COM 201 - Exam 2 (5-10)

connectives can include

"internal summaries," "signposting," "internal previews," or "bridging statements" - all help to connect the main ideas of your speech for the audience, but they have different emphases and are useful for different types of speeches

standard ways of organizing these categories called

"patterns of organization"

pieces of advice to keep in mind about connectives

- connectives are for connecting - connectives in writing can be relatively short (word or phrase in writing but one to two sentences in speech) - include connectives on your outlines in some way to help start thinking about them - vary your connectives and not use the same one all the time - connectives between any list of subpoints

problems with chronological speeches

- don't want just a list of activities

psychological and communication research done about how an audience needs and desires clear organization in a speech as they listen

- limits to how many categories of information we can keep in mind - categories of information should be distinct, different, and clear - be organized (gaining more credibility)

connectives in general perform a number of functions:

- remind the audience of what has come before - remind the audience of the central focus or purpose of the speech - forecast what is coming next - help the audience have a sense of context in the speech - where are we? - explain the logical connection between the previous main idea(s) and next one or previous subpoints and the next one - explain your own mental processes in arranging the material as you have - keep the audience's attention through repetition and a sense of movement

chronological speeches that refer to processes can be given for two reasons:

- they can be understanding - be for action and instruction

two points made about organizational patterns and speech organization in general

- think about emphasis - "climax" organization (putting strongest argument or most important point last when applicable)

how to effectively evaluate online information by Washington State University Professor Michael Caulfield:

1. Check for previous work 2. Go upstream to the source 3. Read laterally 4. Circle back

valuable tips for interviews:

1. Do the interview after you've read some published sources on the topic 2. Choose the right person 3. Make an appointment with the interviewee and arrive on time 4. Assume that the person you're interviewing is busy and can't give lots of time 5. Prepare your questions in advance and have your questions in a logical order 6. Ask the person for information you cannot get from other sources 7. Be sure not to ask inappropriate, proprietary, or embarrassing questions 8. Write the person a thank you note or email afterward

questions to guide on the usefulness and credibility of information:

1. Is the information current relative to your needs? 2. Does the information address your topic? 3. Who is the source of information

two basic ways to think about the role of supporting materials:

1. clarify, explain, or provide specifics (and therefore understanding) for the audience, or 2. prove and back up arguments and therefore persuade the audience

If you know your speech, it's not necessary to practice with your speaker's notes

False

It is important to make speaking notes as detailed as possible, in case you forget something as you speak

False

The main points of a speech entitled "How to make a Greek dessert known as baklava," would most likely be arranged according to Spatial sequence

False

principle of KISS

Keep It Simple, Speaker - grouping or "chunking" in a speech helps simplicity

pcs pattern is similar to

Monroe's Motivated Sequence - requires a discussion of cause to create a logical speech

Roman numerals indicate main points in an outline

True

The spatial sequence, or pattern, arranges points in a speech based on movement in space or direction

True

structure makes

a difference for your own listening and learning

using a first-hand interview will add

a great deal of credibility to your speech, if done correctly

connectives

a phrase or sentence that connects various parts of a speech and shows the relationship between them

"extraneous"

a piece of information you found doesn't fit into a group as you do your research, it may just not belong in the speech

peer-review

a review process in which other scholars have read a work of scholarly writing (usually articles, but sometimes books) and evaluated whether it meets the quality standards of a particular publication and/or discipline

bridging statements

a type of connective that emphasizes moving the audience psychologically to the next part of the speech

signposts

a type of connective that emphasizes physical movement through the speech content and lets the audience know exactly where they are; commonly uses terms such as First, Second, Finally

internal summaries

a type of connective that emphasizes what has come before and reminds the audience of what has been covered

internal previews

a type of connective that emphasizes what is coming up next in the speech and what to expect with regard to the content

transitions

a type of connective that serves as a bridge between disconnected (but related) material in a speech

problem-cause-solution pattern

a variation of the problem-solution pattern; requires more in-depth exploration of an issue

extemporaneous speaking requires

a well-prepared outline - clearly designate each part of the speech and use a system where the BIG IDEAS are distinct from the supporting or "smaller ideas"

connectives are tools that

add to the planned redundancy, and they're methods for helping the audience listen, retain information, and follow your structure

spatial pattern

an organizational pattern for speeches in which the main points are arranged according to movement in space or direction

chronological pattern

an organizational pattern for speeches in which the main points are arranged in time order

library databases are

available 24/7 and provide users with access to the full text of ebooks and articles from periodicals

in the way you phrase the main points

be sure they're adequate labeled and clearly explain your content

only after an article has passed the peer review process

can it be published in the academic journal

preparation outlines are

comprehensive outlines that include all of the information in your speech

speaking outlines

creating a set of abbreviated notes for the actual delivery(?)

"common knowledge" information

doesn't have to be cited (usually) - over half of the sources being used have the same piece of information

each main points should stress

emphasis on time taken; must all be equal in speech

putting search phrases in quotation marks

ensures that the words in quotes stay together in the order in which they were typed

using supporting materials effectively is

essential because we crave detail and specifics

types of supporting materials

examples, narratives, definitions, descriptions, historical and scientific fact, statistics, and testimony

primary sources are generally

factual rather than analysis or interpretation

use the minus sign (-) to

filter out search terms you'd prefer to not be included

librarians are research experts and can help you to

find information, select a topic, refine your search, cite your sources, and much more!

a researcher's job is to

find useful, relevant, and reliable information - research involves more than finding sources on a topic

examples

first and easiest to use but also easy to forget - give audience a reference point

organization in public speaking having three steps:

grouping, labeling, and ordering

lack of connectives results in

hard-to-follow speeches where the information seems to come up unexpectedly or the speaker seems to jump to something new without warning or clarification

probative

having the quality or function of proving or demonstrating something; affording proof or evidence

chronological is a

highly-used organizational structure, since one of the ways our minds work is through time-orientation

principle behind problem-solution pattern is that

if you explain a problem to an audience, you shouldn't leave them hanging without solutions

primary sources

information that is first-hand or straight from the source; information that is unfiltered by interpretation or editing

secondary sources

information that is not directly from the first-hand source; information that has been compiled, filtered, edited, or interpreted in some way

citation is an

integral part of academic work - acknowledging those who contributed is essential to academic integrity

citing the original source of the "common knowledge"

is important both for ethical and credibility reasons

one way to assess the quality of a secondary source

is to look at its references or bibliography

if it mentions both

it would be cause/effect order

if specific purpose mentions words such as "causes," "origins," "roots of," "foundations," "basis," "grounds," or "source"

it's a casual order

if it mentions words such as "effects," "results," "outcomes," "consequences," or "products"

it's effect order

labeling is an

iterative process, which means you may "tweak" how you label your main points for clarity as your progress in the speech

using surveys is valuable because

knowing your audience's level of knowledge and their attitudes about your topic ahead of time can be helpful in creating an audience-centered speech

as you group your research information, you will want to

make sure that your content is adhering to your specific purpose statement and look for ways that your info can be grouped together into categories

Did you know?

many libraries offer resource sharing services, which allow you to borrow items your library does not have available. the delivery can take a few days, so be sure to order items at least a week before you need them

it's possible to use

more than one of these organizational patterns within a single speech

topical organizational pattern

most all-purpose in that many speech topics could use it - many subjects have main points naturally dividing into "types of," "kinds of," "sorts of," or "categories of"

primary research

new research, carried out to acquire data from first-hand rather from previously published sources to answer specific questions or issues and discover knowledge

preparing to give a presentation is

not a totally linear process

all supporting materials are

not considered equal

a survey should use

objective questions - questions with few predetermined answers (true/false, yes-no, agree/disagree/neutral)

almost all content in academic journals are

peer-reviewed

narratives can be

personal, literary, historical, or hypothetical

other ways to modify your search technique

phrases in quotes, boolean operators, changing search parameters, using truncation, or searching with subject headings

the library

plays an important role for researchers

two primary types of outlines

preparation outlines and speaking outlines

psychologically, it makes more sense to use

problem-solution rather than solution-problem - audience more motivated to listen if you address needs, deficiencies, or problems in their lives rather than giving them solutions first

once you've found your sources, you will start by

reading them - taking notes as you work will help identify notable themes and make connections between sources

limits to how many categories of information we can keep in mind

seven or as one source says, "seven plus or minus two"

there is no

standard format for connectives

primary sources from own research

surveys and interviews

think of the outline as

the blueprint for your speech

core of the speech:

the purpose, the main idea or thesis, and the key main points (referred to as "roman numerals")

parallelism

the repetition of grammatical structures that correspond in sound, meter, and meaning - useful for speakers and helpful for the audience in remembering information

supporting material can be thought of as

the specifics that make your ideas, arguments, assertions, points, or concepts real and concrete - "meat" on the bones of the outline - pegs you create in the audience's mind to hang the ideas on - pillars or supports for a bridge

when preparing to write or speak about a topic the first step is

to gather information

Wikipedia is a good place

to obtain basic information or general knowledge about your subject - don't use it as an actual source

it is acceptable for short speeches to just have

two main points - if doing so supports your specific purpose

should cite

unique knowledge - information found in one source

"scholarly," "peer-reviewed," and "academic" are

used interchangeably

narratives, stories, and anecdotes are

useful in speeches to interest the audience and clarify, dramatize, and emphasize ideas - strong emotional power

presentation aids are

visual or auditory supporting materials

researchers have found that "chunking" information, by the way it is grouped, is

vital to audience understanding, learning, and retention of information

for most of our college work

we will use reliable secondary sources

"tests" or "sets of criteria" for websites

words and concepts such as currency, authority, accessing only certain domain names, and inclusion of a bibliography or references section - also included: writing style (bias, poor grammar, or editing)

periodicals

works that are published on a regular, ongoing basis, such as magazines, academic journals, and newspapers

five questions

would probably be enough to let you know what you need

before you can label your main points clearly or put them in the right order

you have to group your information

side benefit to learning to be an organized public speaker:

your writing skills will improve, specifically your organization and sentence structure