COM 202 Final Ch. 9, 10, 14, 16, 17

What is a crescendo ending

A conclusion in which the speech builds to a zenith of power and intensity.

What is a dissolve ending

A conclusion that generates emotional appeal by fading step by step into a dramatic final statement.

Define hasty generalization

A fallacy in which a speaker jumps to a general conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence.

Define false cause

A fallacy in which a speaker mistakenly assumes that because one event follows another, the first event is the cause of the second.

Define ad hominem

A fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute

Define red herring

A fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion

Define bandwagon

A fallacy which assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable.

Define appeal to novelty

A fallacy which assumes that something new is automatically better than something old.

Define appeal to tradition

A fallacy which assumes that something old is automatically netter than something new.

Define slippery slope

A fallacy which assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented.

What is comparative advantages order?

A method of organizing persuasive speeches in which each main point explains why a speaker's solution to a problem is preferable to other proposed solutions.

What is problem-solution order

A method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem.

Define problem-cause-solution order

A method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point identifies a problem, the second main point analyzes the causes of the problem, and the third main point presents a solution to the problem.

Define Monroe's motivated sequence

A method of organizing persuasive speeches that seek immediate action. The five steps of the motivated sequence are attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action.

What is problem-solution order?

A method of speech organization in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem.

What is topical order?

A method of speech organization in which the main points divide the topic into logical and consistent subtopics.

What is spatial order?

A method of speech organization in which the main points follow a directional pattern.

What is chronological order?

A method of speech organization in which the main points follow a time pattern.

What is causal order?

A method of speech organization in which the main points show a cause-effect relationship.

What is a speech to gain passive agreement

A persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience that a given policy is desirable without encouraging the audience to take action in support of the policy.

What is a speech to gain immediate action

A persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience to take action in support of a given policy

What is question of fact

A question about the truth of falsity of an assertion.

What is question of value

A question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action.

What is question of policy

A question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken.

Define rhetorical question

A question that the audience answers mentally rather than out loud.

Define internal preview

A statement in the body of the speech that lets the audience know what the speaker is going to discuss next.

Define internal summary

A statement in the body of the speech that summarizes the speaker's preceding point or points.

What is a preview statement

A statement in the introduction of a speech that identifies the main points to be discussed in the body.

Define creating common ground

A technique in which a speaker connects himself or herself with the values, attitudes, or experiences of the audience.

Define signpost

A very brief statement that indicates where a speaker is in the speech or that focuses attention on key ideas.

Define connective

A word or phrase that connects the ideas of a speech and indicates the relationship between them.

Define transition

A word or phrase that indicates when a speaker has finished one thought and is moving on to another.

Define invalid analogy

An analogy in which the two cases being compared are not essentially alike.

Define fallacy

An error in reasoning

What order would work well for a speech on the history of Mount Rushmore?

Chronological order because the main points of a speech should be organized to communicate the speaker's message.

What are the two main factors that affect credibility?

Competence and character.

What is one way to boost your credibility?

Deliver your speeches expressively and with strong eye contact. Also, explain your competence, and establish common ground with your audience.

What are the guidelines for presenting a visual aid?

Display visual aids where presenters can see them, avoid passing them among the audience, display them only while discussing them.

When you speak on a question of policy, your goal may be to ________

Evoke passive agreement, or to spark immediate action.

Many persuasive speeches revolve around question of ______

Fact.

What are the four objectives of an introduction

Get the attention and interest of your audience, reveal the topic of your speech, establish your credibility and good will, preview the body of the speech.

What do connectives do?

Help tie a speech together. They are words or phrases that join one thought to another and indicate the relationship between them.

How successful you are in a persuasive speech depends on _______

How well you tailor your message to your listeners' values, attitudes, and beliefs.

Supporting materials are the backup ideas for your ______

Main points.

What are the three basic issues you may face with a persuasive speech?

Need, plan, and practicality.

Name some visual aids

Objects and models, photographs and drawings, graphs like line, pie, graph, ect. Can also use videos, the speaker, or powerpoint's.

Who is Monroe's motivated sequence best suited for?

Persuasive speakers who seek immediate action from their listeners.

What are the guidelines for preparing a visual aid

Prepare well in advance, keep visual aids simple, make sure visual aids are large enough, and use a limited amount of text.

If you have a persuasive speech and advocate a change in policy, what order will your main points naturally fall into?

Problem-solution order, or problem-cause-solution order.

Define Strategic Organization

Putting a speech together in a particular way to achieve a particular result with a particular audience.

Define analogical reasoning

Reasoning in which a speaker compares two similar cases and infers that what is true for the first case is also true for the second.

Reasoning from principle

Reasoning that moves from a general principle to a specific conclusion.

Reasoning from specific instances

Reasoning that moves from particular facts to a general conclusion.

Define casual reasoning

Reasoning that seeks to establish the relationship between causes and effects.

List ways to get the attention of the audience

Relate the topic to the audience, state the importance of your topic, startle the audience, arouse the curiosity of the audience, question the audience, begin with a quotation, or tell a story.

What are some ways to end your speech?

Summarize your speech, end with a quotation, make a dramatic statement, refer to the introduction, ect.

Define credibility

The audience's perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic.

Define goodwill

The audience's perception of whether the speaker has the best interests of the audience in mind.

Define need

The first basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: Is there a serious problem of need that requires a change from current policy? There is no point in arguing for a policy unless you can show a need for it, IE - Is there a need for more student parking on campus?

The process of planning the body of a speech begins when you determine ____

The main points. Choose them carefully, phrase them precisely, and organize them strategically.

Define main points

The major points developed in the body of a speech. Most speeches contain two-five

What are supporting materials?

The materials used to support a speaker's ideas. The three major kinds of supporting materials are examples, statistics, and testimony.

What is mental dialogue with the audience?

The mental give-and-take between speaker and listener during a persuasive speech.

Define logos

The name used by Aristotle for the logical appeal of a speaker. The two major elements of logos are evidence and reasoning.

Define pathos

The name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as emotional appeal.

What is burden of proof

The obligation facing a persuasive speaker to prove that a change from current policy is necessary.

Define target audience

The portion of the whole audience that the speaker most wants to persuade.

Define persuasion

The process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people's beliefs and actions.

What is a plan

The second basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: If there is a problem with current policy, does the speaker have a plan to solve the problem?

Define practicality

The third basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: Will the speaker's plan solve the problem? Will it create new and more serious problems?

What are the two major functions of a conclusion?

To let the audience know you are ending the speech, and to reinforce the audience's understanding of, or commitment to, the central idea.

You can organize main points in various ways depending on your ______

Topic, purpose, and audience.

What are the four major types of speech connectives?

Transitions, internal previews, internal summaries, and signposts.

Tips for using evidence

Use specific evidence, use novel evidence (new evidence), use evidence from a credible source, and make clear of the point.

How do you establish credibility?

You tell the audience why you are qualified to speak on the topic at hand. Establishing goodwill may be necessary if your point of view is unpopular.

What does the order of a speech depend on?

Your topic, your purpose, and your audience.

Graphs are a great way to illustrate any subject dealing with _____, and charts are used to ________

numbers, & to summarize large blocks of information.