Coltman - Environmental Biology Test 3

22. Historically, which of the following considerations in setting standards for toxic exposure has been emphasized the least?

A. Information about how toxins affect natural ecological systems.

REDD is a forest protection program sponsored by the

A. United Nations Environment Program.

__________ are a proposed solution to enhance species survival by effectively creating a large preserve from several smaller ones.

C. corridors

The first symptom of range overgrazing is usually

E. the disappearance of palatable herbs.

14. The biomagnification of DDT demonstrates that

A. higher trophic level organisms can concentrate toxins in a type of "inverse biological pyramid."

22. Sustainable farming

A. is cheaper and safer than conventional farming.

Economically, monoculture forestry is advantageous for the loggers because

A. it produces large quantities of a single type of tree for a particular use, such as building timber or paper pulp.

24. A natural form of fertilizer would be

A. manure.

25. Which of the following presents the lowest lifetime risk of death to people in the US?

A. poisonous snakes

10. Toxic substances are dangerous because they

A. react or interfere with specific cell functions.

15. Highly persistent toxic chemicals

A. retain their toxicity as they cycle through the food chain and environment.

16. Which of the following are forms of chemical deterioration of soil?

A. salinization and acidification

27. What is the advantage of genetically modified crops (GMOs)?

A. they can be designed to resist drought

Although most of the world's forests are shrinking, biologists are especially concerned about tropical forest loss because

A. they contain such high biodiversity.

Since tropical forests typically have only a few commercially valuable trees per acre, logging operations

B. do extensive damage because of road building and injury to surrounding trees.

18. Waterlogging results from

B. excessive irrigation.

Over the past decade, the number of park visitors has _______ and park budgets have ________.

B. increased by one third; decreased by about 25%

7. Goiter is a common disease resulting from a shortage of dietary

B. iodine.

Annually, the Forest Service __________ on timber sales mainly because of the emphasis on ________________.

B. loses money; building roads into wilderness areas

6. Infectious diseases such as diarrhea are closely linked to

B. malnutrition.

17. Wind erosion is most likely to cause problems in

B. open, arid regions.

Most public rangelands are in poor condition due to

B. overcrowding of private livestock.

A more sustainable form of managing grasslands is

B. rotational grazing.

11. What is the theoretical basis of the statement that we could feed more people if we would eat grain rather than feeding it to livestock?

B. the Second Law of Thermodynamics

Seasonal migration allows grazing livestock to

B. use marginal lands year after year with modest environmental damage.

8. Obesity is a disease that affects

B. wealthy, developed nations

10. The three crops that humans rely on for the majority of nutrients and calories are

B. wheat, rice, and maize.

6. Vitamin A deficiencies are associated with

. E. dry eyes and retinal degeneration.

1. The accumulation of a substance, such as a toxic chemical, in various tissues of a living organism is defined as

A. Bioaccumulation

Which nation listed below has the highest deforestation rate?

A. Brazil

What technique might you use to determine size and location of a preserve to protect grizzly bears?

A. GIS.

12. Which of the following statements is true?

A. If a substance is toxic, its toxicity is highly dependent on its form and where it is present in the environment.

Monetary inputs to local economies due to the presence of parks and reserves is

A. ecotourism.

12. The layer of soil that is a mixture of minerals and organic material is the

B. A horizon

21. Fifty years ago, there were several hundred varieties of wheat grown in the Middle East. Now a few of the more modern high responder varieties have replaced the indigenous species. What are the implications of this change?

B. Genetic resources are diminished and an epidemic of wheat disease is highly likely due to the reliance on few species.

8. The cutting of rainforests causes a lack of normal water flow into the soil. Puddles of water can stand for long periods. Which of the following statements best explains how rainforest destruction is closely tied with human morbidity and mortality?

B. Mosquitoes with an aquatic larval form spread many highly contagious diseases.

Which forest harvest method would leave the forest as close to a natural old growth forest as possible?

B. Selective harvest.

9. Hazardous substances ______________ while toxins are ______________.

B. are dangerous substances; poisonous substances

24. With respect to exposure to toxins which statement is correct?

C. Acute effects are the immediate results of a single exposure, chronic effects are those that are long-lasting.

Preservation of genetic diversity essential for breeding programs to improve cultivated plants and domestic animals is part of the

C. IUCN World Conservation Strategy.

The increase in which of the species below would indicate to you that the pasture you see is overgrazed?

C. Sage.

Old-growth forests are notable for containing species that

C. are highly adapted to their special environment.

National parks are an important part of our heritage,

C. but they are endangered by overcrowding, pollution, and in some places, mining.

4. Undernourished parents often raise children who are undernourished because the parents

C. cannot afford to feed their children properly.

13. Soil organisms usually stay __________ the soil.

C. close to the surface of

28. Methods of managing topography include all but which of the following?

C. deep tilling

23. Two problems encountered in human health risk assessment are _______________________ and ___________________.

C. extrapolation of data to low doses; extrapolation of data from non-human species to humans

1. _________ can be defined as the transfer of genes for desirable traits, such as pest resistance, into crop plants from other organisms.

C. genetic engineering

20. High responder crops of the green revolution produce tremendous yields

C. in response to fertilizers, pesticides, and irrigation.

An increased number of cowbirds (a species that likes areas where grassland and forests meet) would be an indicator of

C. increased edge habitat.

29. Which is a disadvantage of conservation tillage methods?

C. increased pests and weeds

In general, the global range of world deserts are

C. increasing because of logging and grazing.

Most commercial loggers prefer "clear-cut" harvesting because it

C. is the most efficient, cheapest harvest method using large, fast machinery instead of costly labor.

21. As a society, we usually focus money and attention on health risks that are

C. most well publicized and frightening.

11. When comparing the toxicity of natural and synthetic chemicals, natural chemicals are ________ synthetic chemicals.

C. on average, just as toxic

5. Historically, the greatest threats to human health came from

C. pathogenic organisms.

26. Which of the following presents the greatest lifetime risk of death to people in the US?

C. plane crashes

A promising approach to encourage conservation and preservation in developing countries is

C. the REDD program.

18. Detection of toxic chemicals depends upon

C. the sensitivity of measuring techniques and how many chemicals are present.

19. The energy needed to process and distribute food in the US is as much as _______ times the amount that is used to actually farm the crops.

D. 5

The highest rate of forest loss occurs in

D. Africa.

3. Infectious diseases that were previously not known or described for at least the prior 20 years

D. Emergent Diseases

Which of the following statements regarding wildlife refuges is true?

D. Wildlife refuges are managed by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service.

One possible solution to the problem of insufficient land area for preserves is to use _______________ to link smaller habitat areas.

D. corridors

9. Famines are most often serious when there is

D. drought and war together.

34. You can participate in sustainable agriculture by

D. eating locally lower on the food chain and participating in CSAs.

19. Most people do their own personal risk assessments based upon

D. personal biases and preferences as well as logic.

4. The World Health Organization regards health as primarily a matter of ________ well being.

D. physical, mental, and social

23. Contour plowing and strip farming are methods designed to

D. prevent water and soil loss.

A major limiting factor to success of parks and reserves in developing nations would be

D. the lack of money and infrastructure to manage the parks and preserves.

27. The EPA usually assumes an acceptable risk for environmental hazards is about 1 in

E. 1 million

26. The USDA estimates ______ percent of conventionally grown foods are contaminated with pesticide residue.

E. 73

3. The approximate energy yield of carbohydrates is 4 calories/gram fats yield about 9 calories/gram, and proteins about 4 calories/gram. Jack and Sarah consumed the following for lunch:; Jack—100 grams protein, 20 grams fat, 75 grams carbohydrates; Sarah— 75 grams protein, 10 grams fats, 75 grams carbohydrates. How many Calories each did Jack and Sarah consume?

E. Jack: 880 Calories, Sarah: 690 Calories

20. Based on what you know of risk assessment, which of the following factors would not explain the seemingly irrational behavior of a father who smokes (high risk factor for baby) throwing away his baby's teething rings that may contain phthalates (seemingly low risk factor for baby).

E. People recognize the risk of man-made objects but not those of natural (tobacco) objects.

2. Examples of POPs, persistent organic pollutants, include all of the following except

E. Phosphates

7. Which would not be characteristic of a disease such as the recent outbreak of cholera and Ebola

E. They are becoming resistant to antibiotics.

16. An advantage of testing for toxicity by exposing animals to chemicals is that using animals is

E. a trusted and usually reliable way to get results.

25. Which of these is not a benefit found with reduced tillage farming?

E. decreased insects and weeds

13. Which of the following would not be among the most important characteristics of chemicals in determining their environmental risks is/are

E. dose.

The IUCN world conservation strategy is directed at protecting

E. ecosystems and biodiversity.

The causes of deforestation include the following factors, except

E. indigenous people

17. An LD50 (lethal dose 50%) is a dose of a toxic chemical that

E. kills half of the population.

Knowing that there are many endangered species found in the old growth forests of the United States, what might you expect remains today of all the old growth forests that stood in the United States before European settlement?

E. less than 10 percent

5. What are two common diseases that result from protein deficiencies?

E. marasmus and kwashiorkor

The most sustainable land use in tropical forests is probably

E. milpa farming.

15. In developed countries, the most recent increases in agricultural productivity have come from

E. new crop varieties and intensified farming.

2. All are common modern agricultural methods, except

E. plowing fields

14. The parent material layer of a soil is composed of weathered

E. rock fragments.

The primary aim of the U.S. Forest Service has historically been to provide ______________ based on Pinchot's philosophy of _________________.

E. timber to logging companies; pragmatic conservation

30. Pathogenic organisms are those that are susceptible to diseases.

FALSE

United States national parks are managed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

False

28. SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) and Ebola fever are examples of emergent diseases.

TRUE

29. A factor responsible for the fast spread of emergent diseases is high population density.

TRUE

31. Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are made by taking bits of DNA from different sources to create desired characteristics in an organism.

True

33. More than 70% of all soybeans, corn, and cotton grown in the United States are genetically modified.

True

Diversity can be preserved by linking reserves together with corridors.

True

The loss of forests can affect rainfall patterns.

True

30. The biggest worry about a genetically modified Atlantic salmon with extra growth hormones is that it will introduce these hormones into our diet.

false

32. The number of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and the acreage devoted to growing them has decreased in the past fifteen years because of the huge number of opponents.

false

Marine reserves are more common and easier to manage than terrestrial reserves.

false