College History 29 -30

As a percentage of the gross domestic product, U.S. federal debt increased greatly under Republican presidents Ronald Reagan (1981-1989) and George W. Bush (2001-2009). By the end of the Bush administration in 2009, that rate was the same as the rate in approximately what year?

1950 At the end of the Bush presidency, the rate was approximately 80 percent. The year 1950 was the last time it had reached so high.

What did Patrick Buchanan mean when he talked about "a culture war" in the 1980s?

A struggle between liberalism and Christian morality Patrick Buchanan argued that there was "a religious war . . . in our country for the soul of America" that was akin to "a culture war." In this confrontation, the left and the right in the nation fought each other over such issues as racial pluralism and family values.

The September 11, 2001, attacks on the United States by members of Al Qaeda were organized from Osama bin Laden's bases in which country?

Afghanistan The September 11 attacks—more deadly and shocking than any ever launched on American soil—were carried out by nineteen members of Osama bin Laden's Al Qaeda terrorist network, organized from bin Laden's sanctuaries in Afghanistan.

What was the outcome of the Supreme Court ruling in Webster v. Reproductive Health Services in 1989?

Allowing states to regulate abortions Webster v. Reproductive Health Services gave states more latitude in restricting abortions but did not allow them to be banned.

Why did Muslim fundamentalists begin to target Americans in the 1990s?

Anger over the U.S. presence in Saudi Arabia Angered by the continued U.S. presence in Saudi Arabia, Muslim fundamentalists soon began targeting Americans

How did the end of the Cold War aid in the intensification of globalization?

Areas were newly opened to capitalism. Large swaths of the globe underserved by the communist economy, most especially in Russia and its former Eastern European satellites, were now open for business.

chapter 30

Chapter 30

Conservative Republicans, such as Barry Goldwater and Ronald Reagan, disagreed with moderates and liberals over which domestic issue during the post-World War II period?

Conservatives fervently opposed the New Deal's expansive social, economic, and political policies, whereas moderates and liberals at least tolerated and, at best, supported them.

During the Cold War, the United States actively intervened in the affairs of its Latin American neighbors, especially those in the Caribbean. Which of the following countries did the United States largely ignore?

Costa Rica Owing to a stable pro-American democratic regime, the United States did not intervene in Costa Rica.

Why did President Bill Clinton move to the right in 1995?

Democrats had lost significantly in the 1994 midterm elections. Clinton moved to the right in response to the massive Democratic losses in 1994. Adopting a central tenet of the Republican Party, he proclaimed in 1996 that "the era of big government is over."

Why did the former communist nation of Yugoslavia, in the Balkans region of Europe, break into several different states

Ethnic differences By 2008, seven new nations had emerged out of the ethnic hostilities in Yugoslavia.

Why did profits of the American financial industry rise from less than 10 percent of total national business profits in the 1950s to more than 40 percent in the 1990s?

Financial deregulation Financial deregulation led to spectacular profits for investors. As a result, financial industry profits in the United States rose from less than 10 percent in the 1950s to more than 40 percent in the 1990s. However, deregulation also produced a more fragile, crash-prone global economy.

Which factor has been most important for the global integration of the world's economies?

Global financial markets became integrated. Perhaps most important to the growth of a globalized economy has been the integration of financial markets to an unprecedented extent, which has allowed investment capital to flow freely around the world in a matter of moments. Central to this have been advances in communications through satellite, fiber-optic, and GPS technologies.

Which presidential election joined those of 1876 and 1960 as the closest and most contested in American history?

Great Job! The correct answer is: 2000 The election of 2000 joined those of 1876 and 1960 as the closest and most contested in American history.

How did Arizona Republican senator Barry Goldwater build grassroots support for his brand of conservative politics in the 1960s?

Great Job! The correct answer is: He published books that laid out his views and goals. Goldwater popularized his views by publishing two accessible books, The Conscience of a Conservative in 1960 and Why Not Victory? shortly afterward.

How did the conservative political operative Richard Viguerie help to build the conservative movement that supported Republicans like Goldwater and Reagan in the mid-1960s?

He applied emerging computer technology to political campaigning. Richard Viguerie took a list of 12,000 Goldwater contributors and used computerized mailing lists to solicit campaign funds, rally support for conservative causes, and get conservatives out to vote on election day. This began a trend that would become increasingly important in political campaigns over the next fifty years.

How did the new immigrants from the Western Hemisphere help shape the emerging global economy in the late twentieth century?

Immigrants' remittances increased the flow of dollars outside the United States. Immigrants from Latin America and the Caribbean profoundly shaped the emerging global economy by sending substantial portions of their earnings, called remittances, back to family members in their home countries. In 2006 alone, workers in the United States sent $23 billion to Mexico.

American policy toward the Soviet Union during Reagan's first term was characterized by what?

In his first term, Reagan took a confrontational approach to the Soviet Union. Backed by Republican hard-liners and determined to reduce communist influence in developing nations, Reagan articulated some of the harshest anti-Soviet rhetoric since the 1950s. Détente had been abandoned after the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.

Reagan administration official Oliver North masterminded the idea of sending funds to counterrevolutionaries in Nicaragua, using funds gained in covert arms sales to which nation?

Iran Oliver North came up with the idea of sending funds from covert arms sales to Iran to counterrevolutionaries in Nicaragua.

In 1985, an intifada, or uprising, broke out in the Middle East in which Palestinians fought against which country?

Israel In 1985, Palestinians living in the Gaza Strip and along the West Bank of the Jordan River—territories occupied by Israel since 1967—mounted an intifada, a civilian uprising against Israeli authority. In response, American diplomats stepped up their efforts to persuade the PLO and Arab nations to accept the legitimacy of Israel and to convince the Israelis to allow the creation of a Palestinian state.

Jerry Falwell founded which university as the educational arm of his conservative brand of politics?

Jerry Falwell founded which university as the educational arm of his conservative brand of politics?

Who was Barack Obama's Republican challenger in the 2008 presidential election?

John McCain During his campaign for the presidency against Republican senator John McCain, Barack Obama established himself as a unique figure in American politics.

During his first term in office, Reagan did which of the following?

Lowered federal taxes In his first year in office, Reagan and his advisors moved quickly to set new government priorities. To roll back the expanded liberal state, they launched a coordinated three-pronged assault on federal taxes, social-welfare spending, and the regulatory bureaucracy.

Why did the national debt grow during the Reagan administration?

Military spending Military spending contributed a large share of the growing national debt, but the administration's spending cuts also fell short. Defense, argued Ronald Reagan, "is not a budget item."

A major hurricane and flood devastated which American city in 2005?

New Orleans In 2005, Hurricane Katrina—one of the deadliest hurricanes in the nation's history—devastated New Orleans. Chaos ensued, as floodwaters breached earthen barricades surrounding the city and covered low-lying neighborhoods in more than ten feet of water. Many residents remained without food, water, or shelter for days following the storm, and deaths mounted—the final death toll stands at more than 4,000.

In 2005, Hurricane Katrina devastated which U.S. city?

New Orleans, Louisiana In 2005, Hurricane Katrina, one of the deadliest hurricanes in the nation's history, devastated New Orleans.

The Reagan administration ordered the CIA to aid the Contras, an opposition group opposed to the democratically elected Sandinista government in which country?

Nicaragua The Reagan administration ordered the CIA to aid the Contras, an opposition group opposed to the democratically elected Sandinistas from Nicaragua.

President Jimmy Carter signed a treaty in 1977 to relinquish U.S. sovereignty over what overseas possession?

Panama Canal In Latin America, Carter eliminated a decades-old symbol of Yankee imperialism by signing a treaty on September 7, 1977, turning control of the Panama Canal over to Panama (effective December 31, 1999).

What message does it convey that appealed to his political supporters?

President Reagan was a robust individual who did his own work. By depicting a rugged individualist—doing hard work without government support, for example—Reagan's portrayal here won him support among many of his conservative allies.

Which figure was largely responsible for igniting the New Right in the early 1960s?

Ronald Reagan Reagan, along with Barry Goldwater, was largely responsible for igniting the New Right. Challenge

Whom did President Reagan appoint as the first woman justice of the Supreme Court?

Sandra Day O'Connor President Reagan appointed Sandra Day O'Connor as the first woman justice of the Supreme Court.

In what organization did the well-known movie actor Ronald Reagan gain political experience after World War II?

Screen Actors Guild Ronald Reagan was the head of the Screen Actors Guild from 1947 to 1952. During that time, he had to deal with the union's communist members, who were part of the left wing of the American labor movement. Reagan found their hard-line tactics and political goals appalling, and he became a militant anticommunist.

This figure, which illustrates fluctuations in the U.S. government's budget deficit (or surplus) between 1940 and 2009, supports which of the following conclusions?

Since the 1970s, conservative Republicans' approaches to taxation and military spending have created large federal deficits. According to this graphical illustration, the U.S. federal deficit grew dramatically under the presidencies of Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush, and George W. Bush, all of whom cut taxes while increasing military spending.

Why did suburban growth in the 1960s and 1970s benefit conservatives politically?

Suburban traditions of privatization favored conservative public policies. Suburban traditions of privatization and racial homogeneity, combined with the amenities of middle-class comfort, made the residents of suburban cities more inclined to support conservative public policies. Challenge

What followed the Bush administration's March 2003 invasion of Iraq?

Terrorists entered the chaotic country and launched assaults that killed thousands. The coalition forces won an easy and decisive victory in Iraq in the spring of 2003, and on May 1, Bush declared the end of the war. But damage from the bombing and looting, and U.S. troops' inability to secure order and provide basic necessities, left the country in chaos. Terrorists entered the country and waged assaults that killed thousands of people.

What aspect of the Bush v. Gore (2000) U.S. Supreme Court decision indicated its partisanship?

The Court's declaration that the case could not be used as precedent The Court responded to the question of whether the Democrats could continue a hand-count in several counties by rejecting it, arguing that doing so violated the rights of other Floridians under the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. The Court then added that this verdict ought not to be used as a precedent—a highly unusual statement that brought a sharp criticism from Justice Stevens.

What was the name of the organization formed by more than twenty member nations in Europe in 1992?

The European Union In 1992, the nations of Western Europe created the European Union, which embraced more than twenty countries and 450 million people—the third largest population in the world, behind China and India—and accounted for a fifth of all global imports and exports.

Which development was an important factor in President Carter's sinking popularity in 1980?

The Iranian hostage crisis An important factor in President Carter's sinking popularity in 1980 was the Iranian hostage crisis.

Why did Ronald Reagan actively encourage a coup against the Sandinista government in Nicaragua?

The Sandinistas had overthrown the U.S.-backed dictator Anastasio Somoza. Ronald Reagan actively encouraged a coup against the left-wing Sandinista government in Nicaragua because it had overthrown the U.S.-backed strongman Anastasio Somoza.

What nations signed the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)?

The United States, Mexico, and Canada As globalization accelerated, so did the integration of regional economies. To offset the economic clout of the European bloc, in 1993, the United States, Canada, and Mexico signed the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). This treaty, ratified by the U.S. Congress, envisioned the eventual creation of a free-trade zone covering all of North America.

In 1995, the regents of which university voted to abolish its affirmative action admissions policy?

The University of California In 1995, the regents of the University of California voted to abolish its affirmative action admissions policy

In a 2000 press release, the World Trade Organization (WTO) concluded, "Trade can play an important part in reducing poverty, because it boosts economic growth and the poor tend to benefit from that faster growth." What conclusion can be drawn from this statement?

The World Trade Organization saw free trade as the remedy for poverty. In this press release, the World Trade Organization was making the case that free trade and the globalization of capitalism were the best solutions for the problem of poverty around the world.

What part of the Republican Party's 1980 platform reflected the influence of the Moral Majority?

The call for a constitutional ban on abortion and voluntary prayer in public schools The Republican Party crafted its 1980 platform to appeal to the Moral Majority by calling for a constitutional ban on abortion, voluntary prayer in public schools, and the defeat of the Equal Rights Amendment.

How did the computer industry change in the 1970s and 1980s?

The introduction and spread of personal computers Between the 1950s and the 1970s, concluding with the development of the microprocessor in 1971, each generation of computers grew faster and smaller. By the mid-1970s, a few microchips the size of the letter O on this page provided as much processing power as a World War II-era computer. The day of the personal computer (PC) had arrived.

What made the Supreme Court's ruling in the 2003 case Lawrence v. Texas a landmark decision?

The ruling limited states' power to prohibit private homosexual activity between consenting adults. This landmark decision ended states' ability to criminalize private homosexual activity between consenting adults, overturning the Court's ruling on this issue in the Bowers v. Hardwick case of 1986, only seventeen years earlier.

How did the issue of the Iraq War contribute to the outcome of the 2004 elections?

The war spurred the highest voter turnout since the 1968 election. The election of 2004 brought the highest voter turnout in thirty-six years, with President Bush taking 286 electoral votes to Kerry's 252.

Why did conservative Republicans favor a much lower standard for Clinton's impeachment in 1998 than they had in the past?

They did not accept the legitimacy of Bill Clinton's presidency. Republicans had not accepted the legitimacy of Bill Clinton's presidency, vowed to oust him from office, and were willing to lower the standard for impeachment in order to accomplish this goal in 1998.

How did President Bill Clinton's health-care task force respond to the potency of Reagan Republican attacks on big government?

They proposed "managed competition." Under the leadership of First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton, the Clinton health-care task force proposed "managed competition," in which private insurance companies and market forces were to rein in health-care expenditures.

How did the conservatives of the Cold War era differ from the traditional conservatives from the early twentieth century?

They rejected isolationism. The experiences of World War II and the Cold War induced modern conservatives to reject isolationism. In the post-World War II era, they pushed for military interventions against communism in Europe, Asia, and the developing world. They also supported a domestic anticommunist agenda.

Why did critics warn against the massive tax cuts of the Bush administration in 2001?

They warned that the cuts would plunge the government into debt. Critics warned that such a massive tax cut, like the one under Bush's Economic Growth and Tax Relief Act, would plunge the federal government in debt. To be sure, by 2006, federal expenditures had jumped 33 percent, and the nation's debt had grown to $8 trillion.

At its inception, the Internet was primarily used for what purpose?

To transmit electronic mail between scientists The Internet was mostly used by scientists and other professionals to send e-mail. By 1999, it was far more widespread, being used for advertising and retail business.

Which group by and large continued to support the Democratic Party despite Ronald Reagan's vast and diverse political constituencies in the 1980s?

Urban African Americans Reagan did not win much support with African Americans, and they stayed generally within the Democratic Party.

In the 1980s, radical Islamic fundamentalists in the Middle East built a movement based on fanatical opposition to

Western imperialism and consumer culture. Radical Islamic fundamentalists interpreted the American presence in Saudi Arabia as signaling new U.S. colonial ambitions in the Middle East. They built a movement opposing this trend and espousing fanatical opposition to Western consumer culture, which had made significant inroads in the region.

Which 2013 Supreme Court decision declared the Defense of Marriage Act unconstitutional?

Windsor v. United States In this 2013 case, the Court declared the Defense of Marriage Act unconstitutional.

During 1985, for the first time since 1915, the United States became

a debtor nation. By 1985, for the first time since 1915, the United States registered a negative balance of international payments. It now imported more goods and capital than it exported. The country became a debtor (rather than a creditor) nation. The rapid ascent of the Japanese economy to become the world's second largest was a key factor in this historic reversal.

During the 1980 presidential election, Ronald Reagan appealed to the American people by

articulating ideas in easily understandable aphorisms. Reagan's decades in public life, especially his years working for General Electric, had equipped him to articulate conservative ideas in easily understandable aphorisms. Speaking against the growing size and influence of government, Reagan said, "Concentrated power has always been the enemy of liberty."

British voters decided to leave the European Union in 2016 due to a

concerns over national sovereignty and immigration. In a stunning referendum in 2016, the voters of Great Britain rejected EU membership on the grounds that it compromised national sovereignty and permitted unregulated immigration.

The melting-pot concept was popular in the United States through most of the 1900s because it mollified nativists by

implying that immigrants would assimilate into the dominant culture. Some native-born Americans found solace in the melting-pot concept because it implied that a single "American" culture would predominate.

Ronald Reagan believed that the federal government was

overly large and intrusive in the private lives of Americans. Reagan believed that the federal government was too large and the source of the nation's troubles and not a solution to either social or economic problems

Which conservative activist wrote the book A Choice Not an Echo, which accused moderate Republicans of being Democrats in disguise?

philis

Hurricane Katrina (2005) was historically significant because it demonstrated the

vulnerable urban infrastructure in U.S. cities. Because the hardest-hit parts of the city were poor and African American, Katrina revealed the poverty and vulnerability, alongside decaying and vulnerable infrastructure, at the heart of American cities.

President George H. W. Bush's war with Iraq in 1991 and President Truman's war in Korea during the 1950s were similar in that both presidents

went to the United Nations for sanction. In both instances, the presidents went to the United Nations to sanction the military action.