Cognitive Psychology Exam IV

Jonas bought a new leather jacket after saving for many months for the luxury purchase. on the first day he went out wearing the new garment, he found a $50 bill on the sidewalk outside of his office. he now refers to the jacket as his "lucky jacket" and believes that it has some magical power to give him good fortune. jonas's belief in the jacket's cosmic ability is an example of

An illusory correlation

In order for two people to be able to communicate ideas, it is most helpful when they share _________, or a similar set of knowledge.

Common Ground

Which property below is not one of the characteristics that makes human language unique?

Communication

Glinda is sure that if her boyfriend proposes, she will feel elation. This is an example of an

Expected emotion

Evidence that language is a social process that must be learned comes from the fact that when deaf children find themselves in an environment where there are no people who speak or use sign language, they are unable to develop any formal language skills.

False

Language consists of smaller components, like words, that can be combined to form larger ones, like phrases, to create sentences, which themselves can be components of a larger story. This demonstrates the ____________ property of language.

Hierarchal Structure

Noam Chomsky proposed that

Humans are genetically programmed to acquire and use language.

Which of the following statements would most likely invoke the operation of a permission schema?

If I get an A on my cognitive psychology exam, I can go out with my friends Saturday night.

Gossip, which makes up about 60-70% of conversations, is argued to be an important part of defining ____ and ____ and in regulating the social world.

In-groups and out-groups

One particular trait which appears to be present in creative individuals which helps them be able to develop unique and novel ides is a decreased ________. However this trait may also play a role in the increased rates of mental illness that can be present in creative individuals

Lateral Inhibition

Ron is an avid reader. He has a large vocabulary because every time he comes across a word he doesn't know, he looks it up in the dictionary. Ron encounters "wanderlust" in a novel, reaches for the dictionary, and finds out this word means "desire to travel." The process of looking up unfamiliar words increases Ron's

Lexicon

Our tendency to talk about the positive attributes of members of our in-group, and the negative attributes with adjective instead of verbs is referred to as:

Linguistic Intergroup Bias

B.F. Skinner, the modern champion of behaviorism, proposed that language is learned through

Reinforcement

Coherence refers to the:

Representation of the text in a reader's mind, so that information in one part of the text is related to information in another part of the text.

One hundred students are enrolled in State University's course on introductory physics for math and science majors. In the group, 60 students are math majors and 40 are science majors. Sarah is in the class. She got all As in her high school science courses, and she would like to be a chemist someday. She lives on campus. Her boyfriend is also in the class. There is a ____ chance that Sarah is a science major.

40%

Syntax is

The rules for combining words into sentences.

A Phoneme refers to:

The shortest segment of speech that, if changed, changes the meaning of a word.

Janet is alone in a room that contains a chair and a shelf with a book resting on top. She attempts to retrieve the book, but the shelf is a foot above her reach. How will Janet retrieve the book? Psychologists would NOT classify this scenario as a problem because

The solution is immediately obvious

Consider the following syllogism: All cats are birds. All birds have wings. All cats have wings.

Valid

Which of the following is an example of how people in a conversation tend to exhibit similar accents and rates of speech, often associated with people's social identity?

While Adam is a native English speaker he uses an Australian accent when he speaks to his dad who is from Australia.

Of the following real-world phenomena, the confirmation bias best explains the observation that people

can cite several reasons for their position on a controversial issue but none for the opposing side.

Syllogism is valid if:

the conclusion follows logically from it's two premises.

Imagine that your friend James has just taken up the habit of smoking cigars because he thinks it makes him look cool. You are concerned about the detrimental effects of smoking on his health, and you raise that concern to him. James gets a bit annoyed with your criticism and says "George Burns smoked cigars, and he lived to be 100!" You might point out that a major problem with his "George Burns" argument involves

Sample Size

The ________ refers to the belief that the human brain has evolved as a means of surviving and reproducing in large and complex social groups, and a significant part of this evolution has included developing more complex and complicated forms of language.

Social Brain Hypothesis

When exchanging gossip, information is believed to be spreading through what structure?

Social Networks