Cognitive Psychology Exam 2- Chapter 7 (test bank)

According to memory research, studying is most effective if study sessions are a. short and across several days. b. long and all on a single day. c. long and across several days. d. short but all on a single day.

a

According to the levels of processing theory, memory durability depends on the depth at which information is a. encoded. b. retrieved. c. consolidated. d. stored.

a

Your book explains that brief episodes of retrograde amnesia (e.g., the traumatic disruption of newly formed memories when a football player takes a hit to the head and can't recall the last play before the hit) reflect a. a failure of memory consolidation. b. disrupted long-term potentiation. c. Korsakoff's syndrome. d. temporary post-traumatic stress disorder.

a. a failure of memory consolidation.

In Slameka and Graf's (1978) study, some participants read word pairs, while other participants had to fill in the blank letters of the second word in a pair with a word related to the first word. The latter group performed better on a later memory task, illustrating the a. generation effect. b. multiple trace hypothesis. c. cued recall effect. d. spacing effect.

a. generation effect.

Elaborative rehearsal of a word will LEAST likely be accomplished by a. linking the new word to a previously learned concept. b. repeating it over and over. c. using it in a sentence. d. thinking of its synonyms and antonyms.

b

In the context of memory, what distinguishes reconsolidation from consolidation? a. scale b. modification c. emotion d. cueing

b

What is the key difference between free recall and cued recall? a. traces b. hints c. tasks d. states

b

All of the following appear to be effective means of studying EXCEPT ___. a. elaborating on material b. taking breaks while studying c. consistently using a highlighter d. actively creating material to test

c

You have been studying for weeks for a nursing school entrance exam. You love the idea of becoming a nurse, and you have been enjoying learning about the material for your exam. Each night, you put on comfortable clothes and study in the quiet of your lovely home. Memory research suggests you should take your test with a(n) ________ mindset. a. nervous b. neutral c. relaxed d. excited

c. relaxed

Retrograde amnesia is usually less severe for ______ memories. a. recent b. anterograde c. remote d. emotional

c. remote

Jenkins and Russell (1952) presented a list of words like "chair, apple, dish, shoe, cherry, sofa" to participants. In a test, participants recalled the words in a different order than the order in which they were originally presented. This result occurred because of the a. way the phonological loop reorganizes information based on sound during rehearsal. b. effect of proactive interference. c. tendency of objects in the same category to become organized. d. way objects like dishes and shoes are encoded visually.

c. tendency of objects in the same category to become organized.

The spacing effect would seem to contradict which of the following practices? a. mind wandering in class b. rereading highlighted text c. cramming for a final exam d. taking quizzes every week

c. cramming for a final exam

Rereading material for a class many times is considered an ineffective study strategy. Rather than learning, this practice simply makes you ________. a. disengaged b. saturated c. fluent d. proactive

c. fluent

Suppose you do a memory test and hear the words "shy," "kind," and "intelligent"—which, coincidentally, also describe your personality. Due to ___ you'd likely have good recall for these words. a. deep processing b. paired-associate learning c. the generation effect d. the self-reference effect

d. the self-reference effect

Acquiring information and transforming it into long-term memory is a. encoding. b. state-dependent learning. c. transfer-appropriate processing. d. memory consolidation.

a

If you have participated in paired-associate learning, then you likely a. heard a variety of words paired with other words and had to recall which word was paired with another. b. had to come up with a word that you believed was associated with another word. c. engaged in shallow rather than deep processing. d. were tested to see how many categories of word pairs you remembered.

a

James Nairne would say that effective encoding of memory is based on which of the following? a. Survival b. Rehearsal c. Specificity d. Mood

a

The word "apple" would probably NOT serve as a retrieval cue for the word ___. a. "shoe" b. "pie" c. "orange" d. "tree"

a

In the experiment conducted by Viskontas and coworkers using picture pairs, a participant's later experience of familiarity with a particular pair was coded as ________. a. "know." b. "think." c. "remember." d. "sense."

a. "know."

___________ transforms new memories from a fragile state, in which they can be disrupted, to a more permanent state, in which they are resistant to disruption. a. Consolidation b. Cued-recall c. Encoding specificity d. Amnesia

a. Consolidation

Within the context of studying, which of the following would be related to an illusion? a. Highlighting b. Spacing c. Sleeping d. Encoding

a. Highlighting

Bransford and Johnson's study had participants hear a passage, which turned out to be about a man on the street serenading his girlfriend in a tall building. The wording of the passage made it difficult to understand, but looking at a picture made it easier to understand. The results of this study illustrated the importance of ___________ in forming reliable long-term memories. a. organizational context b. reconsolidation c. imagery d. implicit memory

a. organizational context

Examples from your book describing real experiences of how memories, even ones from a long time ago, can be stimulated by locations, songs, and smells highlight the importance of ___________ in long-term memory. a. retrieval cues b. elaborative rehearsal c. mass practice d. long-term potentiation

a. retrieval cues

Which of the following learning techniques is LEAST likely to lead to deep processing of the information? a. Thuy has just bought a new car and is trying to learn her new license plate sequence. Every morning, for three weeks, she repeats the sequence out loud when she wakes up. b. Maggie is trying to learn new vocabulary words because she is taking the SAT next month. Each day, she selects one word. Throughout the day, she repeats the definition over and over to herself and generates sentences using it in her conversations that day. c. For his history course, Jorge is trying to learn the order of the U.S. presidents by creating a silly sentence where each consecutive word starts with the same letter of the next president to be remembered. d. Terrell is trying to understand how to use statistics by drawing associations between a set of data describing how adolescents respond to peer pressure and the theories he learned last semester in developmental psychology.

a. Thuy has just bought a new car and is trying to learn her new license plate sequence. Every morning, for three weeks, she repeats the sequence out loud when she wakes up.

Simply highlighting a textbook without later reviewing it is an ineffective study method because the activity is mainly ________. a. physical b. elaborative c. organizational d. associative

a. physical

The "famous rat experiment" provided key insights into reconsolidation because memories were ________. a. traced b. reactivated c. potentiated d. organized

b

When the methods used to encode and retrieve information are the same, this is called ________ processing. a. stimulus-fluency b. transfer-appropriate c. state-dependent d. recall-potentiation

b

Which statement below is most closely associated with levels of processing theory? a. People who were sad when they studied did better when they were sad during testing. b. Deep processing involves paying closer attention to a stimulus than shallow processing and results in better processing. c. Information enters memory by passing through a number of levels, beginning with sensory memory, then short-term memory, then long-term memory. d. Events that are repeated enough can influence our behavior, even after we have forgotten the original events.

b. Deep processing involves paying closer attention to a stimulus than shallow processing and results in better processing.

Which of the following is a key factor in the memory-enhancing capacity of sleep? a. Reconsolidation b. Distraction c. Classification d. Elaboration

b. Distraction

According to the levels of processing theory, which of the following tasks will produce the best long-term memory for a set of words? a. Repeating the words over and over in your mind b. Making a connection between each word and something you've previously learned c. Deciding how many vowels each word has d. Generating a rhyming word for each word to be remembered

b. Making a connection between each word and something you've previously learned

What is the key difference between synaptic consolidation and systems consolidation? a. State b. Scale c. Consciousness d. Content

b. Scale

___________ consolidation involves the gradual reorganization of circuits within brain regions and takes place on a fairly long time scale. a. Remote b. Systems c. Standard d. Synaptic

b. Systems

Mantyla's "banana/yellow, bunches, edible" experiment demonstrates that for best memory performance, retrieval cues should be created a. using visual images. b. by the person whose memory will be tested. c. by agreement among many people, thus providing proof they are effective. d. by a memory expert who understands what makes cues effective.

b. by the person whose memory will be tested.

The principle that we encode information together with its context is known as encoding a. priming. b. specificity. c. consolidation. d. transcription.

b. specificity.

Jeannie loves to dance, having taken ballet for many years. She is now learning salsa dancing. Although the movements are very different from the dances she is familiar with, she has found a successful memory strategy of linking the new dance information to her previous experiences as a dancer and to her own affection for dance. This strategy suggests reliance on a. the integrative experience effect. b. the self-reference effect. c. semantic memory. d. a mass practice effect.

b. the self-reference effect.

Memory performance is enhanced if the type of task at encoding matches the type of task at retrieval. This is called a. personal semantic memory. b. transfer-appropriate processing. c. elaborative rehearsal. d. episodic-based processing.

b. transfer-appropriate processing.

Which of the following best reflects the results of Tulving and Pearlstone's experiment with retrieval cues? a. The free recall participants recalled about the same amount of items as the cued recall participants. b. The cued recall participants recalled nearly twice as many items as the free recall participants. c. The free recall participants recalled three times more items than the cued recall participants. d. The cued recall participants recalled less than half as many items as the free recall participants.

b. The cued recall participants recalled nearly twice as many items as the free recall participants.

Due to a car accident, Meg has suffered an injury and now cannot form new memories. As such, it appears that she has ___ amnesia. a. general b. anterograde c. graded d. retrograde

b. anterograde

Compared to the standard model of consolidation, which of the following is thought to play a larger role in the multiple trace model of consolidation? a. multivoxels b. hippocampus c. amygdala d. synapses

b. hippocampus

Research conducted by Bower and Winzenz using paired-associate learning demonstrated the value of using ________ to improve memory. a. self-reference b. images c. specificity d. rehearsal

b. images

What is the key distinction between maintenance rehearsal and elaborative rehearsal? a. mood b. meaning c. timing d. location

b. meaning

How long does the synaptic consolidation of a memory take? a. seconds b. minutes c. weeks d. years

b. minutes

Suppose you were studying while listening to pop music at a low volume on the radio. Consistent with state-dependent learning, your testing of that study material would probably be best if ___. a. no music was played b. pop music at a low volume was played c. pop music at a moderately high volume was played d. classical music was played

b. pop music at a low volume was played

Devon and Yoshi always create True-False flash cards to help them study for Mrs. Singleton's weekly True-False history quizzes. What strategy are Devon and Yoshi using to help enhance their performance on the quizzes? a. state-dependent learning b. transfer-appropriate processing c. synaptic consolidation

b. transfer-appropriate processing

How are creating self-references and forming visual images similar? a. They both require state dependence. b. They both stimulate reconsolidation. c. They both engage deep processing. d. They both trigger the spacing effect.

c

Research shows that ___________ does not improve reading comprehension because it does not encourage elaborative processing of the material. a. organization b. making up questions about the material c. highlighting d. feedback

c

The concept of reconsolidation is based on the ________ of retrieved memories. a. emotionality b. potentiation c. fragility d. classification

c

What is the consequence of injecting a rat with anisomycin? a. Doing so improves memory. b. Doing so produces fear. c. Doing so inhibits the formation of new memories. d. The use of this drug is lethal to rats.

c

Which example below best demonstrates state-dependent learning? a. Carmen always suffers test anxiety in her classes. To combat this, she tries to relax when she studies. She thinks it's best to study while lying in bed, reading by candlelight with soft music playing. b. Even though Walt hasn't been to the beach cottage his parents owned since he was a child, he still has many fond memories of time spent there as a family. c. Although Emily doesn't very often think about her first love, Steve, she can't help getting caught up in happy memories when "their song" (the first song they danced to) plays on the radio. d. Last night, at the grocery store, DeShaun ran into a psychology professor he took a class with three semesters ago. He recognized her right away.

c

Which of the following provides the key benefit to the generate-and-test study strategy? a. Rehearsal b. Elaboration c. Engagement d. Classification

c. Engagement

The concept of encoding specificity is grounded in which of the following? a. Mood b. Structure c. Location d. Task

c. Location

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates how effective or ineffective maintenance rehearsal is in transferring information into long-term memory? a. Sanjay recalls his grandmother's house where he grew up, even though he hasn't been there for 22 years. b. Ben learned his martial arts moves by making up "short stories" and mental images to describe each movement. c. Serena's keys were stolen from her purse. She cannot give a detailed description of her keychain to the police, even though she used it every day for three years. d. Renee starred in the lead role of her high school play a few years ago. Although she helped write the play and based her character on her own life, she cannot remember many of the actual lines of dialogue anymore.

c. Serena's keys were stolen from her purse. She cannot give a detailed description of her keychain to the police, even though she used it every day for three years.

People often report an annoying memory failure when they walk from one end of the house to the other for something and then forget what they wanted when they reach their destination. As soon as they return to the first room, they are reminded of what they wanted in the first place. This common experience best illustrates the principle of a. maintenance rehearsal. b. levels of processing theory. c. encoding specificity. d. the self-reference effect.

c. encoding specificity.

The story in the text about the balloons that were used to suspend a speaker in mid-air was used to illustrate the role of ___________ in memory. a. forming connections with other information b. rehearsal c. organization d. depth of processing

c. organization

The maintenance rehearsal task of learning a word by repeating it over and over again is most likely to a. lead to immediate decay due to retroactive interference. b. lead to effective autobiographical memories. c. produce some short-term remembering, but fail to produce longer-term memories. d. cause sensory memories to interfere with consolidation in working memory.

c. produce some short-term remembering, but fail to produce longer-term memories.

Treatment of PTSD has benefitted from recent research on a. transfer-appropriate processing. b. levels of processing. c. reconsolidation. d. depth of processing.

c. reconsolidation.

Without ________, reconsolidation of a memory would not be possible. a. cueing b. testing c. fragility d. sleep

c. fragility

Research based on transfer-appropriate processing provides the LEAST support for ___. a. encoding specificity b. state-dependent learning c. levels of processing theory d. actually, transfer-appropriate processing supports all of these principles

c. levels of processing theory

According to the standard model of consolidation, activation in the cortex a. does not occur at all. b. is limited. c. occurs in a number of different areas. d. is unclear.

c. occurs in a number of different areas.

Ahmad suffered a brain injury where he cannot recall past events that occurred years ago. Based on this information, it would appear that he has ___ amnesia. a. general b. anterograde c. retrograde d. graded

c. retrograde

Which of the following reflects state-dependent learning? a. studying questions you wrote b. studying then taking a nap c. studying while feeling happy d. studying while sitting in a cafe

c. studying while feeling happy

According to your text, imagery enhances memory because a. pictures fit better with our basic instincts because children learn pictures before reading words. b. research shows people like pictures better than words, so there is an enhanced emotional response. c. the brain processes images more easily than the meanings of words. d. imagery can be used to create connections between items to be remembered.

d

Elementary school students in the United States are often taught to use the very familiar word "HOMES" as a cue for remembering the names of the Great Lakes (each letter in "HOMES" provides a first-letter cue for one of the lakes: Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior). This memory procedure usually works better than repeating the names over and over. The use of this familiar word provides an example of a. implicit memory. b. repetition priming. c. a self-reference effect. d. elaborative rehearsal.

d

Free recall of the stimulus list "apple, desk, shoe, sofa, plum, chair, cherry, coat, lamp, pants" will most likely yield which of these response patterns? a. "apple, chair, cherry, coat, desk, lamp, plum, shoe, sofa" b. "apple, desk, shoe, coat, lamp, pants" c. "apple, desk, shoe, sofa, plum, chair, cherry, coat, lamp, pants" d. "apple, cherry, plum, shoe, coat, pants, lamp, chair"

d

How would you describe the relationship between elaborative rehearsal and maintenance rehearsal in terms of establishing long-term memories? a. Maintenance is more effective than elaborative. b. Both are equally effective in all learning circumstances. c. Each one is sometimes more effective, depending on the learning circumstances. d. Elaborative is more effective than maintenance

d

Katie and Alana are roommates taking the same psychology class. They have a test in four days during a 10:00-11:00 AM class period. Both women intend to study for three hours, but because of different work schedules, Katie will study one hour for each of the next three days, while Alana will study three hours the day before the exam. What could you predict about their performances? a. Alana will perform better because of a long-term memory recency effect. b. Katie and Alana should perform equally well, because each studied the same time overall (supporting the equal-time hypothesis). c. State-dependent learning predicts that Katie should perform better, because the exam takes place during a one-hour class period. d. Katie should perform better because of the spacing effect.

d

Lakeisha and Kim have been studying for two hours for their chemistry exam. Both girls are tired of studying. Lakeisha decides to watch a two-hour movie on DVD, while Kim decides to go to bed. What would you predict about their performance on the chemistry exam? a. Lakeisha performs better because of encoding specificity. b. Lakeisha performs better because of consolidation. c. Kim performs better because of encoding specificity. d. Kim performs better because of consolidation.

d

Mr. Gomez has found that his students' performance on a unit exam is enhanced by their taking weekly quizzes on content covered in the unit. What method is Mr. Gomez using with his students? a. transfer-appropriate processing b. activated reconsolidation c. state-dependent learning d. retrieval practice

d

The sentence "Every good boy deserves fudge" is used by music students to represent notes on the lines of the treble clef. Which concept does this reflect? a. temporal context b. encoding specificity c. spacing effect d. retrieval cue

d

Transfer-appropriate processing is likely to occur if a. imagery is used to create connections among items to be transferred into long-term memory. b. the person remembering generates their own retrieval cues. c. there is deep processing during acquisition of the new material. d. the type of encoding task matches the type of retrieval task.

d

Which of the following will likely improve Mariela's test score after a session of studying? a. going to a movie b. doing maintenance rehearsal c. rereading her textbook d. taking a long nap

d

___________ cues help us remember information that has been stored in memory. a. Processing b. Retrograde c. Encoding d. Retrieval

d

Dr. Leung is leading a research team to explore the retrieval practice effect. Which of the following will likely be a key component of her team's research protocol? a. Organizing b. Sleeping c. Elaborating d. Testing

d. Testing

Research into reconsolidation of memories in people who have PTSD has focused on the ________ aspects of memory. a. visual b. systemic c. episodic d. emotional

d. emotional

Hebb's idea of long-term potentiation, which provides a physiological mechanism for the long-term storage of memories, includes the idea of a. the growth of new dendrites in neurons. b. larger electrical impulses in the synapse. c. an increase in the size of cell bodies of neurons. d. increased firing in the neurons.

d. increased firing in the neurons.

Experimental evidence suggesting that the standard model of consolidation needs to be revised are data that show that the hippocampus was activated during retrieval of ___________ memories. a. recent and remote semantic b. remote semantic c. recent episodic d. recent and remote episodic

d. recent and remote episodic

The standard model of consolidation proposes that the hippocampus is a. uninvolved in memory consolidation. b. strongly active for long-ago memories that are already consolidated but becomes less active when memories are first formed and being consolidated. c. strongly active for both new memories as they are being consolidated and memories for events that occurred long ago and are already consolidated. d. strongly active when memories are first formed and being consolidated but becomes less active when retrieving older memories that are already consolidated.

d. strongly active when memories are first formed and being consolidated but becomes less active when retrieving older memories that are already consolidated.

Recent research on memory, based largely on fear conditioning in rats, indicates that a. fear conditioning is the most effective kind of conditioning for forming durable memories. b. memories are not susceptible to disruption once consolidation has occurred. c. memory consolidation does not occur when animals are afraid of a stimulus. d. when a memory is reactivated, it becomes capable of being changed or altered, just as it was immediately after it was formed.

d. when a memory is reactivated, it becomes capable of being changed or altered, just as it was immediately after it was formed.

Research on consolidation and sleep suggests that recall is best if a. one waits to sleep after study and does not expect to be tested. b. one sleeps soon after study and does not expect to be tested. c. one waits to sleep after study and expects to be tested. d. one sleeps soon after study and expects to be tested.

d. one sleeps soon after study and expects to be tested.

Which of the following is produced during the process of synaptic consolidation? a. lipids b. hormones c. amino acids d. proteins

d. proteins