COM 180 Final

Heterosexist language (Ch.10)

language that assumes the heterosexual orientation of a person or group of people

Generic "he" or "man" (Ch.10)

language that uses words such as "he" or "mankind" to refer to the male and female population

Cliches (Ch.10)

phrases or expressions that, because of overuse, have lost their rhetorical power

Hedges (Ch.10)

powerless phrases such as "I thought we should," "I sort of think," or "Maybe we should" that communicate uncertainty

Alliteration (Ch.10)

the repetition of the initial sounds of words

Hyperbole (Ch.10)

the use of moderate exaggeration fro effect

Exploded View (ch.13)

A picture or diagram where an object appears disassembled so the viewer can see the component parts in proper relationship to each other. They are used to show how things fit together and how parts interact to make a whole.

Pecha Kucha (ch.13)

A presentation format that uses exactly 20 slides, and each slide is only viewed for 20 seconds. This format focuses on timing, brevity, and practice.

Premise (ch. 6)

A proposition (statement) supporting or helping to support a conclusion; an assumption that something is true

Psychological Description (ch. 5)

A psychological description is a description of the audience's attitudes, beliefs, and values

Quantitative Analysis (ch. 5)

A quantitative analysis is the process of determining the value of a variable by examining its numerical, measurable characteristics

Watermark (ch.13)

A noticeable image or graphic in an image that is placed there primarily to prevent reuse of that image by identifying the owner of the copyright. Often found on online images, it is designed to let you preview the image before you purchase it, at which time, the watermark is removed.

Rule of Thirds (ch.13)

A layout design grid that divides a page into nine equal squares. Placing or aligning content along the grid lines creates a more powerful image.

Prezi (ch.13)

A newer type presentation software that allows for non- linear presentations and is more graphically oriented rather than text oriented.

Paradigm (ch. 5)

A paradigm is a pattern that describes distinct concepts or thoughts in any scientific discipline or other epistemological context

Slideware (ch.13)

The software used to display digital slide shows. Examples of slideware include Microsoft PowerPoint, Apple iWork, Keynote, Google Drive Presentation, OpenOffice Impress.

Define Critical Thinking (ch. 6)

"Active, persistent, careful consideration of a belief or supposed form of knowledge in light of the grounds that support it and the further conclusions to which it tends" (Dewey, 1933)

Know the various types of survey options for your audience. (ch. 5)

-Basic Questionnaire- a series of questions advanced to produce demographic and attitudinal data from your audience -Ordered Categories- each audience member is given a list of values on a piece of paper, and each audience member writes these values on another piece of paper in order according to their importance to him/her -Likert-type Testing- when you make a statement, and ask the respondent to gauge the depth of their sentiments toward that statement either positively, negatively, or neutrally

Know what colors and font styles to avoid (ch.13)

-Be sure to use colors that contrast so they can be easily distinguished from each other -Avoid using red and green closely together. -stick to standard fonts that are considered screen-friendly (serif fonts Times New Roman, Georgia, and Palatino, and the sansserif fonts Ariel, Helvetica, Tahoma, and Veranda) -Other non-standard fonts, while attractive and eye-catching, may not display properly on all computers. -make sure that the font size is large enough for everyone to read clearly. -Don't use decorative, script, or visually complex fonts. -Never use the Comic Sans font if you want to retain any credibility with your audience. -Don't use all upper case or all bold. -Avoid small caps and all word art, shadows, outlines, stretching text, and other visual effects. -Use italics and underlines only for their intended purposes, not for design.

Deductive and Inductive Reasoning (ch. 6)

-Deductive Reasoning- refers to an argument in which the truth of its premises guarantees the truth of its conclusions. The classic example is: All men are mortal. Socrates is a man. Therefore, Socrates is mortal. (Know how to make your own syllogisms) -Inductive Reasoning- when the truth of an arguments propositions lends support to the conclusion How induction develops in action: 1. Bathroom cleaning responsibilities alternate weekly according to the work chart. 2. Sydney cleaned the bathroom last week. 3. The chart indicates it is Harrison's turn to clean the bathroom this week. 4. Therefore, Harrison should clean the bathroom.

Difference between formal and informal fallacies and know 1-2 under both categories. (ch. 6)

-Formal Fallacy- an error in the structure of the argument -Informal Fallacy- an error in reasoning *Refer to virtual text to find many examples

Resources provided by the library for research (Ch.7)

-Librarians (it is their job to help you succeed in locating the material that is relevant to your assignment and they may specialize in a specific area of research) -Books -periodicals -full text databases.

Traits of Critical Thinking (ch. 6)

-Listening- refers to the psychological process of interpreting or making sense of sounds -Analysis- analyze a message in greater detail, separating out the main components of the message -Evaluation- continuing the process of analysis by assessing the various claims and arguments for validity -Inference and interpretation or explanation- critically examining a message is to interpret or explain the conclusions that we draw from it -Self-regulation- examine how what we think on an issue may have influenced the way we understand (or think we understand) the message and any conclusions we have drawn

Know the five categories of Audience Analysis and what purpose they serve. (ch. 5)

-Situational Analysis- the situation for which your audience is gathered -Demographic Analysis- a classification of the characteristics of the people. Whenever addressing an audience, it is generally a good idea to know about its age, gender, major, year in school, race, ethnicity, religious affiliation, etc -Psychological Analysis- refer to definition in past question -Multicultural Analysis- the diversity of an audience in regards to language, ethnicity, and culture -Interest and Knowledge Analysis- you need to know ahead of time if your audience is interested in what you have to say, and has any prior knowledge about your topic

Interest Periodicals and Scholarly Research Journals (Ch.7)

-general interest periodicals (include magazine and newspapers, which provide a wide array of knowledge and keep readers up to date on the news within a larger cultural context.) -Scholarly Research Journals (more rigorous research, such as an international relations expert detailing what forms of aid are best for nations experiencing uprisings)

Know how to identity the Z pattern (ch.13)

-starting in the upper left of the screen, one reads in a "z-pattern", exiting the page in the bottom right corner unless their vision is sidetracked by the objects they are looking at -viewers are scanning from focus point to focus point -make sure all people and pets are facing into your slide, preferably at your main point.

Know how to identify Cognitive Dissonance. (ch.5)

-the mental stress caused by the choice we are forced to make between two considerable alternatives -For example, let's assume that you value "having fun" a great deal. You like to party with your friends and truly enjoy yourself. And, in this day and age, who doesn't? However, now that you are experiencing a significant amount of independence and personal freedom, you have many life options at your disposal. Let's also say that some of your close personal friends are doing drugs. You are torn. Part of you wants to experience the "fun" that your close friends may be experiencing; but, the more sane part of you wants to responsibly decline. In honesty, you are juxtaposed between two of your own values—having "fun" and being responsible. This real life example is somewhat exaggerated for your benefit. Realize that we make decisions small and grand, based on our value hierarchies.

Know the design principles for PowerPoint (ch.13)

1) Design with your audience in mind -It is not your handout or outline 2) All decisions, from the images you use to their placement, should be done with a focus on your message, your medium and your audience -Each slide should reinforce or enhance your message 3) Providing the right amount of information, neither too much nor too little, is one of the key aspects in effective communication 4) The first strategy to keeping it simple is to include only one concept or idea per slide. -Use only the number of slides necessary to communicate your message, and make sure the number of slides corresponds to the amount of time allotted for your speech. 5) With simplicity in mind, the goal is to have a slide that can be understood in 3 second -reduce the amount of irrelevant information, also known as "noise"

Three steps to accessing the interlibrary loan system at Pepperdine (Ch.7)

1. go to website 2. click on "interlibrary loan account" 3. wavenet

How to identify credible sources (Ch.7)

1. the source considers opposing arguments 2. It is peer reviewed 3. it was written within 10 years 4. it is a scholars article and not "for profit" source

Creative Commons License (ch.13)

A designation by the copyright holder of an image or other work that it can be reused. The license identifies what specifically is allowed under what conditions and what credit must be given.

Accident Fallacy (ch. 6)

A fallacy that occurs when a generally true statement is applied to a specific case that is unusual

Ambiguity Fallacy (ch. 6)

A fallacy that occurs when a word having more than one meaning appears in the argument

Appeal to Pity (ch. 6)

A fallacy that occurs when an argument attempts to win acceptance by focusing on the unfortunate consequences that will occur if it is not accepted

Red Herring Fallacy (ch. 6)

A fallacy that occurs when an irrelevant issue is introduced into the argument

Strawman Fallacy (ch. 6)

A fallacy that occurs when the actual argument appears to be refuted, but in reality a related point is addressed

Black and White Fallacy (ch. 6)

A fallacy that occurs when the audience is only given two choices

Begging the Question (ch. 6)

A fallacy that occurs when the conclusion of the argument is also used as one of the premises

Genetic Fallacy (ch. 6)

A fallacy that occurs when the individual is attacked

Appeal to Authority (ch. 6)

A fallacy that occurs when the truth of a proposition is thought to rest in the opinion of a famous other or authority

Bad Reasons Fallacy (ch. 6)

A fallacy that occurs when then we assume the conclusion of an argument to be bad because a part of the argument is bad

False Cause (ch. 6)

A fallacy that occurs when there exists a flawed connection between two events

False Analogy (ch. 6)

A fallacy that occurs when there exists a poor connection between two examples used in an argument

Appeal to Ignorance (ch. 6)

A fallacy that occurs when we argue something must be accepted because it cannot be proven otherwise

Slippery Slope Fallacy (ch. 6)

A fallacy that occurs when we assume one action will initiate a chain of events that culminate in an undesirable event

Division (ch. 6)

A fallacy that occurs when we assume that the trait of a whole occurs when the whole is divided into its parts

Composition Fallacy (ch. 6)

A fallacy that occurs when we assume that traits inherent in the parts are also present when the parts are combined into a whole

Fallacy of Quantitative Logic (ch. 6)

A fallacy that occurs when we misuse quantifying words such as "all" or "some."

Masked Man Fallacy (ch. 6)

A fallacy that occurs when we substitute parties that are not identical within an argument

Syllogism (ch. 6)

A form of deductive argument in which the conclusion is inferred from the premises. Most syllogisms contain a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion

Silhouette (ch.13)

A simplified image of a person or object created from the outline of the image and filled in with a solid color, usually black.

Audience Analysis (ch. 5)

A speaker analyzes an audience for demographics, dispositions and knowledge of the topic

Slide Deck (ch.13)

A term that refers to all the slides in a slideware presentation. It is a more generic term for PowerPoint slides.

Sans Serif Font (ch.13)

A type face whose characters do not have the small lines or flourishes at the end points of letters. Sans serif fonts include Arial, Helevetica, and Tahoma.

Serif Font (ch.13)

A type face whose characters have small lines or flourishes at the end points of letters. Serif fonts include Times New Roman, Georgia, and Palatino.

Value Hierarchy (ch. 5)

A value hierarchy is a person's value structure placed in relationship to a given value set

Variable (ch. 5)

A variable is a characteristic of a unit being observed that may assume more than one of a set of values to which a numerical measure or a category from a classification can be assigned

Critical Thinking (ch. 6)

Active thinking in which we evaluate and analyze information in order to determine the best course of action

Noise (ch.13)

In design, it refers to excess information on a slide or image or a cluttered image.

Citing APA Format (Ch.7)

American Psychological Association (typically used by social scientists

Non sequitor (ch. 6)

An argument where the conclusion may be true or false, but in which there exists a disconnect within the argument itself

Attitude (ch. 5)

An attitude is a learned disposition to respond in a consistently favorable or unfavorable manner with respect to a person, an object, an idea, or an event

Greyscale (ch.13)

An image that has all the color information removed and replaced with appropriate shades of grey. These images are sometimes referred to as black- and-white.

Ordered category (ch. 5)

An ordered category is a condition of logical or comprehensible arrangement among the separate elements of a group

Unacquainted-Audience Presentation (ch. 5)

An unacquainted-audience presentation is a speech when you are completely unaware of your audience's characteristics

Lay Testimony (Ch.7)

Any testimony based on witnesses' opinions or perceptions in a given case

Beliefs (ch. 5)

Beliefs are principles and are more durable than attitudes because beliefs are hinged to ideals and not issues

Complementary Colors (ch.13)

Colors on opposite sides of the color wheel, such as red and green.

Analogous Colors (ch.13)

Colors that are next to each other on the color wheel, such as yellow and orange.

Demographic Characteristics (ch. 5)

Demographic characteristics are facts about the make-up of a population

Demography (ch. 5)

Demographics are literally a classification of the characteristics of the people

Demographics (ch. 5)

Demographics are the most recent statistical characteristics of a population

White Space (ch.13)

Empty space in your design that helps direct the viewers' attention to the parts of the slide that really matter. Use of white space can help reduce clutter on your slide.

Inference (ch. 5)

Making an inference is the act or process of deriving logical conclusions from premises known or assumed to be true

Know the forms of psychological analysis. (ch. 5)

Psychological analysis- "the attitudes, beliefs, and values" of your audience toward the ideas you will inevitably present. It's always important to know where your audience stands on the issues you plan to address ahead of time. The best way to accomplish this is to sample your audience with a quick questionnaire or survey prior to the event. -Attitudes- a learned disposition to respond in a consistently favorable or unfavorable manner with respect to a person, an object, an idea, or an event -Beliefs- ones principles or assumptions about the universe. Beliefs are more durable than attitudes because beliefs are hinged to ideals and not issues. -Values- a guiding belief that regulates our attitudes. Importantly, you should also know that we structure our values in accordance to our own value hierarchy, or mental schema of values placed in order of their relative individual importance. Each of us has our own values that we subscribe to and a value hierarchy that we use to navigate the issues of the world

Evidence (ch. 6)

Research, claims, or anything else that is used to support the validity of an assertion

Line Art (ch.13)

Simplified drawings made only of solid lines without color or shading. They are useful for showing the basic shape and construction of complicated objects.

Argument (ch. 6)

Statements that combine reasoning with evidence to support an assertion

Statistics (ch. 5)

Statistics is the study of the collection, organization, analysis, and interpretation of data

Pixelation (ch.13)

The blurry appearance of images which are enlarged on a computer beyond their resolution. This often occurs when a small image is stretched to cover an entire slide.

Find what Aristotle considered a bond between the speaker and the audience. (ch. 5)

The bond is identification. The more you know and understand about your audience and their psychological needs, the better you can prepare your speech and your enhanced confidence will reduce your own speaker anxiety

Z Pattern (ch.13)

The natural tendency of people from English-speaking countries, among others, to view images in the same way that they read text, that is, left to right, top to bottom. This results in the eye tracking along a Z-shaped path through the image.

Cognitive Dissonance (ch. 5)

The psychological discomfort felt when a person is presented with two competing ideas or pieces of evidence

Color Palette (ch.13)

The selection of colors that are used throughout a single project.

Be able to identify Slideware (ch.13)

The software used to display digital slide shows. Examples of slideware include Microsoft PowerPoint, Apple iWork, Keynote, Google Drive Presentation, OpenOffice Impress

Uniqueness (ch. 5)

Uniqueness occurs when a topic rises to the level of being exceptional in interest and knowledge to a given audience

Specific Purpose Statement (Ch.7)

a sentence summarizing the main idea, or claim, which the speech will support. It should be stated clearly toward the beginning of the speech.

Rapport (Ch.7)

a cordial relationship between two or more people in which both parties convey respect and understanding for one another

Style Guide (Ch.7)

an established set of standards for formatting written documents and citing sources for information within the document

Personal Testimony (Ch.7)

an individuals story concerning his or her lived experience, which can be used to illustrate the existence of a particular event or phenomenon

Communication (Ch.10)

attempts to reproduce what is in our minds in the minds of our audience

Antithesis (Ch.10)

rhetorical strategy that uses contrasting statements in order to make a rhetorical point

Source Credibility (Ch.7)

signs that a person is offering trustworthy information

Parity (Ch.7)

similarity of information across sources

Search Engine (Ch.7)

software which algorithms to scan an index of existing Internet content for particular terms, and then ranks the results based on their relevance

Expert Testimony(Ch.7)

testimony that comes from a recognized authority who has conducted extensive research on an issue

Bias (Ch.7)

the predisposition towards a particular viewpoint

Interlibrary Loan (Ch.7)

the process of borrowing materials through one library that belong to another library

Boolean Operators (Ch.7)

words and symbols that illustrate the relationship between search terms and help the search engine expand or limit results

Colloquialisms (Ch.10)

words or phrases used in informal speech but not typically used in formal speech