College Composition CLEP

What's the difference between a citation and a reference?

Citations are resources that are integrated into the paper, and reference is the bibliographic information of that source that you'd usually find at the end of the paper in the works cited.

Explain the difference between cohesion and coherence.

Cohesion is how all the parts are brought together in good ways in terms of structure, organization, transitions, the main parts, and the way things flow. While coherence is making people be able to follow and make sense of what's being said.

What sort of material does NOT need to be documented?

Common sayings, general statements, historical generalizations. Usually your own ideas, unless you're quoting yourself from one of your previous works.

What is a simile?

A comparison using "like" or "as"

How is a complex sentence different from a compound sentence?

A complex sentence has an independent clause with a dependent clause while a compound sentence is two independent clauses linked by a conjunction.

What is a metaphor?

A figurative comparison (cry me a river)

(1) Winter counts are physical records, mainly drawings on animal hides or muslin, that Plains Indians, primarily the Lakota, used for showing each year of their history. (2) In this method, a year consists of one event recorded as an image in the winter count. (3) People could keep track of other events, such as births and deaths, by knowing the years in which it occurred. (4) In consultation with members of the Lakota people, curators at the Smithsonian Institution created an online exhibit of

A. A brief paragraph comparing Native American timekeeping methods with calendar-based ones

(1) The image of the mad scientist—the unstable genius driven toward dubious goals by an intoxicating ambition—is a familiar one, often thought of in this age of cloning and genetic engineering. (2) Many people would be surprised to learn that the most influential embodiment of this archetype was created by a nineteenth-century teenager. (3) When Mary Shelley published her first novel, Frankenstein, in 1818, she was barely nineteen years old, yet her mesmerizing tale of a young scientist who

A. Therefore,

What type of appeal is this following passage? I told my sister that if she continued to waste water that way by taking long showers and running the tap when she brushes her teeth, people in the next county over would run out of water, their crops would suffer, and their children would die of hunger. A. an appeal to emotion B. an appeal to authority C. an appeal to reason

A. an appeal to emotion

The order of this passage reflects what type of organization? I spent three years in France travelling and doing odd jobs, and now I can speak enough French to talk to my friend's grandmother, who can't speak English. A. cause and effect order B. general to specific order C. problem-solving order D. compare and contrast

A. cause and effect order

What word best describes the tone this author uses? Breton's level of abstraction is far beyond what any of us can understand. What is more, who reads poetry these days anyhow? A. critical B. cautious C. skeptical D. unsupportive

A. critical

Which part of this sentence has the wrong verb tense? I go home and got a phone call from Nancy, and she told me that she can't go to the conference with us next weekend. A. go B. got C. told D. can't go

A. go

In the following APA style reference, "Small Minds in a Big World" is the: Connor, T. (2010). Small Minds in a Big World. Psychology Beyond, 21, 211-224. A. name of the article B. name of the book C. name of the journal D. a reference to another text

A. name of the article

(1) There was a steaming mist in all the hollows, and it had roamed in its forlornness up the hill, like an evil spirit, seeking rest and finding none. (2) A clammy and intensely cold mist, it made its slow way through the air in ripples that visibly followed and overspread one another, as the waves of an unwholesome sea might do. (3) It was dense enough to shut out everything from the light of the coach-lamps but these its own workings, and a few yards of road; and the reek of the labouring hor

A. ominous

Read each sentence carefully, paying particular attention to the underlined portions. You will find that the error, if there is one, is underlined. If there is an error, select the one underlined part that must be changed to make the sentence correct. If there is no error, select No error. If one has trouble swallowing tablets or capsules, you could try taking medicine in liquid form. No error A. one has B. could try C. taking D. in E. No error

A. one has

Cramton, D., & Hinds, P. J. (2005). Subgroup dynamics in internationally distributed teams: ethnocentrism or cross-national learning. Research in Organizational Behavior, 26, 231-263. The citation shown refers to A. volume number of Research in Organizational Behavior B. number of individual works in Research in Organizational Behavior C. the number of times the cited work was retrieved from the Internet D. page that "Subgroup dynamics in internationally distributed teams: ethnocentrism or cross

A. volume number of Research in Organizational Behavior

Which part of this sentence is incorrect? The people whom helped me with this don't have the least idea how to moderate. A. whom B. don't C. least D. to moderate

A. whom

What are some different reference and citation styles?

APA, CMS, MLA

How can you list more than three authors of a work?

After the third name, you put Et AL and this means " and the rest"

What does it mean to have proper agreement in a sentence?

Agreement of subject-verb, in gender, pronoun, and verb tense.

What is the purpose of an almanac? An Atlas? A thesaurus? A Handbook?

An almanac gives info on the weather. An atlas is a list of different maps. A thesaurus is a synonyms dictionary. A handbook is a lot of information about one subject.

What is a hyperbole?

An exaggeration

What are some sources that are listed in quotations?

Articles, short stories, the shorter essays, shorter texts.

What is a rhetorical question?

Asking a question to bring up an issue not necessarily wanting an answer.

Which of the following is the best way to combine sentences 5 and 6 (reproduced below)? As advances in technology allowed performances to be prerecorded, edited, and enhanced for later broadcast, recorded laughter gained wider use. It can be called "canned laughter" or a "laugh track." A. As advances in technology allowed performances to be prerecorded, edited, and enhanced for later broadcast, recorded laughter gained wider use; it can be called "canned laughter" or a "laugh track." B. As advan

B. As advances in technology allowed performances to be prerecorded, edited, and enhanced for later broadcast, recorded laughter—called "canned laughter" or a "laugh track"—gained wider use.

In context, which of the following versions of the underlined portion of sentence 1 (reproduced below) is best? Americans enjoy some of the safest free drinking water on Earth, however spending $15 billion on bottled water in 2006, and consumption is rising (Fishman). A. Earth, however spending B. Earth, yet they spent C. Earth; but spending D. Earth; having spent E. Earth, instead they spend

B. Earth, yet they spent

(1) Winter counts are physical records, mainly drawings on animal hides or muslin, that Plains Indians, primarily the Lakota, used for showing each year of their history. (2) In this method, a year consists of one event recorded as an image in the winter count. (3) People could keep track of other events, such as births and deaths, by knowing the years in which it occurred. (4) In consultation with members of the Lakota people, curators at the Smithsonian Institution created an online exhibit of

B. In addition,

(1) Winter counts are physical records, mainly drawings on animal hides or muslin, that Plains Indians, primarily the Lakota, used for showing each year of their history. (2) In this method, a year consists of one event recorded as an image in the winter count. (3) People could keep track of other events, such as births and deaths, by knowing the years in which it occurred. (4) In consultation with members of the Lakota people, curators at the Smithsonian Institution created an online exhibit of

B. Sentence 4

Which of following selections is correct: A. Suzy and Tom are not here they went to the store. B. Suzy and Tom are not here; they went to the store. C. Suzy and Tom are not here, they went to the store. D. Suzy and Tom are not here, went to the store.

B. Suzy and Tom are not here; they went to the store.

Using MLA style, where do we cite the page number of this source? Higgins states that the rise in violence can be attributed to factors surrounding the nomination of the new prime minister. A. at the end with the name of the author and the page number in parentheses B. at the end with the page number in parentheses C. after the name of the author with the page number in parentheses D. after the name of the author with the page number in quotations

B. at the end with the page number in parentheses

Considering the different types of reference materials that exist, where can I find the etymology of words? A. atlas B. dictionary C. citations index D. directory

B. dictionary

Although Red Canyon, Utah, is largely devoid of trees, but small coniferous plots of ponderosa pine and Douglas fir exist in areas where moisture is available. Which of the following best replaces the underlined section above? A. is largely devoid of trees, but B. is largely devoid of trees, C. largely devoid of trees, D. being largely devoid of trees, E. is largely devoid of trees, and

B. is largely devoid of trees,

Read each sentence carefully, paying particular attention to the underlined portions. You will find that the error, if there is one, is underlined. If there is an error, select the one underlined part that must be changed to make the sentence correct. If there is no error, select No error. The orbits of comets in our solar system are much more eccentric than planet Earth, which revolves around the Sun following a relatively circular path. No error A. are much B. than planet Earth C. revolves aro

B. than planet Earth

The following excerpt is taken from a student's research paper. The principles of the separation of church and state and the right to practice religion freely are both supported by the First Amendment to the United States Constitution: "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof " (qtd. in Dye n.d.). The letters "n.d." mean that A. the source has several publication dates B. the date of the publication is unavailable C. the quotati

B. the date of the publication is unavailable

Which of the following is not an example of framing in an essay: A. a topic sentence B. using modifiers like adjectives and adverbs C. the thesis statement D. signal phrases

B. using modifiers like adjectives and adverbs

What are some source that should be listed in italics?

Books, journals, movies, and larger sources.

Norman, Brian. "Bringing Malcolm X to Hollywood." The Cambridge Companion to Malcolm X. Ed. Robert E. Terrill. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2010. 39-50. In the citation shown, "39-50" indicates that A. The Cambridge Companion to Malcolm X has 50 volumes B. "Bringing Malcolm X to Hollywood" appears in the 2010 issue of Cambridge UP C. "Bringing Malcolm X to Hollywood" is approximately 12 pages long D. "Bringing Malcolm X to Hollywood" is the 39th of 50 articles E. Robert E. Terrill is the author of a

C. "Bringing Malcolm X to Hollywood" is approximately 12 pages long

Which of the following does not involve secondary sourcing? A. "Hafferson explains that the reason was "way too obvious, beyond a doubt" (qtd. in Keller 196). B. As Hichens explains, Stevenson thought that there were too many obstacles to move forward in the elections (184). C. "We found the results to be different from those previously observed" (345). D. Samson and Iglebert found many fallacies in Sansorky's Foundations and Revelations of Truth (45).

C. "We found the results to be different from those previously observed" (345).

(1) In the late nineteenth century, librarians began noticing that many of the books in their care were breaking apart and crumbling. (2) Curiously, it was not the oldest books that were deteriorating, but the more recent volumes: those produced since the middle of the nineteenth century with sheets fabricated from a highly acidic wood-pulp mixture. (3) The transition to this lesser-grade stock began during the 1860s, when increasing demand for paper hastened the development of a cheaper process

C. A phenomenon is described and an explanation is provided.

In context, which of the following is best to do with sentence 12 (reproduced below) ? Highlighting each joke with just the right volume, duration, and quality of laughter to prompt audiences at home to laugh at the intended times. A. Insert a comma after "laughter" and change "to prompt" to "prompting". B. Add "with the performance" at the end of the sentence. C. Add it to the end of sentence 11, using a comma before the word "highlighting." D. Delete it from the passage. E. Leave it as it is.

C. Add it to the end of sentence 11, using a comma before the word "highlighting."

What is the best sentence to start the following paragraph? The Arthurian novel, as seen with Palmerín de Inglaterra and Amadís de Gaula, was very popular at the beginning of the century. It was Cervantes, however, who all but killed the genre with Don Quijote when he poked fun at the knights and magic in these tales. Thus, despite their popularity and the multiplicity of sequels that were published, these novels ceased to exist. A. Some consider sixteenth century Spanish Arthurian literature

C. In the sixteenth century, Spanish Arthurian literature became much less popular, as new styles of writing emerged.

Which of following selections is not correct: A. There were many people in the store. B. I don't know if there are any people here that speak French. C. My friend has much money in the bank. D. We don't have a lot of time today.

C. My friend has much money in the bank.

Which of the following needs to be cited: A. China is the most populous country in the world. B. Absence makes the heart grow fonder. C. Pablo Neruda was the greatest poet of the 20th century. D. The French revolution was in 1789.

C. Pablo Neruda was the greatest poet of the 20th century.

(1) There was a steaming mist in all the hollows, and it had roamed in its forlornness up the hill, like an evil spirit, seeking rest and finding none. (2) A clammy and intensely cold mist, it made its slow way through the air in ripples that visibly followed and overspread one another, as the waves of an unwholesome sea might do. (3) It was dense enough to shut out everything from the light of the coach-lamps but these its own workings, and a few yards of road; and the reek of the labouring hor

C. Personification and simile

Which one of these sources is probably the least biased? A. a website about the best French recipes B. a journal about conservative political reform C. a book examining the pros and cons of protectionism D. a newsletter about spiritual revivalism

C. a book examining the pros and cons of protectionism

Improbable as it (A) may seem when (B) one observes (C) its awkwardness on land, penguins are (D) extremely graceful swimmers. (E) No error A. may seem B. one C. its D. extremely E. No error

C. its

Which part of this sentence is incorrect? My friend says that when she goes to the store one can't find any good prices anymore and that this is the reason why she shops online now. A. says B. goes C. one D. now

C. one

What is the matter with the style of this paragraph? The number one is difficult. It is hard to define. People have tried. Is it a set? Is it a correspondence? Is it a unit? It is difficult to know. Sometimes less is more. Such a low number is not easy. People have defined it. Others have disproven them. They keep trying for a definition. Perhaps someday we all will agree. A. it is hard to define the number one B. there are too may questions in the paragraph C. sentence length and variation is h

C. sentence length and variation is highly limited

Choose the option that best expresses the meaning of the original sentence. If you think the original is better than any of the alternatives, choose the first option. The cooking instructor informed us that by the end of the course, we will have acquired basic skills in chopping, searing, and to make sauces. A. we will have acquired basic skills in chopping, searing, and to make sauces B. we will have acquired basic skills in chopping, to sear, and making sauces C. we will have acquired basic sk

C. we will have acquired basic skills in chopping, searing, and making sauces

Akmajian, Adrian, et al. Linguistics: An Introduction to Language and Communication. 6th ed. Cambridge: MIT P, 2010. Print. In the citation shown, "et al." indicates that the book was A. published in Cambridge B. edited by Adrian Akmajian C. written by several authors D. first published in 2010 E. an introduction to the fifth edition

C. written by several authors

(1) Invasive species are plant or animal species that become established in ecosystems where they did not originate. (2) Some blend in harmlessly with native species, but others cause ecological and economic damage. (3) A notorious example is the zebra mussel, native to Russia, that was first identified in the United States Great Lakes in 1988 (McKee 2003, 141). (4) Scientists believe that the mussels were inadvertently transported to North America in the ballast water of ships. (5) Like many in

D. A book

sloth n. 1. Aversion to work or exertion; laziness, indolence. 2. Any of various slow- moving, arboreal, edendate mammals of the family Bradypodidae of South and Central America, having long hooklike claws, by which they hang upside down from tree branches, and feeding on leaves, buds, and fruits, especially: a. A member of the genus Bradypus, having three long-clawed toes on each forefoot. Also called ai, three-toed sloth. b. A member of the genus Choloepus, having two toes on each forefoot. Al

D. All sloths have three long-clawed toes.

(1) In observing a live performance such as a play or a stand-up routine, each individual member of the audience is affected by the group's emotional response to the show. (2) Some research shows that audience members are likely to laugh along with the laughter of others in the audience much more frequently than they would laugh at the same performance if viewing it alone. (3) As performances moved to radio and television in the first half of the twentieth century, producers were well aware of t

D. In fact, some

Which one of these is probably not a fallacious argument? A. If we open the border to one person, everyone will come in. B. You tell me to not drink so much whiskey, but what would happen if I asked you to stop working out so much? C. We have to get an electric car. Everyone is buying them now. D. Judging from my family history, if I don't lose weight, I will become diabetic.

D. Judging from my family history, if I don't lose weight, I will become diabetic.

Which of the following best summarizes the meaning of sentence 5 (listed above)? Not one of the three could have said, from anything he saw, what either of the other two was like; and each was hidden under almost as many wrappers from the eyes of the mind, as from the eyes of the body, of his two companions. A. Even though the passengers were friends, none of them knew how the others were feeling. B. Two of the passengers were attempting to conceal what they knew from the third passenger. C. The

D. None of the passengers could discern the appearance or character of the other two passengers.

What rhetorical device is used in the following passage? When I threw breadcrumbs in the water, the fish in the water were bubbly and boisterous, begging for a bite to eat. A. exemplum B. rhetorical question C. simile D. alliteration

D. alliteration

Which part of this sentence is incorrect? The sacrifices of the fighters are beyond my understanding; I don't think they know what its all about. A. are B. they C. what D. its

D. its

Read each sentence carefully, paying particular attention to the underlined portions. You will find that the error, if there is one, is underlined. If there is an error, select the one underlined part that must be changed to make the sentence correct. If there is no error, select No error. During her first year in medical school, Joanne came to the realization that she was more interested in doing research than to treat patients. No error A. During B. came to C. more D. to treat E. No error

D. to treat

Read each sentence carefully, paying particular attention to the underlined portions. You will find that the error, if there is one, is underlined. If there is an error, select the one underlined part that must be changed to make the sentence correct. If there is no error, select No error. Among the Native Americans first encountered by Europeans during the seventeenth century was the Algonquin Indians. No error A. Among B. first encountered C. during D. was E. No error

D. was

What's the difference between denotation and connotation?

Denotation is the literal meaning while connotation is the figurative meaning.

Why is diction important?

Diction helps the readers understand what is going on by using the correct words and meaning.

(1) Invasive species are plant or animal species that become established in ecosystems where they did not originate. (2) Some blend in harmlessly with native species, but others cause ecological and economic damage. (3) A notorious example is the zebra mussel, native to Russia, that was first identified in the United States Great Lakes in 1988 (McKee 2003, 141). (4) Scientists believe that the mussels were inadvertently transported to North America in the ballast water of ships. (5) Like many in

E. Add a citation indicating the source of the quotation from Murray.

(1) In the late nineteenth century, librarians began noticing that many of the books in their care were breaking apart and crumbling. (2) Curiously, it was not the oldest books that were deteriorating, but the more recent volumes: those produced since the middle of the nineteenth century with sheets fabricated from a highly acidic wood-pulp mixture. (3) The transition to this lesser-grade stock began during the 1860s, when increasing demand for paper hastened the development of a cheaper process

E. Older objects are likely to disintegrate before objects created more recently.

(1) In observing a live performance such as a play or a stand-up routine, each individual member of the audience is affected by the group's emotional response to the show. (2) Some research shows that audience members are likely to laugh along with the laughter of others in the audience much more frequently than they would laugh at the same performance if viewing it alone. (3) As performances moved to radio and television in the first half of the twentieth century, producers were well aware of t

E. Shared laughter has a powerful influence on an audience's relationship to a performance.

Cramton, D., & Hinds, P. J. (2005). Subgroup dynamics in internationally distributed teams: ethnocentrism or cross-national learning. Research in Organizational Behavior, 26, 231-263. In the citation shown refers to A. a chapter in a book B. a conference paper C. a newspaper editorial D. an essay in an anthology E. a journal article

E. a journal article

(1) While chocolate was highly esteemed in Mesoamerica, where it originated, its adoption in Europe was initially slow. (2) There is a common belief that Europeans needed to "transform" chocolate to make it appetizing. (3) However, while Spaniards did put sugar, which was unknown to indigenous Americans, into chocolate beverages, this additive was not completely innovative. (4) Mesoamericans were already sweetening chocolate with honey, and the step from honey to sugar—increasingly more availa

E. refute a particular belief

Explain the importance of evidence

Evidence is used to support the thesis of what you're saying. Give evidence to explain why a certain point is correct in a certain way.

What's the difference between using first, second, or third person?

First person is subjective, third person is more objective, second person is you.

What is framing?

Framing is when writers make readers aware of what's to come. Can be done through any type of presentation of an idea where you've got your thesis statement.

Explain the consistency of point of view in writing.

If you start out with third person and then you go into second person, or third person to first person and you bounce back and forth, it could be confusing to the reader.

What questions should we ask to evaluate/critique an author?

Is the person speaking an authority in what's being said? Can we take his/her word for it? Evaluate the assumptions about what the writer says, the evidence given, biases, any fallacies in reasoning.

What are some questions we should ask when we find a source that we want to use for a paper?

Is this factor opinion? How old is the source? Is the source an authority in the matter? Is this a primary or secondary source? Is this an internet source or a print source?

What are the different ways a writer can appeal to the reader?

Logos: appeal to reason, Ethos: appeal to ethics, Pathos: appeal to emotion.

What is alliteration?

Repetition of similar sounds.

lbid

Same source as last time

How are semi-colons and colons used?

Semi-colons are for extended lists and to separate two independent clauses. Colons are for shorter lists, quotations, and explanations.

What sort of material should be documented?

Someone else's ideas or uncommon facts, original ideas things you take from a book, quotes, etc.

Explain the importance of transitions.

Take you from one point to the next, nice and clear. They set up what you're going to say. (Moreover, in addition, likewise, however)

Explain a possible structure for the introduction of the paper.

The intro -> structure for the intro -> what's the orientation of what you're going to say -> what's the focus of where you're going to go with it -> strong thesis statement.

What is an Enumeration?

The statement of the total number of proofs in the Introductory paragraph of the outline`

What's the difference between a topic sentence and a thesis statement? Where are they generally located?

The thesis is the backbone of what is being said, everything should work from it, and it's generally located towards the end of the introduction paragraph of the essay. While the topic sentence is usually the first sentence in the consecutive paragraphs (mini thesis statement).

Why should we cite our sources?

To avoid plagiarism and give credit where it is due, showing other sources that we're not saying it, someone else is saying it, and that person may have an authority in what's being said, so that could potentially back up what we're saying.

What is a comma splice?

Two independent clauses joined by a comma without a conjunction

What is parallelism?

When certain words are repeated in a certain way to create an effect.

What is an antithesis?

a parallel structure of ideas that contrast one another

What is an allusion?

a reference to a person, place, or event from literature, sports, history, movies, or the arts

Chap.

chapter

doi

digital object identifier

diss.

dissertation

ed.

editor OR edition

eds.

editors

n.d.

no date given

n.p.

no publisher

no.

number (volume, etc)

p./p.p.

page/pages

qtd.

quote

rpt.

reprint

et al.

to list additional authors

trans.

translator

What is a run-on sentence?

two sentences that are improperly connected together