypical cases such as flightless birds?
Exemplar
Ramon is looking at photos of athletes in a sports magazine. He is focusing on their body parts, particularly their chest and legs. Which part of Ramon's brain is activated by this viewing?
Extrastriate body area (EBA)
Which of the following is NOT associated with the semantic network model?
Family resemblance
Neurons that respond to specific qualities of objects, such as orientation, movement, and length, are called
Feature detectors
Each time you briefly pause on one face, you are making a(n)
Fixation
If the intensity of a stimulus that is presented to a touch receptor is increased, this tends to increase the _____________ in the receptor's axon.
Rate of nerve firing
The primacy effect is attributed to
Recall of information stored in long-term memory
Treatment of PTSD has benefitted from recent research on
Reconsolidation
Early studies of brain tissue that used staining techniques and microscopes from the 19th century described the "nerve net." These early understandings were in error in the sense that the nerve net was believed to be
continuous.
One beneficial property of connectionist networks is graceful degradation, which refers to the property that
damage to the system does not completely disrupt its operation.
Donders's main reason for doing his choice reaction time experiment was to study
decision making.
An experiment measures participants' performance in judging syllogisms. Two premises and a conclusion are presented as stimuli, and participants are asked to indicate (yes or no) if the conclusion logically follows from the premises. Error rates are then calculated for each syllogism. This experiment studies _________________ reasoning.
deductive
Warmth judgments on nearness to a solution _________________ prior to the solution of an insight problem and _________________prior to the solution of a non-insight problem.
rise suddenly just; gradually rise
In the context of language, another term for "heuristics" is ________.
rules
Entering a church service and seeing someone selling hot dogs and cotton candy from a cart near the altar would be perceived as a violation of
scene schema.
Newell and Simon were early pioneers in designing computer programs that could solve problems. Their research program was based on the idea that problem solving is a process that involves
search
The water-jug problem demonstrates that one consequence of having a procedure that does provide a solution to a problem is that, if well-learned, it may prevent us from
seeing more efficient solutions to the problem.
Perky's experiment, in which participants were asked to "project" visual images of common objects onto a screen, showed that
speech segmentation.
Stereotypes are reinforced by all of the following EXCEPT
the falsification principle.
Language consists of smaller components, like words, that can be combined to form larger ones, like phrases, to create sentences, which themselves can be components of a larger story. This demonstrates the ________________ property of language.
hierarchical
Noam Chomsky proposed that
humans are genetically programmed to acquire and use language.
Shepard and Metzler's "image rotation" experiment was so influential and important to the study of cognition because it demonstrated
imagery and perception may share the same mechanisms.
Sandeep is a generally anxious person. His anxiety sometimes gets in the way when he tries to make decisions. The anxiety Sandeep feels is an example of an __________ emotion.
incidental
Most of the coherence in text is created by
inference.
Sperling's delayed partial report procedure provided evidence that
information in sensory memory fades within one or two seconds.
In the Tower of Hanoi problem, the _________________ state involves having three discs stacked on the left peg, with the middle and right pegs empty.
initial
When Sam listens to his girlfriend Susan in the restaurant and ignores other people's conversations, he is engaged in the process of ______________ attention.
selective
A person who has been diagnosed with ________ dementia has difficulty recognizing both living things and artifacts.
semantic
Remembering that a tomato is a fruit rather than a vegetable is an example of ___________ memory.
semantic
According to the ___________ approach, there are certain types of concepts that have specific neural circuits in the brain.
semantic category
The three structural components of the modal model of memory are
sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory.
According to memory research, studying is most effective if study sessions are
short and across several days.
Your book discusses the memory functioning of patient H.M. who underwent brain surgery to relieve severe epileptic seizures. H.M.'s case has been extremely informative to psychologists by demonstrating that
short-term memory can operate normally while long-term memory is impaired.
Which of the following terms best describes the concept of entrainment?
similarity
According to the concept of ________, when we read a sentence like, "Jorge grabbed his coat from his bedroom and his backpack from the living room, walked downstairs, and called his friend Gerry," we create a simulation of Jorge's apartment and keep track of his location as he moves throughout the apartment.
situation models
Your text describes the case of M.G.S. who underwent brain surgery as treatment for severe epilepsy. Testing of M.G.S. pre- and post-surgery revealed that the right visual cortex is involved in the
size of the field of view.
The word frequency effect refers to the fact that we respond more
slowly to low-frequency words than high-frequency words.
Considering the fortress and the radiation problems together, the fortress problem represents the _________________ problem.
source
The "wedding reception" false memory experiment shows that false memories can be explained as a product of familiarity and
source misattribution.
The experiment for which people were asked to make fame judgments for both famous and non-famous names (and for which Sebastian Weissdorf was one of the names to be remembered) illustrated the effect of __________ on memory.
source misattributions
The idea that an object could be represented by the firing of a specialized neuron that responds only to that object is called _____________.
specificity coding
Complete the following analogy: Perception is to ________ as imagery is to ________.
stone; smoke
The concept of language can best be thought of as a ______________.
system
The cocktail party effect is
the ability to pay attention to one stimulus while filtering out other stimuli.
Illustrative of functional fixedness, people are more likely to solve the candle problem if
the box is empty.
With the Stroop effect, you would expect to find longest response times when
the color and the name differed.
A syllogism is valid if
the conclusion follows logically from the two premises.
According to your text, the key to solving the Wason four-card problem is
the falsification principle.
Autobiographical memory research shows that a person's brain is more extensively activated when viewing photos
the person took himself or herself.
Stanny and Johnson's "weapons focus" experiment, investigating memory for crime scenes, found that
the presence of a weapon hinders memory for other parts of the event.
Failing to consider the law of large numbers most likely results in errors concerning
the representativeness heuristic.
Consider the sentence, "Because he always jogs a mile seems like a short distance to him." The principle of late closure states that this sentence would first be parsed into which of the following phrases?
"Because he always jogs a mile"
Terrell volunteers his time to campaign for Joel Goodman. He spent all afternoon putting up "Goodman for Congress" signs around his town and arrived back at headquarters just in time to watch the Goodman- Hernandez debate on TV. Terrell was eager to watch the candidates debate each other, even though he was 100 percent sure he was going to vote for Goodman. Terrell's first response to the debate will most likely be
"Goodman answered the question on job creation very well."
Which of the following represents the most effective chunking of the digit sequence 14929111776
1492 911 1776
Which of the following represents the most effective chunking of the digit sequence 14929111776?
1492 911 1776
The effective duration of short-term memory, when rehearsal is prevented, is
15-20 seconds or less.
Neuroimage, a journal devoted solely to reporting neuroimaging research, was founded in which year?
1992
Jacoby's experiment, in which participants made judgments about whether they had previously seen the names of famous and non-famous people, found that inaccurate memories based on source misattributions occurred after a delay of
24 hours
One hundred students are enrolled in State University's course on introductory physics for math and science majors. In the group, 60 students are math majors and 40 are science majors. Sarah is in the class. She got all As in her high school science courses, and she would like to be a chemist someday. She lives on campus. Her boyfriend is also in the class. There is a __________________ chance that Sarah is a science major.
40 percent
Monique is an interior design student. As part of her internship, she is redesigning a small kitchen for a client. She would like to expand the kitchen and add a dining area. Before creating sketches for the client, she imagines the new layout in her mind, most likely using
A depictive representation
In evaluating retrieval rates for category information for a concept, Collins and Quillian's semantic network approach would predict the slowest reaction times for which of the following statements using a sentence verification technique?
A field sparrow is an animal.
According to the concept of topographical mapping, which of the following stimuli encountered on a beach trip will activate the farthest forward in the visual cortex?
A pink beachball on your towel
In a lexical decision task, participants have to decide whether
A presented stimulus is a word
Which of the following would have the most semantic regularities?
A shopping mall
Which of the following is similar to early ideas scientists had about the brain's physical properties?
A web
One criticism of the embodied approach is that it doesn't explain how humans can recognize ________
Abstractions
Which of the following terms does NOT reflect the concept of flashbulb memories?
Accurate
When we search a scene, initial fixations are most likely to occur on _____________ areas.
High-saliency
Semantic regularity refers to the
Idea that regularities in the environment provide information we can use to resolve ambiguities
A man suffering from Korsakoff's syndrome would be able to perform which of the following activities without difficulty?
Identifying a photograph of his childhood home
Despite scientific evidence to the contrary, Harry believes that drinking dandelion tea would improve his long-term memory because he saw several news stories and articles about it online. What is Harry experiencing?
Illusory truth effect
What is likely to occur if a person sustains damage to the parietal lobe of the brain?
Image processing will be reduced by half.
"Early" researchers of imagery (beginning with Aristotle until just prior to the dominance of behaviorism) proposed all of the following ideas EXCEPT
Imagery requires a special mechanism
Suppose we ask people to perform the following cognitive tasks. Which is LEAST likely to strongly activate the visual cortex?
Imagine the meaning of the word "ethics."
___________ memories are those that we are not aware of.
Implicit
You are walking down the street and see a nice car drive by. You notice its color, movement, and shape. All of these features are processed
In different parts of the brain
A researcher records a brainstorming session in an industrial research and development department rather than in an artificial laboratory setting. Later, she analyzes the recorded discussions, identifying certain problem-solving techniques. This research is an example of_________________ research.
In vivo problem solving
Which of the following illustrates how we can miss things even if they are clearly visible?
Inattentional blindness
Sandeep is a generally anxious person. His anxiety sometimes gets in the way when he tries to make decisions. The anxiety Sandeep feels is an example of an ____________ emotion.
Incidental
The primacy effect of chunking is to
Increase the efficiency of short-term memory
The primary effect of chunking is to
Increase the efficiency of short-term memory.
The first experiments in cognitive psychology were based on the idea that mental responses can be
Inferred from the participant's behavior
In the mid-20th century, the study of the mind began using which technique or model inspired by digital computers?
Information processing model
The task of determining the object responsible for a particular image on one's retina is called the
Inverse projection problem
The experiment in which participants first read sentences about a baseball game and were then asked to identify sentences they had seen before, illustrated that memory
Involves making interferences
If human speech is represented as a string of taffy on a candy-making assembly line, then what function does speech segmentation serve at the candy factory?
It cuts the taffy into pieces.
Which of the following is true about perception?
It involves rapid processes.
Which of the following statements is the most accurate with regard to specificity coding?
It is unlikely to be correct because there are too many stimuli in the world to have a separate neuron for each.
Which of the following is a criticism of analytic introspection?
It produces variable results from person to person
Which of the following is NOT true of positron emission tomography (PET)?
It replaced functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) because it was less expensive.
A high threshold in Treisman's model of attention implies that
It takes a strong signal to cause activation.
Which of the following statements best describes how neurons communicate with one another?
It's often said that "life doesn't exist in a vacuum." However, the emptiness of ________ is critical for brain functioning.
Suppose you are in your kitchen writing a grocery list, while your roommate is watching TV in the next room. A commercial for spaghetti sauce comes on TV. Although you are not paying attention to the TV, you "suddenly" remember that you need to pick up spaghetti sauce and add it to the list. Your behavior is best predicted by which of the following models of attention?
Late selection
A spatial imagery test measures a person's capacity with imaging which of the following?
Layout
Which of the following lies at the foundation of a connectionist network?
Learning
"S," who had a photographic memory that was described as virtually limitless, was able to achieve many feats of memory. According to the discussion in your text, S's memory system operated
Less efficiently than normal
The saying, "If you've seen one, you've seen 'em all" best reflects which of the following?
Likelihood principle
The theory of unconscious inference includes the
Likelihood principle.
The idea that specific cognitive functions activate many areas of the brain known as
Localization of function
If you are folding towels while watching television, you may find that you don't have to pay much attention to the act of folding while keeping up with the storyline on the TV show. Folding the towels would be an example of a(n) ________ task.
Low-load
Lydia is 48 years old, single, outspoken, and very bright. She majored in philosophy as an undergraduate. As a student, she was deeply concerned with issues of discrimination and social justice, and she participated in anti-nuclear demonstrations. Which of the following alternatives is most probable?
Lydia is a U.S. Congresswoman.
Given what we know about the operation of the phonological loop, which of the following word lists would be most difficult for people to retain for 15 seconds?
MAC, CAN, CAP, MAN, MAP
By comparing reaction times across different tasks, Donders was able to conclude how long the mind needs to perform a certain cognitive task. Donders interpreted the difference in reaction time between the simple and choice conditions of his experiment as indicating how long it took to
Make a decision about the stimulus.
Experiments that argue against a special flashbulb memory mechanism find that as time increases since the occurrence of the flashbulb event, participants
Make more errors in their recollections
A property of control processes in the modal model of memory is that they
May differ from one task to another.
The Stroop effect demonstrates people's inability to ignore the ____ of words
Meaning
Dictionaries commonly list the multiple definitions of a particular word in a numbered list, with the first definition as #1, the next definition as #2, and so on. Which concept does this reflect?
Meaning dominance
The propaganda effect demonstrates that we evaluate familiar statements as being true
Simply because we have been exposed to them before
Procedural memories are also known as ______ memories
Skill
Gabrielle is blonde, extremely attractive, and lives in an expensive condo. If we judge the probability of Gabrielle's being a model quite high because she resembles our stereotype of a model, we are using
the representativeness heuristic.
Memory enhancement due to repetition priming is a result of the test stimulus being
the same as or resembling the priming stimulus.
The use of the term artificial intelligence was coined by
John McCarthy.
Behaviorists believe that the presentation of ___________ increases the frequency of behavior
Positive reinforcers
The concept of reconsolidation is based on the ________ of retrieved memories.
fragility
You look at a rope coiled on a beach and are able to perceive it as a single strand because of the law of
good continuation.
In New Guinea, tribes that had been isolated for centuries were found that they
had a large number of sophisticated language systems.
Which of the following correctly pairs a problem-solving stage with a process under Basadur's model?
Problem Solving: Planning
Which memory is used for physical actions?
Procedural memory
In the information-processing approach to problem solving, an operator is most closely associated with _______________.
Progress
"3x + 9 = 16" is a _______ representation
Propositional
The fusiform face area (FFA) in the brain is often damaged in patients with
Prosopagnosia.
The rule of the Wason four-card problem is, "If there is a vowel on one side, then there is an even number on the other side." Let's say you are presented with A, 8, M, and 13, each showing on one of four cards. To see if the rule is valid, you would have to turn over the cards showing
A and 13.
Which of the following terms is correct in context with "conception within the rat's mind of the maze's layout"?
Cognitive mapping
The study of the physiological basis of cognition is known as
Cognitive neuroscience.
In written English, which punctuation mark has the most parsing power?
Comma
Which of the following reaction time data sets illustrates the typicality effect for the bird category, given the following three trials? NOTE: Read data sets as RTs for Trial 1: Trial 2: Trial 3) Trial 1: An owl is a bird. Trial 2: A penguin is a bird. Trial 3: A sparrow is a bird.
583: 653: 518 ms
What occurred in the conversation between Frank and Sharon?
Backfire effect
Why is classical conditioning considered a form of implicit memory?
Because it involves learning an association without being aware of the reasons behind it
Which of the following is NOT a property of the connectionist approach?
Before any learning has occurred in the network, the weights in the network all equal zero.
What is a scene schema?
Knowledge of what a scene typically contains
Yoda, a central character of the Star Wars movies created by George Lucas, has a distinctive way of speaking. His statement, "Afraid you will be," violates which property of the English language?
Language has a structure that is governed by rules.
Shepard and Metzler measured the time it took for participants to decide whether two objects were the same (two different views of the same object) or different (two different objects). These researchers inferred cognitive processes by using
Mental chronometry
The scanning task used by Kosslyn involves
Mental images
This system is similar to which of the following?
Specificity coding
How is the term mind used in this statement: "When he talks about his encounter with aliens, it sounds like he is out of his mind"?
The mind as a healthy mind being associated with normal functioning, a nonfunctioning mind with abnormal functioning.
How does the phenomenon of apparent movement work?
The perceptual system creates the perception of movement from stationary images
The crucial question in comparing garden path and constrain-based approaches to parsing is ________________ is involved.
When semantics
Evidence for the role of top-down processing in perception is shown by which of the following examples?
When someone accurately identifies a word in a song on a radio broadcast despite static interfering with reception
Imagine that lawmakers are considering changing the driving laws and that you have been consulted as an attention expert. Given the principles of divided attention, in which of the following conditions would a person have the most difficulty with driving and therefore pose the biggest safety risk on the road?
When the person is driving an unfamiliar vehicle that is more difficult to operate.
Who founded the first laboratory of scientific psychology at the University of Leipzig in Germany?
Wilhelm Wundt
Which set of stimuli would be the best selection for having people perform a lexical decision task?
Words "pizza, history" and nonwords "pibble, girk"
If working memory were an actual workplace, which of the following best describes the members of Baddeley's model?
Workers and manager
Which of the following is NOT one of the types of units found within a parallel distributed processing model?
Working units
Mental scanning experiments found
a direct relationship between scanning time and distance on the image
For most adults over age 40, the reminiscence bump describes enhanced memory for
adolescence and young adulthood.
From the perspective of the listener, as a person speaks, each sentence often is characterized by ________ until the sentence is completed.
ambiguity
The results of Gauthier's "Greeble" experiment illustrate
an effect of experience-dependent plasticity.
Donte purchased a new car, a Ford Mustang, less than a month ago. While sitting in traffic, Donte says to his girlfriend, "Mustangs must be the best-selling car now. I can't remember seeing as many on the road as I have recently." Donte's judgment is most likely biased by a(n)
availability heuristic
Learning takes place in a connectionist network through a process of ___________ in which an error signal is transmitted starting from the property units.
back propagation
Your author points out that studying the mind requires both __________ and __________ experiments.
behavioral; physiological
The tendency to think that a syllogism is valid if its conclusion is believable is called the
belief bias
A person with strong __________ would likely have a deeper experience of Bayesian influence.
beliefs
Peggy is participating in a paired-associate learning experiment. During the study period, she is presented with pairs of words such as boat-hat and car-house. While taking the test, she would be presented with
boat _______ - car ________.
Murdoch's "remembering a list" experiment described the serial position curve and found that memory is best for ___________ of a list.
both the first and last words
The typical purpose of subgoals is to
bring the problem solver closer and closer to the goal state.
Given its definition, expected utility theory is most applicable to deciding whether to
buy first-class or coach tickets for a spring break trip.
The prototype approach to categorization states that a standard representation of a category is based on
category members that have been encountered in the past.
Imagine you are interpreting a pair of sentences such as "The sidewalk was covered with ice" and "Ramona fell down." The kind of inference we use to link these sentences together would most likely be a(n) ____________________ inference.
causal
A mental conception of the layout of a physical space is known as a(n)
cognitive map.
The given-new contract is a method for creating
comprehension between a speaker and a listener in a conversation
Use of the word "If" is a good way to identify a(n) ________ syllogism.
conditional
Intermediate states can be created by
creating subgoals
It may be difficult for young Matthew, who is only 4 years of age, to understand the difference between the iPad that his mother uses, the Kindle that his brother uses, and the Galaxy tablet that his sister uses. After all, all of them are tablets, have touch screens, are electronic technology, and run "apps" that include games and educational programs. These similarities remind us of the concept of ___________, which refers to the fact that animals tend to share many different properties.
crowding
Unconscious plagiarism of the work of others is known as
cryptoamnesia.
If you are given the information that in order to vote in a presidential election, you must be at least 18 years of age, and that Will voted in the last presidential election, you can logically conclude that Will is at least 18 years old. This is an example of using _________________ reasoning.
deductive
Funahashi and coworkers recorded neurons in the PF cortex of monkeys during a delayed response task. These neurons showed the most intense firing during
delay.
According to the levels of processing theory, memory durability depends on the depth at which information is
encoded.
According to the typicality effect
items that are high in prototypicality are judged more rapidly as being in a group.
Semantic memory is to ________ as episodic memory is to ________.
knowing; remembering
The analogical paradox refers to problem-solving differences between
laboratory and real-world settings.
In Donders's research on human decision making, he found that it took ____________ to decide which of two buttons to push in response to a stimulus.
less than one second
Barbara has recently been diagnosed with abdominal cancer. Her oncologist wants to determine the best treatment method to eliminate the tumors. Her gastroenterologist is focused on relieving her symptoms and restoring normal digestive functioning. Barbara's psychologist works to help minimize her anxiety and keep her spirits up. The fact that these doctors are considering Barbara's situation with different goals and from different perspectives is similar to the idea of __________ presented in your textbook
levels of analysis
Finke's creating an object studies show that people were more likely to come up with creative uses for preinventive objects if they
made the objects themselves.
The investigation of how behavior is strengthened by presentation of positive reinforcers (e.g., food) or withdrawal of negative reinforcers (e.g., shock) is best known as
operant conditioning.
Actions that take the problem from one state to another are known as
operators.
The elements of the problem space include all of the following EXCEPT
operators.
The landmark discrimination problem is more difficult to do if you have damage to your ____________ lobe.
parietal
One of the defining characteristics of implicit memory is that
people are not conscious they are using it.
According to the situation model of text processing,
people create a mental representation of what the text is about in terms of people, objects, locations, and events.
When the axon is at rest, the inside of the neuron has a charge that is 70 millivolts more negative than the outside. This difference will continue as long as
the neuron is at rest.
Researchers understood that KF had experienced a decline in short-term memory capacity because he had a digit span of ________ .
two
Which of the following terms does NOT reflect functional network activity in the brain?
Consistent
Your text describes an experiment by Talarico and Rubin (2003) that measured people's memories of the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. Which of the following was the primary result of that research?
After 32 weeks, participants had a high level of confidence in their memories of the terrorist events, but lower belief in their memories of "everyday" events.
The misinformation effect occurs when a person's memory for an event is modified by misleading information presented
After the event
Which example below best demonstrates state-dependent learning?
Although Emily doesn't very often think about her first love, Steve, she can't help getting caught up in happy memories when "their song" (the first song they danced to) plays on the radio.
regarding children's language development, Noam Chomsky noted that children generate many sentences they have never heard before. From this, he concluded that language development is driven largely by
An inborn biological program
A technique in which trained participants described their experiences and thought processes in response to stimuli is known as
Analytic introspection
Which of the following methods, often associated with structuralism, was used in the psychology laboratory established aby Wilhelm Wundt?
Analytic introspection
Which of the following methods, often associated with structuralism, was used in the psychology laboratory established by Wilhelm Wundt?
Analytic introspection
Which term best describes the task of factoring the equation 9x2 + 5x - 7 = 4x2 - 2x + 8?
Analytical
Neuropsychological evidence indicates that short-and long-term memories probably
Are caused by different mechanisms that act independently
A task with the instructions "Read the following words while repeating 'the, the, the' out loud, look away, and then write down the words you remember" would most likely be studying
Articulatory suppression
Suppose that, as a participant in an imagery study, you are asked to memorize the four outside walls of a three-story rectangular house. Later, you are asked to report how many windows are on the front of the house. You will probably be fastest to answer this question if you create an image as though you were standing
At the far side of the front yard, away from the house
Ming is taking a memory test. She is more likely to recall the name of a popular singer if she had
Attended the singer's concert last year with her boyfriend
Donte purchased a new car, a Ford Mustang, less than a month ago. While sitting in traffic, Donte says to his girlfriend, "Mustangs must be the best-selling car now. I can't remember seeing as many on the road as I have recently." Donte's judgement is most likely biased by a(n)
Availability heuristic
Wally and Shamika are out on a date. When Shamika asks where they go for dinner, Wally says, "My coworkers keep telling me about that new Japanese place downtown, so it must be a great place to eat." Wally's response illustrates the use of a(n)
Availability heuristic
Explicit memory is to ___________ as implicit memory is to ___________.
Aware; unaware
Which part of a neuron transmits signals to other neurons?
Axons
Which of the following psychologists is known for research on operant conditioning?
B. F. Skinner
Verbal Behavior was written by
B.F. Skinner
Who proposed that children's language development was caused by imitation and reinforcement?
B.F. Skinner
In an effort to get his sister Sharon to vaccinate her young children, Frank compiled the results from many scientific research studies that show the long-term health benefits of childhood vaccines. Yet when Frank presented the information to Sharon, she refused to believe him, stating that the research was clearly faked by large pharmaceutical companies. Sharon not only said that vaccines are risky but also now claims they are poisonous.
Backfire effect
What does the field of neuropsychology study?
Behavior of people with brain damage
During a visit to the local museum, you appreciate the incredible beauty of the paintings displayed. Your ability to see the paintings as complete pictures rather than individual, disconnected dots of color, texture, and location occurs through a process called __________.
Binding
If you stand very close to a pointillist painting, all you will see are tiny colored dots. But as you step away from the painting larger areas of color become noticeable and eventually become recognizable objects such as flowers or clouds. This is similar to which of the following?
Binding
If you stand very close to a pointillist painting, all you will see are tiny colored dots. But as you step away from the painting, larger areas of color become noticeable and eventually become recognizable objects such as flowers or clouds. This is similar to which of the following?
Binding
__________ is the process by which features such as color, form, motion, and location are combined to create our perception of a coherent object.
Binding
Which of the following is the process by which features such as color, form motion, and location are combined to create our perception of a coherent object?
Blinding
Murdoch's "remembering a list" experiment described the serial position curve and found that memory is best for ____ of a list
Both the first and last words
Which organ is unique in that it appears to be static tissue?
Brain
In Kaplan and Simon's experiment, they presented different versions of the mutilated checkerboard problem. Participants in the _________________ group had the fastest response time.
Bread and butter
Josiah is trying to speak to his wife, but his speech is very slow and labored, often with jumbled sentence structure. Josiah may have damage to which area of the brain?
Broca's area
Of the following real-world phenomena, the confirmation bias best explains the observation that people
Can cite several reasons for their position on a controversial issue but none for the opposing side.
What is the metabolic center of an individual neuron?
Cell body
The key structural components of neurons are the
Cell body, dendrites, and axons
The staff working in the air traffic control tower at a busy airport can be considered a suitable metaphor for which of the following?
Central executive
In Donders's experiment on decision making, when participants were asked to press one button if the light on the left was illuminated and another button if the light on the right was illuminated, they were engaged in a
Choice reaction time task
Which of the following activities would require Type 2 cognitive processing?
Choosing an entree from a menu
Which of the following terms is correct in context with "pairing one stimulus with another"?
Classical conditioning
Attention, perception, memory, and decision making are all different types of mental processes in which the mind engages. These are known as different types of
Cognition.
Your text describes the occurrence of a "cognitive revolution" during which dramatic changes took place in the way psychology was studied. This so-called revolution occurred parallel to (and, in part, because of) the introduction of
Computers
Determining the sequence of DNA in humans was a major scientific advance that opened the door to new ideas about illness and approaches to treatment. An individual's unique DNA sequence is similar to which of the following?
Connectome
Peterson and Peterson studied how well participants can remember groups of three letters (like BRT, QSD) after various delays. They found that participants remembered an average of 80 percent of the groups after 3 seconds but only 10 percent after 18 seconds. They hypothesized that this decrease in performance was due to _____, but later research showed that it was actually due to ____
Decay; Interference
In the lexical decision task, participants are asked to
Decide whether a string of letters is a word or a nonword.
Which of the following could be considered as always taking a "working vacation"?
Default mode network
What contains the words, stored in memory, each of which has a threshold for being activated?
Dictionary unit.
Which of the following is most closely associated with Treisman's attenuation theory of selective attention?
Dictionary unit.
The definitional approach to categorization
Doesn't work well for most natural objects like birds, trees, and plants
How would you describe the relationship between elaborative rehearsal and maintenance rehearsal in terms of establishing long-term memories?
Elaborative is more effective than maintenance.
How would you describe the relationship between elaborative rehearsal and maintenance rehearsal in terms of establishing long-term memories?
Elaborative rehearsal
Acquiring information and transforming it into long-term memory is
Encoding
Tanenhaus and coworkers' eye movement study presented participants with different pictures for interpreting the sentence, "Put the apple on the towel in the box." Their results showed the importance of ___________________ in how we understand sentences in real-life situations.
Environmental context
In its discussion of expertise and problem solving, your text identifies the kind of scientists who are most likely to make revolutionary discoveries in their fields. This particular discussion suggests that _______________ may be more important than _______________ in creative thinking.
Flexibility; experience
Paivio (1963) proposed the conceptual peg hypothesis. His work suggests which of the following would be most difficult to remember?
Freedom
The constructive episodic stimulation hypothesis describes how our memories are connected to our ________.
Future
Extrapolating from the cultural life script hypothesis, which of the following events would be easiest to recall?
Graduating from college at age 22
Phoenix Decorating Company is responsible for designing and building many of the floral floats seen in the Tournament of Roses Parade every New Year's Day. Phoenix's designers start preparing the floats for the next year's parade soon after the first of the year. For each corporate sponsor, Phoenix gets their best advertising team members, and they sit in a room for several hours throwing out every idea they can come up with, no matter how good or bad it is. After a substantial list has been created, they then go through every idea and rate its merits or deficits, until they come up with the best idea to pitch to the corporate sponsor. This process demonstrates
Group brainstorming
Which of the following represents a basic level item?
Guitar
A bottom-up process is involved in fixating on an area of a scene that
Has high stimulus salience
Jorge and Bob are neighbors. Jorge loves birds and his father works for the zoo. He has been to a dozen bird sanctuaries, and he and his dad go on bird watching hikes once a month. In contrast, Bob doesn't think much about birds. His only contact with them is in his backyard. It would be correct to say that Jorge's standard probably involves
More exemplars than Bob's
After witnessing a bank robbery downtown, Javier completed a cognitive interview at the police station. What term would Javier likely use to describe his interview experience?
Multidimensional
The idea that we remember life events better because we encounter the information over and over in what we read, see on TV, and talk about with other people is called the
Narrative rehearsal hypothesis
Gick and Holyoak consider which of the following to be the most difficult step to achieve in the process of analogical problem solving?
Noticing that there is an analogous relationship between problems because most participants need prompting before they notice a connection
Amhad is doing an experiment in which he has to choose between the object he has been shown previously (the target object) and another object. Choosing the target object will result in a reward. What sort of task is Amhad doing?
Object discrimination problem
People perceive vertical and horizontal orientations more easily than other orientations according to the
Oblique effect
The validity of a syllogism depends on
Observation:
The pegword technique is particularly suitable for use when you need to remember items based on their
Order
Bransford and Johnson's study had participants hear a passage, which turned out to be about a man on the street serenading his girlfriend in a tall building. The wording of the passage made it difficult to understand, but looking at a picture made it easier to understand. The results of this study illustrated the importance of ___________ in forming reliable long-term memories.
Organizational context
Sarah has experienced brain damage making it difficult for her to understand spatial layout. Which area of her brain has most likely sustained damage?
Parahippocampal place area (PPA)
Which of the following is a connectionist model proposing that concepts are represented by activity that is spread across a network?
Parallel distributed processing theory
Colin Cherry's experiment in which participants listen to two messages simultaneously, one in each ear, found all but which of the following?
People who are deaf process auditory information on a nonconscious level.
Which of the following is an example of unconscious inference?
Perceiving that a partially covered automobile continues beneath the cover
The application of a(n) ________________ makes it easier to solve the "drinking beer" version of the Wason problem.
Permission schema
When light from a flashlight is moved quickly back and forth on a wall in a darkened room, it can appear to observers that there is a trail of light moving across the wall, even though physically the light is only in one place at any given time. This experience is an effect of memory that occurs because of
Persistence of vision.
The "filter model" proposes that the filter identifies the attended message based on
Physical characteristics.
The fact that trees are more likely to be vertical or horizontal than slanted is an example of
Physical regularity
Which approach to categorization involves forming a standard representation based on an average of category members that a person has encountered in the past?
Prototype
In the text's use of the Olympic Rings example, which Gestalt law contributes to the correct perception of five interlocking circles rather than nine separate segments?
Simplicity
Before going to the grocery store, Jamal quickly made a list in his head of the few items he needed to cook dinner. Driving to the store, he repeated the list over and over to himself so that he wouldn't forget anything. How would Broadbent describe Jamal's actions in the car?
Rehearsal in short-term memory
Gestalt psychologists consider problem solving as a process involving
Reorganization or restructuring
Elaborative rehearsal of a word will LEAST likely be accomplished by
Repeating it over and over
The value that stays the same as long as there are no signals in the neuron is known as
Resting potential.
Watson became dissatisfied with the method of analytic introspection in which context?
Results were interpreted in terms of invisible inner mental processes
________ cues help us remember information that has been stored in memory
Retrieval
As participants heard the word "bugs," they completed a lexical decision task to a test stimulus flashed on a screen. To which of the following words would you expect participants to take the longest to respond to?
SKY
In a study, participants listened to the following tape recording: Rumor had it that, for years, the government building had been plagued with problems. The man was not surprised when he found several spiders, roaches, and other bugs in the corner of the room. As participants heard the word "bugs," they completed a lexical decision task to a test stimulus flashed on a screen. To which of the following words would you expect participants to take the longest to respond to?
SKY
The notion that faster responding occurs when enhancement spreads within an object is called
Same-object advantage
In which concept is an individual's knowledge most important?
Schema
Jackie went to the grocery store to pick up yogurt, bread, and apples. First, she picked up a hand basket for carrying her groceries, and then she searched the store. After finding what she needed, she stood in a check-out line. Then, the cashier put her items in a plastic bag, and soon after, Jackie left the store. As readers of this event, we understand that Jackie paid for the groceries, even though it wasn't mentioned, because we are relying on a grocery store _____.
Script
A person who has been diagnosed with ________ dementia has difficulty recognizing both living things and artifacts
Semantic
The following statement represents what kind of memory? "The Beatles stopped making music together as a group in the early 1970s"
Semantic
The following statement represents what kind of memory? "The Beatles stopped making music together as a group in the early 1970s."
Semantic
Which of the following is NOT an example of an implicit memory?
Semantic memory
Which of the following is NOT a factor in prosody?
Semantics
According to the sensory-functional hypothesis, our ability to differentiate living things and artifacts depends on a semantic memory system that distinguishes _____ and one that distinguishes _____.
Sensory attributes; function
Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin's (1968) model of memory, which was introduced a year after the publication of Neisser's book, described the flow of information in the memory system as progressing through three stages. Which memory holds incoming information for a fraction of a second and then passes most of this information to short-term memory?
Sensory memory
Which of the following statements about short-term memory is FALSE?
Short-term memory stores an exact replica of sensory stimuli
Rehearsal is important for transferring information from
Short-term memory to long-term memory
You are at a parade where there are a number of marching bands. You perceive the bands that are all in the same uniforms as being grouped together. The red uniforms are one band, the green uniforms another, and so forth. You have this perceptual experience because of the law of
Similarity
Wei has allergy symptoms. He has gone to his regular doctor and an allergy specialist, but he wasn't given a prescription by either doctor. Instead, he was advised to buy an over-the-counter medicine. While he was in the specialist's waiting area, he read a magazine where he saw three ads for an allergy medicine called SneezeLess. A week later, in a drug store, Wei says to his brother, "My doctor says SneezeLess works great. I'll buy that one." Wei and his doctor never discussed SneezeLess. Wei has fallen victim to which of the following errors?
Source monitoring
When Carlos moved to the United States, he did not understand any English. Phrases like "Anna Mary Can Pi and I Scream Class Hick" didn't make any sense to him. Now that Carlos has been learning English, he recognizes this phrase as "An American Pie and Ice Cream Classic." This example illustrates that Carlos was not capable of ____ in English.
Speech segmentation
Many people receive unsolicited calls from telemarketers or unwanted "junk" mailers advertising offers for products such as cable or Internet services or cellular phone companies. Most people do not consider these offers and do not make a change to the plans or services that they receive because they do not want to make a decision that requires serious consideration or thought. This is an example of the ________________ bias.
Status quo
Items high on prototypicality have ___________ family resemblances.
Strong
According to the cognitive hypothesis, experiences that occur during periods of rapid personal development followed by periods of stability tend to be easier to remember due to which of the following?
Strong encoding
James Nairne would say that effective encoding of memory is based on which of the following?
Survival
What is the gap between the end of a neuron's axon and the dendrites or cell body of another neuron known as?
Synapse
According to the connectionist model, which of the following is impacted by connection weight?
Synapse activity
When two people engage in a conversation, if one person produces a specific grammatical construction in his or her speech and then the other person does the same, this phenomenon is referred to as
Syntactic priming
__________ consolidation involves the gradual reorganization of circuits within brain regions and takes place on a fairly long time scale.
Systems
In analogical problem solving, the _____________ problem is the problem that an individual is trying to solve, and the ______________ problem, which has been solved in the past, is used as a guide for reaching that solution.
Target;source
According to your text, the ability to divide attention depends on all of the following EXCEPT
Task cueing
If a Gestalt psychologist was baking a cake for an event, what would they be most focused on?
The cake
One function of ____ is to pull information out of long-term memory
The central executive
The episodic buffer directly connects to which two components in Baddeley's model of memory?
The central executive and long-term memory
Why is it easier to study brain tissue from newborn animals than brain tissue from adults?
The density of cells in a newborn brain is small compared with the density in an adult brain
The semantic network model predicts that the time it takes for a person to retrieve information about a concept should be determined by
The distance that must be traveled through the network
The connectionist network has learned the correct pattern for a concept when
The error signals are reduced to nearly none and the correct properties are assigned
Broadbent's model is called an early selection model because
The filter eliminates unattended information at the beginning of the information flow.
Brain imaging studies reveal that semantics and syntax are associated with which two lobes of the cerebral cortex?
The frontal and temporal lobes
Research on the use of cell phones while driving indicates that
The main effect of cell phone use on driving safety can be attributed to the fact that attention is used up by the cognitive task of talking on the phone
Trinh is a famous chef. Since she does not like to share her secret family recipes, she does not write down her special creations, which makes it difficult to remember their ingredients. To aid her memory, she has created a unique "mental walk" that she takes to recall each recipe. For each one, she has a familiar "route" she can imagine walking through (e.g., from the end of her driveway to her living room) where she places each item in the recipe somewhere along the way (e.g., fish sauce splattered on the front door). By doing so, Trinh is using ___________ to organize her memories.
The method of loci
At a lunch meeting with a client, the CEO of Gossip Polls, Inc., was asked to determine America's favorite day of the week. Hundreds of Gossip employees across the U.S. started collection date immediately, calling people at their residences. One hour later, the attitudes from 10,000 Americans, across all 50 states, were collected. A staff member called the CEO, still at her lunch meeting, to tell her the results of the poll: America's favorite day of the week is Monday. Given your text's discussion of inductive reasoning in science, we might suspect that the observations in this poll are not representative because
The people who are home to answer the phone in the early afternoon are not a n appropriate cross-section of the U.S. population.
Which of the following is true about the Bayesian inference?
The probability of an outcome is determined by the prior probability and the likelihood of the outcome
Imagine yourself walking from your car, bus stop, or dorm to your first class. Your ability to form such a picture in your mind depends on which of the following components of working memory?
The visuospatial sketch pad
Kaplan and Simon's experiment presented different versions of the mutilated checkerboard problem. The main purpose of their experiment was to demonstrate that
The way a problem is represented can influence the ease of problem solving
According to Treisman's attenuation model, which of the following would you expect to have the highest threshold for most people?
The word "platypus"
Which of the following is a nonverbal component of communication?
Theory of mind
At the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Symposium on Information Theory, George Miller presenter a paper suggesting that?
There are limits to the human ability to process information
Which term best reflects the core concept of echoic memory
Time
Who developed the concept of the cognitive map?
Tolman
Which term best reflects a musical composer who writes a film score in the key of E?
Tonic
Leaving a footprint in the wet sand—with a deep indentation for the heel, a rise for the arch, and each toe clearly identified—is similar to which concept?
Topographic map
Which of the following attention model components produces two levels of output?
Treisman's attenuator
The Participants' response times were longer for ____________ because of the ____________ effect.
Trial 1;word frequency
Which problem provides an example of how functional fixedness can hinder solution of a problem?
Two-string problem
From a thinking perspective, when faced with making a decision, the suggestion to "Go with your gut" would emphasize ________, while the suggestion "Take your time" would place emphasis on ________.
Type 1; System 2
Which of the following provides the best example of functional fixedness?
Using a juice glass as a container for orange juice.
Consider the following syllogism: All cats are birds. All birds have wings. All cats have wings. This syllogism is
Valid
Which of the following correctly lists types of memory from least to most complex?
Visual, semantic, episodic
Which of the following best reflects what we do with an image projected onto our retina?
We interpret it
Amber lives in a housing development between two parallel streets that both connect to a freeway. She usually takes the street to the south when heading southbound on the freeway to work, but that street is closed for repairs for three months. Amber takes the street to the north during that time. After the street to the south is re-opened, she continues to take the street to the north, even though it is a slightly longer route. Continuing to take the street to the north represents
a mental set.
Functional fixedness would be LOWEST for a(n)
novel object.
Jason quickly scanned the map on his phone to get to his job interview, then took a left and ran down the block so he wouldn't be late. According to Stokes, Jason's ability to recall the directions as he's running is the result of ________.
an activity state followed by a synaptic state
Mia has lived in New York City all her life. She has noticed that people from upper Manhattan walk really fast, but people from lower Manhattan tend to walk slowly. Mia's observations are likely influenced from a judgment error based on her using
an illusory correlation
Tuan bought a new leather jacket after saving for many months for the luxury purchase. On the first day he went out wearing the new garment, he found a $50 bill on the sidewalk outside of his office. He now refers to the jacket as his "lucky jacket" and believes that it has some magical power to give him good fortune. Tuan's belief in the jacket's cosmic ability is an example of
an illusory correlation.
The shoe problem: A first-grade class is using a trampoline in gym class, so all the children have removed their shoes, which are all jumbled in a large pile. One of the students, Miguel, is leaving early, so the teacher tells him to grab his shoes and report to the lobby. In his hurry, Miguel grabs two identical left-footed, size 6 red sneakers and runs to his mother still sock-footed. Will the remaining students be able to shoe-up with the remaining shoes without getting a foot-ache?
analogies
The radiation problem was used in your text to illustrate the role of _________________ in problem solving.
analogy
Boxing champion George Foreman recently described his family vacations with the statement, "At our ranch in Marshall, Texas, there are lots of ponds and I take the kids out and we fish. And then of course, we grill them." That a reader understands "them" appropriately (George grills fish, not his kids!) is the result of a(n) ________________ inference.
anaphoric
Boxing champion George Foreman recently described his family vacations with the statement, "At our ranch in Marshall, Texas, there are lots of ponds and I take the kids out and we fish. And then of course, we grill them." That a reader understands "them" appropriately (George grills fish, not his kids!) is the result of a(n) ____________________ inference
anaphoric
The existence of transitional probabilities adds a(n) ________ quality to learning and using language.
anticipatory
Your text's discussion of false memories leads to the conclusion that false memories
arise from the same constructive processes that produce true memories.
In the context of cognitive psychology and conceptual models, a tool would be classified as a(n) ________.
artifact
In Lindsay's "misinformation effect" experiment, participants saw a sequence of slides showing a maintenance man stealing money and a computer. This slide presentation included narration by a female speaker who described what was happening in the slides as they were shown. Results showed that the misinformation effect was greatest when presentation of misleading post-event information was
auditory from a female speaker.
From a cognitive psychology perspective, memories from specific experiences in our life are defined as being ________.
autobiographical
One of the key properties of the ___________ approach is that a specific concept is represented by activity that is distributed over many units in the network.
connectionist
Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked them to make "warmth" judgments every 15 seconds to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. The purpose of this experiment was to
demonstrate a difference between how people solve insight and non-insight problems
In the movie Apollo 13, astronauts aboard a damaged spacecraft have to build a carbon dioxide filter out of random items that are aboard the ship with them. If they do not, they will all die rapidly of carbon dioxide poisoning. The fact that they are able to do so with the help of experts on Earth is similar to the _________________ approach developed by Ronald Finke
divergent thinking
In the movie Apollo 13, astronauts aboard a damaged spacecraft have to build a carbon dioxide filter out of random items that are aboard the ship with them. If they do not, they will all die rapidly of carbon dioxide poisoning. The fact that they are able to do so with the help of experts on Earth is similar to the _________________ approach developed by Ronald Finke.
divergent thinking
Elementary school students in the United States are often taught to use the very familiar word "HOMES" as a cue for remembering the names of the Great Lakes (each letter in "HOMES" provides a first-letter cue for one of the lakes: Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior). This memory procedure usually works better than repeating the names over and over. The use of this familiar word provides an example of
elaborative rehearsal.
People often report an annoying memory failure when they walk from one end of the house to the other for something and then forget what they wanted when they reach their destination. As soon as they return to the first room, they are reminded of what they wanted in the first place. This common experience best illustrates the principle of
encoding specificity.
Tanenhaus and coworkers' eye movement study presented participants with different pictures for interpreting the sentence, "Put the apple on the towel in the box." Their results showed the importance of ____________________ in how we understand sentences in real-life situations
environmental context
Ling is sure that if her boyfriend proposes, she will feel elation. This is an example of an
expected emotion.
A lesson to be learned from the research on flashbulb memories is that
extreme vividness of a memory does not mean it is accurate.
As people get older, their memories of past experiences tend to have an emphasis on ____________.
facts
The process of analogical encoding is focused on ________.
finding similarity
When recording from a single neuron, stimulus intensity is represented by the
firing rate of the action potentials.
Each time you briefly pause on one face, you are making a(n) ______________.
fixation
Ira and his sister are playing "Name that Tune," the object of which is to name the title of the song when given the song's first line. Ira suggests the line "Sleigh bells ring, are you listening?" His sister can't come up with the answer at first, but realizing that the title is often embedded in the lyrics, she tries to sing them silently to herself. She then bursts out "Ah! It's 'Winter Wonderland'!" It is most likely that Ira's sister used ___________ in playing the game.
inner audition
Your text describes an "Italian woman" who, after an attack of encephalitis, had difficulty remembering people or facts she knew before. She could, however, remember her life events and daily tasks. Her memory behavior reflects
intact episodic memory but defective semantic memory.
In the two-string problem, tying the pliers to one of the strings best represents a(n) ________________ state.
intermediate
The task of determining the object responsible for a particular image on one's retina is called the
inverse projection problem.
Ron is an avid reader. He has a large vocabulary because every time he comes across a word he doesn't know, he looks it up in the dictionary. Ron encounters "wanderlust" in a novel, reaches for the dictionary, and finds out this word means "desire to travel." The process of looking up unfamiliar words increases Ron's
lexicon.
Suppose twin teenagers are vying for their mother's attention. The mother is trying to pay attention to one of her daughters, though both girls are talking (one about her boyfriend, on about a school project). According to the operating characteristics of Treisman's attenuator, it is most likely the attenuator is analyzing the incoming messages in terms of
meaning
The term semantics, when applied to perception, means the
meaning of a scene, often related to what is happening within the scene.
Your text describes imagery performance of a patient with unilateral neglect. This patient was asked to imagine himself standing at one end of a familiar plaza and to report the objects he saw. His behavior shows
neglect always occurred on the left side of the image, with "left side" being determined by the direction in which the patient imagined he was positioned
Gick and Holyoak proposed that analogical problem solving involves the following three steps:
noticing, mapping, and applying.
Perky's imagery study (1910) had participants describe images of objects that were dimly projected onto a screen. The significance of Perky's results was that
people were influenced by the projected images when forming their mental images, even when they were unaware that the projected images were present
The Gestalt psychologists believe that _____.
perception is affected by experience, but built-in principles can override experience
When the "abstract" version of the Wason four-card problem is compared to a "concrete" version of the problem (in which beer, soda, and ages are substituted for the letters and numbers),
performance is better for the concrete task.
Chantal has frontal lobe damage. She is doing a problem-solving task in which she has to choose the red object out of many choices. She can easily complete this repeatedly, but when the experimenter asks her to choose the blue object on a new trial of the task, she continues to choose the red one, even when the experimenter gives her feedback that she is incorrect. Chantal is displaying
perseveration.
According to Treisman's feature integration theory, the first stage of perception is called the __________ stage.
preattentive
Within the realm of conversational speech, knowledge refers to the
previously understood information that we bring into the conversation.
One of Chomsky's most persuasive arguments for refuting Skinner's theory of language acquisition was his observation that children
produce sentences they have never heard.
In the information-processing approach to problem solving, an operator is most closely associated with ________.
progress
As described in your text, the pegword technique relies on all of the following EXCEPT
propositions.
Retrograde amnesia is usually less severe for ______ memories.
remote
Coherence refers to the
representation of the text in a reader's mind so that information in one part of the text is related to information in another part of the text.
In an experiment that combined both physiological and behavioral approaches to the study of decision making, prefrontal cortex activity was recorded while participants accepted or rejected proposals to split a sum of money ($10). Prefrontal cortex activation was
the same for accepted and rejected offers.
Janet is alone in a room that contains a chair and a shelf with a book resting on top. She attempts to retrieve the book, but the shelf is a foot above her reach. How will Janet retrieve the book? Psychologists would NOT classify this scenario as a problem because
the solution is immediately obvious.
For the category "fruit," people give a higher typicality rating to "banana" than to "kiwi." Knowing that, we can also reason that
the word "fruit" will lead to a larger priming effect for banana than for kiwi
At the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Symposium on Information Theory, George Miller presented a paper suggesting that
there are limits to the human ability to process information.
The lesson to be learned from the imagery techniques for memory enhancement (e.g.,, the pegword technique) is that these techniques work because
they showcase the fact that memory improvement requires a great deal of practice and perseverance.
Which of the following is NOT considered a starting point for perception?
thinking
Which term best reflects the core concept of echoic memory?
time
Perceiving machines are used by the U.S. Postal Service to "read" the addresses on letters and sort them quickly to their correct destinations. Sometimes, these machines cannot read an address because the writing on the envelope is not sufficiently clear for the machine to match the writing to an example it has stored in memory. Human postal workers are much more successful at reading unclear addresses, most likely because of
top-down processing.
Your text describes cross-cultural studies of categorization with U.S. and Itzaj participants. Given the results of these studies, we know that if asked to name basic level objects for a category, U.S. participants would answer ___________ and Itzaj participants would answer ___________.
tree; oak
Behaviorists branded the study of imagery as being unproductive because
visual images are invisible to everyone except the person experiencing them.
The likelihood principle states that
we perceive the object that is most likely to have caused the pattern of stimuli we have received.
The best description of the purpose of think-aloud protocols is that they are used to determine
what information a person is attending to while solving a problem.
People tend to overestimate
what negative feelings will occur following a decision more so than positive feelings.
Recent research on memory, based largely on fear conditioning in rats, indicates that
when a memory is reactivated, it becomes capable of being changed or altered, just as it was immediately after it was formed.
