Cognitive Psychology Final Exam - Dr. Lisa Topp-Manriquez (Unit 3 Review)

plays a causal role in both perception and imagery.

Kosslyn's transcranial magnetic stimulation experiment on brain activation that occurs in response to imagery found that the brain activity in the visual cortex

Elaborative is more effective than maintenance.

How would you describe the relationship between elaborative rehearsal and maintenance rehearsal in terms of establishing long-term memories?

extreme vividness of a memory does not mean it is accurate.

A lesson to be learned from the research on flashbulb memories is that

spatial

A mental rotation task is focused on the ________ aspect of imagery

a sequence of actions.

A script is a type of schema that also includes knowledge of

short and across several days.

According to memory research, studying is most effective if study sessions are

Making a connection between each word and something you've previously learned

According to the levels of processing theory, which of the following tasks will produce the best long-term memory for a set of words?

imagery can be used to create connections between items to be remembered.

According to your text, imagery enhances memory because

encoding

Acquiring information and transforming it into long-term memory is

transition points

Asking people to recall the most influential events that happened during their college careers shows that __________ in people's lives appear to be particularly memorable.

Illusory truth effect

Despite scientific evidence to the contrary, Harry believes that drinking dandelion tea would improve his long-term memory because he saw several news stories and articles about it online. What is Harry experiencing

repeating it over and over.

Elaborative rehearsal of a word will LEAST likely be accomplished by

retrieval cues

Examples from your book describing real experiences of how memories, even ones from a long time ago, can be stimulated by locations, songs, and smells highlight the importance of ___________ in long-term memory.

It is memory for the circumstances surrounding how a person heard about an emotional event that remains especially vivid but not necessarily accurate over time.

Flashbulb memory is best represented by which of the following statements?

adolescence and young adulthood.

For most adults over age 40, the reminiscence bump describes enhanced memory for

schemas

In the experiment in which participants sat in an office and then were asked to remember what they saw in the office, participants "remembered" some things, like books, that weren't actually there. This experiment illustrates the effect of __________ on memory.

the self-reference effect.

Jeannie loves to dance, having taken ballet for many years. She is now learning salsa dancing. Although the movements are very different from the dances she is familiar with, she has found a successful memory strategy of linking the new dance information to her previous experiences as a dancer and to her own affection for dance. This strategy suggests reliance on

tendency of objects in the same category to become organized.

Jenkins and Russell (1952) presented a list of words like "chair, apple, dish, shoe, cherry, sofa" to participants. In a test, participants recalled the words in a different order than the order in which they were originally presented. This result occurred because of the

Katie should perform better because of the spacing effect.

Katie and Alana are roommates taking the same psychology class. They have a test in four days during a 10:00-11:00 AM class period. Both women intend to study for three hours, but because of different work schedules, Katie will study one hour for each of the next three days, while Alana will study three hours the day before the exam. What could you predict about their performances?

mental scanning

Kosslyn's island experiment used the ___________ procedure.

even if they are told to ignore the post-event information.

Lindsay's misinformation effect experiment, in which participants were given a memory test about a sequence of slides showing a maintenance man stealing money and a computer, showed that participants are influenced by misleading post-event information

repressed

Memories of the past that have been pushed out of a person's consciousness are considered to be ________.

Freedom

Paivio (1963) proposed the conceptual peg hypothesis. His work suggests which of the following would be most difficult to remember?

encoding specificity.

People often report an annoying memory failure when they walk from one end of the house to the other for something and then forget what they wanted when they reach their destination. As soon as they return to the first room, they are reminded of what they wanted in the first place. This common experience best illustrates the principle of

when viewing a lineup, an eyewitness's confidence in his or her choice of the suspect can be increased by an authority's confirmation of his or her choice, even when the choice is wrong.

Research on eyewitness testimony reveals that

highlighting

Research shows that ___________ does not improve reading comprehension because it does not encourage elaborative processing of the material.

mental chronometry.

Shepard and Metzler measured the time it took for participants to decide whether two objects were the same (two different views of the same object) or different (two different objects). These researchers inferred cognitive processes by using

imagery and perception may share the same mechanisms.

Shepard and Metzler's "image rotation" experiment was so influential and important to the study of cognition because it demonstrated

the presence of a weapon hinders memory for other parts of the event.

Stanny and Johnson's "weapons focus" experiment, investigating memory for crime scenes, found that

at the far side of the front yard, away from the house.

Suppose that, as a participant in an imagery study, you are asked to memorize the four outside walls of a three-story rectangular house. Later, you are asked to report how many windows are on the front of the house. You will probably be fastest to answer this question if you create an image as though you were standing

a bumblebee.

Suppose we asked people to form simultaneous images of two or more animals such as a rabbit alongside an elephant. Then, we ask them basic questions about the animals. For example, we might ask if the rabbit has whiskers. Given our knowledge of imagery research, we would expect the fastest response to this question when the rabbit is imagined alongside

is based on spatial or language mechanisms.

The "imagery debate" is concerned with whether imagery

Location

The concept of encoding specificity is grounded in which of the following?

Cake mug

The conceptual peg hypothesis would predict enhanced memory for which word pair?

they showcase the fact that memory improvement requires a great deal of practice and perseverance.

The lesson to be learned from the imagery techniques for memory enhancement (e.g.,, the pegword technique) is that these techniques work because

produce some short-term remembering, but fail to produce longer-term memories.

The maintenance rehearsal task of learning a word by repeating it over and over again is most likely to

. after the event

The misinformation effect occurs when a person's memory for an event is modified by misleading information presented

the method of loci.

The technique in which things to be remembered are placed at different locations in a mental image of a spatial layout is known as

the type of encoding task matches the type of retrieval task.

Transfer-appropriate processing is likely to occur if

cryptoamnesia.

Unconscious plagiarism of the work of others is known as

Although Emily doesn't very often think about her first love, Steve, she can't help getting caught up in happy memories when "their song" (the first song they danced to) plays on the radio.

Which example below best demonstrates state-dependent learning?

Distraction

Which of the following is a key factor in the memory-enhancing capacity of sleep?

Repetition

Which of the following is key to the illusory truth effect?

Propositional

Which of the following representation types is associated with abstract concepts?

Serena's keys were stolen from her purse. She cannot give a detailed description of her keychain to the police, even though she used it every day for three years.

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates how effective or ineffective maintenance rehearsal is in transferring information into long-term memory?

relaxed

You have been studying for weeks for a nursing school entrance exam. You love the idea of becoming a nurse, and you have been enjoying learning about the material for your exam. Each night, you put on comfortable clothes and study in the quiet of your lovely home. Memory research suggests you should take your test with a(n) ________ mindset.

schema

Your friend has been sick for several days, so you go over to her home to make her some chicken soup. Searching for a spoon, you first reach in a top drawer beside the dishwasher. Then, you turn to the big cupboard beside the stove to search for a pan. In your search, you have relied on a kitchen

neglect always occurred on the left side of the image, with "left side" being determined by the direction in which the patient imagined he was positioned.

Your text describes imagery performance of a patient with unilateral neglect. This patient was asked to imagine himself standing at one end of a familiar plaza and to report the objects he saw. His behavior shows

Retrieval

___________ cues help us remember information that has been stored in memory.

Deep processing involves paying closer attention to a stimulus than shallow processing and results in better processing.

Which statement below is most closely associated with levels of processing theory?

Kim performs better because of consolidation

Lakeisha and Kim have been studying for two hours for their chemistry exam. Both girls are tired of studying. Lakeisha decides to watch a two-hour movie on DVD, while Kim decides to go to bed. What would you predict about their performance on the chemistry exam?

Although eyewitness testimony is often faulty, people who have just viewed a videotape of a crime are quite accurate at picking the "perpetrator" from a lineup.

Which statement below is NOT true, based on the results of memory research?