COM 1000 Exam 2

Cultural Awareness

Your ability to communicate effectively when encountering differences of ethnicity, race, language, religion, marital status, or sexual orientation is an essential component to being an educated citizen.

Cultural Competence

Ability of providers and organizations to effectively deliver needs that meet the social, cultural, and linguistic needs.

Communication Theory of Identity

- Developed by Michael Hecht (1993). - "Identity is inherently a communicative process." - Communication shapes identity while identity shapes communication (Communication = Identity). - Four Frames a) Personal (how you see yourself) b) Enacted (how do you communicate your identity to others.) c) Relational (how does your identity emerge between you and others) d) Communal (how do you share your identity with a larger group.)

Triangle of Meaning

- First point of the triangle is "narwhale", the unicorn of the sea. - Second point represents the thoughts about the symbol. - third point is the actual narwhale as an object. - Together, all the points compose the meaning of narwhale: the word, the ideas, and the object.

Barriers to Communication

- Stereotypes - Prejudice and Discrimination - Ethnocentrism (placing own cultural beliefs in a superior position.) - Hate Speech - School Bullying.

Verbal vs. Nonverbal Communication

- Verbal communication is a digital code that represents messages through the use of symbols. a) efficiency, clarity, content level of meaning, more intentional. - Nonverbal communication is an analog code that represents things through likeness or similarity. a) warmth, authenticity, relationship level of meaning, less intentional.

O'Keefe's 3 Message Design Logics

1) Expressive - Based on the idea that communication is a process in which persons express what they think or feel so others will know what they think or feel. 2) Conventional - Based on the idea that communication is a game to be played cooperatively, according to socially conventional rules and procedures. 3) Rhetorical - Based on the notion that communication involves the creation and negotiation of social selves and situations.

Managing Meaning / Coordinated Management of Meaning Theory (CMM)

CMM Theory focuses on how we coordinate our actions with others to make and manage meaning. According to CMM theory, communication involves 8 levels of interpretation: - Content (actual information contained in a spoken or written message.) - Speech Act (the various actions we perform through speech.) - Episode (broader situation created by conversational partners.) - Relationship (the relationship between the two of you has a tremendous impact on how they coordinate their actions and manage meanings.) - Self (each of us brings a script of who we are into every interaction.) - Culture (relates to a set of rules for acting and speaking, which determine what we consider to be normal and acceptable in a given situation.) - Coordination (the establishment of rules that help guide people through the intreating.) - Mystery (there is always room for the possibility of mystery, or idea that not everything within communication can be easily explained by understanding the situation.

Co-cultural Theory (CCT)

Explores how people from a co-culture communicate with those from the dominant culture. - Assimilation (get rid of all cultural differences. fit in with the dominant culture. - Accommodation (persuade the dominant culture to change the rules of society so it can incorporate the life experiences of each co-culture group.) - Separation (rejecting the notion of forming a common bond with dominant group.)

Functions of Verbal Messages

Creation - Verbal communication gives us the ability to create the social world around us. Participation - verbal communication allows us to participate in the social world by asserting, promising, apologizing, requesting, expressing, and performing.

Cultural Imperatives.

Peace Imperative - people are dependent on one another to maintain peace. Economic Imperative - countries are becoming more and more interdependent in shaping a global economy. Technological Imperative - continues to gain more importance in today's society as technological advances make the world more easily accessible. Self-Awareness Imperative - it is important for communicators to learn about other cultures. Ethical Imperative - should guide you in doing what is right versus what is wrong in various communication contexts.

Maxims of Conversational Cooperation.

Quality Maxim - The idea the communicators assume verbal messages are not being used to convey information that is believed to be false or lacks adequate evidence. Quantity Maxim - The expectations that verbal messages offer the appropriate amount of information, given the situation. Relevance Maxim - Maintains that communicators expect one another to be relevant in their verbal messages. Manner Maxim - The expectation that communicators be clear.

Culture

The rules of living and functioning in society.