Cognitive Psychology Exam 4: Book Questions

Yoda, a central character of the Star Wars movies created by George Lucas, has a distinctive way of speaking. His statement, "Afraid you will be," violates which property of the English language? a) Language involves the use of a lexicon b) Coding is required for language c) Language symbols must have high discriminability d) Language has a structure that is governed by rules

Language has a structure that is governed by rules

Lydia is 48 years old, single, outspoken, and very bright. She majored in philosophy as an undergraduate. As a student, she was deeply concerned with issues of discrimination and social justice, and she participated in anti- nuclear demonstrations. Which of the following alternatives is most probable? a) Lydia is a U.S. Congresswoman. b) Lydia is a U.S. Congresswoman and active in the feminist movement. c) Lydia is a state governor. d) Lydia is a state governor and active in the feminist movement.

Lydia is a U.S. Congresswoman.

Which problem provides an example of how functional fixedness can hinder solution of a problem? a) Tower of Hanoi problem b) Two-string problem c) Mutilated checkerboard problem d) The radiation problem

Two-string problem

Which of the following provides the best example of functional fixedness? a) Using a pair of pliers as a paperweight b) Using a tire as a swing seat and as a football practice target c) Using a juice glass as a container for orange juice d) Using a wine bottle as a vase

Using a juice glass as a container for orange juice

The best description of the purpose of think-aloud protocols is that they are used to determine a) what information a person is attending to while solving a problem. b) which people can be considered more creative in ability to solve problems. c) how to develop computer programs that best mimic human problem solving. d) how a person's expertise increases his or her likelihood of solving a problem, relative to a beginner.

What information a person is attending to while solving a problem

Which of the following is NOT influenced by meaning? a) Word frequency effect b) Word superiority effect c) Phonemic restoration effect d) The lexical decision task

Word frequency effect

"You can't have any pudding unless you eat your meat," says a man to his son at the dinner table. This is an example of a) inductive reasoning. b) a self-serving bias. c) a permission schema. d) the illusory correlation.

a permission schema.

The propositional approach may use any of the following EXCEPT a) abstract symbols. b) an equation. c) a spatial layout. d) a statement.

a spatial layout.

An experiment on the phonemic restoration effect would most likely include a) an extraneous cough. b) two similar-sounding letters (e.g., "T" and "C"). c) a categorical perception task. d) a garden-path sentence.

an extraneous cough

Mia has lived in New York City all her life. She has noticed that people from upper Manhattan walk really fast, but people from lower Manhattan tend to walk slowly. Mia's observations are likely influenced from a judgment error based on her using a) the law of large numbers. b) an atmosphere effect. c) an illusory correlation. d) the falsification principle.

an illusory correlation.

The text's discussion of the research on in vivo problem solving highlighted that ____ play(s) an important role in solving scientific problems. a) analogies b) insight c) flexibility d) subgoals

analogies

Boxing champion George Foreman recently described his family vacations with the statement, "At our ranch in Marshall, Texas, there are lots of ponds and I take the kids out and we fish. And then of course, we grill them." That a reader understands "them" appropriately (George grills fish, not his kids!) is the result of a(n) inference. a) narrative b) instrument c) analogic d) anaphoric

anaphoric

Consider the following sentences: "Captain Ahab wanted to kill the whale. He cursed at it." These two sentences taken together provide an example of a(n) a) instrument inference. b) garden path sequence. c) global connection. d) anaphoric inference.

anaphoric inference.

Suppose that, as a participant in an imagery study, you are asked to memorize the four outside walls of a three-story rectangular house. Later, you are asked to report how many windows are on the front of the house. You will probably be fastest to answer this question if you create an image as though you were standing a) right at the front door. b) two feet from the front door. c) at the far side of the front yard, away from the house. d) one mile away from the house.

at the far side of the front yard, away from the house.

Wally and Sharon are out on a date. When Sharon asks Wally where they should go for dinner, Wally says "My coworkers keep telling me about that new Japanese place downtown, so it must be a great place to eat." Wally's response illustrates the use of a(n) a) availability heuristic. b) confirmation bias. c) conjunction rule. d) permission schema.

availability heuristic.

Which statement below is most closely associated with the early history of the study of imagery? a) Imagery is based on spatial mechanisms like those involved in perception. b) Thought is always accompanied by imagery. c) People can rotate images of objects in their heads. d) Imagery is closely related to language.

b) Thought is always accompanied by imagery.

Peggy is participating in a paired-associate learning experiment. During the study period, she is presented with pairs of words such as boat-hat and car-house. While taking the test, she would be presented with a) b___ - h___. b) boat ____ - car ____. c) house. d) a blank piece of paper for free recall.

b) boat ____ - car ____.

Perky's experiment, in which participants were asked to "project" visual images of common objects onto a screen, showed that a) imagery and perception are two different phenomena. b) imagery and perception can interact with one another. c) there are large individual differences in people's ability to create visual images. d) creating a visual image can interfere with a perceptual judgment task.

b) imagery and perception can interact with one another.

In drawing conclusions about the relationship between imagery and perception, a notable difference between them is that a) perception and imagery processes do not share the same brain mechanisms. b) it is harder to manipulate mental images than perceptual images. c) imagery is more stable than perception. d) imagery occurs more automatically than perception.

b) it is harder to manipulate mental images than perceptual images.

Shepard and Meltzer measured the time it took for participants to decide whether two objects were the same (two different views of the same object) or different (two different objects). These researchers inferred cognitive processes by using a) image scanning. b) mental chronometry. c) epiphenomena. d) propositional representations.

b) mental chronometry.

The technique in which things to be remembered are placed at different locations in a mental image of a spatial layout is known as a) the pegword technique. b) method of loci. c) paired-associate learning. d) a propositional representation.

b) method of loci.

As described in your text, the pegword technique relies on all of the following EXCEPT a) associations. b) propositions. c) rhymes. d) visualizations.

b) propositions.

Your text describes the case of M.G.S. who underwent brain surgery as treatment for severe epilepsy. Testing of a) M.G.S. pre- and post-surgery revealed that the right visual cortex is involved in the b) size of the field of view. c) recognition of objects in the left side of space. d) ability to visually recognize objects. e) ability to draw objects from memory.

b) size of the field of view.

Amedi and coworkers used fMRI to investigate the differences between brain activation for perception and imagery. Their findings showed that when participants were ____ , some areas associated with non-visual sensation (such as hearing and touch) were ____ . a) using visual images; activated b) using visual images; deactivated c) perceiving stimuli; activated d) perceiving stimuli; deactivated

b) using visual images; deactivated

Which of the following is the best example of a garden path sentence? a) Before the police stopped the Toyota disappeared into the night. b) The man was not surprised when he found several spiders, roaches, and other bugs in the corner of the room. c) The cats won't bake. d) The Eskimos were frightened by the walrus.

Before the police stopped the Toyota disappeared into the night.

Which of the following statements does NOT apply to the results of research on differences between how experts and novices solve problems? a) Experts possess more knowledge about their fields than novices. b) Experts often organize problems differently than novices, based on principles. c) Experts often spend more time analyzing problems than novices. d) Being an expert in one field can transfer to better problem solving in another field.

Being an expert in one field can transfer to better problem solving in another field

When the process of analogical problem solving was applied to the fortress and radiation problems, which of the following represented the mapping step of this process? a) Likening the dangerous mines to the dangerous tumor b) Developing schemas for each individual problem c) Connecting the fortress with the tumor d) Generalizing from groups of soldiers to using many rays to solve the problem

Connecting the fortress with the tumor

In explaining the paradox that imagery and perception exhibit a double dissociation, Behrmann and coworkers suggested that perception necessarily involves ____ processing and imagery starts as a ____ process. a) bottom-up; bottom-up b) top-down; top-down c) bottom-up; top-down d) top-down; bottom-up

bottom-up; top-down

In Kaplan and Simon's experiment, they presented different versions of the mutilated checkerboard problem. Participants in the ____ group had the fastest response time. a) blank b) color c) black and pink d) bread and butter

bread and butter

The typical purpose of subgoals is to a) solve insight problems. b) move the solver directly from the initial state to the goal state. c) bring the problem solver closer and closer to the goal state. d) avoid the need to perform means-end analysis.

bring the problem solver closer and closer to the goal state.

Given its definition, expected utility theory is most applicable to deciding whether to a) break up or stay involved with a current girlfriend. b) go out for junior varsity hockey or junior varsity basketball. c) buy first class or coach tickets for a spring break trip. d) take astronomy or geology as a physical science elective course.

buys first class or coach tickets for a spring break trip.

Which of the following has been used as an argument AGAINST the idea that imagery is spatial in nature? a) The results of scanning experiments b) Depictive representations c) The tacit-knowledge explanation d) The distinction between propositional and spatial representations

c) The tacit-knowledge explanation

Behaviorists branded the study of imagery as being unproductive because a) some people have great difficulty forming visual images. b) visual images vary in detail. c) visual images are invisible to everyone except the person experiencing them. d) the imageless thought debate was unresolved.

c) visual images are invisible to everyone except the person experiencing them.

An experiment measures participants' performance in judging syllogisms. Two premises and a conclusion are presented as stimuli, and participants are asked to indicate (yes or no) if the conclusion logically follows from the premises. Error rates are then calculated for each syllogism. This experiment studies ____ reasoning. a) deductive b) intuitive c) falsification d) inductive

deductive

Ali works for Citrus Squeeze, a company that makes orange juice. Sales of their calcium-enhanced OJ have been poor, and the product was cancelled. His factory still had three cases of cartons, and Ali was told he could take them if he wanted them. With the cartons, Ali made several birdfeeders for his backyard and also planted tree seedlings in some of them; he used the remaining ones to build a "fort" for his four-year-old son. Ali's use of the cartons represents a) convergent thinking. b) divergent thinking. c) insight. d) hierarchical organization.

divergent thinking

Tanenhaus and coworkers' eye movement study presented participants with different pictures for interpreting the sentence, "Put the apple on the towel in the box." Their results showed the importance of ____ in how we understand sentences in real-life situations. a) the cooperative principle b) local connections c) environmental context d) instrumental inferences

environmental context

Glinda is sure that if her boyfriend proposes, she will feel elation. This is an example of an a) expected emotion. b) immediate emotion. c) integral immediate emotion. d) incidental immediate emotion.

expected emotion

Mental imagery involves a) experiencing a sensory impression in the absence of sensory input. b) mental representations of the current sensory inputs. c) sensory representations of a stimulus. d) the misrepresentation of a stimulus as possessing physical attributes that are, in fact, absent.

experiencing a sensory impression in the absence of sensory input.

Cosmides and Tooby tested participants' ability to solve variations of the Wason problem, including ones containing stories about a particular culture. Their results showed that ____ is not always necessary for conditional reasoning. a) familiarity b) a premise c) validity d) using a heuristic

familiarity

In an eye movement study, Rayner and coworkers had participants read sentences that contained either a high- or low- frequency target word. For example, the sentence "Sam wore the horrid coat though his ____ girlfriend complained," contained either the target word "pretty" or "demure." Results showed the participants' ____ was shorter for the target word ____ . a) lexical distinction; pretty b) lexical distinction; demure c) fixation; pretty d) fixation; demure

fixation; pretty

In its discussion of expertise and problem solving, your text identifies the kind of scientists who are most likely to make revolutionary discoveries in their fields. This particular discussion suggests that ____ may be more important than ____ in creative thinking. a) experience; structure b) structure; experience c) flexibility; experience d) experience; flexibility

flexibility; experience

Holyoak and Koh presented different versions of the light bulb problem to assist in solving the radiation problem. They found the ____ version to be more effective, because it had ____ features in common with the radiation problem. a) insufficient-intensity; surface b) insufficient-intensity; structural c) fragile-glass; surface d) fragile-glass; structural

fragile-glass; structural

In New Guinea, tribes that had been isolated for centuries were found that a) had a large number of sophisticated language systems. b) had languages that were more primitive than languages of most non-isolated societies. c) communicated by hand signals but not verbal language as we know it. d) had just a few language systems that were all governed by similar rules.

had a large number of sophisticated language systems.

Language consists of smaller components, like words, that can be combined to form larger ones, like phrases, to create sentences, which themselves can be components of a larger story. This demonstrates the property of language. a) hierarchical b) relational c) parallel d) propositional

hierarchical

To explain the fact that some neuropsychological studies show close parallels between perceptual deficits and deficits in imagery, while other studies do not find this parallel, it has been proposed that the mechanism for imagery is located at ____ visual centers and the mechanism for perception is located at ____ visual centers. a) lower; higher b) higher; lower c) both lower and higher; higher d) higher; both lower and higher

higher; both lower and higher

Noam Chomsky proposed that a) humans are genetically programmed to acquire and use language. b) language is learned through the mechanism of reinforcement. c) as children learn language, they produce only sentences they have heard before. d) the underlying basis of language is different across cultures.

humans are genetically programmed to acquire and use language.

One reason that most people do not easily solve the original (abstract) version of the Wason four-card problem is that they a) ignore the falsification principle. b) are influenced by the atmosphere effect. c) confuse the ideas of validity and truth. d) incorrectly apply the permission schema.

ignore the falsification principle.

Making probable conclusions based on evidence involves ____ reasoning. a) deductive b) syllogistic c) inductive d) connective

inductive

Bonnie has ordered her monthly supply of medicines through the mail for the past five years. Except for one order, all orders have arrived within two business days. Bonnie placed an order yesterday, and she expects to receive her order tomorrow. Bonnie is using a) an omission bias. b) inductive reasoning. c) the conjunction rule. d) the similarity-coverage model.

inductive reasoning

In the Tower of Hanoi problem, the ____ state involves having three discs stacked on the left peg, with the middle and right pegs empty. a) transitory b) goal c) intermediate d) initial

initial

Ira and his sister are playing "Name that Tune," the object of which is to name the title of the song when given the song's first line. Ira suggests the line "Sleigh bells ring, are you listening?" His sister can't come up with the answer at first, but realizing that the title is often embedded in the lyrics, she tries to sing them silently to herself. She then bursts out "Ah! It's 'Winter Wonderland'!" It is most likely that Ira's sister used ____ in playing the game. a) mental chronometry b) mental synthesis c) visual imagery d) inner audition

inner audition

Chaz is listening to his grandma reminisce about the first time she danced with his grandpa 60 years ago. When his grandma says, "It seemed like the song would play forever," Chaz understands that it is more likely his grandma was listening to a radio playing and not a CD. This understanding requires Chaz use a(n) a) garden path model. b) given-new contract. c) instrument inference. d) age-appropriate principle.

instrument inference

The analogical paradox refers to problem-solving differences between a) experts and novices. b) laboratory and real-world settings. c) experimental groups and control groups. d) well- and ill-defined problems.

laboratory and real-world settings

Your textbook suggests that a trait that appears to be common to both mental illness and creativity is ____ . a) low pressure tolerance b) high levels of neuroticism c) low capacity for divergent thinking d) latent inhibition

latent inhibition

Ron is an avid reader. He has a large vocabulary because every time he comes across a word he doesn't know, he looks it up in the dictionary. Ron encounters "wanderlust" in a novel, reaches for the dictionary, and finds out this word means "desire to travel." The process of looking up unfamiliar words increases Ron's a) lexicon. b) parser. c) syntactical capacity. d) mental set.

lexicon

Finke's creating an object studies show that people were more likely to come up with creative uses for preinventive objects if they a) made the objects themselves. b) had received training in creative thinking. c) had been preselected as "creative" individuals. d) were told they were expected to be creative.

made the objects themselves

The scanning task used by Kosslyn involves a) visual icons. b) mental images. c) perceptual images. d) echoic schemas

mental images.

Kosslyn's island experiment used the ____ procedure. a) mental scanning b) categorization c) priming d) mental walk

mental scanning

Finke's "creating an object" experiment had participants create a novel object by combining parts. Once they created an object, they were given the name of an object category and instructed to interpret their creation as a practical object or device within that category. Finke used the term preinventive forms to describe the a) object parts. b) novel objects before a function was described. c) practical objects within the category. d) inventions rated high in both practicality and originality.

novel objects before a function was described.

Actions that take the problem from one state to another are known as a) intermediate states. b) subgoals. c) operators. d) mental sets

operators

By using a(n) ____ , a country could increase the percentage of individuals agreeing to be organ donors dramatically. a) opt-out procedure b) opt-in procedure c) pragmatic reasoning schema d) permission schema

opt-out procedure

The pegword technique is particularly suitable for use when you need to remember items based on their a) order. b) importance. c) concreteness. d) bizarreness.

order

Newell and Simon were early pioneers in designing computer programs that could solve problems. Their research program was based on the idea that problem solving is a process that involves a) insight. b) algorithms. c) parity. d) search

search

A syllogism is valid if a) the conclusion follows logically from the two premises. b) the two premises and the conclusion are true. c) there is evidence to support the two premises. d) there is no more than one exception to the conclusion.

the conclusion follows logically from the two premises.

Stereotypes are reinforced by all of the following EXCEPT a) the availability heuristic. b) illusory correlations. c) selective attention. d) the falsification principle

the falsification principle

According to your text, the key to solving the Wason four-card problem is a) a mental model. b) a categorical syllogism. c) the law of large numbers. d) the falsification principle.

the falsification principle.

Brain imaging studies reveal that semantics and syntax are associated with which two lobes of the cerebral cortex? a) the parietal and occipital lobes b) the frontal and temporal lobes c) the temporal and parietal lobes d) the frontal and parietal lobes

the frontal and temporal lobes

Lexical ambiguity studies show that people access ambiguous words based on a) the identification of a single meaning for that word. b) the meaning dominance of each definition of the word. c) the word that comes immediately before and the word that comes immediately after the ambiguous word in the sentence. d) a bottom-up progression of meaning comprehension.

the meaning dominance of each definition of the word.

Failing to consider the law of large numbers most likely results in errors concerning a) confirmation bias. b) utility. c) the falsification principle. d) the representativeness heuristic.

the representativeness heuristic.

In an experiment that combined both physiological and behavioral approaches to the study of decision making, PFC activity was recorded while participants accepted or rejected proposals to split a sum of money ($10). PFC activation was a) greatest for accepted offers. b) greatest for rejected offers. c) the same for accepted and rejected offers. d) dependent on how much money the responder was offered.

the same for accepted and rejected offers.

Janet is alone in a room that contains a chair and a shelf with a book resting on top. She attempts to retrieve the book, but the shelf is a foot above her reach. How will Janet retrieve the book? Psychologists would NOT classify this scenario as a problem because a) the solution is immediately obvious. b) there is an obstacle between the present state and the goal state. c) the initial state is not clearly defined. d) the goal state is not clearly defined.

the solution is immediately obvious.

Insight refers to a) prior learning facilitating problem solving. b) prior learning hindering problem solving. c) the tendency to respond in a certain manner, based on past experience. d) the sudden realization of a problem's solution.

the sudden realization of a problem's solution.

The lesson to be learned from the imagery techniques for memory enhancement (for example, the pegword technique) is that these techniques work because a) distinctive images tend to provide easy "magical" improvements in memory. b) they tap into reliable ways to develop "photographic" memory. c) their flexible, undefined structures allow rememberers to spontaneously organize information in any way they want. d) they showcase the fact that memory improvement requires a great deal of practice and perseverance.

they showcase the fact that memory improvement requires a great deal of practice and perseverance.

The word "bad" has ____ phoneme(s). a) one b) two c) three d) four

three

People tend to overestimate a) what negative feelings will occur following a decision more so than positive feelings. b) what positive feelings will occur following a decision more so than negative feelings. c) what positive and negative feelings will occur following a decision to the same degree. d) subjective utility values following a decision.

what negative feelings will occur following a decision more so than positive feelings.

A circular plate rests at the center of a small square table. Around the table are a total of four chairs, one along each side of the square table. A person with unilateral neglect sits down in one of the chairs and eats from the plate. After he is "finished," he moves to the next chair on his right and continues to eat from the plate. Assuming he never moves the plate and he continues with this procedure (moving one chair to the right and eating) how many chairs will he have to sit in to eat all the food on the plate? a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4

3

One hundred students are enrolled in State University's course on introductory physics for math and science majors. In the group, 60 students are math majors and 40 are science majors. Sarah is in the class. She got all As in her high school science courses, and she would like to be a chemist someday. She lives on campus. Her boyfriend is also in the class. There is a ____ chance that Sarah is a science major. a) 40% b) 50% c) 60% d) 100%

40%

Pollack and Pickett's experiment on understanding speech found that when participants were presented with individual words taken out of conversations (single words presented alone with no context), they could identify a) 100% of the words spoken by their own voices. b) 50% of the words spoken by their own voices. c) 50% of the words spoken by others with an accent similar to theirs. d) none of the words spoken by others.

50% of the words spoken by their own voices.

The rule of the Wason four-card problem is, "If there is a vowel on one side, then there is an even number on the other side." Let's say you are presented with A, 8, M, and 13, each showing on one of four cards. To see if the rule is valid, you would have to turn over the cards showing a) 8 and M. b) A and M. c) A and 13. d) 8 and 13.

A and 13.

____ identified people's tendency to focus on a specific characteristic of a problem that keeps them from arriving at a solution as a major obstacle to successful problem solving. a) Information processing psychologists b) Gestalt psychologists c) Psychophysicists d) The analogical problem solving approach

Gestalt psychologists

Which of the following statements would most likely invoke the operation of a permission schema? a) No artists can be beekeepers, but some of the beekeepers must be chemists. b) All A are B. All B are C. Therefore, all A are C. c) I forgot to charge my cell phone last night, therefore I missed an important call today. d) If I get an A on my cognitive psychology exam, I can go out with my friends Saturday night.

If I get an A on my cognitive psychology exam, I can go out with my friends Saturday night.

Gick and Holyoak consider which of the following to be the most difficult step to achieve in the process of analogical problem solving? a) Noticing that there is an analogous relationship between problems because most participants need prompting before they notice a connection b) Mapping corresponding parts between the problems because the elements are difficult to identify c) Applying the mapping to generate a parallel solution because of the difficulty in generalizing from one problem to another d) Solving the problem through reorganization because past experience can make it more difficult to reorganize a problem

Noticing that there is an analogous relationship between problems because most participants need prompting before they notice a connection

The ____ states that the nature of a culture's language can affect the way people think. a) interactionist approach b) Sapir-Whorf hypothesis c) given-new contract d) cooperative principle

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

Which concept below is most closely associated with the evolutionary perspective to solving the Wason fourcard problem? a) Permission schemas b) Falsification principle c) Social-exchange theory d) Availability heuristic

Social-exchange theory

You are conducting a study on how fluency influences the phonemic restoration effect. You study two groups of non-native English speakers, one with a year of English classes and the other with 10 years. All of your stimuli are in English. Who would you expect to show the greatest phonemic restoration effect? a) The group with one year of English instruction b) The group with 10 years of English instruction c) The two groups would show equal phonemic restoration effects d) Neither group would show an effect because they are non-native English speakers

The group with 10 years of English instruction

Luis is taking his girlfriend, Rosa, to a resort town neither one of them has visited. Luis wants to make a good impression on Rosa, so he spends the week before the trip reading about fun places to go while they are there. He also memorizes a map of the small resort town so he can lead her around without bothering to ask for directions. When they arrive, they first visit a botanical garden. When Rosa says, "Where to next?" Luis conjures a mental image of the map and says, "art museum." Let's assume the garden was six inches due south on the map and that it took Luis four seconds to scan the map image between the two. After they visit the museum, Luis takes Rosa to a fancy restaurant. On the map, the restaurant was three inches northwest of the museum, so it is most likely that when Luis scanned the image to find the restaurant, the scan took approximately ____ seconds. a) 2 b) 3 c) 4 d) 6

a) 2

Suppose we ask people to perform the following cognitive tasks. Which is LEAST likely to strongly activate the visual cortex? a) Imagine the meaning of the word "ethics." b) Imagine your car first from far away and then how it looks as you walk closer to it. c) Imagine a typical unsharpened pencil. Approximate its length in inches. d) Imagine a tic-tac-toe game proceeding from start to finish.

a) Imagine the meaning of the word "ethics."

Sometimes a behavioral event can occur at the same time as a cognitive process, even though the behavior isn't needed for the cognitive process. For example, many people look toward the ceiling when thinking about a complex problem, even though "thinking" would likely continue if they didn't look up. This describes a(n) a) epiphenomenon. b) inner scribe. c) convergent behavior. d) propositional behavior.

a) epiphenomenon.

Imagine you are interpreting a pair of sentences such as "The sidewalk was covered with ice" and "Ramona fell down." The kind of inference we use to link these sentences together would most likely be a(n) inference. a) causal b) coherent c) anaphoric d) instrument

causal

The given-new contract is a method for creating a) comprehension between a speaker and a listener in a conversation. b) children's mastery of syntax. c) resolution of a lexically ambiguous sentence. d) anaphoric inferences between consecutive sentences.

comprehension between a speaker and a listener in a conversation.

If a motorcycle cop believes that young female drivers speed more than other drivers, he will likely notice young female drivers speeding in the fast lane but fail to notice young male or older drivers doing the same. In this case, the police officer's judgments are biased by the operation of the a) permission schema. b) confirmation bias. c) falsification principle. d) typicality principle.

confirmation bias

In the movie Apollo 13, astronauts aboard a damaged spacecraft have to build a carbon dioxide filter out of random items that are aboard the ship with them. If they do not, they will all die rapidly of carbon dioxide poisoning. The fact that they are able to do so with the help of experts on Earth is similar to the ____ approach developed by Ronald Finke. a) convergent thinking b) creative cognition c) divergent thinking d) the means-end analysis

creative cognition

Suppose we asked people to form simultaneous images of two or more animals such as a rabbit alongside an elephant. Then, we ask them basic questions about the animals. For example, we might ask if the rabbit has whiskers. Given our knowledge of imagery research, we would expect the fastest response to this question when the rabbit is imagined alongside a) a wolf. b) an anteater. c) a rhinoceros. d) a bumblebee

d) a bumblebee

Shepard and Meltzer's "image rotation" experiment was so influential and important to the study of cognition because it demonstrated a) how easy mental rotation is for humans. b) that humans cannot successfully rotate mental images beyond 90 degrees. c) that humans can only perform mental rotation on "real-world" objects. d) imagery and perception may share the same mechanisms.

d) imagery and perception may share the same mechanisms.

In the lexical decision task, participants are asked to a) separate a sentence into individual words. b) decide which meaning of an ambiguous sentence is correct in a specific situation. c) identify words that are contained in sentences. d) decide whether a string of letters is a word or a non-word.

decide whether a string of letters is a word or a non-word.

Wilma is a famous chef. Since she does not like to share her secret family recipes, she does not write down her special creations, which makes it difficult to remember their ingredients. To aid her memory, she has created a unique "mental walk" that she takes to recall each recipe. For each one, she has a familiar "route" she can imagine walking through (e.g., from the end of her driveway to her living room) where she places each item in the recipe somewhere along the way (e.g., Tabasco sauce splattered on the front door). By doing so, Wilma is using _________ to organize her memories. a) mental synthesis b) paired-associate learning c) the pegword technique d) method of loci

d) method of loci

Your text describes imagery performance of a patient with unilateral neglect. This patient was asked to imagine himself standing at one end of a familiar plaza and to report the objects he saw. His behavior shows a) neglect manifests itself in perception only, not in imagery. b) neglect occurred in imagery such that some objects in the plaza were never reported. c) neglect involved both the left and right sides of the visual field, with an apparently "random" agnosia of different components of the fields. 35 d) neglect always occurred on the left side of the image, with "left side" being determined by the direction in which the patient imagined he was positioned.

d) neglect always occurred on the left side of the image, with "left side" being determined by the direction in which the patient imagined he was positioned.

Kosslyn's transcranial magnetic stimulation experiment on brain activation that occurs in response to imagery found that the brain activity in the visual cortex a) is an epiphenomenon. b) can be inferred using mental chronometry. c) supports the idea that the mechanism responsible for imagery involves propositional representations. d) plays a causal role in both perception and imagery.

d) plays a causal role in both perception and imagery.

According to the situation model of text processing, a) people create a mental representation of what the text is about in terms of information about phrases, sentences, and paragraphs. b) people create a mental representation of what the text is about in terms of people, objects, locations, and events. c) it will take longer to understand a story that involves a complex series of situations. d) people draw inferences about what is happening in a story by considering both local and global connections.

people create a mental representation of what the text is about in terms of people, objects, locations, and events.

When the "abstract" version of the Wason four-card problem is compared to a "concrete" version of the problem (in which beer, soda, and ages are substituted for the letters and numbers), a) performance is better for the concrete task. b) performance is better for the abstract task. c) performance is the same for both tasks. d) performing the abstract task improves performance of the concrete task.

performance is better for the concrete task.

The application of a(n) ____ makes it easier to solve the "drinking beer" version of the Wason problem. a) conjunction rule b) permission schema c) atmosphere effect d) availability heuristic

permission schema

Research in neuroeconomics has found that the function of the ____ may be to deal with the cognitive demands of a given task, while the ____ is responsible for handling emotional goals such as resenting an unfair outcome. a) basal ganglia; corpus callosum b) striate nucleus; locus coeruleus c) prefrontal cortex; insula d) diencephalon; putamen

prefrontal cortex; insula

Ty has finished work on his doctoral dissertation. He studied how most adults understand words, specifically the priming effects of categorically related words and submitted a proposal to be included in a psychological conference to present his work to his peers. Presentations at the conference are grouped based on the particular topic in psychology under consideration. It is most likely that Ty's work will be presented in a conference session on a) psychophysics. b) psychoacoustics. c) neuropsychology. d) psycholinguistics.

psycholinguistics.

Gestalt psychologists consider problem solving as a process involving a) reorganization or restructuring. b) multiple goal states. c) sensory operators. d) continuity and form.

reorganization or restructuring

The radiation problem can be solved using a) representation and restructuring. b) means-end analysis. c) warmth judgments. d) mental set.

representation and restructuring

Coherence refers to the a) mental process by which readers create information during reading that is not explicitly stated in the text. b) principle that we process information in isolation before we link it to its context. c) mental process whereby ambiguity is resolved online during sentence reading. d) representation of the text in a reader's mind, so that information in one part of the text is related to information in another part of the text.

representation of the text in a reader's mind, so that information in one part of the text is related to information in another part of the text.

Warmth judgments on nearness to a solution ____ prior to the solution of an insight problem and ____ prior to the solution of a non-insight problem. a) gradually rise; gradually rise b) gradually rise; rise suddenly just c) rise suddenly just; gradually rise d) vary unpredictably; vary unpredictably

rise suddenly just; gradually rise

Imagine that your friend James has just taken up the habit of smoking cigars because he thinks it makes him look cool. You are concerned about the detrimental effects of smoking on his health, and you raise that concern to him. James gets a bit annoyed with your criticism and says "George Burns smoked cigars, and he lived to be 100!" You might point out that a major problem with his "George Burns" argument involves a) framing. b) the conjunction rule. c) sample size. d) none of these

sample size

Illustrative of functional fixedness, people are more likely to solve the candle problem if a) fewer tacks are provided. b) pliers are also presented. c) the box is empty. d) the candle is already lit

the box is empty.

Mr. Huff always passes back exams to his algebra class in descending order (the highest grade is handed out first). Today, Maddelyn was the first to receive her exam. Joy complained, remarking, "Maddelyn, you always get the highest grade in algebra. It was true all last year and so far this year." Maddelyn was not sure if this was correct. To figure out if this was true, Maddelyn should a) search her memory for instances when she did get her exam back first and for instances when she did not. b) search her memory for instances when she did not get her exam back first. c) search her memory for instances when she did get her exam back first. d) wait until the next exam is passed back to see if she gets hers back first.

search her memory for instances when she did get her exam back first and for instances when she did not.

The water-jug problem demonstrates that one consequence of having a procedure that does provide a solution to a problem is that, if well-learned, it may prevent us from a) seeing more efficient solutions to the problem. b) being able to solve other problems at all. c) understanding why the procedure works successfully. d) discriminating between well- and ill-defined problems.

seeing more efficient solutions to the problem

The interactionist approach to parsing states that a) semantics is activated only at the end of a sentence. b) semantics is activated as a sentence is being read. c) the grammatical structure of a sentence determines the initial parsing. d) semantics is only activated to clear up ambiguity.

semantics is activated as a sentence is being read.

According to the idea of ________, when we read a sentence like, "Carmelo grabbed his coat from his bedroom and his backpack from the living room, walked downstairs, and called his friend Gerry," we create a simulation of Carmelo's apartment and keep track of his location as he moves throughout the apartment. a) global connections b) situation models c) causal inference d) speech continuity

situation models

The word frequency effect refers to the fact that we respond more a) slowly to low-frequency words than high-frequency words. b) slowly to letters appearing in non-words than letters appearing in words. c) quickly to letters that appear multiple times in a word than just once in a word. d) quickly to phonemes that appear multiple times in a word than just once in a word.

slowly to low-frequency words than high-frequency words

Many people receive unsolicited calls from telemarketers or unwanted "junk" mailers advertising offers for products such as cable or internet services or cellular phone companies. Most people do not consider these offers and do not make a change to the plans or services that they receive because they do not want to make a decision that requires serious consideration or thought. This is an example of the ____ bias. a) actor-observer b) dual systems c) self-serving d) status quo

status quo

People are most successful at noticing an analogous relationship between problems if they focus on a) surface features. b) structural features. c) operators. d) mental sets.

structural features

A psycholinguist conducts an experiment with a group of participants from a small village in Asia and another from a small village in South America. She asked the groups to describe the bands of color they saw in a rainbow and found they reported the same number of bands as their language possessed primary color words. These results a) support the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. b) contradict the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. c) support the word frequency effect. d) contradict the word frequency effect.

support the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

When two people engage in a conversation, if one person produces a specific grammatical construction in her speech and then the other person does the same, this phenomenon is referred to as a) anaphoric inferencing. b) phonemic restoration. c) garden-pathing. d) syntactic priming.

syntactic priming.

In analogical problem solving, the ____ problem is the problem that an individual is trying to solve, and the ____ problem, which has been solved in the past, is used as a guide for reaching that solution. a) source; target b) target; source c) prototype; target d) exemplar; source

target; source

The evolutionary approach proposes that the Wason problem can be understood in terms of people's a) innate language abilities. b) ability to work well with a group of others. c) innate reasoning abilities. d) tendency to detect when others are cheating.

tendency to detect when others are cheating.