com 10 lecture notes midterm

Double bind

"Im not angry" said it in an angry way... contradiction non-verbal is more difficult to control thus more reflective

Self Disclosure

-Self-disclosure is intentional verbal communication aimed at another person -Reciprocity is an important part of self-disclosure -It is the honest revealing of information not available elsewhere. It involves the expression of one's private thoughts, feelings, and characteristics Self-disclosure relates to the -four selves: the open, hidden, blind, and unknown selves. 1. open self: is what you know about you and others know about you, too. ex. things that people can tell by looking at you or opinions that you air publicly (have green eyes) 2. hidden self: is what you know about you, but others do not know about you. This would include experiences and beliefs that you have that you keep to yourself. ex. personal opinions on how much you like teacher 3. blind self: is what others know about you, but you do not know about you. ex. your roommates knowing that you snore at night, a habit of which you are ignorant. 4. unknown self: is what others do not know about you and you do not know about you, either. Think about the unconscious or subconscious mind. ex. Maybe you had a rough childhood, which resulted in a deep-seated hatred of father figures. For our purposes we are most concerned with movement from the hidden self to the openself, which is what happens in self-disclosure We self-disclose for a variety of reasons, including reciprocity, catharsis, self-clarification some do for manipulative reasons halo-effect influences self-disclosure. Halo effect: is a cognitive bias in which our judgments of aperson's character can be influenced by our overall impression of him or her. here can be both positive and negative halo effects. ex. Say you have just met a person and one of the first things that he does is help a little old lady across the street. From that act you generalize that "this is a good person," and this influences your subsequent judgments of him and his actions. When we first meet and are getting to know someone, we tend to only self-disclose positive information about ourselves. ex. first date want to disclose positive information Culture also influences self-disclosure: Different cultures have different norms. ex. We in the United States, with our individualistic culture, tend to

evolutionary perspective

-couples with two men/two women different because of the biological sexes of the people involved -gay men have most sex than straight

Non-verbal communication

-elaborate code written nowhere but understood by all -six types

intimacy

-intimate relationships was most important thing in life what is love? what is intimacy? intimacy arrives from closeness has several dimensions: 1. physical -baby has physical closeness to mother; children raised without being caressed has major problems -for every month spent in orphanage, your IQ goes down by 1 -premature babies that get skin to skin contact with baby are better off 2. Intellectual 3. Emotional intimacy 4. shared activities Distance is important to= need privacy we don't have time to have so many intimate friends

relative language

-some words only gain meaning through comparison ex. " I go to a small school" ---small to what? relative words= fast, slow, difficult (confusion will reign unless you offer a comparison

Lying

-telling the truth is very important, usually best option -religion puts high importance on telling the truth -honesty is foundation on which relationships are built -people are mostly telling the truth ex. college students lie to mom -lying is common place -why do we lie as much as we do? 1. Safe Face -to prevent embarrassment telling someone you look good... when they look terrible 2. To avoid conflict ex. to tell friend your fine, even though his teasing bother you 3. To Guide social interaction ex. Your glad to see someone you dislike 4. Expand or reduce relationships ex. not going that way but continue going that way because you like person 5. Gain Power of resources ex. turning down date to show power not waiting around to be rescued ex. government officials can lie when there's hostages 6. To Protect from harm and punishment ex. get caught cheating...they lie don't want you or friend to be punished

6. use of environment (nvc)

-temp, noise, spacial arrangements, etc. ex. Study show people inside of someone's house and people could guess their personality could guess their family orientation, intelligence,.. classroom=learning better, temperature is important, noise can effect, cool colors can have relaxation -students who sit front and center tend to do better on exams environment in malls= to increase purchasing -decompression zone inside store Americans tend to put important thing to the right because you drive right Design store to make you stay...milk frequently bought---yet always in the back also why pharmacies/restrooms in the back of stores product placement: kid brands on kid eye level, known brands= waist what stores want you to buy= eye level all to maximize purchasing ex. Starbucks tried to create that key to success= is multi-sensory aesthetic experience Disneyland happiest place on earth

4. Time (nvc)

-who keeps who waiting and for how long (time speaks) -amount of time you spend with someone shows how much they care -how much is he communicating for (long distance) -communicates what's important to you punctuality-shows how much you respect culturally variable= Americans very punctual need explanation if you are late for American's at parties... we want to be fashionably late 'in southern Mexico=much more relaxed idea of time

Use of Space

-women show interest to male when they show "entrance to personal space" ex. reach for something really close, crossing arms is protective move ex. speaking softly= he has to get close often times ambiguity is involved donuts will get in your head how to know if their just friendly or flirty -you may never find out if you don't try

Why we choose to get involved in relationships vs. others (essay)

1. Appearance: is very important ex. 700 blind dates, asked if they would be willing to go again depends on how physically attracted the person is Handsome men and beautiful women looked at differently ex. better looking patients get better care handsomer criminals get better case What makes somebody physically attractive? ex. showed pics of different racial groups, across cultures men are attracted to big eyes, small nose, small chin, narrow waist man who marries narrow waist --signifies virgin women are interested in more complicated- height broad shoulders, ability to protect women's preferences can change with timing during fertile window= more interested in masculine men women want men with financial stability, industriousness 2. Similarity -like people who we perceive are like us -validates our beliefs -can more likely predict what that person is gonna do -too much similarity can be boring -similarity in ability and intelligence 3. Complementarity -when each partners different characteristics satisfy each other's needs -he can be calming influence when she is out of control ex. she like to talk, he is more silent, but it works because they like it -work when they exercise different realms -best when similar enough to satisfy each other but different enough to balance each other needs 4. Reciprocity -you liking a person and the other person liking you back -don't feel good about people who attack us -we like likable people -"friend says "he likes you" oh he's kind of cute -thinking you have a chance with them 5. Exchange -economic view of relationship -seek people who give us "rewards" -at least equal too dealing with them -is getting involved with someone a "good deal?" ex. he supplies money.. she supplies beauty -expectations are very important -we want people to meet our expectations -she's been with 3 relationships with a 9, 8.5, and another 9 now with a man but he's a 6 but she has expectations that she deserves more 6.Competency -attracted to people with skills we wish we had but not too competent because that could make us look bad by comparison 7. Proximity -likely to when people are closer to you -allows you to get more information about that person Lo

3 types of skill when comes to listening (good essay)

1. Attending -Giving your physical attention to another person makes speaker more engaging -want someone to understand you -show these with your body a. posture of involvement -relaxed alertness of the body -sense importance of "what your saying" ex. body leaning slightly forward "She has them on the edge of their seats" when not facing someone squarely... "she gave me the cold shoulder" tightly crossed arms/legs..not open anxiety increases if your too close or too far away b. appropriate body motion -unblinking person probs not listening -good listen moves body while listening -avoid distracting movements= swinging legs c. Eye Contact -enables speaker to see perceptiveness -can hear message that coming from the speaker -focus eyes on appropriate parts of body -Bad= looking around the room, staring blankly d. non-distracting environment -when speaker is behind desk ex. professor to student -when behind desk, can't read body language -limit amount of noise 2. Following -should attempt to follow what speaker is gonna say a. door opener -non-cohersive invitation to talk "I'm interested in hearing more" -all too often we close door "your gf/bf is frowning and you throw out judgement statement (not likely to open someone up better: did something bad happen today? I have time to talk about it Silence: giving person time attending skills= through eye contact, posture sometimes it can be very hard to self-disclose can not be too cohesive and push b. minimal encourager -tell his or her story in own way -minimal but encourage -dont get in speaker's way ex. "I see" "so" "then" can also use paralanguage here vocal segregates "uh huh" c. questions -not too many -open vs closed questions (open) provide speaker w space Closed question (short simple response) -can help listener better understand the speaker d. attentive silence -silent responsiveness -gives space to go deeper -allow speaker to go at his own pace -can nudge a speaker on during listening silently attending to them pondering what's been said there is time for silence and time to speak -silence of intimacy 3. reflecting a. reflecting back what's been communicated paraphrase= concise response of speaker tha

The Gutenberg legacy is profound

1. In the realm of science, scholars could make/publish multiple copies of their works,discoveries, and theories. Fueled by each other's progress, scholars made quantumadvances that brought on the scientific revolution. 2. Oral traditions gave way. With printed material more widely available, people put newvalue on reading. With growing literacy, the tradition of listening to stories told by orread by others receded. It was largely replaced by reading as a silent and private act. 3. Printing fostered a standardization of spelling, punctuation, and syntax as locallanguages coalesced into national languages. As citizens gradually replaced local variations with a national language the modern nation-state took hold. With thesedevelopments the dominance of Latin as the only pan-European language slipped. 4. The role of authors gained recognition and importance. Before the printing press, thenames of authors were often lost as works were copied by one scribe after another. Thesescribes also often made idiosyncratic changes to the text (substituting what soundedbetter, made more sense to them, etc.). These alterations were compounded with eachnew copy. (The scholar Bart Ehrman has argued and written persuasively that thishappened repeatedly with the books in the Bible.) As author-attributed works werecopied intact, these problems receded copied intact, these problems receded. 5. In a world of increasing commercialization, printed works became profitable. Someauthors became popular and made money. Copyright laws were created to protect thefinancial interests of authors and publishers. Extensive copying without permission wasmade illegal. 6. Pagination (the numbering of pages) took hold. With printing, page numbering becamepractical and useful. This contrasted with hand-scribed pages in which page breaks werea function of penmanship. Results included the first indexes and tables of content, both ofwhich are essential for optimizing the usefulness of printed material. 7. Most written works in Europe before Gutenberg had been produced by the church toperpetuate religious beliefs. With the commercialization of the printed word and thesubsequent spread of non-religious works, the church had to give up its overwhelmi

Systems of Communication

1. Intrapersonal= thinking own thoughts 2.Interpersonal= dyadic(2) -between 2 ppl 3. small group= if it is small group people see themselves as small group; you know everyone by at least sight 4. Mass: can evolve from mass to small group ex. comm 10 class

10 stage model of relationships (essay)

1. The initiating stage -showing you are a person to get to know (phatic communication would work) -Hang out where they hang out 2. The experimental stage -search for common ground -things you like in other people -small talk 3. Intensifying stage -"I really like you" -asking another person for support -there can be testing for commitment 4. Integrating -identify as a unit -start taking each other's commitments -Have common property (our song, our cat) -Have idioms (language just for them) 5. Bonding Stage -Something done in public -getting married -brings social support -officially bonded partners -moving in together 6. Differentiating Stage -need to establish individual identity -begin to develop 1st relationship stresses -there could also be positive factor to it 7. Circumscribing Stage -decline in quality or quantity of the relationship -other stages go through stages of decline -dissatisfaction voiced, less and less romance -shrinking of interest/commitment 8. Stagnation -different now -feeling is gone -"hollow shell or former self" -without any sense of joy 9. Avoiding stage -make excuses -so busy this week -pls don't call 10. Termination stage -common reasons: 1. characteristics 2. lack of fulfillment 3. lack of intimacy -summary dialogue of where relationship ends -cost escalation= raise cost so high so person will end it withdrawal=avoid, reducing contact Fait accompli= statement relationship is over over-arching things= -it is possible to have elements from different stages all at same time -one stage will be predominant -no relationship is totally stable -can move from stagnant to experimental -can recapture old flame -can be cycles of old stages -we have desire for relationship +autonomy -there is a push and pull opens/privacy -too much openness can leave you feeling invaded -relationships in state of flux -cost-benefit can be throughout

three stages of interpersonal communication

1. anticipation stage: involves your expectations of an upcoming act of communication. As you seean encounter about to occur you act out in your mind what you think is going to happen. Note that this stage is influenced by your self-concept. ex. say that a young woman is anticipating asking a guy out on a date. If she has a very positive self-concept,if she thinks that she is beautiful, bright, witty, and wonderful, she will be imagining in her mind's eyethe guy gladly accepting her invitation. If, on the other hand, she thinks that she is ugly, dull, and stupid,she will most likely be imagining disaster. 2. direct contact stage: occurs when the person-to-person communication, verbal or non-verbal, actually begins. This is fairly straightforward. It is important to note that the direct contact stage isinfluenced by the anticipation stage. 3. last stage involves reciprocity.: The receiver is socially obliged to reciprocate, to give back in kind, whatever the source does to a certain extent Reciprocal feedback is usually expected in one-on-onesocial interactions. She says, "Hi, how are you?" How do you respond? "Hi, I'm fine. And how are you?" Not all one-on-one communication entailsreciprocity. When you tell your psychiatrist all about your problems, she is not likely to respond bytelling you about her problems. When Catholics confess their sins to their priest, he is not likely to tellthem all the bad things he has done. So there are exceptions, but in the vast majority of one-on-oneinteractions, reciprocity occurs

Message (3 aspects)

1. code-meaningful structure of symbols ex. brail, music, sign language, drums 2. Content: beginning to end of content (basic stuff of message) ex. "I love you" 3. Treatment: How you deliver a message ex. Different ways of saying I love you

basic social needs

1. need for inclusion: We all have the need to belong, to be with others, to be needed, to be valued. People with too much of the inclusion need are called "oversocial." These folks must belong to everything. That guy in high school who belonged to virtually every club and organization was over social. people who have too little of the need we refer to as "undersocial." 2. need for control: control over situations and other people. This refers to the desire to have and get power, authority, and respect Stalin, Hitler, and my ex-girlfriend Sheriann are classic examples. We refer to these people as "autocrats." On the other hand, people who have too little of the need are called "abdicrats These are people who always want to be told what to do. They are more prone than others to become cult members. 3. affection need: this is the need to give and get love, tenderness, kindness, and gentleness from one or more people. People with too much of the need are called "overpersonal."ex. still asks her frequently if she loves him after 30 years of marriage Those with too little of the need are referred to as "underpersonal." He does not want to betouched. You touch him and he flinches

consequences from lying

1. trust is gone: Don't trust anymore then we have greater need for honesty does he care about me as much as he says? deception leads to end of relationships can conceal information---dont say everything convo going certain direction then you change certain topic -most lies are relatively causal -not considered to be significant -men lie about commitment, aspiration -women= promise but not provide sex people do tell lies in close relationships --but less likely and if we do more likely to be a benevolent lie the biggest we are people who were closest to the costs of telling the truth are too big interactions in which we lie makes when you lie in close relationships you trust themselves "deceivers distrust" person we lie too is less honest...they must be lying too liars more likely to think their lie is less bad (harmless) Introverts (less outgoing) vs. Extroverts (more likely to lie... concerned with image) Frequent liars are not always good liars Truth= likely to assume that your partner is bias telling you the truth lie detectors decrease in power overtime online lying= study on Facebook, men lie on financial status/height -women lie about weight -we tend to be cautious/suspicious with who me act with online we tend to be cautious/ suspicious with who we act w online act with online we more honest online with people we know because remarks are written down (can be checked for accuracy) lie at work, on resume (75% lie about something on resume)

P2P network

A P2P network is one in which all computers on the network are considered equal andcan send and receive information equally well. It is the basis of file-sharing services. Onthe network, there exists an interconnected group of computers, all essentially equal intheir ability to send, store, and receive information. It is a network of peers. Itsarchitecture is decentralized and nonhierarchical. On the other hand, much of the internetis based on a client/server model. Audience members access a growing portion of contentproduced by media organizations via web servers. This network model relies on acentralized computer or server that stores content that the clients or audience accesses. Itis a hierarchical model whereby most computers users do not contribute content; theysimply receive it. Centralized storage locations make information easy to find (always atthe same address on the internet, a URL). But the single server can easily becomeoverloaded if many clients request content at the same time. The single location alsomakes it vulnerable to attack or destruction. If the server or servers with the hard drivescontaining the information are destroyed, the information is lost, unless back-up copieswere made and stored elsewhere. here are many combinations of the client/server and P2P models. Some digital communication occurs wirelessly. One main benefit of wireless is that it allows for access from virtually anylocation. On the other hand, one of thechief drawbacks is the poor level of security. It is important to emphasize the fact that the many-to-many distribution model madepossible by the internet completely sidesteps traditional distribution networks that favorestablished media companies The internet allows people to completely bypass established media outlets and communicate directly through a host of means. Many are now complaining that the internet has become too centralized. But the balance of power has shifted as companies such as Facebook andGoogle have come to dominate the services that support the internet. New competitors now either have to accept being acquired by one of thebehemoths or all-too-often suffer a slow and painful death as the giant exploits its userbase and virtually unlimited supply

decline of text

A significant narrative of the end of the 2010s is the decline of text, juxtaposed with theexplosive power and reach of audio and video. The most consequential and influentialcommunicators online used to create blogs and websites filled with words. These advances involve microphones, cameras, your eyes, your ears, and your voice. Text is not dead in thedigital world, and it never will be. Some of the most important events in the digital worldstill involve text, like #MeToo (the Me Too movement) started in 2017. But the centralityof text is significantly receding The decline of text has profound implications. For example, how do digital pictures andsounds influence our thought processes? Information systems dominated by sounds andpictures prioritize emotion over rationality. This can create a world in which memes (textover an image, a short video, or digital clip art, meant to be spread and imitated) andslogans have more power than arguments. President Trump has frequently retweeted hisfan's meme work. Political campaigns have begun to take memes seriously. Meme-basedpolitical discourse is still in its early days, but it may well be replacing nuanced politicaldebate

increase of the audiobook

An audiobook is arecording of an oral reading of a book, often in abridged form. Thousands of audiobooksare AI-narrated. Penguin Part of their popularity is related to the widespread use ofmobile devices. For decades the audiobook market was limited by physical constraints aslisteners had to lug around cassette tapes or CDs. But digital technology upended that,and cell phones now function as audiobook players. Many people who feel that they havelittle time to read are now listening while they commute, exercise, and do chores.In the last few years, the audiobook has really come into its own as a creative medium All of the major publishing houses are releasing increasing numbers ofaudiobooks. The newest trend in audiobooks is for some prominent A-list authors to bypass printentirely for a work and release an audiobook original instead This is truly a sign that theaudiobook is not merely an appendage of print, but a creative medium in its own right Another development is that an increasing amount of fiction is being presented online.For example, Wattpad is a storytelling app. With this in mind some publishers are even turning to the internet to find the next bestseller. Avon Romance, a division of HarperCollins, has a site for aspiring writers to sharetheir novels and get feedback, in the hope that great new novels will surface. Somepublishers are finding authors who already have enthusiastic online followings andoffering them publishing deals. ome authors are also using theinternet to get feedback and ideas for their works-in-progress

2020's and future for media

As we move into the 2020s, social media are in many ways becoming less social. Thekinds of posts in which people update friends and family about their lives have becomeharder to see. As the biggest sites have corporatized, instead of seeing photos andmessages from friends and relatives about their dining experiences and holidays, users ofFacebook, Instagram, Snapchat, and TikTok now often view professionalized contentfrom brands, influencers, and others who pay for placement. This has significantimplications for how people interact digitally. It also raises questions about the nature ofonline platforms. Platforms have been an all-in-one, public-facing sites where peoplespent most of their time. But as big social networks have made connecting people withbrands a priority over connections with other people, some users have sought out morecommunity-oriented sites devoted to more specific hobbies and issues. This means thatmany users are gravitating toward smaller, more focused sites, instead of spending alltheir time on one or a few big social networks. Examples of such focused sites include:Mastodon, essentially a Twitter (X) clone sliced into communities; Nextdoor, a socialnetwork for neighbors to commiserate about everyday issues like local potholes; TruthSocial, a social network for conservatives and lovers of Donald Trump. e.g., one needs a computer or related device, a means of connecting it to theinternet, a higher level of technical skill than required for radio), it has had a relativelyhigh rate of adoption. All these advances in digital technology will have significant implications for those whowant to become communication professionals.

value of books

Books also function as markers of our lives, marking who you are as you evolve as aperson. Books can mark life's stages for a person Maybe as a child your mother read TheLittle Engine That Could to you, helping you to learn the value of perseverance andpositive thinking Relatedly, books speak strongly to our sense of self. For example, books you havepurchased but not yet read can represent your past self that chose to buy it,

Decoder

Decode message (involving reading/hearing) If source and receiver don't speak the same lang. need an interpreter

perceived privateness

Degree of perceived privateness is about knowing who your receivers are. It is important to know who youare addressing and to whom to gear your message This refers to how private you think your message is,who you think is listening. ex. Monica Lewinsky thought she was having a private conversation with LindaTripp when she told her of her sexual escapades with President Clinton. It is important to know how private your communication is, who your audience members are.

Basic research methods

Experiments: are used to see whether a change in the independent variableis related to a change in the dependent variable while other factors are heldconstant. Surveys are useful for describing large numbers of people in efficientways. two main types: Interviews involve the asking of questions to gain information while questionnaires are filled out by the individuals themselves. observation: that generally takes place in the "field," i.e., where people naturally are. Observation is good forstudying human interaction. It is also a flexible method as you can easilyshift your focus as your research progresses and you refine what you areinterested in. A researcher can be a detached or participant observer contentanalysis. This method involves describing and analyzing in an objective,systematic way the content of literature, speeches, the mass media, orother forms of communication. The analysis can be qualitative orquantitative and sampling is often used some researchers rely on existing data: such as government documents, court records, transcripts of debates,newspapers, newsreels, diaries, letters. physical traces or artifacts are even used

Factors Influencing perception and selection (essay)

Factors in object/ stimuli: 1. Easy, obvious 2. Intensity (High Degree) ex. Siren (noticed it), temper tantrum (behavior), terrorist attack 3.Contrast (Different) ex. wearing Hawaiian shirt (standing out), nude guy at Berkeley categories are not mutually exclusive, can also be seen through advertising= putting Pringles in a can 4. Repetition: slogan, important ideas Factors Within Ourselves: 1. Past learning experiences = ex. been in several romantic relationships (all went bad--so men=untrustworthy) 2. Culture= ex. East- Asian culture more holistic view=experience based knowledge, Western= analytical, avoidance of contradiction; also many sub-cultural differences ex. First Oj Simpson case; was put not guilty and many African American groups cheered vs white groups were in disgust of the decision 3. Language= Super-wharf hypothesis- languages have different vocabularies ex. people in the far north have many different words for snow; these people are making distinctions English has a lot of different words for colors vs. Group in Africa only has 2 words for color (when you have more linguistic categories you have more finer distinctions) ex. Navajo Indian lang. has NO active verbs Eng: "He carries the ball" Navajo" There is a person with a given round object"- speak in terms of process ex. Arab and Israel saw more differences between outsiders when using their language vs English (lang. you use predisposes you to how you look/ see things ex. civil rights calling "Black man" a "boy" ---infantilizes them Human beings shape culture which in turn shapes them!.. same w lang 4. motivation= ex. you have type of car so then you see it more ex. Religious motivations---see Jesus in the clouds 5. Stereotypes= -get them from different places, influence the information you obtain -can influence different inferences you make -make them to define people (normal process in classifying order because of stereotypes many people see things in a different way, can turn virtues into vices depending on which group does it Negative twist: allows us to place ourselves above the other group (if you think badly of a group, meet one good...they are the exception 6. Roles: Depends on how you see things ex. Have bot

feedback (not in model)

From receiver back to source (they switch roles original source becomes receiver, if model has feedback it is called "circular model"

decision making in small groups

In general, small groups have been found to make better decisions than individuals. Small groups can tap more brains and the collective experience of everyone in the group. But there are exceptions to this generalization. aforementioned crisis situation is one, whendecisions have to be made quickly and there is no time for discussion. -If the group's members are at odds with each other for some reason, small group decisions might not be best. Groupthink: refers to a situation in which there is over concern for group harmony and consensus. A "don't rock the boat" mentality takes hold. -there are effective structural ways to prevent groupthink. For example, all groupmembers could be summoned to individually write down their thoughts and share them, secret ballots could be used, members could be forced to play devil's advocate (where onemust offer a counterargument), or the small group could be broken into yet smaller groups,each of which would come to an independent decision

Mediated/non mediated ways of communication Intrapersonal

Intrapersonal: non mediated=you thinking your own thoughts but if reading thoughts through your journal, leaving notes that is mediated Mass communication: non mediated: ex. lecture face to face to group of people mediated= mass email, television, books, etc

Leadership

Leaders tend to be, on average, taller, more social, better looking, more talkative, more determined, more self-confident, and have higher IQs than the typical group member. -One can become a leader in a variety of ways. -Leaders can be assigned by some authority figure from above, they can be chosen through a process of voting, or they can arise from force of their personality, e.g., charisma. There can be different leaders for different situations or for different problems. There are different types of leadership. 1. Instrumental leaders: move agroup towards achieving its goals. They suggest paths of action. There are three different types of instrumental leadership. a. authoritarian instrumental leader: makes decisions and gives orders b. A democratic instrumental leader: encourages a group to reach consensus c.laissez-faire instrumental leader: is a very easygoing leader who does little to influence the group's activities or direction. 2. Expressive leaders(sometimes called socio-emotional) help preserve harmonious relations between andamong group members. They can mediate conflicts, crack jokes to help break tensesituations, and the like. One person can be both an instrumental and expressive leader, orthese types of leadership can be distributed among a number of people. It can be quitedifficult for an effective instrumental leader to also be an expressive leader because thethings he/she must do to move the group forward can rub people the wrong way, whichmakes it hard to be a mediator.

affect of television of books

Let us look at the effect that one medium,television, has on books It is common for sales of a book to triple or quadruple when the author appears onone of the morning broadcast network news shows (like "Good Morning America" or"The Today Show"). T he most remarkable catalyst for book sales in recent memory hasbeen Oprah Winfrey's Book Club. When she featured Toni Morrison's Song of Solomon,the 19-year-old novel's sales increased by 3000% Another way that television influences whatpeople read is by basing streaming shows on book content hey adapt the novel to the screen, and then viewers aremotivated to buy and read the original source material, i.e., the book. Two examples ofthis book-to-screen phenomenon are "Big Little Lies" and "The Last Thing He Told Me. As of 2022, TikTok has become a major force. Reader raves about certain books onTikTok videos had led to tens of millions of sales

profanity

New York City- was most foul mouth besides prison and armed forces this Is because of high stress jobs, ny filled with all kinds of people, anonymity of a big city, language tied to social circumstances= the bigger the city the more profanity represents intensification of increasing use of profanity across generation -more widespread over space and time (less punch) "****" was a verb, now a noun, a adj word **** is not on much graffiti doesn't have the same shock factor -counterculture brought "less educated" speech -women empowerment -american life become increasingly causal -music -most taboo profanity= racial/ gender slurs most taboo words have changed overtime

Asynchronous and Synchronous

Note that synchronous media requires an audience to be assembled simultaneously withthe broadcast, transmission, or event. Asynchronous media such as newspapers ormagazines, on the other hand, do not require the audience to assemble at a given time.Audio and video recording devices let people time shift and record a performance orbroadcast so that it can be watched/listened to anytime, turning synchronous media intoasynchronous media A wiki is essentially a web page that allows anyone to edit it (add, delete, change) Social networking sites allow users to show the connections they have with others

Belief

One's personal position as to whether something is true or not. The most central type of belief is the 1. primitive, 100% consensus belief. -primitive part means that it derives from one's own personal experience. -The 100% consensus part means that everyone believes in it (or at least virtually everyone of sound mind). Examples: We will all eventually die. The sun will come up tomorrow (i.e., tomorrow will be another day). somewhat less central is the 2. primitive, 0% consensus belief. -The 0% consensus part means that there are many differences of opinion in regard to this belief. -Others may or may not agree with you, but you believe it regardless of what others believe ex. God exists less central, are 3. authority beliefs. -We believe these because an authority who is an expert in the matter at hand tells us they are true. -Examples: I believe that I have cancer because my doctor tells me I do. more peripheral (less central) than authority beliefs are 4. derived authority beliefs. - Here you believe something because of what an authority says, even though the individual is not an expert or authority in the matter at hand, but in some other realm. -Here his/her authority is derived from some other, unrelated area. -For example, a few decades ago Bill Cosby was used to sell jello. People would listen to him and believe that jello was great andgood even though he was no more an expert in food than they were. Bill Cosby is an expert or authority in comedy. If you believe him on how to deliver a joke because of his comedy expertise, that is an authority belief. But if you believe him in regard to jello, thatis derived authority. most peripheral type of belief is the 5. inconsequential belief. We believe these to be true, butthey are of no great importance. These are often merely matters of taste. Examples: I believe that it will rain today. I believe that pepperoni pizza tastes good.

Will e-books ever replace conventional books?

Or will some people always want to savorthe familiar touch of paper? Historically, the reading of the bookhas been a physical thing: the handling of a book, the stains, the notes scribbled in amargin (maybe from years ago), underlined passages, a certain cover or illustration.Touching it, feeling the paper, the feel of the pages read and those to come, the changingweight of the read and unread: all are important parts of the physicality of a book. The books themselves peer back atus from their shelves. As such, they are constant reminders of what we have read With this in mind many publishers arenow focusing on the physical aspects of books: high quality paper, color, exquisite bookjackets. They are using physical beauty and emphasizing the pleasures of owning aphysical copy to compete with e-books. Theyare saying that this is one that you will want to have on your bookshelf, Today we still see the strong hold that the old-fashioned book has on us. Twenty-eight percent said that they arereading a combination of printed and digital books, suggesting that many are happy totake text where they can get it, possibly reading an e-book on a crowded bus, curling upwith a printed book on an easy chair, and going to bed with a tablet. new trend in physical books is the development of the mini book (also calleddwarsliggers, from the Dutch words "dwars" meaning "crossways" and "liggen"meaning "to lie"). These are tiny, pocket-sized flip-backs that open top to bottom withsideways-printed text. The text flows horizontally and you can flip the pages upward, likeswiping a smartphone.

Perform actions

Singing, "saying I love you" with words

SEMCDR Model (linear)

Source, Encoder, Message, Channel, Decoder, Receiver.

mores (norms)

Stronger of a deal ex. you and your husband naked playing in lawn can be written in law

Taboos (norms)

Strongly held norms ex. do not express love for a family by having sex with them (the very though can replulse you)

language limited vs. unlimited reality

Teaching a child how to ride bike with just words (have to use such such intricate motions to show how its done

Books

The book is the most specialized mass medium and the most varied in content. Of all the massmedia, books have had the most long-term power and influence. he book is the mediumused to communicate our most important thoughts, and to present new ideas andstimulate change. It is the medium most used to educate. Book reading is a solitary activity that nevertheless alleviates loneliness. Deep, constantreading can also be key for establishing an autonomous self. The most important single innovation for book publishing was the invention of theprinting press and movable type. Chinese technology stalled because of the nature of the Chinese written language,which is comprised of more than 5,000 basic characters.

digital media

The digital media include both the old media delivered digitally and new media createdspecifically for use online or in the digital format. Digital simply means that the mediaare created in or transformed into computer-readable form. Digital media is largely replacing analog media. Analog is a term thatderives from audio recording in which the modulation of the sound carrier wave isanalogous to the fluctuations of the sound itself. Analog signals actually resemble realitydirectly in some way. Networks are essential to digital media. These networks connect computers or mediadevices to each other so they can communicate. This particularly refers to the network ofthe internet, the World Wide Web. Digital media are typically multi-media. Digitaltechnology makes it easy to combine a variety of media types into one package. This isnot new, e.g., putting photos with text or combining moving pictures and sound. Digital media are typically automated. Computers make many time-consuming andcomplex tasks easier Through automation content can efficiently be made personalized orlocalized. But actually, choosing the media you want to see,learn, or read can narrow the scope of the news or entertainment one encounters. If people just focus narrowly on what they already know andlike, audiences could be fragmented into small groups of like-minded individuals who donot interact with other groups or society as a whole. People could choose to receive onlythe news and information that reinforces their beliefs and values. filter bubble whereby intellectual isolation can occurwhen websites make use of algorithms to selectively assume the information a user willwant to see, and then give information to the user according to this assumption. Thesealgorithms are based on the information related to the user, such as former click behavior,browsing history, search history, and location. what of the importance of discussing social and political issues of common publicinterest with those who have other views in our democratic society? This could be lost.Democracy depends on a citizen's ability to engage with multiple viewpoints. If theinternet offers citizens only information that reflects their established point of view, suchengageme

level of formality

The formality or informality of the language used in a particular situation. proper form= some in Asia some social status more formal use= Korean, special vocabulary for different sexes Americans use casual friendliness with strangers (cultural differences are at play

static evaluation

The tendency to view people or relationships as unchanging. problem we should avoid ex. "John is boring" "Yesterday John was boring because he had nothing to say"

less reading among youth

There has been a long-termper capita decline in books sales. People, especially the young, are reading less andshifting more to video, the internet, cable television, and other basically visual electronicvenues. Some are concerned that our culture of literacy is waning. Literary reading has especially declined sharply over the last two decades. There is a direct relationship between scores on scholastic tests and the number of booksin the home. But many studies show that reading onthe internet is, for the most part, a decidedly inferior intellectual experience compared tothat with physical books. So many do not read,but a good percentage of Americans do, and some read a lot. What effect did the coronavirus pandemic have on the industry? With so many peoplestuck at home and activities from movies to concerts off limits, people bought and readmore books.

growth of book publishing after ww2

There was great growth in the book publishing industry in the half century followingWorld War II. This growth was related to four important factors. First, the development of books clubs led to the sale of many books. Millions of Americans joined book clubs Second, the emergence of the paperback book led to burgeoning sales.Paperback books are cheaper and easier to carry than hard covers, making them popularamong readers. [In recent times e-books have eaten into the paperback market. Third,there were significant changes in the structure and organization of the book publishingindustry. Increasingly books were published by large public corporations with diversifiedpublishing activities. Over time many of these companies merged into giantconglomerates. There was a great deal of consolidation within the industry as big housesswallowed up smaller ones and merged with each other. (For example, today the largeGerman media conglomerate Bertelsmann owns many previously independentcompanies, including Bantam, Doubleday, Dell, Fourth, sincethe end of the Second World War there has been a boom in American education withmore people graduating from high school and college. Many books, including varioustypes of textbooks, are sold for educational purposes. (For this class alone thousands ofcopies of the Tannen book have been sold.) Also important is the fact that more educatedpeople read more. There is a strong correlation between how many years of formaleducation one has and how many books one reads The book is the medium to which we attachthe most permanence. To the extent that they are still used, we throw away physicalnewspapers and magazines. Books have the highest re-use rate of all the media. This means that multiple people oftenread the same book I would argue that the book is the most personal of the mass media Because ofthese factors, authors of books can develop subject matter much more completely,sometimes over many pages, than can the originators of any other mass medium. This isthe reason why books have more of a capacity to handle nuances, subtleties, andcomplexities Books can change our way of seeing the world andseeing ourselves. They can change our beliefs and values. They can change our lives All

consolidation of book industry

There was pressure for bigger bestsellers and ever larger profits. Thisraised concerns. Bigger houses were less willing to take risks with authors who would notsell large numbers of copies the first time out. They were less and less willing to gambleon new talent and put ever greater emphasis on proven authors. There was fear of loss ofdiversity, quality, and innovation in the book industry. The big have gottenbigger and swallowed up many of the small, but the small also continue to multiply The HarryPotter books were a huge shot in the arm for the industry. They led to a dramatic increasein sales of children's books in general. he internet has had a huge impact on the book industry. First, many books are nowavailable on the internet, i.e., the text is on the web, ready to be read or downloaded.Many people who previouslycould not have been published are writing books and putting them online The possibility exists of creating virtual stores of allbooks ever published online digitalization of books. Yahoo hasbeen digitalizing historical works of fiction and specialized technological writings. Manymajor libraries, public and private, are digitalizing books. he challenge is to continue, expand, and unify all theseefforts to create a universal digital library into a single, searchable electronic portal. A second major internet issue involves electronic readers and other devices used inconjunction with electronic books (books published in electronic formats). The most prominent e-reader available is the Kindle from Amazon. Nevertheless, there has been a slip in sales of e-books over the last few of years ut the digital apocalypse never arrived, as the sales of e-books slowedas of late 2015. Higher prices may beone reason that many readers are turning back to paper. As publishers renegotiated termswith Amazon and demanded the ability to set their own e-book prices, many have startedcharging more. This tug of war between pixels and print is certainly not over. E-books also can be read on Apple's iPad, which is more of a multi-media device. Thistablet not only supplies access to books, newspapers, and magazines, but also allowspeople to watch videos, play games, and do everything they can do on the internet.

Model

Visual representation of the communication process, shows how can be interrelated

Abstraction

We speak at different levels of abstraction ex. I am studying in a place, a room, a school room, UCLA lecture hall ----ladder of abstraction Stereotyping ex. all Californians are flaky "I got to get my act together" lead to more confusion need to be more specific

dyadic communication

When you add a third person and move into the realm of small group communication, the dynamics change you no longer need to be constantly taking account of the other as thereis now someone else with whom you can share this task (and sometimes burden) Adding a third person also adds the possibility of two-against-one alliances and group pressure directed against one group member. -Often there are shifting pair-offs/constantly shiftingalliances, depending on the situation or issue -One member can also cause/incite a conflictbetween the other two, or, in turn, mediate such a conflict, helping to bring aboutcompromise. As small groups grow, the dynamics begin to change. With growth there is increasingpossibility of subgroups, splinter groups that break off from the larger group With five to seven people, having a single, spontaneous conversation where everyone is focused on basically one line of talk becomes difficult. So, in this situation, oftentimes subgroups willform. When groups getthis size (five to seven people), formal rules (like "Roberts Rules of Order") can helpeveryone maintain focus on one topic and one conversation. This is even more the casewhen the small group gets larger still. Oftentimes withgroups this large you will need a leader to maintain such focus. People no longer "talk" to the group, they instead"address" The overall point here is that thedynamics of communication change as the small group grows. two basic types of small group: 1. Primary groups: are characterized by intimate face-to-face association. Here members haveemotional investments in each other and know each other intimately. These groups often exist over relatively long periods of time. Examples: would be a family, a children's play group, a local Girl Scout troop, or a local gang 2. Secondary groups are more formally organized and impersonal. They also tend to be larger(secondary groups can be sufficiently large that they are no longer small groups). Heremembers act toward each other in more formal, designated ways Examples of secondary small groups would include a discussion section for a class, a workplace group, It is possible for a secondary group to evolve into a primary group. Maybe a study group isformed for some

Buying Books

Where do we buy books? Traditionally books were sold in stores owned by individualswho loved books. Then in the second half of the 20th century chains (such as Waldens,Crown Books, Borders, and Barnes & Noble) came to dominate book selling. hen, at the end of the 20th century, the internet, especially Amazon.com, became amajor venue for book sales. (As of 2021, over half of all print books sold in the U.S.A. gothrough Amazon, which also commands over 80% of all e-books sold. So, overall,Amazon sells substantially more than half of the books in the United States, includingnew and used physical volumes as well as digital and audio formats (in 2023 over 40% of physical books and over 80% of e-books) Relatedly, "doppelganging" occurs when someone starts publishingbooks just like yours, using your name, in order to game Amazon's algorithms. So herepeople start publishing books not identical but amazingly like yours, with similar titlesand covers. Title cloning occurs when someone releases a book with the same title as yours. This islegal because one cannot typically copyright a title. There are many fewer independent bookstores than there used to be, but the number hasrecently not only stabilized but increased. ince the Covid pandemic, during which they were supportedby local communities and retail space became more affordable. Some independentbookstores have been so successful that they have expanded into mini chains.Independent stores now typically have websites, too, through which they can sell bothdigital (often through Google) and print books, as well as promote themselves. ndependent bookstores have been aided by the widespread move tobuy locally and the ability to host in-store events, like author talks, book signings, Many have become arts and culture hubs for local communities. Some have helped themselvesby attaching coffee and pastry shops and adding nonbook merchandise like games, toys,stationery, coffee, and t-shirts. It seems that manyreaders still want to embrace books in all three dimensions, beyond their computerscreens, and select them in a tactile, less anonymous marketplace in which aknowledgeable bookseller might offer some helpful advice Now books are sold in many locations, These non-boo

who makes riskier decisions

Whogenerally makes riskier decisions, small groups or individuals? The answer issmall groups. The main reason seems to be the diffusion of responsibility. When an individual makes a risky decision and things go wrong, he/she is totally to blame another reason why small groups generally make riskier decisions isbecause with multiple members offering ideas there is a bigger chance that some risky ideawill be put on the table for consideration. And in some cultures, like that of the UnitedStates, riskiness is seen as sexy.

traditional model vs publish then filter

With the traditional model, from a vast universe of possible information specialists orprofessionals (editors, music producers, etc.) select which information will be used ascontent. They act as gatekeepers, controlling the flow of information made available tothe public by their decisions (with the given limitations of the medium, such as those oftime or space). The material (e.g., stories in the newspaper or music of a band on analbum) is distributed to the public, which is unaware of all the possible information itcould have received.But with the publish, then filter model now in operation in the social media of the internetthe public can connect directly with the vast universe of information out there incyberspace, much of it made available by non-profit organizations or just average internetusers like you and me. People can find what is relevant through a variety of socialnetworks, ratings systems, online discussions, etc. Much of what they encounter may notbe relevant, and much of it will be of inferior quality. They will have to wade through itand filter it for themselves. another big difference is cost. Most people cannot afford to start a newspaper orradio or television station. Traditional media certainly are still important. They provide much of the source materialthat the public then discusses With traditional media some consumption-based activity was done within groups.Families gathered around and listened to the radio in the 1930s and 40s. But now much more of this group activity is mediated, andit occurs through the digital media

Verbal communication

Words, functions- stand for, refer to things in world, Different words for Dog in different language... all the same thing

Digital addiction

Your phone buzzes, promising you someconnection via tweet, message, or Instagram post. Can you resist looking? If you don'tlook, can you concentrate on anything else? Does your mind wonder what you aremissing? If you give in, and you typically will, how does that make you feel? And howmany times a day do you give in, how many dozens of times? A study published in June 2017 from the University of Texasasked subjects to take a series of tests that required full cognitive attention. Theresearchers found that people who had their smartphones nearby, even when they were turned to silent, performed significantly worse than those whose phones were in anotherroom. If your phone is nearby, you can never really stop thinking about it

1. Kinesics (nvc)

any and everything your gonna do with the body a. emblems= body movement transferred into a word or phrase ex. "f you" sign there is cultural variability to this (some are universal) ex. hand to mouth to show your eating is not exclusive just to human species (yuck face-other animals do it) b.Illustrators= -you move your head up and down as you say yes -accent or emphasize a word/phrase -used to sketch a path of though c. affect display -six universal facial patterns, non verbal way to show emotion d. regulators -tend to regulate back and forth of speaking and listening -can ask speaker to hurry up by leaning forward (can give other persona chance to talk) -raise your hand -can keep someone else from having floor -a salute, handshake, slap on back -a lot of this learned by culture e. adaptors= movements that help you adapt to certain situations ex. not sure what to say so you scratch your head ex. Female Japanese cover hand with mouth when embarrassed (cultural differentiation) objects can also be an adaptor=playing with a pencil (anything that helps you adapt) f. General physical characteristics -heat smell, touch -height weight, posture, the very way you carry yourself (all these things send messages) smell-men's sweat smells different who are sexually aroused (subconsciously women know) gay men prefer scent of other gay men we are recognized by our own unique smell by birth -mother quickly learn babies smell -depending how someone's hand feels= communicates to people -height contains power (normally man taller) -taller men tend to make more money -boys who are shorter more likely to be held back EYES: Most important -window to the soul -there is cultural variability in how we look at eyes ex. U.S. eye contact is very important In Asian cultures not supposed to look directly in the eyes use eyebrows to flirt In eyes, brows, forehead, important we have less control over these parts touching behavior= -handhakes, etc Do it all the time, don't think much about it -student greeted person with a handshake... less people lied (created degree of intimacy) -kissing=form of kinesis (using your body) some cultures don't kiss Japan= only supposed to kiss in private Finland= ba

Attitudes

are based on beliefs. An attitude is typically derived from a number of beliefs ex. I have certain beliefs about snakes: Snakes are ugly. Snakes are slimy. Snakes areslithery. Snakes bite. I integrate these beliefs and come up with an attitude: I don't like snakes

Values

are based upon attitudes. Values are strongly held general ideas. -They are broad, general notions of what is good and bad, what is desirable and undesirable. -They refer to large numbers of people or things over long periods of time. ex. I believe that many people were killed in the Korean war. I believe that the war caused much pain. I believe that the war occurred because of stupid political decisions. I have attitudes about each of these cases, that these actions were bad. From these attitudes I derive a value: equality (for you, for me, for everyone; today, yesterday, and tomorrow). two types of values: 1. Instrumental values : are means values. You use these as a means to arrive at some end that you want to achieve. Instrumental values refer to the ways that you think others and/or you should be acting so that the world or your life will end up as you would like ex. say you value wealth or money instrumentally, because you believe that this will bring you happiness, your terminal value. 2. Terminal values: are valued in and of themselves. These refer to where you want to end up. Examples: wealth, popularity, salvation, peace, success, health, power Instrumental values can only be understood in relation toterminal values.

coyness

being artfully shy/reserved used to test a male for commitment females don't want a man to abandon them coyness is how to test which man they would want promise--withdraw getting into mating posture the getting out of it -woman has to know that he means business ex. girl looks and then looks away female coyness happens very young for women comparative behavior very rare for little boys

phatic communication

communication aimed at maintaining relationships rather than passing along information or saying something new "oh its getting cold out here" opened channel of communication the channel wasn't important but opened up

body synchrony

continue to touch/ first begin to mirror each other one leans forward-the other does too -normally happens subconsciously have to reaffirm each other

male/female

different responses to signals direct contact, dancing, etc work when women flirt more romantic strategies tend to be better (showing sense of commitment

noise

distorts message (enemy of fidelity) can occur anywhere in communication process ex internal noise= tummy ache, sick had fight w gf last night-- interfere w. message external noise= leaf plumber

distribution

distribution is no longer dependent on a central locationsending out content to a passive audience. Distribution has become decentralized. Ratherthan central servers containing media content that the public accesses, or rather than thesealone, audience members can now store media content on their own computers and makeit available to others on the internet. Centralized distribution points are greatlysupplemented, if in some cases not virtually replaced by, many localized distributionpoints. This is the basis for peer-to-peer (P2P) applications.

Words can evoke emotions

ex. president gives patriotic speech and your deeply moved

Subcultural differences

ex. you sure clean up nice (Austin, Texas) upper midwest= you can get the pop at the counter All using same language, but can be different from part of the country your from

kinesis

express emotion with nuance/ depth as children we show we want to be picked learn that we can get hurt by being too vulnerable develop body language to keep other people away "cold shoulder" eyes= the most important part of the body, initial connection is made with the eyes have power to attract or repel staring is a no (seen as a threat) winks= flirtatious, people see what they want to Elevator eyes= don't look below the neck, or else people will feel like an object

types of norms

folkway, mores, taboos

Onomatopoeia

formation of words by imitating sounds for the most part words are arbitrary ex. cockadoodle doo in Hebrew coo coo (although have different in the other languages

folkway (norms)

generally conform but need a little pressure ex. wearing matching socks, don't need to wear a tux at mc Donalds But if you break them its ok.. people just think your weird

Open Source Movement

he open-source movement according to whichpeople work for other than monetary reward. a strong spirit of keeping information freely available toanyone and letting everyone share the benefits ithin this culture audience members are not simply consumers, but alsotake an active role in producing content or information. The computer networks of digital communication are quite flexible. Digital distribution can occur virtually instantaneously. But this speed and convenience can beproblematic.

The Scientific Method

hypothesis: is a tentative, testable statement asserting the existence of a relationship between one factor and something else. Scientists conduct studies to test their hypotheses. ex. what makes for a successful Comm. 10 student unit of analysis: is who or what is being studied. It is the major entitythat you are analyzing. The following are examples of units of analysis inthe social sciences: individuals, groups, institutions, societies, artifacts(like newspapers, books, or photographs), social interactions ex. we are interested in all the students who have taken Comm.10 in the 2010s- all 10,000 of them (we'll say there have been 10,000 tomake matters easier). It is these 10,000 individual students that we areinterested in. Here our unit of analysis is the individual student. population: which is the total number of cases possessing a particular characteristic sampling procedure: we can draw conclusions about the entire population by studying only a few of its members. The key lies in how thefew are selected. The sample needs to be randomly selected variable: is any characteristic that can change or differ, from time to time, place to place, individual to individual. The variables must also be operationalized, i.e., expressed in measurable terms. dependent and independent variable.: Variations in the independent variable are responsible for bringing about variations in the dependent variable. The dependent variable is dependent upon the independentvariable, which changes in value for reasons having nothing to do with thedependent variable. The independent variable is the hypothesized cause causation: An assumption of science is that all events have causes correlation is an observed association between a change in value of onevariable and a change in value of another variable. But it is important toremember that correlation is not causation. Correlation is only the first piece of information one needs to collect along the path of determining causation One must attempt to control for others factors that might be influencing the relationship between one's independent and dependent variables. Validity: refers to whether your studytests what it actually set out to test. Reliability: refers to whether

history of your previous interactions

important includes both your history in general, and your history with specific others. As you were growing up, if your parents and wider family generally treated with you with respect and communicated with you as if you were a worthwhile, valuable human being, you probably came to expect positive communication with others who would treat you well.

choice of channel

important. Sometimes we chose what is convenient. If you want to talk to your friend in New York Citytoday, maybe the easiest, most convenient way is for you to use your mobile phone. Maybe if you want tobreak a date with a friend, the most convenient way for you to do it is to choose some channel that allowsyou to avoid what might be an unpleasant face-to-face interaction. So, you send a text, e-mail, or leave avoicemail. Sometimes you can learn something about the message from the channel that is being used. For example, ifyou had a loved one in the military during WWII, the last thing you wanted to see was the telegram boy atyour door, because that was the channel used to notify family members of a death Certain channels are also more or less direct, more or less personal than others -Consider the situation of someonetrying to sell you something. The least direct, least personal way of doing this is through junk mail, whichwe can easily toss away. Sometimes companies try to disguise their junk mail to make it seem morepersonal, for example, by using a font that looks like cursive writing for your name and address. People's effectiveness in communicating often varies from channel to channel. ex. in person some people better vs. radio

small talk

made up of little quarries, little topics no one going to suspect debate -non-threatening common knowledge allows you to maintain homeostasis lets you experience other person's emotional tone judgmental questions can be a turnoff can not just talk about yourself if you like what you hear you can advance -touch= reciprocity touching on forearm shoulder, etc woman normally touches first

Coy

making a pretense of shyness or modesty that is intended to be alluring -gaze= show of return interest or not displacement gestures: displacing nervous energy-used to alleviate anxiety to see what your gonna do what someone does with their eyes is very important smile: if she smiles there is message of availability at least 18 different kinds of smile flirting you have a very open smile women usually initiate these things in social place men and women send out "notice me" signals a awful lot of this is subconscious -shared animal heritage -submissive displays= palm on placement on hand reassuring sign of harmless -shoulder shrug -posture tilted neck + party shrug shoulder (when two people who are sexually attracted to each other non verbal gestures: regulated by more primitive parts of the brain (these things just occur)

Equivocation

many words have more than one definition, can mean more than one thing "man found dead in graveyard" --phrases have 2 meanings because of equivocation

Context

mean different things in different contexts punch table after player makes a goal crying= in different context (joy, sadness, fear) same acts diff meanings (NVC) is often packaged many work together ex. restaurant: not just comfy seat also dim lighting (all a package deal) different factors working together

High Fidelity

message that we get from source to receiver w/out any distortion

Gender

most self-disclosure happened in female relationships -men do so through shared activities -sex is way to express an intimacy that has already been developed (woman) -the act of sex creates intimacy (men) culture influences intimacy too

purper findings

now non-verbal acknowledgement she doesn't give him a smile she gives him acknowledgment he approaches then starts using their voices tone and reflection very important laughing is a sign of flirting

5. artifacts (nvc)

objects we use to communicate ex. rolls royce= why pay all this money... sends message that I am rich ex. man worries about his old physique so buys a Porsche mrs. doubutfire drives in volvo= shows she is careful convertible= used as openness change of character---change of car clothing is also good ex. -social position -level of success well-dressed j-walker, 80 people followed casual dressed less than 1/2 followed there are certainly cultural differences, can't dress same way as women in Saudi Arabia can even use people as artifacts ex. hung out with cool kids in high school ex. successful man with trophy wife

small groups

often travel in "same sex packs" how can you separate the pack to get one to not land on the weakest one in the room nobody wants to be a second choice some females more aware than men with these men might mis-interpret signals

Affirmative Gestures

only non human species chimpanzees press mouth together elephants put tips of trunks in each other mouths

Source

person who get idea

3. Space (nvc)

personal space, use of space fixed features=walls space could be task at hand when people right next to each other= set up for cooperation vs. when across from each other=set up for competition -seating can convey power/importance -Grandpa sits at head of the table ex. Supreme Court people right at front and center top corner= most prestigious in building (space speaks) personal space= have different bubble around us -lovers tend to be very close -closer to coworker than to boss varies also with physiological factors anxious=further at ease= less varies on cultures= French closer than Americans when someone infringes on personal space--stand back 3ft common for U.S. a little further in East Asua This is subconscious what you feel comfy with (men tend to take up more space) -sometimes regular space rules break down -ex. in crowd, in elevator, when you ride crowded bus have different rules in crowding- positive one would be at a Dance club or going to the movies- more people can enhance movie experience family pictures= specially arranged, who is next to who, can tell who is close to who lighting can influence our use of space dim light=romantic, encourages closeness, visually not as seen

Euphemism

pleasant term subsided for a blunt one can obscure the accuracy of the message ex. He passed rather than he died ex. Negative cash flow= broke

Bypassing

problem different words with same meaning or vice versa -dont make connection, bypass -one wanted to increase salaries of employees and one help working class= realized they were talking about the same thing -people in Australia said "Hi im randy" this means horny in Australia

Encoder

put it in form someone will understand

self-concept

refers to a relatively stable set of perceptions that you have about yourself. 1. Self-identity is about the social positions you occupy. This refers to who you are and how you are located in relation to other people. It refers to how you are linked and placed by statuses and roles in life, your group memberships, your communal and societal ties. For example, John is a son, a Jew, a student, a friend, an African American, a New Yorker. 2. Self-image refers to one's sense of one's qualities, attributes, skills, and characteristics—and how these fitinto some coherent whole. For example, Juanita is kind, intelligent, shrewd, assertive, a good pool player,sneaky, and attractive. 3. Self-esteem: how one responds to one's self with affect (emotional response). It is about positive and negative emotional responses to and sentiments about one's self. It isemotionally how you feel about yourself and how you rank yourself. Polls reveal that one of the greatestfears that people have is of public speaking. As people feel others' eyes scrutinizing them, they wonder ifthey are measuring up. This can hit directly at one's self-esteem Charles HortonCooley's "Looking Glass Self" theory. Cooley believed that the self was a social product derived from social relationships and human interaction. Key to his theory is the idea of role taking, i.e., the ability to see yourself as an object, as others do. three basic stages to developing one's sense of self 1. First,we imagine how our actions appear to others. For example, if you are on a basketball court playing in front of an audience, you might imagine how you are appearing to others as you run down the court, pass, shoot, etc. 2. Second, we imagine how other people are judging our actions. To return to the basketball example, you might think that the audience members are judging you as a good shooter, a graceful runner,and an adept passer 3. Third, we make some sort of self-judgment based on the presumed judgment of others, e.g., you conclude, "I am a great basketball player." early childhood experiences. Each person acquires a self in the course of being socialized, and then can continue to modify it in newsituations throughout life. But Cooley believed that one's sense

mediation

refers to something that comes in between two things, Physical inanimate thing that comes between source and receiver ex. friend and you talking at lunch (non-mediated) FaceTime (mediated) there can be mediation/non-mediation at the same time ex. talking on phone in-person not all channels are mediation but all mediation goes through channels Small group= study group for class, meet on Thursday (non mediated) instead they speak through gc (mediated) sometimes unclear and can be both ex. painting -mediated mass communication -have to see what the motivation and intention of painting is often a lot of luring

norms

rule of behavior, what is acceptable "normal" some rules are stronger norms are not written in stone; ex. 2 generations ago man did the contacting

3. territoriality (nvc)

staking out your personal tderriorty ex. each class you sit in same space (about) territory= bigger pice of geography refer to "homeport advantage" --our home our space moving territory= having space in your car do not want it infringed ex. car getting to close to you from behind (GET OUT OF WAY!) -other species can also have space they maintain

graphic novels

the flourishing of the graphic novel,including those that tackle serious topics. Increasingly, graphic novels aimed at youngerreaders have been skipping superheroes and taking on serious subjects like mental health A graphic novel is different from a comic book. The graphic novel contains a completestory and is packaged in traditional binding, as opposed to a comic book serial withstapled pages

Interpersonal imperative

the fundamental human need to communicate, the human drive to be social. -Moreover, human communication is essential to our well-being. -Those without quality communication in close personal relationships are even more likely to get sick, become mentally ill, acquire diseases, and die early.

cultural differences

there are cultural differences with use of viral language elaborate vs succint elaborate: arabic îs language that is much more elaborate in English ex. would you like more food? "no, no no, no" have to exaggerate in arabic succint: more reading of non-verbal messages

corroboration

to support with additional proof ex. You think I'm interested look again to show I am

listening

two ppl are good listeners listening well: how can prevent going out one ear? Hearing= physical auditory process listening= more physiological issue, taking in, understanding what was said

Flirting

universal women use same signals to let man know their interested girls eye boy, or girl will see that boy is looking

Chanel

ways that we send messages, how we get messages to receivers ex. media, television, radio

dramaturgical analysis (dramaturgy)

we are constantly playing roles, like actors on a stage When one is in the role of perspective employee during a job interview,one can play the role well, or not. One can appear confident and competent and an ideal potential worker, orone can fail to look the potential employer in the eye, come off as incompetent buffoon, and blow theinterview. We play these roles on different stages. 1. Front stage: behavior refers to the ways that we communicate when we are out in the public sphere. Front stage behaviorwould occur when students communicate in a classroom. On the front stage we tend to be polite, formal,and on guard so as not to say anything that might offend some inhabitant of this public arena. 2.Back stage: refers to more informal and private realms. For students, back stage could be their dorm rooms where theyspeak more informally and freely, including expressing sentiments and ideas that would not be uttered in amore public setting. 3. deep back stage behavior: This relates to largely intrapersonal communication, ways that you communicate with yourself only when you are alone. For example, when alone he might pick his nose, fart,masturbate

Payoff differs

woman has 9 month commitment man can engage in a sexual act and then be gone woman only has so much time/ eggs men have more time and almost unlimited amount of sperm

2. Paralanguage (nvc)

you use your voice but you don't use words -background characteristics of a speaker's voice -vocal segregates= "uh huh" for yes "shhh" for be quiet substitutes for words -vocal qualifiers= say your emotional stage ex. intensity showed by speaking very quickly drawl= would lack intensity ex. southern language Vocal fluences: "oooooh lets ho over there" filling in gaps of silence culturally variable Vocalizations= laughing, crying, yawning...etc speaking through crying can indicate sadness pauses, moment of silence pause for moments of effect silent treatment= very powerful way to show anger also cultural=depends on culture how they pause use different volumes for different situations Japanese use lower volume vs. Americans whistling=depends on culture key in sarcasm ex. "Nice coat you have there" when talking, you could tell age of person over phone also related to accents= how it's delivered not what you say it