Combo with "10.25.2014, Stats ch 6 Probability and unit normal table)" and 21 others

7. For each of the following samples, determine the interval width that is most appropriate for a grouped frequency distribution and identify the approximate number of intervals needed to cover the range of scores. a. Sample scores range from X = 24 to X = 41 b. Sample scores range from X = 46 to X = 103 c. Sample scores range from X = 46 to X = 133

7. a. 2 points wide and around 8 intervals b. 5 points wide and around 12 intervals or 10 points wide and around 6 intervals c. 10 points wide and around 9 intervals

9. a. After 3 points have been added to every score in a sample, the mean is found to be M = 83 and the standard deviation is s = 8. What were the values for the mean and standard deviation for the original sample? b. After every score in a sample has been multiplied by 4, the mean is found to be M = 48 and the standard deviation is s = 12. What were the values for the mean and standard deviation for the original sample? (10.03.2014 Stats ch 4 textbook extraction/notes)

9. a. The original mean is M = 80 and the standard deviation is s = 8. b. The original mean is M = 12 and the standard deviation is s = 3.

9. For a sample of n = 25 scores, what is the value of the population standard deviation (cr) necessary to produce each of the following a standard error values? a. um = 10 points? b. cr,w = 5 points? c. crAi = 2 points? (11.2.2014, stats ch 7, probability )

9. a. σ = 50 b. σ = 25 c. σ = 10

(11.6.2014, Ab ch 11, Schizophrenia) What trend do researchers find for the social economic status if those with Schizophrenia?

A 10 year New Haven study it was found that the rate of Schizoprhenia is twice as higher in the lowest social economic class (Hollingshead and Redlich, 1958). Similar results have been observed in Demark, Norwat, and the U.K. (Kohn, 1968).

What is the difference between a child with easy temperament and a child with unclassified temperament? ___________________ 09.30.2014 Dev Lec 4 (Attachment, temperament)

A child with easy temperament adjusts easily and is generally happy while an unclassified child could have some traits of the easy but are a mixture.

Depersonalization

A panic attack can be very severe. People can experience it to the point that they do not know who they are or where they are. This condition is called depersonalization.

(early childhood, 3-4) In regards to moral development this age most paychologists think morality is learned by their theories differ. ()()() Freud believed that the super ego was adopted from the parent, though today psychodynamic therapists believe what is called induction discipline which proposes that children learn from parents telling them that they shouldn't have done something and that the child should ________a_______ ()()() Social learning theorists, or behavioralists believe that morality is no different from all other learned things. They emphasis modeling where the child identifies someone they consider a role model and then try to imitate their model. It's believed that they tend to choose adults that ____b______. Children also will tend to choose adults that are _____c____€ with what they say and what do they. (dev lec 6, early childhood 3-4)

A. Feel bad about it B. are warm and responsive to the child, and is successful C. Consistent

(early childhood 3-4) At this stage friendship to children are defined by someone who plays with them and frequently friends change because ______a________. Research finds that when two children are identified as friends they _____b_____ at each other more and encourage each other more at dificult tasks. Also the easier they make friends, the more friends they will tend to have in adulthood. ()()()() Parents can help via indirect action like the ____c______ and direct by parent-child play where a parent _____d______. Also proximity is important at this of friendship which the parents largely decide. (dev 6 lec mid early childhood)

A. Of argument or distance b. Smile c. Attachment style and rearing style d. Teaches their child in parent child play how to interact and be nice when playing with others

(early childhood 3-4) The three levels of cognitive play categories are (1) functional play which involves ____a_____, (2) Constructive play involving ______b_____ (3) Make believe play where ________c______.

A.the simple movement without other objects, like tag. B.creative building or making of things. C. children are acting in their immagination

What is the advantage and disadvantage of giving a diagnosis system? (ab lec 2)

Advantage is that there is an easy selection of treatment. The disadvantage is stigma.

Everyday memory (11.11.2014, Dev middle adulthood)

Are cogntive decliens interfering with everyday functioning

Cognitive aspect of personality disorder (11.21.2014, ab lec, personality disorders)

(1) Unrealistic self image "so handsome that I need to be in a magazine" - Narcissistic (2) Incorrect evaluations of relationships "you should bow down to me like a god"

(11.10.2014, pcog ch 8, Evryday mem and mem errors) Is the autobiographical memory of a person with damange to visual areas affected? Why/why not?

(Greenberg and Rubin, 2003) found that those with damage to visual cortex lost AM. This is probably because these clients don't have the usual cues, though it's been found that non visuak memory is affected as well.

Music therapy to lleviate anxiety of hospice patients (12.2.2014, last lec, death, dying, and bereavement)

(Horne-THompson and Gracke, 2008) had those dying a certain amount of time (40 minutes) and control with something involving music. What they found was that 40 minute music sessions with music. So researchers suggested that distraction can be a pretty good way to help.

dishabituation, generalization, spontaneous recoery (12.1.2014, pcog lec, last lec special, expectation and violation of expectation)

(Rankin et al, 2009) Generaliation - you present same stimulas repitively and then a presentation of something similar you see lower response telling you the animal feels it is similar. Dishabituation - new item and the interest. Spontaneous recovery occurs when stimulation stops for a period of time organism will pay attention.

Name the three types of disassociative disorsers

(a) Amnesia (b) Fugue (c) DID - dissociative personality disorders

In secure attachment 60% use parents as ___(a)____ station and are _____(a2)____ to explore. When parents leaves they react by ____(b)_____ and they are ____(c)_____ to be comforted by the parents compared to the stranger's attempts to comfort. ___________________ 09.30.2014 Dev Lec 4 (Attachment, temperament)

(a) a support station (a1) willing to explore (b) getting upset (c) easier to comfort by parents compared to the attempts of the stranger

In avoidant attachment 15% they____(a)____ use parents as a support system. When parents leaves they react by ____(b)_____ and they are ____(c)_____ to be comforted by the parents compared to the stranger's attempts to comfort. ___________________ 09.30.2014 Dev Lec 4 (Attachment, temperament)

(a) do not use parents as a support system (b) not displaying any separation anxiety (c) just as likely

(is high school graduate just an indicator or cause) Dropout rates of high school (5) (dec, inst, voc train, extrac)

* has been decreasing. Not grauduate much higher jobless data * remedial insturction * high quality vocational training * personalized counseling * exteacirciular - invests them into schooling. Also tend to be more successful. And learning skills. Makes a dent in teen suicide. Give community money to create afterschool program, decrease suicide significantly.

What are some interesting differences between the different alters in disasociative personality disorder?

*Different Handness * Glasses with different precriptions * different allergies * can have different psychobuolgocial reaction (Reinders et al, 2006) * different hand writing * different voice (ab 7, 208)

Disassociative fugue is a seperate sub catgeory of disassociative category. Describe what warrents it be a new category. Also talk about which scene in Breaking Bad has Walter claiming dissasociative fugue.

*In this sub type people not only suddenly lose their memory but assumes a new identity and leaves home. *This type of disorder is usally caused by stress Walter claimed this when he was arrested after killing a drug boss who has his mom in house with Walter. (Ab 7, 206)

"Back from the Edge" - Borderline Personality disorder video (11.21.2014, ab lec, personality disorders)

- These people are ultimate outsiders - relationship breath life into them. Absences when relationships established are separated are like I don't exist - often it is seen as people being manipulative. Family members feels like they change their lives for the person and they feel like they are manipulated on purpose. - responds very intensely, they are very sensitiveness, it is very hard to feel in control, - there is consistency of inflicting physical pain like punching self in the face or cutting. It gives them a way to manage their feelings. Cutting regulates emotion for this group of people. It helps them alleviates emotions that they don't want, feeling calm. - many feel like the only way out was suicide, this was due to being powerless, began to feel like doing it more realistically. - overeaction and inability to regroup (Woman) Grew up without father much. Woman liked art and describes herself has a good imagination. At age 6 her parents moved her to Holland. There was a man who was creepy and she began to feel haunted or stalked in groups. She believes this is the beginning of when she was feeling socially awkward. The thing that she does is writing down what she sees in others and try to configure out what type of personality. In grade 9, she remembers when she finally made a friend. She thought that they are my best friend for ever and ever, she describes not knowing how to have a casual friendships. When the friend lost weight and rose up in social ladder she wrote in her own blood. She started cutting at 14 when she fell for a classmate and got rejected. When she took pills from her mother she was disappointed when she woke up and was fine. Finds that her ability to work and deal with life was really hard. When she got her MA she was out of control and came to psychologist for help. Andrew. Describes himself as having everything to everyone else. People thought that he was very outgoing. But what happened on the insight was different, things got worse and worse. Always felt that he does not know himself well, that every morning he would put on this confident persona as a manager, but felt totally depleted by the time he is at home. He does not have the energy for wife and kids. He thought that having a family would make him happy but it didn't. It began to feel like it was eating him up inside. Look at bridges and idealize death. One day he walked out in front of a subway train, after that he realized he needed to hospitalized. Christina. Everyone thought that everything was going well for her. But it was normal until about mid teens. She was motivated in school. One time she saw a man with markers but she got very heated about it so quickly that she felt like it was out of control. Takes a lot of risks going to party a lot. Also feel a need to do drugs just to fit in with people.

Goals of dating changings in adolescence (3, earl shal, grad look int, good attach par)

1. Early: recreation, for group acitivity, shallow intimacy, very brief 2. Gradually later they look for more intimacy 3. good attachment with parents will have good relationship skills, allows easier to form better relationships

Expertise and creativity of adulthood (11.4.2014, Dev Young)

1. Expertise is the acquisition of extensive knowledge in a field. Psychologists say that this is the top 10% of a population knows a specific field. Another definition is information processing, they can effenciently assimulate information very quickly in that field. Mostly assumilate not accomdating. 2. Generally it's a good idea for young adults to because it tends to be structured in 10 years. This is the same from academia to musicians or sports. 3. How does creativity effect expertise? One is Problem Finding. At this stage there is a tendency to figure out what is missing, identifying a gap to fill in the gap. 4. This requires individuals that are not afraid of failure, open minded, and expertise. You need to know that it has not yet been made.

What are the two types of classic neurotransmitters? What are some well known examples of them? (AB 2)

1. Monoamines -> dopamine, seretonin, Nonrep 2. Amino acids -> GABA, glutamate

Name the 5 main basic issues in developmental psych (Dev lec 1)

1. Nature/nurture 2. Stability/plasticity 3. Activity/plasticity 4. continuinity/discontinuity 5. Individual variability

Is major depression is flat affect?Flat affect is _______1_____ Depression is actually ____2_____. A feeling of despair. (Ablec6mood)

1. lack of emotion which usually is some sort of brain damage, the part of the brain responsible for emotion. 2. Sad affact

11. Find the X value corresponding to z = 0.25 for each of the following distributions. a. p, = 40 and = 4 b. p. = 40 and a = 8 c. μ= 40andC= 12 d. μ =40and a= 20 (10.13.2014 stats ch 6, zscores)

11. a. X = 41 b. X = 42 c. X = 43 d. X = 45

Persistent vegetative states (12.1.2014, pcog lec, last lec special, expectation and violation of expectation)

12% show the N400. Showing that they are comphrending it auditory stimuli. These people who can be identified get rehab.

14. For a population with a standard deviation of o- = 8, a score of X = 44 corresponds to z = —0.50. What is the population mean? (10.13.2014 stats ch 6, zscores)

14. μ = 48

15. For a sample with a standard deviation of s = 10, a score of X = 65 corresponds to z = 1.50. What is the sample mean? (10.13.2014 stats ch 6, zscores)

15. M = 50

18. Calculate SS, variance, and standard deviation for the following population of N = 7 scores: 8, 1, 4, 3, 5, 3, 4. (Note: The definitional formula works well with these scores.)| (10.03.2014 Stats ch 4 textbook extraction/notes)

18. SS = 28, the population variance is 4, and the standard deviation is 2.

What are the milestones of vision in infants at 2 months, 6 months, and 6-7 months? In addition what did experiments involving the visual cliff demonstrate? [hint: I focus on only color. I screen all else and track it down. I look for color in the depts of the earth] (dev lec 3, milestones and learning in babies)

2 months: focus and color vision 6 months: screening and tracking 6-7 months: depth perception, able to detect pictorial cues. Visual cliff study is where there was a sudden drop. Experienced crawlers could detect and avoid the drop and the same for experienced walkers in their specific expertise.

(11.14.2014, ab lec, drug, substance) Injection

2. injection is really efficient because it goes right into the body. There are four types of injection. IM - Intramuscular (vaccination) slowly distributes, SC - subcontinuous (under skin) allergy tests also slow, IV - intravenus, gets into brain quickily by injecting into the vein (3-4 seconds) , IP Intrapenphrenial goes deep into the body cavity, gets to the brain really quiickly

(11.14.2014, ab lec, drug, substance) How many people estimated in NA

20 - 25 million in NA suffer from substance abuse but is probably low since many are illegal

24. A distribution with a mean of p, = 56 and a standard deviation of o- = 20 is transformed into a standardized distribution with p„ = 50 and a = 10. Find the new, standardized score for each of the following values from the original population. a. X = 46 b. X = 76 c. X = 40 d. X = 80 (10.13.2014 stats ch 6, zscores)

24. a. X = 45 (z = -0.50) b. X = 60 (z = 1.00) c. X = 42 (z = -0.80) d. X = 62 (z = 1.20)

27. Use a stem and leaf display to organize the following distribution of scores. Use seven stems with each stem corresponding to a 10-point interval. Scores: 28, 54, 65, 53, 81 45, 44, 51, 72, 34 43, 59, 65, 39, 20 53, 74, 24, 30, 49 36, 58, 60, 27, 47 22, 52, 46, 39, 65

27. 2 │80472 3 │49069 4 │543976 5 │4319382 6 │5505 7 │24 8 │1

(11.7.2014, Ab Lec Schizophrenia) If cohordence rate of mental disorder is 1%, how many have schizoprhenia in Canada?

350,000 people to take of

4. In a distribution with o- = 12, a score of X = 56 corresponds to z = -0.25. What is the mean for this distribution? (10.13.2014 stats ch 6, zscores)

4. p. = 59

Affective liability in dementia (11.28.2014, Ab lec on Old age, ch 16)

The changing of emotions all the time. One minute crying, then angry, then elated. This is dysfunctional because it is difficult to be around.

Describe Piaget's pre operational stage (dev lec 3)

The child, at 2-7, makes gains in mental representation. Because of this ability, they can engage in make-believe play and understand symbol-real world relations. They are still limited by by egocentrism (centred on self), conservation (irreversibility, centration on single aspect, and object/quantity manipulation), and hierarchical classification (judging relationships among objects).

What is tranintiutionalization? (12.12.2014, ab chapter rereading, ch 1, introduction to abnormal)

The decline in various institutions with psychiatric units of general hospitals. Its been reported for example that Canada has seen a significant decline of mental institutions from 1998 to 2003 (Sealy, 2012)

What is the hallmark of depression ?

The loss of interest in life. Things enjoyed previously do not bring pleasure.

Challenge of assessment, Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory, (11.23.2014, Personality Disorders Chapter Summary)

The millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory MCMI-III isa 175 term true-false inventory that provide a subscale measure of 11 clinical personality scales and three severe personality pathology scales. It is set up to assess reponse biases and other self report tendencies and even includes The Grossman Facet Scales which determine therapy-guiding preference of interpersonal and cognitive of the client in order to provide personalized therapy where the clinicians adjust therapies to suit the individual's preferences (Millon and Grossman, 2007)

If stimuli is processed in many complex stages before it encompasses reality then what is a more accurate way of describing our perception? (Mind deals with direct _____ but deals in __________) (pcog lec 2)

The mind does not deal with direct simuli but representations. Like for example

Changes in creativity (11.11.2014, Dev middle adulthood)

There are changes in how it is expressed. A qualitative change. Younger people tend to create a new solution never thought of before something relevant to them that challenges existing knowledge bases. Older people are better at summing up and integrating ideas

(11.7.2014, Ab Lec Schizophrenia) Negative symptoms

There but should be. poverty of speech, lack of speaking.

What is the assumption in the developmental psychology of human development? (Dev lec 1)

There is an assumption that are always changing

Non-Imager/Mental Blindness Awareness (11.24.2014, Pcog lec, imagery)

They think that "picturing an elephant" was just a metaphor. There is no reports for non imagery possibly because people are invested. There was only one case "MX" who lost the ability to use mental imagery at age 66. Fmri subtraction for MX and control of famous faces subtracted to by random code. The results were the same in seeing but not in visual. When asked to imagine MX deactivated anterior but higher prefrontal while opposite for control. This is probably because he is looking for another stratergy, he was better at mental rotation though he says he is not looking at images.

What is aversive conditioning? (12.13.2014, pcog ch 2 review Current paradigm and Integrative Approaches)

This involves pairing bad behavior with a stimulas that is unpleasant such as medication that makes the patient vomit.

What is the observed function of seretonin? What do low level cause? (AB 2)

This neurotransmitter can influence behavior and how process information. Low levels can cause impulsivity and emotional instability.

How did Darwin influence the investigation of the study of human development (Dev lec 1)

This theorist noticed that prenatal growth of many species are similar. People started to theorize that possibly the stages of development from baby to adult could tell us something about the various stages of evolution that humans as a species experienced. So they began to use what is called baby studies which are written case studies of usually the writer's baby.

When is operent conditioning used an intervention? (12.13.2014, pcog ch 2 review Current paradigm and Integrative Approaches)

This treatment is used often with children to reinforce them into engaging in social activities more.

Why did DSM 5 make those changes ?

To catch more people more quickly. Problem: over-diagnosis

Relationships with adult children (12.2.2014, last lec, part 2 of late adulthood)

Usually pretty good relationship. But it depends quality of relationship during adolescents and early adulthood. Bad relationships means less interaction and less likely to hang out together. At beginning of late adulthood it is supporting the child and then later on their child helps more like daily tasks. Picking up greocery and getting medication. Closeness predicts help. Emotional support most often needed though parents try to avoid dependency (though in Canada usually good 72) Mother - daughter ties closer than father - son. Probably because men are not supposed to talk about our feelings.

___________ provides a quantitative measure of the differences between scores in a distribution and describes the degree to which the scores are spread out or clustered together. (10.03.2014 Stats ch 4 textbook extraction/notes)

Variability

(11.28.2014, Ab lec on Old age, ch 16) Psychology video presented, workers treat old people like children

Workers treat old people like children and this lead them worse

Can delirum be a psychological cause? (11.28.2014, Ab lec on Old age, ch 16)

Yes but usually it is physical.

The idea behind CBT

You learned about yourself and the environment in a wrong easy, CBT changes how you think and behave. Take away factors contributing to stress.

The central executive pulls information from a)________ memory and coordinates the activity of the b)_________ loop and c)___________ by focusing on specific parts of a task and switching attention from one part to another (ch. 5)

a) longterm b) phonological c) visuospatial sketch pad

a. Definition of Body Dismorphic disorder b. Different BDD from anoxteria c. What does it co occur with? (10.24.2014, ab lec 7, somatform and dissassociative)

a. Disorder where obsession of body and see the difference between self and ideal. b. Usually facial. But can be scars, body. c. Depression, anxiety, social withdrawal.

Dissociativs identity disorser a. used to be called b. Is it really rare? c. Is it phychosis d. How many personalities? e. three typical personalities? f. How to fix? What is cause how many %? male more or female % g. Do identity know each other? When they don't they sometimes (10.24.2014, ab lec 7, somatform and dissassociative)

a. Multiple personality b. Used to think very rare, now happens c. No. Still grounded d. two or more e. Child, protector, persuctor f. try to merge to fix. cause of trauma in childhood 80%. Occurs more in child 90%. g. sometimes, when don't sometimes keep logs

a. What is the definition of somatization disorder. b. What is the usual complaint. c. More common in? (10.24.2014, ab lec 7, somatform and dissassociative)

a. history of diverse multiple physical complaints that appear of a psychological in origin (b) stomach pain (c) women

Professor Dukewhich gave us an example of her inability to speak French back the the Chinese man to ____a______. Proactive interference is _______b_______ while rectroactive interference is new learning interfering with past learning. It has been demonstrated that in ______c_____ test for short term memory we tend to read words out loud which causing people to make more errors when letters sound similar rather than look similar. There is also more errors in words that are more semantically similar. (10.06.2014 Cog lec 5 memory)

a. illustrate interference in short term memory b. past learning interfering with new learning c. Change detection

Those with antergrade amnesia compared with control recall ability (non dec mem)

antergrade amnesia no recall but priming is same in control

What category in DSM is ptsd in (2012test)

anxiety disorders

generational effect

generating an image helps when memorizing because using two seperate codes the verbal and visual.

pseduoneurological symptom example (10.24.2014, ab lec 7, somatform and dissassociative)

headache

Semantic memory can be enhanced if associated with epi memory

if good stories then remember more (geroge washinton story)

sem memory can influence our experience by influencing our attention

if list of nfl quaterbacks, if like football, semantic understanding helps organize info coming in through epi. list learning is epi. (Like what I was saying about taking psychiological psych for easy memorization)

Pylyshyn's critiques, Imagery is epiphenomenal (11.24.2014, Pcog lec, imagery)

images are a product of representation, not the representation itself. Imagery is always accompanied but is not how you actually represent information

Clive Wearing lost his memory and has less than 30 seconds of working memory. He is able to recognize himself in the mirror, not be startled by his wife who has aged, and yet cannot remember his kids. In addition he is oddly able to read, write, and play music fine. This suggests that memory is __________________________. (10.06.2014 Cog lec 5 memory)

multifaceted and is actually a formation of many different components

Word stem completation task (non dec mem)

previous exposure to list more likely to fill words seen before. Even anesthesia.

(11.6.2014, Ab ch 11, Schizophrenia) What are the 2 well documented enviromental factors?

social class and the family

(11.11.2014, Ab Midterm wrong) most important diagnosis criteria for clinical mood disorder

some mood disorders include disorders

Celia was a teen girl who claimed to have vision conversion disorder. When she did a visual test she was able to identify 99% correctly. Is this a sign of conscious sight or is it proof that she really can't see it unconsciously?

this showed that she was seeing unconsciously because if she was trying to appear blind then she would try to answer at least half incorrect (correct by chance) which is what blind people would do. If she answers much more than chance then it suggests conscious manlingering. (Ab 7)

alternate form relaibility (studywithnatalia)

two people testing different ways

(11.11.2014, Ab Midterm wrong) rariest type of mood disorser

unipola mania

Describe Broca's region and Wernick's region of the brain. What happens when a patient is damaged in one area? Why is this a double dissociation? (pcog lec 2)

Broca's region creates laboured speech which is semantic but not grammatical while Wernick's area is grammatical fluent but nonsense.

hydrochondriasis treatment success with drugs and therapy

CBT by pointing out client's selective attention and discoruing seeking medical assurance. An SSRI called Fluxetine improved short term issues though lose less likely to remit used less SSRI. (Ab 7, 204)

What is the most effective form of treatment for conversion disorder? How many sessions and what is the general focus difference between behavioral and cognitive?

CBT is found to be the most effective with about 7-30 sessions. Behavioral focuses on exposure response, cognitive focuses on faulty thinking. There also needs to be an emphasis on dealing with anxiety and depression, along with helping the person re establish healthly non dependent relationships. (Ab 7, 203)

Describe the emotionally withdrawn type of

Child does not talk or seek parents for help. Lack responsiveness and has heightened fear/feeling of intense sadness,

What is continuity vs discontinuity debate? (Dev lec 1)

Constant involves a uniformity in growth while the other involves stage by stage changes. The question also is whether children fundamentally see the world differently from us.

Gender pattern

Depression affects women more than men. Bipolar affects men and women equally.

Attachment disorder, the general symptoms, and name the two types

Disturbed and developmentally inappropriate behavior in children starting at the age of 5. The child is unwilling to form normal attachment relationships with caregivers. This is usually caused by inadequate care or frequent changes of primary care figure. This disorder can take on two forms: emotionally withdrawn and socially disinhibitated types

Somatic domain of bipolar

Do not need sleep. Too energetic. Can be mistaken for substance abuse.

Assisted suicide (12.2.2014, last lec, death, dying, and bereavement)

Doctor in the 1940s invented a machine which helps. The AMA strongly disapproves of it.

Drug and psychological treatments for panic disorder

Drugs affecting GABA transmitter systems have been found to be helpful for those with panic disorder. Exposure based treatments where patients gradually face the feared situation and learning that there is nothing to fear. This along with anxiety reducing coping mechanisms have help 70% of people. (AB 5)

What is Philippe Pinel's contribution to early asylums? (12.12.2014, ab chapter rereading, ch 1, introduction to abnormal)

During the time of the French revolution Philippe Pinel was in charge of a mental institution called La Bicetre where he unchained those there and changed the room

Why did WWII force psychologists to consider the mind? (pcog lec 1)

During this period of time governments wanted technical information on human limits, heuristics, and other practical understanding of human thinking

Emil Kraepelin

Early classification system of mental disorder Biological dysfunction Syndrome - a certain groups of symptoms to appear together Proposed dementia praecox (schizophrenia) and manic-depressive psychosis (bipolar)

(11.7.2014, Ab Lec Schizophrenia) Catononic movement. What does it mean.

Either too much behavior or too little behavior.

Germ theory of disease

Established by Louis Pasteur Disease is caused by infection of the body by minute organisms General paresis and syphilis

Preferential looking paradigm (12.1.2014, pcog lec, last lec special, expectation and violation of expectation)

Get infants to induce habituation then you see if infant finds an object in novelty.

Behavioral inhibition system, fight/flight systems, and anxiety

Grey (20000 identified the flight/fight system when the behavioral inhibition system, a stream from amygdala to frontal cortex, was stimulated in animals. The effect was that the animals acted in a way which is very similar to the way people act. (AB 5)

Frequency

How often

What does informed consent mean? What are the three types of people that cannot give consent?

Informed means knowing about the therapist, the procedures, risks etc. Consent meaning being able to understand the terms and formally agreeing to it. The three types of people that can't give consent is children, mentally disordered, and those incarnated.

Habituation is (12.1.2014, pcog lec, last lec special, expectation and violation of expectation)

Is a decrememnt in responding to repeatedly presented, irrelevant stimulas. This has no consequence.

Age of onset of bipolar

It tends to kick in in the 20s or 30s and usually manifests itself with a manic episode.

Why does some PTSD develop while others don't?

It's been suggested by True et Al 1993that given the same exposure of combat a pair of monozygotic twin and other types, the monozygotic twins are more likely to both develop PTSD. So there seems to be an inherited trait there.

Dementia and cognitive deterioration (11.28.2014, Ab lec on Old age, ch 16)

Less abstract thinking and memory/impulses, vague speech

What is effect of stimulas intensity on habituation? (12.1.2014, pcog lec, last lec special, expectation and violation of expectation)

Less intensity

(11.28.2014, Ab lec on Old age, ch 16) Psychology video presented, Daniel Levison Mcguill's proposal

Life cycle divided into eras 20 - 25 years 1 - 20 childhood 20 - early 40s, Early adult working to establish of ourselves early 40s to early 60, middle adult hood, senoir period of workplace early 60 and later, less central to main point of society, also can become irelelvent.

Why is it wrong to just say somatoform is just in head and just get over it?

Might be from mind but still problem

What happens if you ad a new score to the distribution? What happens if the score is exactly the same as the mean?

New score will change the mean. If exactly the same though there will be no change.

How do people reduce pain? (immune) (10.24.2014, ab lec 7, somatform and dissassociative)

Parasympathic

What are regular frequency tables good for? How many rows are there and what is each row supposed to display? (XFFP - Xenophobes fight factions periodically) (stats lec 2)

Regular frequency tables are better for displaying small sets of data. The rows display x, frequency, fraction - decimal p=f/N (N is total number) Percentage

Why is it that when a baby is born there is a lot of tactile development yet very little visual development? (Dev Lec 2)

Research shows that fetuses can show that they can touch while in the mother while there is little light for them to develop.

Symptoms of melancholia

Slow speech, slow movement, loss of interest

Climacteric (11.11.2014, Dev middle adulthood)

Slowly sperm not as effective. Reduced sperm after age of 40 and gradual decrease of testosterone, but sexual activity can increase it. This can cause eretion problems and general lose of interests.

Socioemotional selectivity theory (12.2.2014, last lec, part 2 of late adulthood)

Social networks become more selective with lif. As people live longer they are more selective.

What are the three main environmental factors in the environmental model of treating mental disorders? (ab lec 2)

Socialcultural models - family, norms Learning model - learned behavior or thoughts from behavioral model Humanistic model - therapist helps find skills already within you

Why is it that psychopaths are not insane but have psychopathology (a mental disorder)? Describe the two. ___________________ (Ab 4 Lec + Text: Ethics)

Sociopaths are not insane because they know what they were doing was wrong but just don't care. They have a psychopathology because they can't help their condition but the former is legal and the latter is psychological.

(11.13 2014, Ab ch 12, substance related disorders) Substance depndnce definition in dsm 4

Substance dependence was characterized by tolerence (larger dose is needed for effect or drug become markably less effective if amount is decreased) and withdrawal symptoms (negative effects when person spots taking the amount).

(11.7.2014, Ab Lec Schizophrenia) Why does it cost billions of dollars to treat

Takes a lot of time, medical staff, and most of all in Ontario who can refuse treatment

(11.14.2014, ab lec, drug, substance) Barituartes (depressant). anti anxiety drugs. Morgan takes in the dentist

Takes from going to a dentist

(11.7.2014, Ab Lec Schizophrenia) In Chronic shizophrena. Steven. 10 years of sickness in young adulthood. Tardiv disnesia what is it? Does it continue after medication

Tardiv disnesia is lick smacking. Does not go away even if you stop the medication.

10.25.2014, Stats ch 6 Probability and unit normal table) Many problems require that you find proportions for negative z-scores. For example, what proportion of the normal distribution is contained in the tail beyond z = —0.50?

That is, p(z < —0.50). This portion has been shaded in Figure 6.8(c). To answer questions with negative z-scores, simply remember that the normal distribution is symmetrical with a z-score of zero at the mean, positive values to the right, and negative values to the left. The proportion in the left tail beyond z = —0.50 is identical to the proportion in the right tail beyond z = +0.50. To find this proportion, look up z = 0.50 in column A, and read across the row to find the proportion in column C (tail). You should get an answer of 0.3085 (30.85%).

(11.4.2014, pcog ch 7, LTM encoding, retrival, and scheema) In this set I pasted the the date, class, and lecture because my thought is that it may give me a hint as to where the information is coming from and give me an oppoetunity to practice it. Cued recall is exactly this and the this personal paragraph is an example of self generated cues. (1) What's the difference between cued recall and free recall in psychology tests? (2) In this textbook there are questions which help me engage the material. Right now though I'm making up my own and by the time I get to the questions provided I already have a similar question. Accoesing to Mantyla (1986) experiment on recall and cueing am I being as effective as I can be?

(1) A free recall is showing a stimulas and then getting the participant to recall it. A cued recall is giving a hint of sorts to either assist the participant recall or to throw off the participant. (2) Self generated materual was found to be better at cueing for recall in Mantyla's experiment where participants either got cued with their own word which they creates as a reminder, got cued with words that someone else created, or no cue at all. It was found that self generated cues were far more useful.

(11.4.2014, pcog ch 7, LTM encoding, retrival, and scheema) One thing that I am missing is a system where I map out what I learned in a visual way. I knew this all along, the confirmation that having visual memory helpes convince me to try to incorporate something into my study sysrem. Though I also was pleases to learn that the brain automatically sorts our ideas (1) What does Bower et Al'a (1969) research suggest in regards to how we store memory and why both presenting information in an organized way and studying with an organizational structure helps recall? (2) How does Bransford and Marica (1972) demonstrate that the context of information is very important? This is actually something I saw in Psy100 but at the time I felt too depressed to commit fully to memory. I still remember it well I think. My eyes were dry but teary, and my heart felt heavy against me, almost like I can't suppot myself up. Where was Daisy then? Not comforting me or being there for me that I remmeber.

(1) Bower et Al's (1969) experiment found that those who were presented information to memorize in an organized tree diagriam did far better than those given information on a randomly oriented tree diagram. So when I'm trying to memorize information it seems important that the information is placed in a structured way. (2) Bransford and Marica showed participants a very obscure sounding situation that is hard to imagine. Later though the image clears things up and is actually a guy floating air ballons so that a stero would reach his lover's window.

(11.4.2014, pcog ch 7, LTM encoding, retrival, and scheema) Now I don't reread my notes. I never have and I never I think I can get myself to so it in an effective way. Sometimes I find I have trouble enough with reasing new material, so I know that rereading stuff will be torture for me. I'm pleased know to learn about the testing effect. (1) What is the tesring effect and how Roedinger et Al. (2006) demonstrate this? (2) What are some possible ctiricism?

(1) Roeodiner et Al demonstrates that testing on material is far more effective for encoding and recall when the recall is a week away. Essentially the testing effect is just that testing seems to be a more effective way of studying. Partipants had to read a passage and then were tasked to do some math questions as a sort of a break. Then they were either told to reread the passage or do a recall test. A week later these participants were given a recall test on the passage and it was found that those being test did much better. The only thing about this though is that one group might be better because they are used to the format of testing. They should have also done some sort of reading test to see if reading group got much better at reading similar material.

(11.4.2014, pcog ch 7, LTM encoding, retrival, and scheema) Last year when I first started to research and learn more about adhd I was frequently on the Reddit adhd subreddit. Someone was asking about how adhd affects memory and my response was similar to that of deep processing theory. Of course, now I'm learning it's more complocated than I imagined but at the time I believed that the inability to pay attention to something to be a primary cause. Deep processing theory in a way captures my early intuitions well. (1) Descrube Criak and Lockhart's (1972) theory of the levels of processing (describe Shawdow and deep). (2) What does Tulving demonstrate? (2) Why it is criticized?

(1) The idea of the theory of levels of processing is that paying attention for a longer period of time and ascribing more meaning will lead to better recall. Shawdow processing is paying very little attention to the semantic meaning. While deep processing involves paying close attention and focusing on the meaning. (2) Tulving (1975) found in his research that if participants didn't know they had to recall information and were told to either (1) look at sentence (2) focus on whether it ryhmes (3) answer whether the word fits in the blank there was much better recall for the fill in the blank option. Though I know later in the textbook there is suggestion that those who focused on ryhming can do ryhming recall tasks better. (3) It is critized because there no good way of determining what is a higher or lower level processing. I think that it's intuitive that considering the meaning involves more brain stimulation than memorizing random numbers, but the issue is determing what is middle level processing since the only way we can know if it's high or low is dependent on which produces better recall in research. And the research would have to first rely on the assumption that higher and lower processing exists. Personally I think higher/lower processing depend on a value judgement of what we think is more useful. The recalling of information is more useful in academic settings than rhyming, but perhaps if rappers had an interest in investigating LTM encoding they may consider ryhming identidication to be a high level processing as well.

What does the cognitive model of health anxiety disorder look like? (Name the 4 factors and 2 aspect of anxiety negative and positive)?

(1) A stressful traumatic event (2) previous experience of illness (3) Inflexible or negative cognitive assumptions (4) The severity of the anxiety (4a) Worse anxiety. (1) believeing in percieved likelihood (2) believing in increased cost (4b) Less anxiety if (1) perceived better ability to cope (2) percieved presence of rescue factors.

Defining death (12.2.2014, last lec, death, dying, and bereavement)

(1) Activity of cerebellum and brain stem are dead (2) Persistent vegetative state, brain not working but no activity in cerebral cortex but brain stem is till active. So death is end of higher level thought. Because the absence of cerebellum. So what defines humans? Thought.

(11.6.2014, Ab ch 11, Schizophrenia) Positive symtoms can involve Disorganized speech (1) What is it also called? (2) What is the difference between incoherence and loose associations (derailment)? (3) Why is it that this can be a tricky diagnosis criteria

(1) Also call fornal thought disorder (2) The positive symptom of incoherence is where an individual with shiz repeats a central image but there is very little connection between ideas. Loose associations/derailment, on the other hand, is a tendency for a person with (3) People with Bipolar disoeder also has disordered speech (Andersen, 1979). Not to mention ADHD (self).

(11.10.2014, Pcog lec Ch 11, wrong memory and catgories) Parallel distrubted processing (1) what is it also called (2) bar graph

(1) Also called connectionist (2) bar graph represented the same 8 units with a change in pattern of activation. The same 8 output can change by changing

The three types of dementia (11.28.2014, Ab lec on Old age, ch 16)

(1) Alzheimer's disease (2) Frontal - Temporal Dementia (3) Front - subcortical dementia

(11.10.2014, Pcog lec Ch 11, wrong memory and catgories) (1) Collin and Qullian's smenatic network model. (2) What does this tell us about cognitive economy. (3) How are exceptions represented? (4) What is spreading activation. What does it explain. (5) What does this theory say about statemetns that include properties or concepts that are close by?

(1) An intereconnected web with nodes representing category or concept with links represents relationships. The concept is that recalling one node recalls the nodes around. The assumption is that semantic knowledge of hierchy with braoder categories. (2)Cognitive economy is that share features are represented just once. For example, the concept of root is represented only once at at the highest level at which it applies to all plants. (3) For examples the idea is that exception would represented at the node itself. (4) When a node is activated acitivyt spreads out along all connected links. This is the major explanation to priming. Things are primed more effectively as things are further away. (5) Should be faster as it is closer in the network.

(11.6.2014, Ab ch 11, Schizophrenia) Negative symptom associality. (2) When does it occur (3) What does this have to do with recognition

(1) Asociality is where the client has greatly impaired social relationships. (Golberg and Schmidt, 2001) for example found that those diagnosed with Schizophrenia have more social difficulty and tend to be shyer. (2) It is believed to occur from the beginning of childhood, even before the onset of any positive symptoms (3) (Addington and Addington, 1998) believes that the difficulty has to do with many who have difficulty recognizing emotional cues.

(6) ways of decline (11.4.2014, Dev Young)

(1) At the DNA level people look into the aging gene. The reason why they are looking into this is because when children certain genes trigger things like teeth growth. Maybe then there is one for senescence. (2) Cellular clock theory focuses on the telmoere shortening. Teleomere keeps your DNA from coming apart, like a shoe lace. This shortening prevents things like cancer. But they may cause aging, telmore gets shorter and shorter. (3) (a) Random events Mutations may cause cancer or it may cause cells to not be as effective. (b) Free radical - Everytime cell metabolize there is cells around the cells when it metabolizes. Wine helps with this the theory goes. (4) Cross-linkage theory like organs and tissues not as effective, lungs not working as well. (5) Failture of endocrine system. Less able to remove stress hormones at a period of stress which causes us to age. (6) Declines in immune system for fighting disease (7) We don't really agree

(11.7.2014, Ab Lec Schizophrenia) Neurochemistry schizophrenia. What do the drugs do? What is a possible theory? What other neurotransmitters are probably involved.

(1) Based currently on the dopamine hypothesis. Drugs block post-synaptic dopamine receptors. Take up recetor so that they cannot have an effect. (2) GABA, found in Limbic System. And seretonin

What are the 5 stages early sensorimotor stage of Piaget's development in early infancy? The stages are birth to 2 years, birth to 1 month, 1-4 m, 4-8, 8-12, 12-18, 18-2 years. [hint: The last stage of a martial artist's skill set is having automatic reflects guiding their attack and counters. Before that the practitioner is observing and sensing the pure feel of the moves as he does them. Keeping in mind what he visualized he is intentionally trying to pursue his goal. It helps to also spar as to try learned moves in novel circumstances and in fact even when not training many have strong visualizations of sparring in their mind.] (dev lec 3, milestones and learning in babies)

(1) Birth to 1 month: Reflective schema - mainly reflects (2) 1 - 4 month: primary circular reaction - reproduce experiences involving the body. (3) 8 - 12 months: Coordination of secondary circular reaction: 8 - 12 months, intentional goal driven object permanence. (4) 12 - 18 months: tertiary circular reaction, explores properties of action through novel action (5) 18 months - 2 years: mental representation (i.e.: internal depictions of objects/events; and deferred imitation, in which, a child reproduces an observed behaviour at a later time)

(11.6.2014, Ab ch 11, Schizophrenia) (1) Describe the symptom of Catatonia and where it fits in the symptom list for this disorder. (2) What is the special subtype of this symptom. (3) What is waxy flexibility?

(1) Catatonia are behaviors that are somewhat similar to someone with mania and involves excessive and odd sequence of hand gestures that seemingly are purposeful to the client. This is one of the symptoms that don't fit in the negative positive symptom list. (2) The subtype is called catatonic immobility where the client will adopt usual patterns and maintain them for a long time. (3) Waxy flexibility is where people can move the persons' limbs into a strange position and the person with cataonic immobility can maintain it for a long time.

What are the three ways the courts can try to predict the dangerousness of an individual who might be released back into the public? ___________________ (Ab 4 Lec + Text: Ethics)

(1) Clinicians - though can predict sex offender slightly better than chance (Hanson and Bussere 1998) (2) Actuarial assessment - easy to assess but may be too rigid (3) HCR - HCR20, hisotical, clinical, risk factors

(11.6.2014, Ab ch 11, Schizophrenia) Why has research in 2014 and 2009 suggest that Canada may seen higher rates of schizo

(1) Dealberato (2014, in press) writes that there is a higher prevalence of Schizophrenia in Canada. (2) (Kinny et Al., 2009) notes that greater prevalane is found amomg those immigrating (stress exposure) and in countires with high latitude where there less sunlight and vitamin D (prenatal factor impliacted in the development of Schizophrenia.

In industrialized nations adolescents have delayed sexual gratification and an extended adolescents. What are the three stages of adolescents? (12.7.2014, Dev Exam review, ch 11, physical and cognitive development in adolescence)

(1) Early adolescence, 11 - 12 to 14 years, a period of rapid pubertal changes (2) Middle adolescence, 14 to 16 years, puberty changes are nearly complete (3) Late adolescence, 16 to 18 years, young person achieves full adult appearance and prepares for adult roles.

(11.6.2014, Ab ch 11, Schizophrenia) It's be observed that people who's family does not have Schizophrneia can still have the diaorder. (1) What does (Xu et al., 2011, 2012) find genetically related to schiziphrenia (2) What does (Brennand et al, 2011) find about what is different neurologically for those with Schizophrenia and what medication does?

(1) Finds that those with the disorder have difference in 40 implicated genes that is also observed in schizophrenia (2) Brennand and his colleagues finds that the brain cells of people with schizophrenia have few synapses. The implication of this is that anti psychotic medication help nerve functions return to normal levels. (Brennand et al, 2011)

(11.6.2014, Ab ch 11, Schizophrenia) (1) How many different groups of those with Schizophrenia did Heinrich and Awad (1993) find based on a battery of neurophychological tests? (2) How is this different from the three reject (3) What are the 5 subtyoes

(1) Found 5 subtypes (2) This time the subtypes are based on performence factors and on factors such as how long one is in hospital. (3) (a) excutive subtype: impariment from Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (b) excutive-motor subtype: decefeits in card sorting and motor functioning (c) dementia type: pervasive and generalized cognitive defeceits (Heinrichs, 1995)

What are the five critical ways a psychologist can use observation to assess someone of their mental condition? (ab lec 2)

(1) General appearance (2) Emotional gestures or facial expressions - especially for those displaying non compliance (3) Interaction of with other people - sometimes in office, other times it's good to note if they being forced by someone (4) gross and fine motor acts, any hyper activity. (5) Verbalization, example non real words Schizophrenia

(11.6.2014, Ab ch 11, Schizophrenia) What are some cultural difference in the diagnosis criteria if Schizophrenia?

(1) Goldner et Al (2002) found in a meta anylysis that there are major variations across cultures. With Asian cultures having the lowest prevalance rates . (2) McGrath (2006) concluded that this disorder is much higher in males than females with a ratio of 1:4.

(11.6.2014, Ab ch 11, Schizophrenia) (Mellor, 1970 pp 15-23) describes three major forms of hallucinations. What are they?

(1) Hearing own thoughts spoken by another voice. Sometimes it would literally narrate everything, but at other time it may say the complete opposite thing. Like it may say "type this question" or it might say "don't type this question" as I am trying to type the question. (2) Others hear voices arguing. Sometimes they are arguing about the person and some voices will argue in favor. (3) Finally they may hear voices commenting of their behavior. Sometimes they may even make remarks or judgmental remarks.

(11.4.2014, pcog ch 7, LTM encoding, retrival, and scheema) While quizzing myself with what is now a random set of 900 questions I'm hoping that quizing on one topic will activate thinking mechanisms which will provide me with an overall understanding. However the pcog lecture convinced me that I need to test myself with the set a couple times before randomly testing myself. (1) Describe Hebb's (1948) concept (2) describe the subsequent concepts of synpatic consoldiation and systems consoldiation. (3) Do these processes occur at the same time? (4) What did Bliss et Al (2003) find in regards to LTP?

(1) Hebb's concept was that with each subsequent memory this involves the first trace which is initial processing and the second trace which is supposed to be much deeper. (2) Later researchers confirmed Hebb's theory and found that there were two processes. (a) Sypnatic consolidation and systems consolidation. The likelihood that A to B firing increases as there is more firing. (b) systems consolidation involves how close synapses and neurons are. The first acts more quickly while the second is a slower process. (3) They occur together but work at different speeds. (4) Long term potertiation is enhanced from neuron A to B in repeated stimulation.

Different types of late adulthood different types of settings (12.2.2014, last lec, part 2 of late adulthood)

(1) Homes, most autonomy, least amount of medical help. In familiar environments most people perform the best. Another reason people choose this for autonomy. (2) Residential communities, life care communities with provided meals. So there is less autonomy like the times of cooking for prof's wife's parents, they still cook for the control. (3) Nursing homes, severely restricts autonomy that force you to sleep at certain times and socialize at certain times. Another function is social interaction because many of those there have their significant others have died. People here though still feel a sense of isolation, This is probably because socioemotional selectivity theory. Green house model is better. Nursing care and their own apartment blocks. There is an overseeing of medical needs but they are still allowed a level of autonomy. These individuals report better psychological adjustment and feel less lonely.

(11.10.2014, Pcog lec Ch 11, wrong memory and catgories) What do babies know? Preferential looking looking paradigm, (1) cats and dogs test (2) (Wu. et Al,. 2011) (3) how do infants learn categories if they seem to not be able to deal with messier environemtns?

(1) In preferential looking paradign, what they find is that infants tends to like familiar objects. You find that once a baby is familir with cat and then shown a cat and a dog. Then what you should see is that in terms of looking time for these tests the infant will look longer at the dog. Indicating that the dog is categorically different. (2) (Wu. et Al,. 2011) gave infants patterns to see if they would notice co occurences, do they actually represent specific pattern differences or would it be abtract. In the consistent splitting condition the elements that we were shown are still paired together while inconsistent is different. What you find is that infants look longer at inconsistent. Interestingly, they made the display messier to simulate real world and found that they couldn't effectively learn the categories probably because they were distracted (3) belief is based on social cueing. It all depends on what the infant is paying attention to. Infants are very sensetivie at what adults are lookign at.

(11.6.2014, Ab ch 11, Schizophrenia) (1) Describe the symptom of inappropriate affect and where it fits in the symptom list for this disorder. (2) This could explain perhaps the live level of substance abuse

(1) Inappropriate affect is when the client have emotional responses out of context and scares the people around him/her. Like suddenly laughing when they fear that someone's mother had died. (2) (Blanchard et al, 1999) believe it's likely that the high rate of substance abuse is due to an attempt to self medicate and reduce the negative symptoms.

(11.6.2014, Ab ch 11, Schizophrenia) Negative symptom Avolition apathy or avolition (3) . (4) What did (Evensen et al., 2012) find their 10 year longitudinal study?

(1) Inattentive, (2) lack of motivation, (3)spend most of the time doing nothing. (4) Found that apathy was a very unique variable which is correlated with poorer life functioning and lower ratings for the life.

(11.10.2014, Pcog lec Ch 11, wrong memory and catgories) Connectionist approach. (1) 3 types of units (2) activation is effected by two factor (3) connection weights (4) What is special in regards to nodes (5) example of the networks for canary and can

(1) Input bottom, output units contain the final output of network, and input units that are activation by stimulation from the environment. What is also important is the connections between them. (2) Activation dicatated both by stimulation and connection waves (3)Connection weight determine how signal sent from one unit either increase or decrease the activity of the next unit. It depens on the thickness of the line or weight of the line. If the connection weights from input to output have strong weight. (4) activation is distrbuted across different input and middle. (5) A series of concept activating representation hidden can to activate grow, move, fly, sing. Some of the things that you think will be activated are not.

(11.7.2014, Ab Lec Schizophrenia) Traditiona treatment and modern (3 , (1) affective gone, (2) sedation, (3) atypical antipsychotics)

(1) Lobotomy and shock. Makes affect lower. Still have hallunicanation and deulsions still more managable (2) In early 1950s, sedative that does not cause lose of consciousness. Thorazane. Cause motoric side affect like lip smacking (3) clozapine, helps removes positive and negative symptoms. This decrease the white blood cell.

(11.6.2014, Ab ch 11, Schizophrenia)(1) Negative symptom Flat affect. (2) Is this consistent internally?

(1) No stimulas can create an emotional response. When spoken to they only talk in a toneless voice, though this is only reflective of how they are capable of behaving. (2) (Kring and Neale, 1996) found that in a study where controls and those with Schizophrenia were tasked with watching parts of movies found that despite there being less facial expression people with schizophrena can report having even more emotion than normal controls.

The four concepts of death (12.2.2014, last lec, death, dying, and bereavement)

(1) Permanence: to be dead is to never come back (2) Inevitability - it must happen (3) cessation - stops of life (4) Applicability - only living organisms can die. (5) causation - death has a cause, not just magic though we might not always understand it. Some children can comphrend others but not this.

(11.13. 2014, Ab ch 12, substance abuse) How did Cooper (1994) assess the Two dimension explanation of alcohol abuse? Further why did Kuntsche find in his 2005 study?

(1) Positive internal - enhancement scale, measured by how pleasant one feels after drinking (2) Negative internal - coping scale, how much drinking cheers one up (3) Positive external - social scale, how much does drinking making social gatherings more fun (4) Negative external - conformity scale, how much does not drinking make individual feel left out (Cooper, 1994) It was found that young people are more likely to drink for negative internal than for positive internal and coping motivates were found to be more highly associated with alcohol related problems such as academic or legal difficulties (Kuntsche et al, 2005)

(11.6.2014, Ab ch 11, Schizophrenia) Negative symptom Alogia what are the two types of it.

(1) Poverty of speech which is ability of speech is reduced (2) Poverty of context of speech which is there are very few ideas being communicated over and over again. (American Psychiatric Association, 1987, pp 403-404)

What are two examples of environment in fetus creating preferences later a baby. (Dev Lec 2)

(1) Same food that is strong is preferred by the baby if it's mother preferred it as well. (2) If mother read cat in the hat, later babies suck the bottle device a certain way to indicate that they prefer having that read to them.

(11.6.2014, Ab ch 11, Schizophrenia) According to the Government of Canada, 2006 what is the percentage of those in psychiatric hosptials hospitalizations have Schizoprhena? What percentage of those with this disorder commit sucide?

(1) Schizophrena accounts for around 30.9% of hospitalization in psychiatric hospitals (2) rate of suicide is 10% (Government of Canada, 2006)

In doing longitudinal studies there are distinct advantages, but there are many reasons for why researchers would opt not to use this form of data collection. Describe the issues of (1) selection attrition, (2) methodological/theoretical change (Dev Lec 2)

(1) Selection attrition is an issue because there are only a specific and very limited type of families that would sign their children up for long term studies. It becomes even worse by the end of the study because those in lower SES would quit the study. (2) Once a study is done so much time has passed that the method might be disproves or invalid. This leads many researchers to prefer other methods.

(Castelanos and Tannock, 2002) suggested that three aspects of ADHD may be partly answered by neuroscience investigation. (12.13.2014, pcog ch 2 review Current paradigm and Integrative Approaches)

(1) Specific abnormality in reward related circuitry leading to shorter delay gradients (2) deficits in temporal processing result in high intra subject inter trial variability (3) deficits in working memory

(11.10.2014, Pcog lec Ch 11, wrong memory and catgories) Connectionist models, (1) how do you train a network and what is it called? (2) by 25000 trials (3) similairities are? (4) how is the error signals found in children?

(1) Start out giving various examples and the network is guessing and getting feedback. So pinecone is not an animal. They will use this feedback to set. This is called back propagation. (2) can identify a pinecone dictated connection weights. (3) similairities can tell if two things are similar right in the weights. (4) Children think everything is a puppy, you give feedback, and they learn.

(11.6.2014, Ab ch 11, Schizophrenia) Comorbid disorders can interfere with treatment of Schizophrena. What are the three major common subgroups?

(1) Substance abuse (Alcohol and cannibas) (2) Mood (especially major depressive. (3) Anxiety (esp social anxiety) (Mcmilliam et Al, 2009)

(11.14.2014, ab lec, drug, substance) Substance use, abuse, dependence, tolerence different

(1) Substance use

(11.7.2014, Ab Lec Schizophrenia) DSM-4, five sub categores. What are they and what are they treated best by. What were diagnoised the most

(1) Subtype A: Catatonic. Emotionally excited to motionless, looks frozen. The onset is sudden. In excitment phases it appears uncontrollable. You can move their pose and they will be in a new pose. Well treated with therpay (2) Disorgnized - disorganize and grabled speech, crazy behavior, wildly inappropiate affect, very poor personal grooming (3) Paranoid - sysmatic delusions or auditory hallucination, often grandious and remarkbly complex, behavior not disorganized or incoherent (4) Undifferentiated - hodgepodge of pscyhotic symptoms. (5) Residual - abscence of prominent symptoms but continued negative symptoms. After treatment for positive symptoms they are called residual.

(11.6.2014, Ab ch 11, Schizophrenia) What was Heinrichs (2005) explanation for why primacy effect defect is at least twice as large as structual difference? (3)

(1) There are disorder-related brain disturbancs that could be affecting brain systems for information processing (2) Cognitive deflects reflect genrtivally determined contraints. (3) Chronic stress is effecting cognition

(11.7.2014, Ab Lec Schizophrenia) Intrauterine insult and birth complications. What is this in relation to Schizophrenia. (3, winter, viral, why 2nd trim)

(1) There is a significant risk of developing Schizophrenia for people born in winter months. (2) Second trimester of pregnancy there is a significant correlation between influenza infection and Schizophrenia virus. Viral infections are more common in Autumn. Theory that influenza produces a toxin that intereferes with the neural development (3) Second trimester is when proliferation, spreading of layers in the brain.

Explanations for why breaks help, Incubation (12.1.2014, pcog lec, last lec special, expectation and violation of expectation)

(1) Uncontrained spreading of actavation during break lets you activate different ideas without it being constratined by the individual (2) New information, during break you get a clue (3) Getting less frustrating and fatigue, give the mind get a break (4) maybe forget earlier stratergies for solving the problem

(11.6.2014, Ab ch 11, Schizophrenia) Past subtype (DSM 4) Paranoid schizophrenia (1) Summerize the central focus. (2) What are Grandoise delusions? (3) Deulsional jealousy (4) Ideas of reference

(1) What led to this diagnosis was a promience of experience deulsions. (2) Grandoize delusions are where a client has exaggerated sense of sense importantce (3) The unsubstaniated belief that partner is unfaithful. (Do I have this? I do demonstrate the negative symptoms...are instrusive thoughts I have about feeling alone considered hallucinations? Don't think so, it's not a voice just a tendency for sad memories when I'm tired.) (4) In Ideas of reference they record unimportant events sithin delusional framework and think it is personally relatable

What are the 4 factors of Stewart and Watt's Illness Anxiety Scale? a. Hydrochrondriasis was dropped in DSM 5, but why? b. What was the disorder? c. What is it incorporated as today? d. What does Illness anxiety disorder describe? e. What is the difference between hypochondriasis and illness phobia? If Grechen see something will other personalities have memory? (10.25.2014, ab text 7, somatform and dissassociative)

(1) Worry about illness and pain (2) Disease conviction (3) health habits (4) symptom interference with lifestyle

(11.6.2014, Ab ch 11, Schizophrenia) DSM IV (4) had three sub types of Schizophrenia which is no longer present is DSM V (5). (1) What are the three types? (2) Why were they gotten rid of? (3)

(1) disorganized, catatonic, and paranoid (2) It was gotten rid of because it was found that the subgroups had little diagnostic stability, low reliability, and poor validity. (APA 2013). Also Linscott et al., 2009 found that a systematic review of studies did not find suggestion that there is evidence for subtypes.

(11.7.2014, Ab Lec Schizophrenia) Biological facotrs. (3, Gen, neruolo, neurochemical)

(1) genetics - 50% transference (2) neurological impairments, larger ventricles, fluid larger brain smaller. The worse the symptoms are the worse the ventricles are. (3) Neurochemical. We know that drugs which antiagonist in post synatic receptor stopping it from having action, which increases dopamine but block the receptors for dopamine.

What is the general treatment for DID 3 steps for solving the repressed memory? Also what is the goal in regards to the different alters? What percentage achieve intergration out of 123 treated by Kluft (1988)?

(1) hyponotized, dissociative state simimiar to origunal state where repressed memories occured. (consistent with research on state dependent learning) (2) encouraged to go back in mind to realize repressed memory of being abused as child (3) encouraged to allow adult realize past dangers are no longer present * The therapist tries to unite the different alters. If consolidation is impossible then the therapist tries to help the client establish harmonious relationships with the different alters * out of 123 patients, 84% achieved intergration with 10% settling for conflict-free collaboration. (ab 7, 217)

(11.6.2014, Ab ch 11, Schizophrenia) Why was the rates of symptom resmission variable until 2005? What is the consensys published hy Harvard review of Phyiatry of the prevalence of remission?

(1) lack of standard remission criteria until 2005 (2) It was found that slightly more than 1/3 have symptom remission (AlAqeel and Margolese, 2012)

(11.10.2014, pcog ch 8, Evryday mem and mem errors) Autobiographucal memory (AM) is specific experiences which can include semantic and epoisodic parts (Cabe,a and St. Jacuwes, 2007). But this chapter considers two additional dimensions which are that it is

(1) multidimensional (2) we remember some events better than others

What are three phases from the Internationa society for the study of Dissassociation? How effective are psychodynamic treatments of DID? How consistent between therapist accorsing to Brand et Al 2009, 2012)? Are they cured?

(1) safety stablization symtpom reduction (2) working with traumatic memorie (3) intergration of the alters * very significant improvements found * fairly consistent in the the first 2 stages of treatment with variation in the last stage * never fully cured

(11.7.2014, Ab Lec Schizophrenia) Disorganization in schizophrenia or called negative symtpoms (thinking - a b, behavior, behavior a b c)

(1) thinking (a) Thinking in a disorganzied. None sense ways. "Where did you get the purple hat. My mail is at next door nebviours ". Bizzare content rather than unsual content. The sentences won't unlike in Wenicks. (b) Neologisms - new words (2) behavior - issues with movement (a) Cataonia (b) stupor - robot like movement (c) organization

(11.10.2014, Pcog lec Ch 11, wrong memory and catgories) What are steortypes as seen in proptype appraoch and exemper approach

(2) Proptype appraoch - based on averages. See more black athletes (3) Exemper appraoch - think of specific examples. Know more specific black athletes

(11.7.2014, Ab Lec Schizophrenia) DSM-4, four related disorders. What are they and how are they different from schizophrenia

(6) Other psychotic disorder (a) Deulsional has delusions but not hallucination, think they are jesus (b) Schizoaffective disorder - deulsions and hallunication and mood disorder. Anti phyochiatic and anti depresent/lithium (c) Schizophreniform disorder - less than 6 months, comes and goes. Sometimes can function highly. Can be mistaken for persoanlity disorder. (d) breif psychotic disorder - typically after major trauma. Expoed to extreme trauma. Will have a phychotic break.

Advertisement wear out (12.1.2014, pcog lec, last lec special, expectation and violation of expectation)

(Appel, 1971) track commerical and call households asking them how much detail they remember. The assumption before is that the more repititation the more they know. But what he found is that recall was lower and lower suggesting habituation. Decrease in effectiveness if commerical is less vivid.

(11.6.2014, Ab ch 11, Schizophrenia) What does (Brown et al., 2014) propose as a possible virus cause of Schizoprhenia?

(Brown et al,. 2014) proposes that influenza cases during early to mid-gestation had much higher rates of the disorder than those exposed in other trimesters it is brlieved that the cortical development, where brain cells produced in the neural tube is moved to the right areas is disrupted. However it should be noted the risk is only increased for those who have complications and who have a genetic risk (Cannon and Mednick, 1993).

(11.6.2014, Ab ch 11, Schizophrenia) Davis and the textbook writer note two different factors about schizophrenia that challenges the dopamine theory

(Davis, 1978) finds it strange that it takes several weeks for an antiphychotic to stabilize a patient with Schizophrenia and yet antiphychotics begin blocking receptors rapidly. (Abnormal psych textbook, page 343) notes that for antiphychotics to be therapeutically effective, the dopamine levels or receptor activity is brought to below normal levels which produces side effects like Parkinson's disease. The puzzling question is why bringing to normal levels isn't enough.

(11.6.2014, Ab ch 11, Schizophrenia) ventrical size in basal ganglia, prefrontal, and temporal lobe?

(Dwork, 1997) found that those with schizophrenia have larger ventricals and (Suddath et al., 1990) suggests that it is caused by non genetic factors from his twin studies. Large ventricles are correlated with poorer self adjustment, impaired performance, and lower response to drug treatment (Andreasen et al., 1982) Though (Malla Mittal, et al., 2002) notes that enlarged ventricles do not simply simply reflect untreated Schizophrenia.

Oddball paradigm (12.1.2014, pcog lec, last lec special, expectation and violation of expectation)

(Garrido et al, 2009) You present a sequence of sounds in the background and somewhere along the way you present a deviant sound that is a different pitch and you look at ERP. It tends to peak at 100-200 ms after onset, strongest in the frontal and temporal (auditory processing) area of the scalp. This is thought to be generated by a prediction error what is called "mismatch negativity" - MMN. (Opitz et al, 2003) FMRI and MRI. Used high deviant and medium deviant differing in how different they are from other sounds. Large deviant finds activity in temporal cortex is more than medium. Where medium deviant has high frontal cortex and the prof believes this is the frontal region is suppressing when they recognize patterns.

Habituation (12.1.2014, pcog lec, last lec special, expectation and violation of expectation)

(Rankin et al, 2009) Generaliation - you present same stimulas repitively and then a presentation of something similar you see lower response telling you the animal feels it is similar. Dishabituation - new item and the interest. Spontaneous recovery occurs when stimulation stops for a period of time organism will pay attention. The slower the presentation of stimuli the less habituation you get. But also the slower the rate of presentation the longer it takes for spontaneous recovery. What is effect of stimulas intensity on habituation? Less intensity

Regret and adjustment to death (12.2.2014, last lec, death, dying, and bereavement)

(Torges et al, 2008) Tried to look into what is normal regret and abnormal regret. Found that quick resolution predicts better long term coping. Found also that older people better at it. After 6 months then it is an indication of a higher probability of depression or other issues. There are cultural differences, some culturals it is common for up to 1 year.

Aesthetics, IT was the Gestalt psychological Koffka who stated that violations of the law of good Gestalt hurt our saense of beuty" but the issue is (12.1.2014, pcog lec, last lec special, expectation and violation of expectation)

(Van de Cruys and Wagemans, 2013) there are lots of art that contains violation of expectation yet we like them. In going to look at art we expect the unexpected. Play is a place for animals to try out different circumstance in the real world. In the context of art to seek out prediction errors because it lets you resolve in safe environment

Mary ____(a)_____ is a researcher that studied attachment types and has found __(b)__ distinct groups of attachment. It is believed that early attachment styles develop a ______(c)_____ model which people use later in their day to day relationships, although people can change to attach better. ___________________ 09.30.2014 Dev Lec 4 (Attachment, temperament)

(a) Aimworth (b) four (c) internal working model

____(a)_____ of the brain is provided by experiments showing that covert attention to an object or location enhances brain activity associated with the object or location ____________________ 09.29.2014 pcog ch 4 - attention

(a) Evidence that attention "takes possession"

What is Elanor ___(a)____'s ____(b)____ Theory?

(a) Gibson's (b) Differentiation Theory It is the notion that infants primarily use perceptual learning by scanning for invariant features of the environment (i.e.: searching for pattern recognition) "Affordance" is when they look for a relationship between these patterns and themselves and try to act on them. Infants also learn to differentiate between similar objects in their environments - ex: a sloped and less sloped floor

____(a)___ is often the focus because of an assumption that humans rely on vision the most and also that most of our technology is visual today. It is the idea that the visual memory outlasts the retinal image called an Icon. The prof showed us dots appearing on the screen and counted how many there are. It is here the class identified that experiments need to account for people who don't actually have access to information but are ____(b)____. The _____(c)_____ tries to get around this by asking people to identify as many letters as they can when flashed something like a 5 by 5 table of random letters. This gets past the previous issue because guessing would not useful. (10.06.2014 Cog lec 5 memory)

(a) Iconic Memory (b) making a good guess (c) whole report condition

___(a)_____ blindness and ___(b)____ blindness experiments provide evidence that without attention we may fail to perceive things that are clearly visible in the field of view ____________________ 09.29.2014 pcog ch 4 - attention

(a) Inattentional (b) change

In the school of ________(a)_______. Theorists measure the ability of children to memorize 7 random words from the ages of 2-6 years. What they found was that by the age of 7 they were able to retain 90% of their memory. While some believe it is due to ________(b)_______ there is an emphasis that children don't know the methods of rephrase, reorganize, and make it meaningful methods of memorization technique. Also children lack an ability to ________(c)_______. This could be due to a deficiency in short term memory of the steps involved. An adult can help the child get through hard tasks by secretive assistance though. ___________________ 09.30.2014 Dev Lec 4 (Attachment, temperament)

(a) Information Processing Theory (b) children's development of attention (c) carry out complicated tasks that involve many steps.

Body Dismoprhic disorder has encountered some change from DSM 4 - DSM 5 and is covered in Ch 7 as well as in a seperate chapter (ab ch 7). (a) Why is it being covered in Ch 7? (b) What is the basic definiton? (c) What do females tend to focus on? What do males focuse on? (d) Why do they have frequent consultations with plastic surgery? (e) Is it more common in males or females? What is it usually cormorbid with? (f) how long does it usually last? (g) What are some arguments for it being a part of OCD? What are arguments for deulsional disorder? Is there a shared genetic factor? What double disanosis is allowed?

(a) It is being covered here because it's a physical disorder (b) Body Dismorhic disorder is preoccupation with imaged or exaggerated defects in physical appearence (c) Females focus on skin, hips, breasts, and legs. Males on height, penis size, too much body hair. (d) Often one consultation is not enough (e) More common in females, comorbid with depression, social phobia, eating disorder, personality diaorder (f) Tends to be persistent, 1/5 relapsed in a study of 4 year period (g) Some think it's similar to OCD obsession and compulsions and has found shared genetic factory between OCD and BDD. Others think it's related to deulsional disorder because they are deulsional about their defect. and DSM 5 has allowed for BDD to be double coded so can be BDD and deulsional

Somatform Disorders (ab lec 7) (a)Why did Somataform get grouped in Anxiety? (10.24.2014, ab lec 7, somatform and dissassociative)

(a) It looked like anxiety, they are similar because people with this disorder depersonaliz. They don't look like themselves. They look the same as anxiety and personality because of that.

Somatoform disorder has experienced some major changes from DSM-4 to DSM-5 (ab ch 7) (a) what was the major change about diagnosis? (what demphasized and what is two focused (b) What is the new name for it and why? (c) What category is it under now?

(a) Medically unexplained symtoms was difficult to diagnoise so now the focus is on the extent to which the symptoms result in subjective stress and impairment. (b) The new name for it now is somatic symptom disorder which partly was to help patients accept the diagnosis more. (c) These disorders are now located in it's own section is DSM-5.

What are the two stages of infant and child development according to Erik Erikson? [ hint: I think that trust is something I need to work on right now. Also I should trust in my own abilities more] (dev lec 3, milestones and learning in babies)

(a) Trust vs mistrust - shapes later personality, needs responsiveness in caregiver (b Autonomy vs shame/doubt - shame or self doubt, mostly about potty training

In depersonalization/derealization disorder (a) when does it begin? (b) is it comrbid with anything? (c) what does the score of Illness Perception Questionaire tell us?

(a) Usually begins in adolescence and has a chronic course. (b) It is comorbid with personality disorders (makes sense...I mean one could easily develop personality issues if you lose sense of context.) (c) Also higher scores of Ilness anxiety is correlated with this disorder. Thought likely it's due at least partly with having the illness. I mean wouldn't most people who have an illness correlate with higher health anxiety? (ab 7, 208)

In _________(a)_________ theory he thought that early private speech was essential because speaking aloud to guide their behavior is an important behavior to internalize social rules. It is believed by Res this speaking aloud is a lack of working memory and so the child is offloading information. Vygotsky was also an advocate for what he called scaffolding which involves an adult or peer support the child to do a task that is just out of their capabilities. This later led to assisted discovery by teacher which is where classrooms are set up so that children can gain experiences. Vygotsky's ideas also lead to peer collaboration where peers help one another learn. ___________________ 09.30.2014 Dev Lec 4 (Attachment, temperament)

(a) Vygotsky's social cultural theory

In Vygotsky's social cultural theory he thought that early private speech was essential because speaking aloud to guide their behavior is an important behavior to internalize social rules. It is believed by Res this speaking aloud is _________(a)_________. Vygotsky was also an advocate for what he called scaffolding which involves an adult or peer support the child to do a task that is just out of their capabilities. This later led to assisted discovery by teacher which is where classrooms are set up so that children can gain experiences. Vygotsky's ideas also lead to peer collaboration where peers help one another learn. ___________________ 09.30.2014 Dev Lec 4 (Attachment, temperament)

(a) a lack of working memory and so the child is offloading information.

In Vygotsky's social cultural theory he thought that early private speech was essential because speaking aloud to guide their behavior is an important behavior to internalize social rules. It is believed by Res this speaking aloud is a lack of working memory and so the child is offloading information. Vygotsky was also an advocate for what he called scaffolding which involves _________(a)_________. This later led to assisted discovery by teacher which is where classrooms are set up so that children can gain experiences. Vygotsky's ideas also lead to peer collaboration where peers help one another learn. ___________________ 09.30.2014 Dev Lec 4 (Attachment, temperament)

(a) an adult or peer support the child to do a task that is just out of their capabilities

In Vygotsky's social cultural theory he thought that early private speech was essential because speaking aloud to guide their behavior is an important behavior to internalize social rules. It is believed by Res this speaking aloud is a lack of working memory and so the child is offloading information. Vygotsky was also an advocate for what he called scaffolding which involves an adult or peer support the child to do a task that is just out of their capabilities. This later led to _________(a)_________ by teacher which is where classrooms are set up so that children can gain experiences. Vygotsky's ideas also lead to ________(b)________ where peers help one another learn. ___________________ 09.30.2014 Dev Lec 4 (Attachment, temperament)

(a) assisted discovery (b) peer collaboration

Object-based attention occurs when ____(a)___. The enhancing effects of attention spread throughout an object—an effect called ______(b)_______ ____________________ 09.29.2014 pcog ch 4 - attention

(a) attention is directed toward specific objects (b) the same-object advantage

In resistant attachment 10% they____(a)____ to parents and are _____(a2)____ to explore. When parents leaves they react by ____(b)_____ and are ____(c)_____ when the parent return. ___________________ 09.30.2014 Dev Lec 4 (Attachment, temperament)

(a) cling onto their parents (a2) unwilling to explore (b) getting upset (c) difficult (d) become clingy again

Binding is the process by which object features are ____(a)_____. Feature integration theory explains how binding occurs by proposing _____(b)_______. The basic idea is that objects are ___(c)___ and that attention is necessary to combine these features to ____(d)____. Illusory conjunction, visual search, and neuropsychology experiments support feature integration theory ____________________ 09.29.2014 pcog ch 4 - attention

(a) combined to create perception of a coherent object (b) two stages of processing, preattentive processing and focused attention (c) analyzed into their features (d) create perception of an object

Lavie proposes that our ability to ignore distracting stimuli can be explained by considering processing capacity and perceptual load. This load theory of attention states that ______(a)______ ____________________ 09.29.2014 pcog ch 4 - attention

(a) distraction is less likely for high-load tasks because no capacity remains to process potential distracting stimuli.

In disorganized-disorientated attachment 15% ____(a)____ parents as a support station and are _____(a2)____ to explore. When parents leaves they react by ____(b)_____ and are ____(c)_____ when the parent returns. ___________________ 09.30.2014 Dev Lec 4 (Attachment, temperament)

(a) do not use (a2) willing to explore (b) doing nothing (c) non reactive

What are the four temperament types observed in infants? [It's easy to work out out if you get a routine going so that it is not too difficult. Start slow and warm up and do what comes to mind] ___________________ 09.30.2014 Dev Lec 4 (Attachment, temperament)

(a) easy 40% (b) difficult 10% (c) slow to warm up 15% (d) unclassified 35%

In Vygotsky's social cultural theory he thought that early _________(a)_________ because ___________(b)_________. It is believed by Res this speaking aloud is a lack of working memory and so the child is offloading information. Vygotsky was also an advocate for what he called scaffolding which involves an adult or peer support the child to do a task that is just out of their capabilities. This later led to assisted discovery by teacher which is where classrooms are set up so that children can gain experiences. Vygotsky's ideas also lead to peer collaboration where peers help one another learn. ___________________ 09.30.2014 Dev Lec 4 (Attachment, temperament)

(a) he thought that early private speech was essential (b) because speaking aloud to guide their behavior is an important behavior to internalize social rules

Babies are sensitive to hearing __(a)____ and are biologically predispositioned to learn language. (dev lec 1)

(a) human voices; they are "pattern recognizing machines" and easily recognize speech patterns

Divided attention is ____(a)____. Automatic processing is possible in these situations but is not possible for very difficult tasks ____________________ 09.29.2014 pcog ch 4 - attention

(a) is possible for easy tasks or for highly practiced difficult tasks.

When you add a constant number to the variables the mean ___(a)___ but the standard deviation ____(b)____. On the other hand if you multiply by a constant then the standard deviation will increase by that change multiple. (10.02.2014, stats lec 4 variability)

(a) mean changes (b) standard deviation does not change

In Vygotsky's social cultural theory he thought that early private speech was essential because speaking aloud to guide their behavior is an important behavior to internalize social rules. It is believed by Res this speaking aloud is a lack of working memory and so the child is offloading information. Vygotsky was also an advocate for what he called _________(a)_________ which involves an adult or peer support the child to do a task that is just out of their capabilities. This later led to assisted discovery by teacher which is where classrooms are set up so that children can gain experiences. Vygotsky's ideas also lead to peer collaboration where peers help one another learn. ___________________ 09.30.2014 Dev Lec 4 (Attachment, temperament)

(a) scaffolding

Overt attention is ______(a)______. Overt attention is determined by ____(b)_______ processes such as stimulus salience and by top-down processes such as scene schemas and task demands, which influence how eye movements are directed to parts of a scene. ____________________ 09.29.2014 pcog ch 4 - attention

(a) shifting attention by making eye movements (b) bottom up processess

Covert attention is _____(a)_______. The effect of covert attention has been demonstrated by ______(b)_____. This is called location-based attention ____________________ 09.29.2014 pcog ch 4 - attention

(a) shifting attention without making eye movements. Visual attention can be directed to different places in a scene even without eye movements (b) precueing experiments, which have shown that covert attention to a location enhances processing at that location

In Aimworth's Strange ____ (a)____ test the four groups of attachment are found based on whether the infant uses their parents as secure ____(b)____ and are willing to explore and how the child reacts to stressors such as the parent leaving the room, being in the room with a stranger, and being left alone. In particular an emphasis is also on if the child calms more quickly by parent than stranger because _________(c)_______ ___________________ 09.30.2014 Dev Lec 4 (Attachment, temperament)

(a) strange situation test (b) base station station (c) some attachment anxiety would actually be good because it shows a relationship with the parent.

Babies prefer __(a)___ tastes at birth. They have ___(b)___ preferences from births (due to prenatal exposure) and can locate and identify their mothers by them (dev lec 1)

(a) sweet; children only taste salt flavour when they are older and ready for solid foods (b) odour

A number of models have been proposed to explain the process of selective attention. Broadbent's filter model proposes ___(a)___. Treisman's model proposes later ___(b)_____ . Late selection models propose that __________(c)____________. ____________________ 09.29.2014 pcog ch 4 - attention

(a) that the attended message is separated from the incoming signal early in the analysis of the signal (b) separation and adds a dictionary unit to explain how the unattended message can sometimes get through (c) selection doesn't occur until messages are processed enough to determing their meaning

In the school of Information Processing Theory. Theorists measure ________(a)_______ from the ages of 2-6 years. What they found was that ________(b)_______. While some believe it is due to children's development of attention there is an emphasis that children don't know________(c)_______. Also children lack an ability to carry out complicated tasks that involve many steps. This could be due to a deficiency ________(d)________. An adult can help the child get through hard tasks by secretive assistance though. ___________________ 09.30.2014 Dev Lec 4 (Attachment, temperament)

(a) the ability of children to memorize 7 random words (b) they were able to retain 90% of their memory (c) the methods of rephrase, reorganize, and make it meaningful (d) the methods of rephrase, reorganize, and make it meaningful methods of memorization technique (e) short term memory of the steps involved

Attachment styles has been found to ____(a)____ when we consider different cultures. Germany for example has ____(b)____ probably because _____(c)____. Japan has ____(d)___ because ____(e)____ ___________________ 09.30.2014 Dev Lec 4 (Attachment, temperament)

(a) to be different among cultures (b) Germany has more avoidant attachment styles (c) probably because their culture has a stronger emphasis on independence. (d) (Japan) More resistant attachment (e) family oriented values.

Although inattentional blindness and change blindness indicate that we don't notice everything that is happening, our perceptual system is well adapted for survival. We can be ____(a)_______ In addition, there is evidence that we can ____(b)_______ ____________________ 09.29.2014 pcog ch 4 - attention

(a) warned about possible danger by movement, and the perceptual system makes optimal use of limited processing resources by focusing on what is being attended. (b) detect important stimuli in the absence of full attention.

In Vygotsky's social cultural theory he thought that early private speech was essential because speaking aloud to guide their behavior is an important behavior to internalize social rules. It is believed by Res this speaking aloud is a lack of working memory and so the child is offloading information. Vygotsky was also an advocate for what he called scaffolding which involves an adult or peer support the child to do a task that is just out of their capabilities. This later led to assisted discovery by teacher which is where classrooms are _________(a)_________. Vygotsky's ideas also lead to peer collaboration where ________(b)________. ___________________ 09.30.2014 Dev Lec 4 (Attachment, temperament)

(a) where classrooms are set up so that children can gain experiences. (b) where peers help one another learn.

What is Senescence(11.4.2014, Dev Young)

(a)Senescence is the condition or process of deterioration with age, This is the just the procees of deterioration as soon as we stop growing. (b) There is a lot variability. Not everyone ages the same. There are good genes for aging. (c) genetic, lifestyle, environment, and finally we are in a historical period (factors are constantly changing).

Basic definitions of disorders covered in Ch 7 (d) What is the definition of somatic symptom disorders? (e) What is the basic definition of pain disorder? (f) What is the basic definition of Body Dismorphic disorder? (g) What is the basic definition of hypochondraisis? (h) What is the basic definition of Conversion disorder? (i) What is the basic definition of Somatization?

(d) Somatic symptom disorders are physical symptoms that have no physiological explanation. (e) Pain disorder is described as the onset of pain caused by phychological factors (f) Body Dismorhic disorder is preoccupation with imaged or exaggerated defects in physical appearence (g) Hypochondrasis is the preoccupation/fear of having a serious illness (h) Conversion disorder is sensory or motor symtpoms without physiological cause (i) Somatization is recurrent multiple physical complains with no biological basis

The textbook describes 3 major theories for Dissociative personality disorder. What are they?

* Behavioral view, diss is an avoidance responss that protects the person from stressful events and memories * early childhood abuse, believes disorder is caused by early abuse. Not everyone who has child abuse develops DID so it's theorized that the ability to be easily hypnotized and engage in fantasy to be a key factor (ab 7, 210) * Alters appear from suggestions of therapist. When clients start therapy they are unaware of alters but as therapy processes they report alters began in childhood (ab 7, 212)

Self concept in adolescence (ccs, contradictory, consistent, social skill, 3)

* Can describe contradictory traits. Shy and extravert. Has no consoliated a cohesive story. * By the end of this period 17-18 they are more consistent. May say I am shy unless with friends. More clarified in general circumstances) * tend to describe social skills into the self concept. demonstrates that we value social skills. "I make friends easily" younger children tend to not list.

Circumstance that lead to stress (CATH, Caroline, Actually, Trusts, Harry) (11.1.2014, ab lec ch 12, psychophysical disroder) -

* Catastrophic event in order (1) loved one dies (child-spouse), (2) divorce and marriage, * Acculturative stress such as adjusting to a new culture * Traumatic events such as criminal victimization * Hassles are minor issues can contribute to illness. Such as roommate not doing dishes. This is because they are culmulative, different types of stress add together like when I got bad midterm marks and Bailey wouldn't reference me. .(11.1.2014, ab lec ch 12, psychophysical disroder)

Video on heart disease or psychological Migraine .(11.1.2014, ab lec ch 12, psychophysical disroder)

* Dillion 7th grader, sports, just average teen except for migraine. Later up to 2 migraines a day. Gets headaches during transitional periods. After bio feed back and relaxation he pnky had one migraine. * Migraines are Ziglagging lines. Not muscle tension, cerebulem vascular, uncontrolled dialation in brain vessel. * Sympathic nervous system. Drugs that block sysmatic nervous system prevents heart from being over excited it also has effect for reducing magrine. Food and beverages like wine and chololate. Medication only works to a certain degree. No true intervention, usually side effects. * Dillion tried bio feedback, since number 1 csuse is stress. Medication use beta blocker. Psychological intervention, biological measurements are fed back to you. Polygraph, multiple psychiological. A drop in temperture is stress. Cold hands when excited so automatic nervous system was excited. Relaxing activates parasympathic nervous system allowing more hand。Study found that beta blocker and relaxation produces the same results.

Patient RV has dissociative personality disorder and also had the ability to switch back and forth between them. She had three personalities A for adult, B for 2 old baby, C for the 4-6 year old. What did they find between A and V in Nucleus accumbens area and severeal areas in the prefrontal?

* Found that Nucleus Accumbens was continually activated suggesting reward center for the brain was being rewarded for escaping into another personality * prefrontal activity suggested multi tasking and retrival of epidodic memory as well as self referent activations

Psychoneuroimmunology (define immune sys and virus) .(11.1.2014, ab lec ch 12, psychophysical disroder)

* Immune system, White blood cell that seek things that shouldn't be there and taking them out * Virus hijacks with organism with DNA

What does PTSD therapy techniques have to offer DID treatments?

* Like PTSD, encouraged to view back at traumatic events and see them in the context of safety and support (ab 7, 214)

What are some evidence that people suffering from DID did experience early childhood abuse?

* Many offenders who claimed DID had outside verification of childhood abuse and different hand writing styles outside of the crime * documentation of 11 cases of people with DID found brutally severe abuse such as being set on fire (ab 7, 224)

What is the difference between PTSD and disassociative disorder?

* PTSD, trauma, usually involving rape causing the individual to experience extreme stress with frequent flash backs. * Dissasociative personality is similar except there is many personalities rather than the previous stress

Difference between psychophysical disorder and somaform disorder .(11.1.2014, ab lec ch 12, psychophysical disroder) -

* Somataform symptom phsycological but not real * psychophysical is real, thinking yourself physically sick. Where you think yourself physically sick.(11.1.2014, ab lec ch 12, psychophysical disroder)

Erikson's theory identity vs role confusion and what does modern research (5) (figure, id cris, tough cho, id or r confuse, mod res)

* We figure out who we are, what we want to do, our morality in this period of time. * Called Identity crisis * Have to make really tough choices like commitment to school and to who we want to be as a person * Either identity or a role consfusion. A lack of exploration, not enough options, or never really figuring it out. Some are just getting through high school. * Modern research argues that it does not happen. Not that it has to be completed or individual will be incomplete.

Video on heart disease or psychological Breast Cancer .(11.1.2014, ab lec ch 12, psychophysical disroder)

* Woman had a lot of stress and divorce got breast cancer entered a therapy group to help them cope to take care of them psychologically. * Many studies find that high stress equal higher chance of disease. People have a genetic vunerability of cancer for example, stress causes a reduction in the immune system which leads to the disease. * T- cells - hand to hand combat. HIV targets this type of cell. * B - cells - called photosites. Eat the viruses. * Neuropeptides, - tiny neuro proteins, for example endorphines, around 60 of them, limbic system produces most of these, which are produced through the limbic system. Each emotion has specific neuro fingerprint which binds to the immune system. * Three major groups of disease auto immune, infectious, and cancer. So anything not good for immune response would be not good any one of those diseases. * 4-5 year study of caregivers of those who are dying and the control. - In first and second year the spouses got more ill than their controls. * Therapy suppport may physiologically benefit them as well. * Study on Natural Killer Cell those who kill irregular. Found that those who had higher social support had higher killer cell. Those who got therapy lived 36 months while the control who only got medication only 19 months. So therapy does not cure cancer but can prolong life.

Health psychologists identify what in environment effects health and what how you behave towards them. Unlike CBT psychologist is interested .(11.1.2014, ab lec ch 12, psychophysical disroder) -

* in physical health where CBT would sent to physician * What you think and what you feel can effect your physical well being. * helps reduce risk of physical illness, but might not treat it like can't think away cancer ~ .(11.1.2014, ab lec ch 12, psychophysical disroder)

How can adults help transitions? (msonitor, small g, home room, friends, competi, tracking/forced choices, ) (5)

* monitoring of partents leads to more support. Authoriatarian type. Joint decision making procss. Parent knows generally what's going on. * smaller groups, clubs help them transition a lot in high school allowing them to have someone other than friends. * Another is home room teacher. Home room teacher saw that the collar bone of the professor and told him that he has an eating disorder. * Taking classes with familiar friends * Minizing competition, pitting against others will have a focus on outperforming others, this makes it bad environment lower self esteem. (How is it compeitive?) * Tracking. Making them choose 13-14 age with path choice. Schools put them on specific track and it is bad because they end up less satisfied, they made early career decision. Found that people less satisified for example. Not much research for argument of why this is good.

Video on heart disease or psychological heart disease .(11.1.2014, ab lec ch 12, psychophysical disroder) -

* number 1 killer * Dr. Pink suddenly felt chest pains. Heart disease is effected by personality profile. He could trace these incidents to stress. Perfectionist and tend to get angry. * Type A. Excessive compeitiveness of no real cause. Drive and hosility. Type B are low strung. * Type A leads to heart disease. * Peron by situation interaction. Type A in situation can elicite the pathological effects. Perfectionist and tend to get angry. * Person gets aroused and what happen fight or flight all the time causes "wear and tear" of blood vessels. * Therapy involves group help and teaching psychological response and control method. Deep muscle for example. Tense and relax different muscle to learn difference between tenion and relaxation. * There's no proof that it works yet. No proof stress management can prevent.

Lazarus and Folkman for dealing with stress .(11.1.2014, ab lec ch 12, psychophysical disroder)-

* says that with a stressor we initially you cognitively assess the situation after reflex. Assess for example prof is silly when banging on desk or if bear prof is psychopath. * primary appraisal is to determine whether event or situation is stressful. Is door really locked and is bear really there? (source of harm or not source of harm. If source of harm then next) * secondary appraisal how do I deal with the bear (sufficient resources to handle - no distrsss) or (insufficient resource to handle streszor, distress)

Hans Selye General adaptation syndrome (GAS) (define stress, stressor, and the three stages 3) .(11.1.2014, ab lec ch 12, psychophysical disroder) -

* stress as nonspecific response of the body to demands to adjust to a wide range of changes. * Stressors - environmental events that cause and organism to adjust and display respond * Outlined a series of biological responses called General adaptation syndrome (GAS) that occur to deal with stress. * Stage 1: Alarm * startle reflect, sysmpathetic nervous system activation, pupil dilateex: prof morgan suddenly loud bang. Can learn from habituation Also * fight or flight response. can learn to stop. Most specifices pick flight, only if corner. Another possibility is to freeze. * Stage 2: resistance, resists again the stressor, everything is gearing up, body develops resistance neurochemical to compensate, you also form thoughts and behaviors to compensate for it. * behavior for behavior, such as drinking alcohol * Stage 3: exhaustion, resistance is futile, all the chemicals and resistance will be depleted. * contribute to pathological stages that may result to disease .(11.1.2014, ab lec ch 12, psychophysical disroder)

It was found in a study by Ross et Al. (1990) of 102 dissassociative personality disorder that 90% of clients have a history of what? What is an explanation for that? Also what is the attachment style?

*90% has a history of suicidal tendencies, depression, reoccuring headaches, sexual abuse * It is believed that early stress and sexual abuse is what gives rise to this disorder * Tends to have disorganized or insecure attachment style suggesting early childhood trauma (ab 7, 209)

Memory lose can be caused by both substance abuse/trauma and by brain disorder. Clinicians can tell the difference between the two because of what observed differences

*Brain disease memories fail more slowly, not influenced by life stress, and is accompanied by other cognitive disorders lacking ability to learn new info. *While memory by trauma/substance caused memory can usually be easily linked. (Ab 7, 206)

Pierre Janet, a French neurologist, came up the early concept of a disassocoative disorder. What was the basic idea of it?

*Consciousness is usually unified in experience but under stress memories of trauma may be stored in a way that are not accessible to the awareness when the person returns to a normal state. Possible out comes are amnesia or fatigue. (ab 7, 211) * Wire together fire together, wiring in an obscure configuration so cannot be reactivated easily

What was new about DSM 5 in regards to depersob nalization/derealization? What significance could this have to when I feel tired sometimes?

*DSM 5 includes derealization which is a fogginess or sense of detachment from the situational context. *I was thinking while eating breakfast today about how dissasocative disorder might relate to me and the one thing that is different is that I don't think I remember a time when I've been confused about identity. *Derealization is the feeling of being out of it without lose of memory. (ab 7, 208)

What's the difference between depersonalization/derealization disorder and dissasociative fugue?

*In depersonalization/derealization disorder there is no lose of memory, but in what is called a depersonalization eposiode, individuals are stressed out and suddenly lose their sense of self. * They may feel that the world is mechanized or they may drastically change their voices. * Like for example remember when I was walking around downtown feeling tired and upset because of an argument with Daisy? It was that time the old lady knocked my note 2 out my hand. I had control of my memory and I knew who I was, but I was agitated that I was still downtown when I felt so lonely and aweful. (ab 7, 207)

Disassociative Identity disorder is proabably one of the most myterious disorders I learned in Abnormal Psychology. Describe what is required for a disanosis

*What is required is two seperate ego states or alters that come forth at different times. It also cannot be caused by drugs. (ab 7, 208)

Nicholas Spanios is a professor of psychology working at the university of Carleton. He has a special perspective on DID which Zifeng was talking to me about after the lecture on Somatization/Dissassociative disorders. What is it and what is the significance?

*used role playing studies where students had to not admit to made up crime despite evidence * fake therapist asks leading questions suggesting a second alter * 81% adopted new name, many admitted guilt of murders * personality test scores were different for the created alters * suggests that therapists are created the alters (ab 7, 213)

(11.21.2014, ab lec, personality disorders) Antisocial personality disorder, overview

- I don't like you so I'm going to hit you. I know it hurts you and they respond yes. They feel sorry for it and know they shouldn't have done it but don't care. (look at behavior of Ted Bundy) - They can feel sorry (sympathy) but they don't care (empathy). People with this disorder they don't feel empathy like walking away - Also a pattern of irresponsible, reckless, little adherence to societal norms. - feel very little anxiety - lots of conflicts with other people - behavior appears callous and hurtful - there is no sign of remorse for the behavior - Large body of literature that show this starts really early in what is called reactive attachment disorder. The idea is that at a young age you have to form an attachment to a caregiver. If you don't your development becomes stunted. In reactive attachment the child either shuts down psychologically or acting out like setting fires and stabbing people, can happen at the age of 4. This is treated by giving attachment. Research finds that this can go on to form conduct disorder at middle childhood. Involves serious crime. The treatment is intensive CBT for the child and usually the caregiver as well. If conduct is not treated properly then it goes on to develop antisocial personality disorder.

Difficult grief situations (12.2.2014, last lec, death, dying, and bereavement)

- Parents losing a child. They lose their sense of immortality, something that defines them as children. - Children or adolescents losing a parent, this is because parents are still the most intimacy. - Bereavement overload friends and family similar age lose a lot of people, passing away around the same time at the same year. Can even lead to death as as consequence of death

midlife crisis (11.11.2014, Development Psychology Lecture Dr. Adam Dube. middle adulthood)

- men more likely to report during middle adulthood where woman are more likely to report in early adulthood. This is because they are challenged right now to make choices between career and family. Men don't have to make this choice and so don't suffer from life meaning confusion until middle adulthood. How they feel will depend on how likely they can achieve these goals.

Schizotypal personality disorder (11.21.2014, ab lec, personality disorders)

- peculiar patterns of thinking and behavior that don't seem quiet right "going to hollywood and going to be a star" - perceptual and cognitive disturbances "Tend to see things differently from others although no hallucinations" - Magical thinking "has anyone seen my paper clip that makes people do thing" "involves magical powers or special powers". - magical thinking not usually attributed to superstitution. Usally superstitution is conditioned by one single pairing. - Usually behaviors are not psychotic but is odd - Sometimes do develop fixed false beliefs

Cluster A overview (11.21.2014, ab lec, personality disorders)

- very suspicious of other's motivates "What are you writing about me?" "LYER" - interpret actions of others as deliberately demeaning/threatening "I saw how you looked at me" - expectation of being exploited - see hidden messages in benign comments "bag your face was a common term but girl was offended" - Easiily insulted and bearing grudge - appear cold and serious - continually on the lookout for trickery

1. Identify the z-score value corresponding to each of the following locations in a distribution. a. Below the mean by 2 standard deviations. b. Above the mean by z standard deviation. c. Below the mean by 1.50 standard deviations. (10.13.2014 stats ch 6, zscores)

. a. z = —2.00 b. z = +0.50 C. z = —1.50

Episodic vs semantic, how they stored and does repition help- epi is "I remember" while sem "I know". Can be flexible for example changing car crash to verbal format, semantic can be shared like when I say I learned from this class. Epi is acquired at once in spatial and temporal. semantic is strengthened through repitition, generally no contextual information. Repeating episodic can blur.

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REVIEW EXERCISES 1. a. What is the general goal for descriptive statistics? b. How is the goal served by putting scores in a frequency distribution? c. How is the goal served by computing a measure of central tendency? d. How is the goal served by computing a measure of variability? 2. In a classic study examining the relationship between heredity and intelligence, Robert Tryon (1940) used a selective breeding program to develop separate strains of "smart rats" and "dumb rats." Tryon started with a large sample of laboratory rats and tested each animal on a maze-learning problem. Based on their error scores for the maze, Tryon selected the brightest rats and the dullest rats from the sample. The brightest males were mated with the brightest females. Similarly, the dullest rats were interbred. This process of testing and selective breeding was continued for several generations until Tryon had established a line of maze-bright rats and a separate line of maze-dull rats. The following data represent results similar to those obtained by Tryon. The data consist of maze-learning error scores for the original sample of laboratory rats and the seventh generation of the maze-bright rats. Errors Before Solving Maze Original Rats Seventh Generation Maze-Bright Rats 10 14 7 5 8 7 17 13 12 8 8 6 11 9 20 6 10 4 13 6 15 6 9 8 4 18 10 5 7 9 13 21 6 10 8 6 17 11 14 9 7 8 a. Sketch a polygon showing the distribution of error scores for the sample of original rats. On the same graph, sketch a polygon for the sample of mazebright rats. (Use two different colors or use a dashed line for one group and a solid line for the other.) Based on the appearance of your graph, describe the differences between the two samples. b. Calculate the mean error score for each sample. Does the mean difference support your description from part a? c. Calculate the variance and standard deviation for each sample. Based on the measures of variability, is one group more diverse than the other? Is one group more homogeneous than the other? (10.03.2014 Stats ch 4 textbook extraction/notes)

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Wilhelm Wundt's analytic introspection:

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evidence of auditory and visual used in LTM but what?- visualizing past or remembering song. All these memories are meaningful in long term so there is semantics there.

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sparse coding and localization

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Emotional understanding in infancy is learned and utilized through three ways. List and describe.

1) Emotional contagion, which is sharing emotions by viewing someone's emotions and feeling them also. This skill teaches us about the social role in survival (ex: viewing another's fear can signal danger). 2) Recognizing facial expressions - allows infant to understand others' feelings; develops at 4-5 months 3) Social Referencing which is figuring out what to do in an ambitious situation by relying on the emotions of others (ex: child will look to parent to see if they should not be doing something)

What makes for a good classification system?

1) categories are clearly defined 2) categories really exist 3) reliability Inter-rater reliability Test-retest reliability 4) validity Categories measure what they are supposed to measure DSM based on consensus not an empirically derived system 5) clinical utility

Szusz's argument against medical disease model

1) drugs do not always work. Decades of exploration into medical origin is unsuccessful. 2) thoughts and believes should not be medicated 3) mental illness has become widely accepted as a deviation from psychosocial, ethical and legal norms.

Two modes of orienting attention are: 1)________; and 2)______. Two methods of orienting attention: a)__________ and b)__________. Precueing is a method to study covert attention. Precuing is c) ______... Precuing has been used by Michael Posner to study d)____________ attention—how attention is directed to a specific location or place. The subject was cued to the likely location of the stimulus. Results found that they reacted faster when the cue was valid. Egly used preaching to study e)___________ attention—attention that is directed to a specific object. The study used a cue to indicate where a stimulus was likely to appear

1) overt - intentionally looking at/orienting to an object of interest 2) covert - unintentional orienting of attention (distracted by thoughts or images in the peripheral vision) a) exogenous - external event grabbing attention b) endogenous - purposefully orienting attention c) when the participant is presented with a "cue" that indicates something related to the following task; ex: where a stimulus is most likely to appear on a screen. d) location-based attention e) object-based attention

Personality test (2 types)

1) self-report inventory e.g.MMPI 2) projective e.g. Inkblot Can make clients less defensive

Caveat for assessment

1) therapists only meet clients at one time in a particular space 2) bias e.g. already think somebody has unipolar depression, easy to ignore signs for bipolar depression

10.25.2014, Stats ch 6 Probability and unit normal table) 1. Under what circumstances is the normal distribution an accurate approximation of the binomial distribution? 2. In the game Rock-Paper-Scissors, the probability that both players will select the same response and tie is p = i, and the probability that they will pick different responses is p = i. If two people play 72 rounds of the game and choose their responses randomly, what is the probability that they will choose the same response (tie) more than 28 times? 3. If you toss a balanced coin 36 times, you would expect, on the average, to get 18 heads and 18 tails. What is the probability of obtaining exactly 18 heads in 36 tosses?

1. When pn and qn are both greater than 10 2. With p = i and q = I, the binomial distribution is normal with p = 24 and a = 4; P(X > 28.5) = Az > 1.13) = 0.1292. 3. X = 18 is an interval with real limits of 17.5 and 18.5. The real limits correspond to z = ±0.17, and a probability of p = 0.1350.

The university experience in early adulthood (11.4.2014, Dev Young)

1. 40% go to university 2. Improves relativistic thinking and increases self understanding. 3. But how come so many people don't complete it? 43%-63% drop out. Majority drop out first year, drop out in the first 6 weeks. This is likely caused by motivation, skills, low SES, little help from community. 4. Universities set a low bar and bring in many people. 5. Cultural disrespect. For example UofT not very friendly to Conservatives.

Labouvie-Vief, cognition (11.4.2014, Dev Young)

1. Adults get better at Pragmatic Thought. This is because we get better at balancing roles together. Also we learn to compromise in our efforts and finding that idealizion can't work. This is probably due to experience. 2. Cognitive-affective complexity grow. During this time we make great strides in how emotions affect us and how emotions effect others. Allow more complex ways to understand self and others. Like how Idon't talk to the prof if he was tired. 3. Example if a 21 year old girl finishing university and you ask an adult how she would feel. Adults would talk about positives and a lot of negatives. A very complex interpretation. Where an adolescent would say it would be horrible and all her dreams will be crushed. 4. Research finds in the 20s - 46 to 59 you have an increase in cognitive affecting complexity. There is a decrease after the age of 59. This is causaed by later decline speed cognition.

Name the general historical trends (6) (pcog lec 1)

1. Age of enlightenment - Decartes 2. Structuralism - Wund 3. Funcitonalism - William James 4. Behaviorism - Pavlov 5. Information processing apporach - connecitonist 6. Neurological

Levinson's Early adolescent (11.4.2014, Dev Young)

1. Asked many people in early adulthood and asking them what is important to them. 2. Tend to have a dream and pursue. Like a home or maybe just focus on professor. 3. Tend to have a mentor. Someone to guide through the process, someone to model afterwards. I don't really have one, though I do ask professors about career advice. 4. For men's life structure. There is training for career and then settling down "finding a partner". Usually one after another. Women report having a split dream. They will obtain skill and then family happens. They tend to have two competing dreams at the same time. 5. Age-30 transition. (a) Around the age of 30 they look at where they are now and compare it to their dream. This is usually culturally created. (b) They will tend to focus on underdeveloped aspects. If focused on family then time to focus on career. Or men who have worked on career then focus more on family. (c) This can be a time of crisis. Like for example prof's cousin who became a doctor but then around 30 suddenly focused on family

Social expeftiations (11.4.2014, Dev Young)

1. At this stage of life. There is very scrit social expctations like for example living in basement still not a bad thing. We are also attitudes and values broads. 2. Cultural construct is possible. Because for ex third world countries do not give room for exploration 3. Is it a cog or just a social. The prof thinks not. There is very low employment options probably causing delayed adulthood. 4. If asked if an adult. 18-25, 38% yes, 5% no, 55% yes and no where they are an adult but not really in the responsibility. In 28-35 more yes but there is still 31% that is yes and no.

What is the triple vunerability theory to anxiety

1. Bio 2. Psycho vumerability - where one percieves the world as dangerous 3. Specific psych vunerability which are caused by early childhood experiences (AB 5)

Repreoductive capacity (11.4.2014, Dev Young)

1. Biologically speaking parenthood in early and late 20s is ideal. Futility problems become more and more of an issues. 2. Men don't experience until 35 and only a decline of sperm. 3. Teenagers in study found that until about 28 age think it's about 20%. The actual probability is actually 80%. Over age of 28, women think 50% but it is actually 20 real. We tend to see things in rose colored glasses. That is lower than 20% per ovulation.

The main symptom of _____1_____ is depression and intermittant manias. Often misdiagnosis as depression, like hosptial only see one instance of time. SSRI don't work well with Bipolar Disorder. ____2____ is a natural treatment. They have what is called ____3____, some people plan their vacation to it. Rapid cycling usually is usually timed at weeks or months apart. Days apart is very unusual. There is in between. The onset of Bipolar disorder is sudden. Tends to appears in _____4_____.Mania usually occurs suddenly, with lose of sleep. It often looks like cocaine abuse. Often mistaken for substance abuse disorder. There is also hypomania, called ____5____. This is Bi-Polar disorder with less mania. It is less severe. These work well with a seperate set of medication. Also called _____6_____ disorder. (-------) The four symptom domains of bipolar disorder Domain 1, emotion. See another emotion in additon to depression. _____7_____. There will also be irritability. People often cry during manic disorder, suggesting connection to depression. (-) Domain 2, cognitive. There is a flight of ideas, racing thoughts. ____8____ thoughts which once again can be mistsked about Schizophrenia. (-) Domain 3, motivational. Manic eposiode causes person to want to do ____9___, could be mistaken with ADHD, difficult to tell the difference. Often very intrusive. (-) Domain 4, Somatic. Don't need ____10____. Often looks like they are using cocaine abuse. (-----------) In video with Amish disorders for manic depressive illness. Amish have noticed that mental disorder is "in our blood". In addition to twin studies they also look at isolated communities. A ___11____ for manic depressive illness. A specific gene, chromosome 11. (------------) Treatments of Bipolar disorder - Treament seems primarly treated with ______12______. It is found though that therapy along with medication works better for adjustment. The condition though needs to stabalized. Not the same as depression because it requires drug first and then therapy. (Ablec6mood)

1. Bipolar disorder 2. Lithium 3. Regular cycling 4. Weeks or months apart 5. Bipolar disorder type 2 6. Cyclothymic disorder 7. Mania 8. Racing 9. Everything 10. Sleep 11. Strong heritory pattern 12. Litium

Parent-child Relationships in adolescence (4, deideal par, shift to per and luv, auth bet, con disag par-chi auto tme-

1. Deidealize parents. Turn away parents. 2. They will shift from parents to self and peers and romantic partner for guidance 3. parents who are authoritative parenting pull away, less because parents already gave autonomy 4. But conflicts will occur in all parenting styles and parents will disagree with child on when authority should be given

Other types of unipolar mood disorder other than depressive disorder. (-) ______1_______ is depression, but it is less severe than major depression. Not suicidal, but just have a sad affact. The major difference is that it does not go away. Psychologists may characterize it as a _____2___ trait. It is hard to treat, it is seen as a part of the suedo personality disorder. May not be capable to work or to socialize, though not as strong it does not go away. (-) Double depression is ______3______. This is very difficult to treat. I wonder if this is just a person with dysthymic is just suicidal. (-) ______4_____ is slowed speech, slow movement. Physical disorder suspected seems to be more responsive to medications. (Ablec6mood)

1. Dytymic disorder 2. Personality 3. A combination of major depression and dytymic disorder 4. melancholia

Mood disorders are described as a marked disturbance in ____1_____. Canatonic, meaning _______2_____, is also another hallmark of mood disorder. Severe depression can be mistaken for ______3_____ which can exhibit extreme non movement. (-) Mood disorders are marked disturbance in ___4____, _____5____, and ____6____. This is supported by two types _____7_____ (depression) and _____8_____(mania and depression: bipolar. (-) _____10___ episode like a student who went to buy a boat though he didn't have money. Can be mistaken for schizophrenia because a lost touch with reality. (Ab6mood)

1. Emotions 2. Lack of movement 3. Schizophrenia 4. Psyhical 6. Social 7. Perceptial processess 8. Unipolar 9.bipolar 10. Manic

At each transition performence drops at each of these levels. How come? Does it get better over time? Self esteem? Girl or boy? traunancy? Who is at risk?

1. Expect higher reasoning, higher standards. 2. Less supportive environement and teachers. Different teacher every class high school. 3. Still aquiring knowledge, tends to get better over time but get bad again 4. Lower self esteem because culture value academic performence 5. Girls are hit harder. Believed that identity is more tied to school performence. 6. Chart. Well adjusted people didn't have a lot of traunancy. When academic problem and mental health problem, then problem behavior and traunancy increase a lot.

(11.6.2014, Ab ch 11, Schizophrenia) German Psychiatrist Kurt Schneider (1959) describes six of the most important delusions found in the disorder. What are they?

1. Feeling bodily sensations than seem to come from a source outside of the body. Like the feeling of a cold wave going towards the pelvis. 2. Beliefs that thoughts are being broadcasted or transmitted whereby everyone can hear what they are thinking. Similar to when I say the first thing that comes to mind, except instead of impulse control the person feels like it's directly transferred to other people. 3. Feeling like their thoughts are being stolen from them suddenly leaving them feeling empty. 4. Think that emotional feelings are being controlled by an outside force. 5. Think that their behavior is being controlled by an outside force. Like someone taking over their body 6. Thinks that impulses are being sent from an outside force. Usually it is is an impulse so strong that resistance seems impossible.

Having children in Canada (11.4.2014, Dev Young)

1. Fewer couples having children 70%, before 90% 2. Society is more accepting of women not having children for career. Not completely accepting. 3. Less children in each family. 4. People that are in family and having children listed adv and disadv. The most are warmth and affection and stimulation and fun. So the most prevelant is not not based on sense of accomplishment and community pressure. 5. The more gendertyped an individual is, the more they adhere to streotypes, the more likely they are to want to have children.

Erikson (11.4.2014, Dev Young)

1. For Erikson's theory this is in intimacy vs isolation. Eiehter making a permanent commitment to intimate or loneliness, self absortion, fear of losing identity. 2. The funny thing is that it invovles givigin up some independence. Individuals who are not established feel a sense of isolation, don't wnat to lose their own identity. 3. Those in Isolation. Tends to compete against them and reject differences in partner, understanding that partner can be different. They are also threatened by closeness. 4. But Erikson didn't emphically study it

What is 4 general factors considered in a medical disease model of mental disorders? (ab lec 2)

1. Genetic models - genetic transference of gene which increase the probably of developing a disorder. 2. Biochemical model - dealing with neurotransmitters, serotonin 3. neurophysical model - parts of brain that isn't working properly 4. psychoanalytic model

(11.7.2014, Ab Lec Schizophrenia) What are the four symptoms of Schizno (HACD)

1. Halluciolation 2. Inappropiate affect, moves from flat to extremely in appropiate 3. Catonic 4. Deulusios

Heart changes in young adulthood (11.4.2014, Dev Young)

1. Heart at this point is the same at rest, but we are less effecient during extreme excercise. 2. Hypertension, high blood pressure 3. Atherosclerosis, the build of plaque 4. Most of these problems can be mediated by lifestyle choices 5. Maxamimun vital capacity declines after age 25. The maxamin amounts. Everyday experience is just fine.

Moral reasoning and moral behavior (adolescence). Ask: doesen't this has a lot to do with impulse control: (5, high lev vol, instant, moral self rel, peer and fsm, educati rel tend more)

1. Higher level tend to volunteer more and that's it. Not really influences moral behavior 2. Moral behavior happens at an instant, with high school. Cognitivr ability is not impulse control 3. Moral self relevance. Do you identify morality is a part of who you are? For some it is essential. 4. Moral self relevance depends of peer and family whether they do it. 5. Just educaitonal environments. Schools that discuss making moral decision. Religious schools that have that tend to have a high moral self value

Adult obesity and stimga (11.4.2014, Dev Young)

1. If write about obese individual, we tend to assume they are lazy and careless. 2. Study of 2962 adults. Colloected in 1996 and 2006 and found that it is the only discrimination that increased during this time, but the same level for racial and religious. These people are not getting as much jobs and not getting as much social. 3. Researchers think this is because there was an increase of discrimination due to an increase of awareness. Studies found that it is not genetic then it is personal. So if your not overweight then it is your fault which increases. But what this does not account is SES. 4. Recent meta-anlysis of a couple hundred studies found that less than 10% of individuals expereinced lifetime success, drop weight and off for 5 years, in fad diets. This is because our society does not do enough to make it easier. Japan hhas gyms in workplace.

Kosslyn and Finke, Finke's principles of visual imagery

1. Implicitly encoded info can be obtained that was never intentionally encoded 2. Imagery is functionally equivalent to perception and uses similar brain mechanisms as a visual system 3. Spatial equivalence, more space more time 4. Transformational equivalence, more degree spin takes more time Pylyshyn has been attacking this the assumption that imagery is visual

Is imgery epiphenonomenal? (11.24.2014, Pcog lec, imagery)

1. In testing asociation strength, propositions were evidenct when Kosslyn didn't provide any intrsuction 2. Pratient CK suggests perceptual areas aren't necessary to experience imagery 3. Some people claim not to experience imagery but do fine on tasks that should recruit imagery Tickling the visual cortex

It is normal to feel sad? Yes. So it all depends on the ____1___ that we are looking at. DSM 4 also included duration, and had to a response to a ______2____ stimulus. _____3____ says that if you feel such sadness for the dead loved ones that you want ______4_____, you need to be treated. Actually, this makes sense to me because the individual wants to die. Dsm 4 said it has to be at least 4 weeks, but now if they like that right now they need to be treated. The new definition is more encompassing. They want to be able to ______5_____. This might make everyone be diagnoised as depressed. It's not clear whether it's a good thing. (Ab 6, mood disorder lec)

1. Intensity 2. A normal stimulaa 3. DSM 5 4. Kill yourself 5. Help more people.

Triangular theory of love (11.4.2014, Dev Young)

1. Intimacy, passion (physical), commitment (for rest of life) 2. Passionate Love. Early relationships tend to be filled with intimacy and passion 3. Companionate Love. Later adult relationships, there is intimacy and commitment, but less passion 4. The transition from early to commitment is called romantic love. 5. But this is cultural look. Like arranged marriages where commitment is much earlier. 6. Criticism of research could be that memeory was biased

Two paths to adolescence deliquency (8, late ns, earl s, dif tem adh, con home, child agg, bad k acad and rej by per, more with dev groups, risk link) (This reminds me of how I was hanging out with less popular teens in grade 12 and my high school principal warned me about the 'potential effect'.)-

1. Late-onset: not as serious. bad crowd. Usually stop by late 20s. 2. Early onset: behavior that begins in middle childhood and will higher chance to be in jail 3. Early onset early difficult temperament, cognitive, defecits, ADHD 4. Also conflict ridden home. Lack parents monitoring. 5. Child conduct problems: tends to result hostile with other children 6. Child conduct cause academic failure and hang out with rejection by typical peers 7. This leads to hanging out with deviant groups which lead to delinauency 8. To see if high risk, see if factors link up

Lookign at top athletes in young adulthood (11.4.2014, Dev Young)

1. Look at athletes so to find out what would happen if lifestyle choices are not affecting them. 2. You can see that performence does not really decline until 35 in top elite atheltes for running. Real changes are not truly visible until the age of 60. 3. Atheltic skills peaks between around 20 and 35 and decline gradually until the age of 60s and 70s. 4. But things can change quickly, like not too long ago at 65 your dead.

The most common type of mood disorder is called _______1_______. It's normal to feel sad. For example, depression is normal for a bad mark, but it is a problem if it becomes a dysfunctional issue. A student who can't shake the feeling of a bad mark and want to slit his wrist for example. This is very similar to _____2_____. Major depressive disorder is persistent, extreme feelings of sadness where you can't function. It tends to ______3____ eventually. Typically it is____4____ in clinical settings because usually people don't seek help until it has been an issue for a long time. (Ab6mood)

1. Major depression 2. Anxiety 3. Go away 4. Persistent

Treatments of depression. If diagnoised you will likely be given medical help. Anti depressents found pretty effective. First types were ____1_____ inhibitors stops enmyzmes from breaking the neuro trasmitters up. Found accidntly in treatment of tubuculousis, found them to be hally even in terminal disease. Second group is preferred because less side effects ___2_____Brain gets rid of reuptake. It brings it back. More effecient. Third, _____3_____ Only targets seretonin. Assumption in monoamine is too little seretonin. How useful is antidepressent drugs? Some research that if does nothing at all, some others suggest it only makes ______4_____. Canadian medical association says that they shouldn't be prescribed medication. This is because research shows children become more suicidal. Children and teens on anti- depressent are still depressed and kill themselves. (-) Does talk influence brain chemistry? CBT which is challenging how someone is thinking which works very well. Taught to relearn how to interpret. The general consesus is that _____5______. "Everyone hates me", "do you have a friend" and go from there. Depression found more in women. Prof thinks that it is because women ______6_____ men engage in violent. (-) Sometimes you can't get someone to take therapy or medication. Sometimes they don't even respond to medication either. The other option is ______7____ it works but it's not clear why it works. Today is unilateral voltage through the head causing a seizure. Isn't SSRI just doing the same thing? How do you get consent? Next to kin. People complain of memory lose. Psychologists damned if they do treatment, damned if they don't. In the electro compulsive therapy for depression video. Client says she does not remember her depression. Is it somehow sub conscious. (Ablec6mood)

1. Moi monamine oxadaze 2. Api anti depressent reuptake inhibitor 3. Ssri selectivr seretonin reuptake 4. People more aggressive 5. Mood disorders are best treated via therapy and cbt 6. Have a tedency to internalize 7. ECT electric convolsuve therapy

Trends in marraige (11.4.2014, Dev Young)

1. Most are marrying later. Avg age before for women 20, now 25.5. Men now 27.5. Maybe caused by belief of emerging adulthood. 2. Nearly 90% of people get married at least once. 3. There is now fewer marriages. More staying single and cohabit. Also people who get divorced, especially for women, don't feel as much marriage. 4. Mixed marriages are becoming more common than before. This differences in ethnicity, religion, and race. It's still the minority though because we tend to pick the same views.

Family Life Cycle (11.4.2014, Dev Young)

1. Most of us are born of families and most of us will make a family. Or just a couople but can still be considered a family unit. 2. Early adulhood leaving home, joining families in marriage, parenthood 3. Middle adult - launching children 4. Late aduilthood - withdrawal and dealing with death of loved ones. 5. Average of leaving home more than before. Most individuals don't live near university. Roughly 18. 6. 50% of 18 - 25 year olds live with parents. It's very typical to finish university and come back. 7. Your SES affects leaving home at age of 18. Because they can afford to go to university 8. Family relationships improve. Individuals are taking care of themselves more, requiring little management and allow adults to share more with their child.

Sexual Acttivity in early adulthood (11.4.2014, Dev Young)

1. Most people have had sex by the age of 25. 2. Most are within a confines of a relationship. 3. 70% of adults having less than one partner a year. The 30% tends to be more than 2. 4. Pearing off tends to be similar in same SES, attitude, and same age. 5. Only 1/3 sex twice a week. 1/3 sex less than 1 a month. It tends to declines as we get older. Men tend to think they aren't having enough sex. 6. Over 80% of relationships are satisified. So burn those damn magazine. 7. There are gender differences in satisifcation. What they found was that for women their sexual expecation. Women tend to focus on emotional connection then they are happy. Men on the other hand tends to be focused on the frequency of sex. This can be an issue because there is a gender difference. (Frequency, intensity, duaration)

Homosexual couples in adulthood (11.4.2014, Dev Young)

1. Most say that it is OKto be gay. Unlike 15 years ago. 2. About 30% same-sex couples do not ever come out with it. 3. The frequency of sex for gay men are pretty similar to that of their age. This misconception was that past data was mostly from bars.

Adult obesity (11.4.2014, Dev Young)

1. Obese 20% larger than the average. Overweight can be anything from 5% to 15%. 2. Obestiy is increasing a lot from 2003 - 2010. There is 40% overweight for men. 3. For men the 5%spike is a problem for men because it accumulates around stomach area whiches causes a lot of issues. 4. Data finds that male overweight men was more than women then sudden at 65 and older, suddenly left. It because they are dead. 5. (a) Why? Healthy food expensive and proportion size. (b) We are living busier and busier lives (c) less excercise

Excercise and young adults (11.4.2014, Dev Young)

1. Only 1/3 get the excercise. Reccomendations differ greatly 2. 40% of early adults are inactive. Only once a week 20 minutes. 3. There are mental outcomes. Makes you feel good and good for your health.

(11.14.2014, ab lec, drug, substance) orally

1. Orally (in the mouth) - preffered method, it's convenient to get drug into the body and ultimately to the brain. But it is slow and ineffecient. Ineffecient because the food is broken down. Eventually goes to to circulatory system into the brain but it is slow. injection

1(11.14.2014, ab lec, drug, substance) 4 ways drugs enters the body

1. Orally (in the mouth) - preffered method, it's convenient to get drug into the body and ultimately to the brain. But it is slow and ineffecient. Ineffecient because the food is broken down. Eventually goes to to circulatory system into the brain but it is slow. injection 2. injection is really efficient because it goes right into the body. There are four types of injection. IM - Intramuscular (vaccination) slowly distributes, SC - subcontinuous (under skin) allergy tests also slow, IV - intravenus, gets into brain quickily by injecting into the vein (3-4 seconds) , IP Intrapenphrenial goes deep into the body cavity, gets to the brain really quiickly 3. inhalulation, turn drug into vapour and inhaling it. Convenient and effecient. Easily can transfer things to the blood system and get into the brain very quickly (within second). 4. aborption, gettings substance into body without injecting it. Difficult because of skin layer. Some parts of the body that the skin is super thin. Like under the tongue called sub lingual abortion because of blood vessels in the tongue. Preffered in LSD. Another place is the nose like snorting cocaine, cocacine is aborted directly into the veins. This is because there are tiny receptors in the nose.

The main symptom of Bipolar Disorder is a condition where a client suffers from _______1_______. Often misdiagnosis as _____2____, like hosptial only see one instance of time. SSRI don't work well with Bipolar Disorder. Lithium is a natural treatment. They have what is called regular cycling, some people plan their vacation to it. Rapid cycling usually is usually timed at weeks or months apart. Days apart is _____3______. There is in between. The onset of Bipolar disorder is sudden. Tends to appears in early 20s and 30s, usually as a manic attack.Mania usually occurs suddenly and the most noticable sign is ____4_____ Often mistaken for substance abuse disorder. There is also hypomania, called bipolar disorder type 2. This is Bi-Polar disorder which unlike regular bipolar disorder is ______5______. Also called cyclothymic disorder. The four symptom domains of bipolar disorder Domain 1, emotion. See another emotion in additon to depression. Mania emotions. There will also be irritability. People often ___6___ during manic disorder, suggesting connection to depression. (-) Domain 2, cognitive. There is a flight of ideas, racing thoughts. Deulusional thoughts which once again can be mistsken for ___7_____. (-) Domain 3, motivational. Manic eposiode causes person to want to do everything, could be mistaken with ADHD, difficult to tell the difference. Often very _____8____ in conversation. (-) Domain 4, Somatic. Don't need sleep. Often looks like they are using cocaine abuse. (-----------) In video with Amish disorders for manic depressive illness. Amish have noticed that mental disorder is_____9____. In addition to twin studies they also look at isolated communities. A strong hereitary patrern for manic depressive illness. A specific gene, chromosome 11. (------------'') Treatments of Bipolar disorder - Treament seems primarly pharmological. It is found though that therapy along with medication works better for adjustment. The condition though needs____10___ Not the same as depression because it requires drug first and then therapy. (Ablec6mood)

1. Periods of major depression and periods of mania 2. Depression 3. Is usual 4. Lost of sleep which resemble substance abuse 5. Has less extreme mania and is treated with another type of medication 6. Cry during manic epesiodes 7. Schizophrena 8. Instrusive 9. In their blood 10. To first be stabalized

Personality in adolescence (5, personaltiy, rearing, peers, school, community)

1. Personality, flexible/open monded 2. Child rearing practice. Secure attachment more identity achievement status, family support gives more options like deep sea welders. Authoriative giving decisions 3. Peers. Get ideas from peers and get good ideas. Profs friends got high. 4. Schools. If they allow children try a lot of different clubs. Lets you try things out and can engage. 5. Communtiy. Communities that have ckmmunity center and after achool, clubs, allow to explore

Selecting partner (11.4.2014, Dev Young)

1. Physical proximity is the biggest predictor. 2. Tends to choose similar to self, race SES, religioius, and leve lof educaiton. Because it reaffirms their beliefs and believes in the world. 3. When women are asked intelligent, ambigious, financial status, morals 4. When men are asked attractiveness and domestic skills 5. The preference for financial status cause women to choose older. Men choose attractivness and domestic so they choose lower. 6. Social learning theory explains this by sociually taught. Women want someone to take care of the family. Men are told to choose someone who can raise family and more attractive.

Cognitive development in early adult hood. Piaget and Perry (11.4.2014, Dev Young)

1. Piaget put forward the postformal thought. He thought that you move from completely abtract reasoning, but you apply to towards specific. 2. Perry believes in the Epistemic Cognition. (a) question our own processes (b) significant increases in early adult hood (c) move from dualistic to relativistic thinking then possibly commitement relativistic thinking (though this is contested. 3. Dualistic thinking. These people tend to assume false dichotemy. Example there are Liberals or Convservatives. They would think about what would the ideal perfect world and then which one is closer to his/her perfect ideal world. Then they tend to demonfy the other side. 4. Relativistic thinking. The recognition that everything is relative to each other. Example policy about income splitting is sitting on the fence, see the positive and negatives. They can see why other people support something that I'm against. For most individuals thinkj is where it end. 5. Relativistic thinking - commitment. Recognize the failure of the argument, but you have a choice of the argument. 6. Psychologists believes this last stage comes about probably due to uiniversity. The professor thinks this is what university is for. 7. What can help is challenging, opportunities for reflecting, and peers to all contribute to development (Joanna or Natalia or Zifeng)

Kohlberg's stage of moral development (11, piaget, Kolhberg's method, level 1 precon, stage 1 punish, stage 2 instrument, level 2 con level, s3 good, s4 social orde, level 3 post con or princ, s5 social con, s 6 uni eth princ)(Piaget's general plan)

1. Piaget thought morality was moving from outside morality to self morality. Kohlberg liked this idea but wanted to put more detail. 2. ask dilemma, stealing medicine to say wife. Ask what is the reasoning 3. Level 1: Preconventional, childhood and early adolesecence. 4. Stage 1: punishment and obedience. If wife dies then go to jail. Focus on punishment. 5. Stage 2: Instrumental purpose. Should steal because wife not dying is good for him. Or if he steals then he will locked up. 6. Level 2: Conventional Level 7. Stage 3: Good boy-good girl: value on interpersonal connection. If wife dies everyone will think of you badly. Looking at how people view you 8. Stage 4: Social-order-maintaining stage: need to not steal, there are laws or choas 9. Level 3: postconventuonal or principle level 10. stage 5: social contract, laws can be broken, there is a reason behind laws, about optimizing good 11. stage 6: universal ethical principle: self principle that are the most important. Like life is most important.

The Social clock (11.4.2014, Dev Young)

1. Related to Late 30 transition 2. Why do we go to university? Home? Car? Society has a certain narrative on what we should be doing at each stage of life. The social clock is the ticking narrative telling what you should be doing also called Age-graded expectations for life events. 3. Right now this is less rigid in early adulthood, however it is still there. Following the social clock makes them feel social stability and confidence. Now following can be filled with anxiety. Ex everyone is getting married you might experience a lot of anxiety. 4. We put pressure on others because it validates our deicsion. For example, if married early then you want others to get married as well. 5. It is argued that it has an important function for society. For example, tenured professors not retiring taking up the best job markets.

Criticism of Kohlerberg, especially Golligan (6) few r, con high, act vs can, emot, Gillian, f abstr stran)

1. Research found that few people reach post conventional. Also tend to happen in philosophy. So maybe just a subset. 2. Conventional level requires a higher level than thought. Social aspects has higher level than he gave credit for. 3. We also don't always act in our cognitive level. Like speeding because don't get caught. 4. Don't take into account our emotions. Ex man in car is worried about women and child. When overwhlemed you use simpler. 5. Gilligan says that the moral values is sexist. Women might place the social higher because of families and should not be placed at lower levels. 6. Researchers tested this asked groups varying different levels of closeness. Close friend, distant clasmate, stranger. Wanted to find level of care response. Found that male and female had same care reponse for close friends. Females though seem to care about someone who was an abstract stranger. Women more likely thought they needed to care. Maybe this type is equal.

Four domains of symptoms for unipolar deppresive disorder are. (-) First, _____1______. The patient describes themselves as sad, hopeless, unhappy, lonely, worried - anxiety component. Sadness is usually worse_____1a_____. (-) Second, ______2_____. People with major depression, when assessed cognitively typically score in the _____2a______. IQ dips to below 70. Why? Because they are unmotivated. People with depression get both _____2b______ questions right and wrong suggesting that it's clearly motivation. They are not functioning cognitive well. Low self esteem, beliefs of inadequency. The Canadian medical association advise that we do not give antidepressents to_______2c______. Getting to sleep and getting up from sleep very difficult. Depression also called paralysis of will. Teen and children depression symptoms look very different. Teen can't get up till noon? Normal. (-) Third, ______3_______ Lose of appetite, weight lose which is perhaps the only good. Fatigue. Eretile dysfunction. There is an interesting connection of anxiety, depression, and ______4_____. Stress effects the functioning of the _______5_______. Which is similar to simulants? Also vunerable of cancer. New cells are produced, body is a production line. End of the line is quality control. Immune system is quality control, some cells faulty. (Ablec6mood)

1. Sad affact 1a. In the morning 2. Cognitive 2a. At levels of mental retardation 2b. Easy and difficult 2c. Anti depressents under the age of 18 3. Somatic 4. Infectious disease 5. The immune system

Adulthood ROmantic Attachment (11.4.2014, Dev Young)

1. Secure attachment has the working model comfortable with intimacy and unfraid of abandonment. There is also a tendency for trust, happiness, and is friends. 2. Avoidant attachment. Stress the independence of both people, mistrust, anxiety about closeness. These individuals tends to report less physical pleasure and jealously, and unrealistic beliefs. 3. Resistant attachment. Seek quick love and stress complete merging. Sharing everything together. These tend to have jealousy, desperation, and emotional highs and lows. (This sounds a lot like me.)

What are the 4 general factors which lead to diagnosis of mental disorders? (ab lec 2)

1. Statistical 2. Cultural norms. Ex substance abuse not an issue in Islamic and Jewish culture. 3. Developmental norm. Child may be allowed to smack someone but an adult wouldn't. 4. Frequency (how often does it occur), intensity (How far from norm) , and behavior (how long has the issues been around?)

(11.14.2014, ab lec, drug, substance) stimulatnts

1. Stimulants cause you to feel good because they stimulate the central nervous system. Too much stimulantion can cause seizures. If too long you have a status seizure, brain is firing at the same time and it can be life threatening.

(11.14.2014, ab lec, drug, substance) Four major categories of drugs

1. Stimulants cause you to feel good because they stimulate the central nervous system. Too much stimulantion can cause seizures. If too long you have a status seizure, brain is firing at the same time and it can be life threatening. 2. Cannabinoids. Substances pot. These can be stimulants, hallucinogens, and depressants depending on your personality, your situation, and time of day. It effects the reward system indirectly and it's not clear what the mechanism of action is currently. 3. Hallucinogens make you hallunicate. Lots find it a good experience. It is new and different, like your a tree cool! Also can occur naturally like shrooms (species of mushrooms). LSD is the most common sythentic. Some can go on bad trips and less likely. 4. depressants, dims the central nervous system. Dims the brain down. Opoids. Alcohol

Treatments of depression. If diagnoised you will likely be given medical help. Anti depressents found pretty effective. First types were MOI, Monoamine which is a chemical that _____1_____. Found accidntly in treatment of tubuculousis, found them to be hally even in terminal disease. Second group is preferred because less side effects API, anti depressent reuptake inhibitor which acts by _______2______ Third, SSRI. Selective seretonin _______3______ Assumption in monoamine is too little seretonin. How useful is antidepressent drugs? Some research that if does nothing at all, make people aggressive. Canadian medical association says that they shouldn't be prescribed medication. This is because research shows children become more suicidal. Children and teens on anti- depressent are still depressed and kill themselves. (-) Does talk influence brain chemistry? CBT which is challenging how someone is thinking which works very well. Taught to ______4______ The general consesus is that drugs work best with CBT. "Everyone hates me", "do you have a friend" and go from there. Depression found more in women. Prof thinks that it is because women internalize while men engage in violent. (-) Sometimes you can't get someone to take therapy or medication. Sometimes they don't even respond to medication either. The other option is ECT called Electroconvulsive Therapy, it works but it's not clear why it works. Today is unilateral voltage through the head_____5______. Isn't SSRI just doing the same thing? How do you get consent? Next to kin. People complain of memory lose. Psychologists damned if they do treatment, damned if they don't. In the electro compulsive therapy for depression video. Client says she does not remember her depression. Is it somehow sub conscious. (Ablec6mood)

1. Stops emymes from breaking up 2. Acts as a reuptakr inhibitor 3. Reuptake inhibtor that targets seretonin only 4. Interpret events in a more positive way 5. Unilateral voltage to one side of head inducing seizures

Pylyshyn's critiques (11.24.2014, Pcog lec, imagery)

1. Tacit knowledge and demand characteristics - People behave how they think they should be behave. The cat meowing when caught barking. The participants in the mental scanning could have nothing to do with imagery but took longer because they know the amount of time it takes to travel when scanning. 2 . Imagery is epiphenomenal - images are a product of representation, not the representation itself. Imagery is always accompanied but is not how you actually represent information 3. Mechanism underlying imagery is not spatial but propositional. Involving simple and complex representation. Ottawa is west of Montreal and is west of Halifax. This can be assumed to be imagined but it could representation in networks, the fact that they are near each other means that there is more share a lot more propitiation. Evidence against propositional theory, Asking people identify cats have claws faster while instructed to imagine head was faster. This is because cat head is bigger than claws

Friendships (11.4.2014, Dev Young)

1. Tends to similar to us. We tend to choose people who reaffirm our choices. Someone who makes very difference can conflict our own decisions. 2. Closest friendships between sibligns. But this tends to seperate more when they move towards jobs. But then in Middle Adulthood it tends to be stronger. Probably because tragity comes together. 3. Female friendship tend to more intimate. Men tend to do things rather than share about personal feelings. This is complete opposite for me at least probably because all my male friends are psychology majors. 4. The longer the friendship the more intimacy. 5. Those who are single have more intimate with friends. This is because we are striving for intmacy. 6. Co od friendship. Women tend to have more friends and men less likely. They will be friends with the same men. This is seen as positive because men can talk about their feelings. For women it gives them a different perspective. 7. Sexual attraction should be considered and is considered in textbook between co ed friends (professor is turning tomato red).

Substance abuse (11.4.2014, Dev Young)

1. The most is cig and alcholohol. 2. Education seems to reduce the rate of cig smoking. Researchers think they come to understand. Also it's possible that there can be a social pressure. 3. Alcholism tends to begin earier. Usually in childhood. 4. About 10% of individuals who would be considered a heavy drinkers. Three drinks in 2 days, 1 sitting, three beers in a week. 5. Tend to be less in university. 6. There less drinking here in Toronto than in Rhianna, "beer is a part of life" so it can differ a lot in terms of culture.

1. What information is provided by the sign (+1-) of a z-score? What information is provided by the numerical value of the z-score? (10.13.2014 stats ch 6, zscores)

1. The sign of the z score tells whether the location is above (+) or below (-) the mean, and the magnitude tells the distance from the mean in terms of the number of standard deviations.

1. A normal-shaped distribution with II = 40 and a = 8 is transformed into z-scores. Describe the shape, the mean, and the standard deviation for the resulting distribution of z-scores. (10.13.2014 stats ch 6, zscores)

1. The z-score distribution would be normal with a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1.

Period of Vocational Development (11.4.2014, Dev Young)

1. Though university not funcitoning as a job finder. 2. Periods of time of deciding (a)Fantasy period, middle childhood, (b) Tentative period, from 15, starting to narrow it down (c) Realistic period, 15 to early twenties, (c1) exploration, what is out there in a realistic way (c2) Then an actual choice within in 3. What influences these choices? (a) Family is a big factor of this. SES is similar to parents. (b) Close relationbship with teachers especially in high school. If good relationship with Fountaine then it's probably why I had chosen philosophy when going into university. (c) Gender stereotypes. Men are more likely to be in law enforcement. Not as made as much of an option to women for example

Types of marriages (only hetrosexual) (11.4.2014, Dev Young)

1. Traditional marriage. Not that great of a name because past people had to work together more. Women doing home work and men doing economic support. 2. Egalitarian. Partners see each other as equals sharing authority and balanced attention to jobs and spouse. 3. The majority of marriages in NA occur to this. 4. In Canada men 10 hours, women 10 hours. Japan 3 hours men and 29 hours for housework.

1. What will kill young adults 2. What will effect health in young (11.4.2014, Dev Young)adults?

1. Unintentional injuries, cancer, cardiovascular disease, suicide, homicide, and AIDs. 2. (US data) SES is a huge factory. During early adulthood, health is pretty similar. But as you move on in 50 - 80 there is a huge deterioration in lower SES.

Gender in adolesecence (5, increase, girls, body, perspective taking, slows down)

1. Usually more increased gender sterotyping. 2. Girls tend to have higher gender typing. Theory is that at this age society suddenly gives them less options than before. 3. Also body is changing. Both self and society applying gender types to them because they look like gender. 4. understand at this stage they have cognitive ability to perspective taking 5. decline toward the end

What happens when a couple has children (11.4.2014, Dev Young)

1. When first child happens that there is a shift from egalitarian to traditional marriage. Subsequent births make it a little more egalitarian. 2. Marriages can be strained. Partly due to shift. Though most couples who have problems tend to have the same issue or even make it worse once the child. 3. Egalitarian are happier. 4. Couples that have children do better.

1. Place the following sample of n = 20 scores in a frequency distribution table. 6, 9, 9, 10, 8, 9, 4, 7, 10, 9 5, 8, 10, 6, 9, 6, 8, 8, 7, 9

1. X f ──── 10 3 9 6 8 4 7 2 6 3 5 1 4 1 ────

1. For a distribution with p. = 40 and o- = 12, find the z-score for each of the following scores. a. X = 36 b. X = 46 c. X = 56 (10.13.2014 stats ch 6, zscores) (10.13.2014 stats ch 6, zscores)

1. a) z= -0.33 b) 0.5 c) z=1.33

1. In words, explain what is measured by each of the following: a. SS b. Variance c. Standard deviation (10.03.2014 Stats ch 4 textbook extraction/notes)

1. a. SS is the sum of squared deviation scores. b. Variance is the mean squared deviation. c. Standard deviation is the square root of the variance. It provides a measure of the standard distance from the mean.

1. Briefly define each of the following: a. Distribution of sample means b. Expected value of M c. Standard error of M (11.2.2014, stats ch 7, probability )

1. a. The distribution of sample means consists of the sample means for all the possible random samples of a specific size (n) from a specific population. b. The expected value of M is the mean of the distribution of sample means (μ). c. The standard error of M is the standard deviation of the distribution of sample means (σM = σ/n).

1. A population of scores has p. = 73 and a = 8. If the distribution is standardized to create a new distribution with 1.1, = 100 and a = 20, what are the new values for each of the following scores from the original distribution? a. X = 65 b. X = 71 c. X = 81 d. X = 83 (10.13.2014 stats ch 6, zscores)

1. a. z = —1.00, X = 80 b. z = —0.25, X = 95 c. z = 1.00, X = 120 d. z = 1.25, X = 125

benefits of friendship adols ( self and other emp, fut intimte, strs, bet atti schol)

1. adv not just explore self but understand others, start to understand other people and differences 2. foundation for future intimate relationships. More friends in adoleacents will tend to have more friends in adulthood 3. help deal with stress. for men it let them distract 4. Close friendships have a better attitude of school involvement. IE like Natalia or Johanna making psych better to be.

Dating in adolescents (5, diff m f cl, mix cl, seveal coup, ind coup, US data end)

1. boys and girls have different cliques 2. mixed-sex cliques hang out. same mall together 3. eventually severeal couples form and then the couples do things together. Most adolescents are doing it as practice for eventually find a mate later 4. then individual couples 5. Dating from US data tends to be 15, 16, 17 more. Those that develop early they date, but by the end of adolescencr and more likely to engage in dating

Cognitive style in adolescence (4, cog sci don't like, infor gath, dogmatic, diffus avoid)

1. cog scientist don't like personality so deal with style 2. Information gather - identity and moratorium. Like learning a lot stuff. Read a bunch of reviews. 3. Dogmatic, inflexible - forclosure, diffusion. There are rules to life. 4. Diffuse avoidant - long term diffusion. Don't bother decision

Self esteem in adolescence (8)(sub, fam, romantic, job, increase, not enough hobbiss, family culture, canadian gold metal)

1. develop even more sub groups: 2. friendships, 3. romantic appeal, society sees that it is important 4. Job competence 5. self esteem increases. We figure out what matters to us and what doesn't. We don't care what we don't like and we focus our effort on things we find important and get good at it. 6. People with not enough specific hobbies get bad self esteem 7. Influenced by family culture, at this point parents give more autonomy. 8. Canadian used to be championing over factors. Some cultures less about self esteem. Not always related to performence

The specific addition rule ____1___ rule for addition. This is a mutually exclusive, either one thing or the other will occur. There is also a general addition rule for events that ____2____. "What is the probability of it being a king or a spade", could be a king of spade. You need to subtract the probability of them occurring at the the same time. P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) -P(A and B), taking away the possibility of getting the king of spades. There is also the specific ____3____ rule. If you want to find out what the probability of two things will occur then it is P(A +B) = (P)A x (P)B. For example what is the probability of flipping coin three times? THen it is 0.5 x 0.5 x 0.5 = 0.125. Also what is probability of slipping 3 times landing on trails, then heads, then tails? p(tail) x p(heads) x p(tails). What about the probability of different types of events? Just _____4___. ___5___ Probability for non independent events. p(black, no replect, then red) = p(blackcard) x p(red | black cards). 26/52 x 26x51. Have to think carefully about this. Almost all fall between -3 and +3 SDs from the mean. We have made an assumption of the theoretical normal curve. de Movire discovered the concept of the normal curve. Fled France for England Late 17th century. Thought of as a gambler's friend. He specialized on chance. He realized that if you ___7___. Carl Gauss was a German mathematician who also discovered a lot about the normal curve. The properties of a normal curve is a theoretical construction. Sometimes called the __8__ curve and other times calls the Gaussian curve. The medium, mode, and mean are in the perfect center. The area under is measured in standard deviations from the curve. The larger section is also called the body and the smaller is always called the tail regardless of where the body is. We have what is called the ___9___ table. You never have to worry about the negative or positive score because it corresponds to the same proportion on either side. When we talk about ranked, it will always going to be to the left of the score. (10.22.2014, Stats lec 6, probability, assignment)

1. either/or 2. are not mutually exclusive 3. multiplication 4. multiply for each of the events 5. Conditional 6. flip coins or anything with probability he found that when the number of events increased the shape of the distributions you begin to have a very smooth curve 7. bell 9. unit normal

Dating problems in adolescents (7, too ear, del, poor acad, bad fam, hkmos onl, teased, homo date hetro)

1. if too early dating. They will tend to do drugs and alcohol. Earlier sexual acitivity. 2. Deliquency, dating to defy authority 3. pooerer academic, because they are burdened by the relationship 4. tends to occur family and peer relatiobships 5. homosexual adolescents have a lot trouble find it hard to find partner. first dating is at first in support groups and online 6. young les and homosexual getting teased. 7. so homosexuals may engage in hetrosexual dating, seek relationship to at least share it with someone.

Other types of unipolar mood disorder other than depressive disorder. (-) Dythymic Disorder is depression, but ______1________. The major difference is that it does not go away. Psychologists may characterize it as a personality trait. It is hard to treat, it is seen as a part of the suedo personality disorder. May not be capable to ______2______ , though not as strong it does not go away. (-) ______3______ is major depression and dythymic. This is very difficult to treat. I wonder if this is just a person with dysthymic is just suicidal. (-) Melancholia is ______4_______ (Ablec6mood)

1. it is less severe than major depression. Not suicidal, but just have a sad affact 2.work or to socialize 3. Double depression 4.slowed speech, slow movement. Physical disorder suspected seems to be more responsive to medications.

Adolescent friendships (9, nw1-2, intimate, share validate ID, ASPI, disclosetrustrec, girls emot, boys only g and activ, androgynou, cross gend s)-

1. less best friends 5-6 before, now 1-2. 2. because mind is very intimate. 3. Sharing who you are. Using friends to validate identity 4. aspirations 5. disclose very close relaitonship, trust, reciprocal 6. For girls there is an emotional closeness, communal concerns, to just talk 7. for boys, disclose good things about self. achievements or upgrade in status. Get together for activites rather than just talk. 8. but if more androgynous, less gender then it does not matter 9. male and female friendships tend to be short. Because research suggests your using someone else to figure out what it means and they are different.

conformity in adolescents (5, peer dres, proad, misc, more conf, auth par)

1. peer pressure can have a strong influence on dress, grooming, social activites 2. also proadult behavior, stuff adults like, do well at job, do well in school. Friends can bring about good 3. misconduct, negative influence but only rejected group 4. there is more conformity in early adolescence. Don't need to indentity as you process identity status. 5. authoritative parents is the best way to parent. Caught child to regulate their own behaviors. You always make a choice in your own actions.

Delinquency in adolesecence and how it relates to moral development and moral behavior (7, illeg, more deliq, adult beh smo, bmoreg, adol rej more break L, neh low s bored and less adul, high ethni but not more)

1. refers to illegal behavior in society 2. adolescents tend to do a lot deliquency, getting arrested a lot. A high during this time period. Bur declines near the end. 3. reason of increase because they are engaging in adult behaviors that society says is cool but is illegal like smoking and alcohol. 4. boys more than girls. More assaults. 5. adolescents that are rejected in middle childhood and adolescents more likely to break the law. Because rejected smaller group. People in that group are also rejected and more likely to be aggressive. 6. neighborhoods of low ses tends to have higher. Less to do because little econ. Also not as much adults arounds. 7. Higher ethnicity and arrested and ethnicity and deliquency. Ethnicity is just as likely to engage in deliquency behavior, unless in low ses.

Today we are focusing specifically on probability and how it can be applied to Z-Tests. Probability is very related to ___1___ curve. It is the foundation for going into the inferring statistics, where we will be comparing things. The whole idea of the normal curve is that if you get enough numbers you will ___2____ Probability allows you to compare two groups with often a large amount of confidence. To know whether something is by ___3___. There is of course always a certain amount of error which should be accounted from. Basic probability is just the ___4___. You can think of probability in just about anything we do. We will start off normatively and gradually go into inferential statistics. Probability will always be a ratio, the outcomes versus number of all possible events. For example, the probability of selecting a B from A B C D will be p(B tile) = 1 / 4 or 0.25 or 25%. In probability there are different types of events. Independent event which has no influence of the other event, each of those events is independent. One of the easiest ways to think about this is ___6____. The probability for both heads and tails is 0.5 and it does not matter what happens before that, the probability f what will happen the next time will stay exactly the same. This ties into the gambler's fallacy where they think if it happens many times then there is an opportunity for it to happen again. Many casinos will have independent event so thinking that way often will not help the odds. __7___ sample means that all things have same chance of being picked. What this means is that you always out the cherry back before calculating the probability again. Dependent outcomes occurs when they are sampling without ___7___ For example not putting the cherry back which influences the probability of the other one. Example the chance of drawing 1/52=0.25. If you do not replace sampling without replacement then you would get 1/51. (10.22.2014, Stats lec 6, probability, assignment)

1. the normal 2. probably end up with a fairly evenly distributed number. 3. chance or by extra statistics 4. likelihood of an event occurring 5. flipping a coin 6. random 7. sampling without replacement

1. For a sample with a mean of M = 40 and a standard deviation of s = 12, find the z-score corresponding to each of the following X values. X = 43 X = 58 X = 49 X = 34 X = 28 X= 16 (10.13.2014 stats ch 6, zscores)

1. z = 0.25 z = 1.50 z = 0.75 z= —0.50 z= —1.00 z= —2.00

___1_____ is apparent as an environmental component in mood disorders. It's not a coincidence that scientists think Anxiety and Depression occur in a similar way. Biology is also a very strong indicator. If a parent or relative, then the chance of you getting depression is ____2____. Is this environmental or genetic? A Monyzoctic twin study looking into the concordance rates finds Schiz is about __3__%, but for stranger have schiz then you have 1%. The incidence of depression is___4___%. But why is CBT so effective before anti-depressant use? Because therapy changes brain chemistry use. (Ablec6mood)

1.stress 2. Very high 3. 50% 4. 80%

(11.14.2014, ab lec, drug, substance) estimated lifetime use of substance

1/4

(11.14.2014, ab lec, drug, substance) Death rate of heroine use

1/4. Not sure suicide or overdose.

(1) Alzheimer's dieseaes (11.28.2014, Ab lec on Old age, ch 16)

10 - 15 years. Starts with a difficulty in learning in the limbic system that interfere with daily living. As it develops that they will become disoriented and delusional, involving both retrival and storage, though storage first. Starts in Hippomampus and then spreads

(2) Frontal - temporal dementia and is Pick's disease (11.28.2014, Ab lec on Old age, ch 16)

10% - 15% of cases of dementia. Begins earlier in alzhentia, 50s to 60s, Extreme swing from apathy to euphoria to activity and impulsivity, an example of this is Pick's disease. Starts frontal temporal area and then spread.

10. A student was asked to compute the mean and standard deviation for the following sample of n = 5 scores: 81, 87, 89, 86, and 87. To simplify the arithmetic, the student first subtracted 80 points from each score to obtain a new sample consisting of 1, 7, 9, 6, and 7. The mean and standard deviation for the new sample were then calculated to be M = 6 and s = 3. What are the values of the mean and standard deviation for the original sample? (10.03.2014 Stats ch 4 textbook extraction/notes)

10. The mean is M = 86 and the standard deviation is s = 3.

10. For the following set of quiz scores: 3, 5, 4, 6, 2, 3, 4, 1, 4, 3 7, 7, 3, 4, 5, 8, 2, 4, 7, 10 a. Construct a frequency distribution table to organize the scores. b. Draw a frequency distribution histogram for these data

10. a. X f 10 1 9 0 8 1 7 3 6 1 5 2 4 5 3 4 2 2 1 1

10. Find the z-score corresponding to a score of X = 60 for each of the following distributions. a. μ = 50 and cr = 20 b. p. = 50 and a = 10 c. μ=50anda=5 d. μ= 50anda=2 (10.13.2014 stats ch 6, zscores)

10. a. z = +0.50 b. z = +1.00 c. z = +2.00 d. z = +5.00

10. For a population with a mean of p = 80 and a standard deviation of a = 12, find the z-score corresponding to each of the following samples. a. M = 83 for a sample of n = 4 scores b. M = 83 for a sample of n = 16 scores c. M = 83 for a sample of n = 36 scores (11.2.2014, stats ch 7, probability )

10. a. σM = 6 points and z = 0.50 b. σM = 3 points and z = 1.00 c. σM = 2 points and z = 1.50

11. A sample of n = 4 scores has a mean of M = 75. Find the z-score for this sample: a. If it was obtained from a population with p = 80 and if = 10. b. If it was obtained from a population with p = 80 and if = 20. c. If it was obtained from a population with p = 80 and if = 40. (11.2.2014, stats ch 7, probability )

11. a. σM = 5 points and z = 1.00 b. σM = 10 points and z = 0.50 c. σM = 20 points and z = 0.25

12. There are two different formulas or methods that can be used to calculate SS. a. Under what circumstances is the definitional formula easy to use? b. Under what circumstances is the computational formula preferred? (10.03.2014 Stats ch 4 textbook extraction/notes)

12. a. The definitional formula is easy to use when the mean is a whole number and there are relatively few scores. b. The computational formula is preferred when the mean is not a whole number.

12. A population forms a normal distribution with a mean of p = 80 and a standard deviation of a = 15. For each of the following samples, compute the z-score the sample mean and determine whether the sample mean is a typical, representative value or an extreme value for a sample of this size. a. M = 84 for n = 9 scores b. M = 84 for n = 100 scores (11.2.2014, stats ch 7, probability )

12. a. With a standard error of 5, M = 84 corresponds to z = 0.80, which is not extreme. b. With a standard error of 1.5, M = 84 corresponds to z = 2.67, which is extreme.

12. A survey given to a sample of 200 college students contained questions about the following variables. For each variable, identify the kind of graph that should be used to display the distribution of scores (histogram, polygon, or bar graph). a. number of pizzas consumed during the previous week b. size of T-shirt worn (S, M, L, XL) c. gender (male/female) d. grade point average for the previous semester e. college class (freshman, sophomore, junior, senior)

12. a. histogram or polygon (ratio scale) b. bar graph (ordinal scale) c. bar graph (nominal scale) d. histogram or polygon (ratio scale) e. bar graph (ordinal scale)

12. A score that is 6 points below the mean corresponds to a z-score of z = -0.50. What is the population standard deviation? (10.13.2014 stats ch 6, zscores)

12. σ = 12

13. A random sample is obtained from a normal population with a mean of p = 30 and a standard deviation of a = 8. The sample mean is M = 33. a. Is this a fairly typical sample mean or an extreme value for a sample of n = 4 scores? b. Is this a fairly typical sample mean or an extreme value for a sample of n = 64 scores? (11.2.2014, stats ch 7, probability )

13. a. With a standard error of 4, M = 33 corresponds to z = 0.75, which is not extreme. b. With a standard error of 1, M = 33 corresponds to z = 3.00, which is extreme.

13. A score that is 12 points above the mean corresponds to a z-score of z = 3.00. What is the population standard deviation? (10.13.2014 stats ch 6, zscores)

13. σ = 4

How well do Psychodynamic work for conversion disorders?

14 studies find those who get psychodynamic have reductions to physical symtoms, psychological symtoms, and rely less on health care practioniers. Improvements were maintained in follow up. (Ab 7, 204)

14. The range is completely determined by the two extreme scores in a distribution. The standard deviation, on the other hand, uses every score. a. Compute the range (choose either definition) and the standard deviation for the following sample of n = 5 scores. Note that there are three scores clustered around the mean in the center of the distribution, and two extreme values. Scores: 0, 6, 7, 8, 14. b. Now we break up the cluster in the center of the distribution by moving two of the central scores out to the extremes. Once again compute the range and the standard deviation. New scores: 0, 0, 7, 14, 14. c. According to the range, how do the two distributions compare in variability? How do they compare according to the standard deviation? (10.03.2014 Stats ch 4 textbook extraction/notes)

14. a. The range is either 14 or 15, and the standard deviation is s = 5. b. After spreading out the two scores in the middle, the range is still 14 or 15 but the standard deviation is now s = 7. c. The two distributions are the same according to the range. The range is completely determined by the two extreme scores and is insensitive to the variability of the rest of the scores. The second distribution has more variability according to the standard deviation, which measures variability for the complete set.

a = 15. What is the probability of obtaining a sample mean greater than M = 97, a. for a random sample of n = 9 people? b. for a random sample of n = 25 people? (11.2.2014, stats ch 7, probability )

14. a. σM = 5, z = 0.60, and p = 0.7257 b. σM = 3, z = 1.00, and p = 0.8413

15. For the data in the following sample: 8, 1, 5, 1, 5 a. Find the mean and the standard deviation. b. Now change the score of X = 8 to X = 18, and find the new mean and standard deviation. c. Describe how one extreme score influences the mean and standard deviation. (10.03.2014 Stats ch 4 textbook extraction/notes)

15. a. The mean is M = 4 and the standard deviation is s = √9 = 3. b. The new mean is M = 6 and the new standard deviation is √49 = 7. c. Changing one score changes both the mean and the standard deviation.

15. The scores on a standardized mathematics test for 8th-grade children in New York State form a normal distribution with a mean of p = 70 and a standard deviation of a = 10. a. What proportion of the students in the state have scores less than X = 75? b. If samples of n = 4 are selected from the population, what proportion of the samples will have means less than M = 75? c. If samples of n = 25 are selected from the population, what proportion of the samples will have means less than M = 75? (11.2.2014, stats ch 7, probability )

15. a. z = 0.50 and p = 0.6915 b. σM = 5, z = 1.00 and p = 0.8413 c. σM = 2, z = 2.50 and p = 0.9938

16. Calculate SS, variance, and standard deviation for the following sample of n = 4 scores: 7, 4, 2, 1. (Note: The computational formula works well with these scores.) (10.03.2014 Stats ch 4 textbook extraction/notes)

16. SS = 21, the sample variance is 7 and the standard deviation is = √7 = 2.65.

16. A population of scores forms a normal distribution with a mean of p = 40 and a standard deviation of o- = 12. a. What is the probability of randomly selecting a score less than X = 34? b. What is the probability of selecting a sample of n = 9 scores with a mean less than M = 34? c. What is the probability of selecting a sample of n = 36 scores with a mean less than M = 34? (11.2.2014, stats ch 7, probability )

16. a. z = -0.50 and p = 0.3085 b. σM = 4, z = -1.50 and p = 0.0668 c. σM = 2, z = -3.00 and p = 0.0013

16. Place the following scores in a frequency distribution table. Based on the frequencies, what is the shape of the distribution? 5, 6, 4, 7, 7, 6, 8, 2, 5, 6 3, 1, 7, 4, 6, 8, 2, 6, 5, 7

16. ──── X f ──── 8 2 7 4 . 6 5 5 3 4 2 3 1 2 2 1 1 ──── Negatively skewed

17. Calculate SS, variance, and standard deviation for the following population of N = 8 scores: 0, 0, 5, 0, 3, 0, 0, 4. (Note: The computational formula works well with these scores.) (10.03.2014 Stats ch 4 textbook extraction/notes)

17. SS = 32, the population variance is 4, and the standard deviation is 2.

17. A population of scores forms a normal distribution with a mean of p = 80 and a standard deviation of if = 10. a. What proportion of the scores have values between 75 and 85? b. For samples of n = 4, what proportion of the samples will have means between 75 and 85? c. For samples of n = 16, what proportion of the samples will have means between 75 and 85? (11.2.2014, stats ch 7, probability )

17. a. z = ±0.50 and p = 0.3830 b. σM = 5, z = ±1.00 and p = 0.6826 c. σM = 2.5, z = ±2.00 and p = 0.9544

17. For a population with a mean of p. = 70, a score of X = 62 corresponds to z = —2.00. What is the population standard deviation? (10.13.2014 stats ch 6, zscores)

17. σ = 4

18. At the end of the spring semester, the Dean of Students sent a survey to the entire freshman class. One question asked the students how much weight they had gained or lost since the beginning of the school year. The average was a gain of p = 9 pounds with a standard deviation of o- = 6. The distribution of scores was approximately normal. A sample of n = 4 students is selected and the average weight change is computed for the sample. a. What is the probability that the sample mean will be greater than M = 10 pounds? In symbols, what is p(M > 10)? b. Of all of the possible samples, what proportion will show an average weight loss? In symbols, what is p(M < 0)? c. What is the probability that the sample mean will be a gain of between M = 9 and M = 12 pounds? In symbols, what is p(9 < M < 12)? (11.2.2014, stats ch 7, probability )

18. a. z = 0.33 and p = 0.3707 b. z = 3.00 and p = 0.0013 c. p (0 < z < 1.00) = 0.3413

18. In a population of exam scores, a score of X = 48 corresponds to z = +1.00 and a score of X = 36 corresponds to z = —0.50. Find the mean and standard deviation for the population. (Hint: Sketch the distribution and locate the two scores on your sketch.) (10.13.2014 stats ch 6, zscores)

18. μ = 40 and σ = 8. The distance between the two scores is 12 points which is equal to 1.5

19. Calculate SS, variance, and standard deviation for the following sample of n = 5 scores: 9, 6, 2, 2, 6. (Note: The definitional formula works well with these scores.) (10.03.2014 Stats ch 4 textbook extraction/notes)

19. SS = 36, the sample variance is 9, and the standard deviation is 3.

19. The machinery at a food-packing plant is able to put exactly 12 ounces of juice in every bottle. However, some items such as apples come in variable sizes so it is almost impossible to get exactly 3 pounds of apples in a bag labeled "3 lbs." Therefore, the machinery is set to put an average of p = 50 ounces (3 pounds and 2 ounces) in each bag. The distribution of bag weights is approximately normal with a standard deviation of a = 4 ounces. a. What is the probability of randomly picking a bag of apples that weighs less than 48 ounces (3 pounds)? b. What is the probability of randomly picking n = 4 bags of apples that have an average weight less than M = 48 ounces? (11.2.2014, stats ch 7, probability )

19. a. p(z < -0.50) = 0.3085 b. p(z < -1.00) = 0.1587

In the early speech of infants what occurs in their development at 2 months and 6 months? What does underextension and overextension mean? Explain the 3 activities that can help with language development. [hint: A memory that is pretty vivid is when Daisy was cooing over Patrick at the chocolate factory and they were babbling on. Based on this thoughts I note that I have a tendency to overextend possible threats while underextending my trust for Daisy. To make the relationship better I should take an active interest in what she is learning, find something we can both do for fun like watching TV, and smile more when I'm with her. (dev lec 3, milestones and learning in babies)

2 months : cooing, vowel emphasized 6 months: babbling, content vowels There is a tendency to underextend like the prof's example of his niece not recognizing a blue ball being a ball because to her the ball is red and is at home. Overextension occurs more and the prof's example is calling a cat a dog. The three activites are (a) Joint attention (b) Give and take activity - peek a boo (c) Preverbal gesutres (12 months): conductive of a good relationship between parents and child. Also learn representations of objects

(11.14.2014, ab lec, drug, substance) cannbinoids

2. Cannabinoids. Substances pot. These can be stimulants, hallucinogens, and depressants depending on your personality, your situation, and time of day. It effects the reward system indirectly and it's not clear what the mechanism of action is currently.

Explain the difference between expected panic attacks and unexpected panic attacks

2. Expected panic attacks occurs when there is a known stimulus causing it. Unexpected panic attacks are when they occur without a specific cause. (AB 5)

2. Can SS ever have a value less than zero? Explain your answer. (10.03.2014 Stats ch 4 textbook extraction/notes)

2. SS cannot be less than zero because it is computed by adding squared deviations. Squared deviations are always greater than or equal to zero.

2. Describe the distribution of sample means (shape, expected value, and standard error) for samples of n = 36 selected from a population with a mean of p = 100 and a standard deviation of cr = 12.

2. The distribution of sample means will be normal (because n > 30), have an expected value of μ = 100, and a standard error of σM = 12/√36 = 2.

2. What is the advantage of having a mean of p. = 0 for a distribution of z-scores? (10.13.2014 stats ch 6, zscores)

2. With a mean of zero, all positive scores are above the mean and all negative scores are below the mean.

2. For a sample with a mean of M = 80 and a standard deviation of s = 20, find the X value corresponding to each of the following z-scores. z = —1.00 z = —0.50 z = —0.20 z = 1.50 z = 0.80 z = 1.40 (10.13.2014 stats ch 6, zscores)

2. X = 60 X = 70 X = 76 X = 110 X = 96 X = 108

2. Construct a frequency distribution table for the following set of scores. Include columns for proportion and percentage in your table.

2. X f p % ──────────── 9 2 0.10 10% 8 3 0.15 15% 7 5 0.25 25% 6 4 0.20 20% 5 3 0.15 15% 4 2 0.10 10% 3 1 0.05 5% ────────────

2. For a distribution with p, = 40 and o- = 12, find the X value corresponding to each of the following z-scores. a. z= 1.50 b. z = -1.25 c. z=1/3 (10.13.2014 stats ch 6, zscores) (10.13.2014 stats ch 6, zscores)

2. a) x=58, b) x=25 c) x=44

2. Describe the location in the distribution for each of the following z-scores. (For example, z = +1.00 is located above the mean by 1 standard deviation.) a. z = — 1.50 b. z = 0.25 c. z = — 2.50 d. z = 0.50 (10.13.2014 stats ch 6, zscores)

2. a. Below the mean by 12 standard deviations. b. Above the mean by y standard deviation. c. Below the mean by 2Z standard deviations. d. Above the mean by 1- standard deviation.

2. A population with a mean of tL = 44 and a standard deviation of a = 6 is standardized to create a new distribution with μ = 50 and a = 10. a. What is the new standardized value for a score of X = 47 from the original distribution? b. One individual has a new standardized score of X = 65. What was this person's score in the original distribution? (10.13.2014 stats ch 6, zscores)

2. a. X = 47 corresponds to z = +0.50 in the original distribution. In the new distribution, the corresponding score is X = 55. b. In the new distribution, X = 65 corresponds to z = +1.50. The corresponding score in the original distribution is X = 53.

2. A distribution has a standard deviation of et = 12. Find the z-score for each of the following locations in the distribution. a. Above the mean by 3 points. b. Above the mean by 12 points. c. Below the mean by 24 points. d. Below the mean by 18 points. (10.13.2014 stats ch 6, zscores)

2. a. z = 0.25 b. z = 1.00 c. z = -2.00 d. z = -1.50

20. The average age for licensed drivers in the county is 1.1 = 40.3 years with a standard deviation of a = 13.2 years. a. A researcher obtained a random sample of n = parking tickets and computed an average age of M = 38.9 years for the drivers. Compute the z-score for the sample mean and find the probability of obtaining an average age this young or younger for a random sample of licensed drivers. Is it reasonable to conclude that this set of n = 16 people is a representative sample of licensed drivers? b. The same researcher obtained a random sample n = 36 speeding tickets and computed an average age of M = 36.2 years for the drivers. Compute z-score for the sample mean and find the probability of obtaining an average age this young or younger for a random sample of licensed drivers. Is it reasonable to conclude that this set of n = people is a representative sample of licensed drivers? (11.2.2014, stats ch 7, probability )

20. a. With a standard error of σM = 3.3, M = 38.9 corresponds to z = -0.42 and p = 0.3372. This is not an unusual sample. It is representative of the population. b. With a standard error of σM = 2.2, M = 36.2 corresponds to z = -1.86 and p = 0.0314. The sample mean is unusually small and not representative.

20. For each of the following populations, would a score of X = 50 be considered a central score (near the middle of the distribution) or an extreme score (far out in the tail of the distribution)? a. p, = 45 and cr = 10 b. p, = 45 and o- = 2 c. μ =90anda=20 d. = 60 and o- = 20 (10.13.2014 stats ch 6, zscores)

20. a. central (z = 0.50) b. extreme (z = 2.50) c. extreme (z = -2.00) d. central (z = -0.50)

21. People are selected to serve on juries by randomly picking names from the list of registered voters. The average age for registered voters in the county is 1.1 = 44.3 years with a standard deviation of a = 12.4. A statistician computes the average age for a group of n = 12 people currently serving on a jury and obtains a mean of M = 48.9 years. a. How likely is it to obtain a random sample of n = 12 jurors with an average age equal to or greater than 48.9? b. Is it reasonable to conclude that this set of n = 12 people is not a representative random sample of registered voters? (11.2.2014, stats ch 7, probability )

21. a. With a standard error of 3.58 this sample mean corresponds to a z score of z = 1.28. A z score this large (or larger) has a probability of p = 0.1003. b. A sample mean this large should occur only 1 out of 10 times. This is not a very representative sample.

21. A distribution of exam scores has a mean of p. = 80. a. If your score is X = 86, which standard deviation would give you a better grade: a = 4 Cr = 8? b. If your score is X = 74, which standard deviation would give you a better grade: Cr = 4 or Cr = 8? (10.13.2014 stats ch 6, zscores)

21. a. σ = 4 b. σ = 8

22. In an extensive study involving thousands of British children, Arden and Plomin (2006) found significantly higher variance in the intelligence scores for males than for females. Following are hypothetical data, similar to the results obtained in the study. Note that the scores are not regular IQ scores but have been standardized so that the entire sample has a mean of M = 10 and a standard deviation of s = 2. a. Calculate the mean and the standard deviation for the sample of n = 8 females and for the sample of n = 8 males. b. Based on the means and the standard deviations, describe the differences in intelligence scores for males and females. Female Male 9 8 11 10 10 11 13 12 8 6 9 10 11 14 9 9 (10.03.2014 Stats ch 4 textbook extraction/notes)

22. a. For the females, M = 10 and s = 1.60. For the males, M = 8 and s = 2.45. b. The males and females have the same mean IQ score but the male's scores are more variable.

22. Find the requested percentiles and percentile ranks for the following distribution of quiz scores for a class of N = 40 students. X f cf c% 20 2 40 100.0 19 4 38 95.0 18 6 34 85.0 17 13 28 70.0 16 6 15 37.5 15 4 9 22.5 14 3 5 12.5 13 2 2 5.0 a. What is the percentile rank for X = 15? b. What is the percentile rank for X = 18? c. What is the 15th percentile? d. What is the 90th percentile?

22. a. The percentile rank for X = 15 is 17.5%. b. The percentile rank for X = 18 is 77.5%. c. The 15th percentile is X = 14.75. d. The 90th percentile is X = 19.

22. For each of the following, identify the exam score that should lead to the better grade. In each case, explain your answer. a. A score of X = 56, on an exam with p, = 50 and Cr = 4; or a score of X = 60 on an exam with p, = 50 and cr = 20. b. A score of X = 40, on an exam with 1.1, = 45 and Cr = 2; or a score of X = 60 on an exam with u= 70 and u= 20. c. A score of X = 62, on an exam with p. = 50 and Cr = 8; or a score of X = 23 on an exam with = 20 and a = 2. (10.13.2014 stats ch 6, zscores)

22. a. X = 56 corresponds to z = 1.50 (better grade), and X = 60 corresponds to z = 0.50. b. X = 60 corresponds to z = -0.50 (better grade), and X = 40 corresponds to z = -2.50. c. X = 62 corresponds to z = 1.50, and X = 23 also corresponds to z = 1.50. The two scores have the same relative position and should receive the same grade.

23. In the Preview section at the beginning of this chapter we reported a study by Wegesin and Stern (2004) that found greater consistency (less variability) in the memory performance scores for younger women than for older women. The following data represent memory scores obtained for two women, one older and one younger, over a series of memory trials. a. Calculate the variance of the scores for each woman. b. Are the scores for the younger woman more consistent (less variable)? Younger Older 8 7 6 5 6 8 7 5 8 7 7 6 8 8 8 5 (10.03.2014 Stats ch 4 textbook extraction/notes)

23. a. For the younger woman, the variance is s2 = 0.786. For the older woman, the variance is s2 = 1.696. b. The variance for the younger woman is only half as large as for the older woman. The younger woman's scores are much more consistent.

23. Use interpolation to find the requested percentiles and percentile ranks requested for the following distribution of scores. X f fc f c% 14-15 3 50 100 12-13 6 47 94 10-11 8 41 82 8-9 18 33 66 6-7 10 15 30 4-5 4 5 10 2-3 1 1 2 a. What is the percentile rank for X = 5? b. What is the percentile rank for X = 12? c. What is the 25th percentile? d. What is the 70th percentile?

23. a. The percentile rank for X = 5 is 8%. b. The percentile rank for X = 12 is 85%. c. The 25th percentile is X = 7. d. The 70th percentile is X = 10.

24. The following frequency distribution presents a set of exam scores for a class of N = 20 students. X f cf c% 90-99 4 20 100 80-89 7 16 80 70-79 4 9 45 60-69 3 5 25 50-59 2 2 10 a. Find the 30th percentile. b. Find the 88th percentile. c. What is the percentile rank for X = 77? d. What is the percentile rank for X = 90?

24. a. The 30th percentile is X = 72. b. The 88th percentile is X = 93.5. c. The percentile rank for X = 77 is 40%. d. The percentile rank for X = 90 is 81%.

(11.13 2014, Ab ch 12, substance abuse) About to MADD 2007, how many people do drunk drivers kill per day on average?

3 to 4 people, while injuring 187 people in Canada everyday (MADD, 2007)

3. A distribution of English exam scores has p. = 70 and a = 4. A distribution of history exam scores has p. = 60 and a = 20. For which exam would a score of X = 78 have a higher standing? Explain your answer. (10.13.2014 stats ch 6, zscores)

3. For the English exam, X = 78 corresponds to z = 2.00, which is a higher standing than z = 0.90 for the history exam.

(11.14.2014, ab lec, drug, substance) hallucinogens

3. Hallucinogens make you hallunicate. Lots find it a good experience. It is new and different, like your a tree cool! Also can occur naturally like shrooms (species of mushrooms). LSD is the most common sythentic. Some can go on bad trips and less likely.

What are the possible biological causes of anxiety caused specifically by neurotransmitters?

3. It's speculated that depleted levels of GABA and serotonin levels may cause this disorder. (AB 5)

3. Is it possible to obtain a negative value for the variance or the standard deviation? (10.03.2014 Stats ch 4 textbook extraction/notes)

3. Standard deviation and variance are measures of distance and are always greater than or equal to zero.

3. In a distribution with p. = 50, a score of X = 42 corresponds to z = -2.00. What is the standard deviation for this distribution? (10.13.2014 stats ch 6, zscores) (10.13.2014 stats ch 6, zscores)

3. a = 4

3. A sample is selected from a population with a mean of p = 40 and a standard deviation of o- = 8. a. If the sample has n = 4 scores, what is the expected value of M and the standard error of M? b. If the sample has n = 16 scores, what is the expected value of M and the standard error of M? (11.2.2014, stats ch 7, probability )

3. a. The expected value is μ = 40 and σM = 8/√4 = 4. b. The expected value is μ = 40 and σM = 8/√16 = 2.

3. A distribution has a standard deviation of a = 6. Describe the location of each of the following z-scores in terms of position relative to the mean. For example, z = +1.00 is a location that is 6 points above the mean. a. z = +2.00 b. z = +0.50 c. z = -2.00 d. z = -0.50 (10.13.2014 stats ch 6, zscores)

3. a. above the mean by 12 points b. above the mean by 3 points c. below the mean by 12 points d. below the mean by 3 points

3. For a population with g. = 30 and a = 8, find the z-score for each of the following scores: a. X = 32 b. X = 26 c. X = 42 (10.13.2014 stats ch 6, zscores)

3. a. z = +0.25 b. z = —0.50 c. z = +1.50

(11.14.2014, ab lec, drug, substance) inhalulation

3. inhalulation, turn drug into vapour and inhaling it. Convenient and effecient. Easily can transfer things to the blood system and get into the brain very quickly (within second).

3. For a sample with a mean of M = 85, a score of X = 80 corresponds to z = —0.50. What is the standard deviation for the sample? (10.13.2014 stats ch 6, zscores)

3. s = 10

(11.13. 2014, Ab ch 12, substance abuse) What are bariturates used for?

Barbituarets are synthetic sedatives for sleeping and relaxation. Often these are used for those with anxiety disorders. They relax the muscles, reduce anxiety, and in small doses produces a mildly euphoric state. Like alcohol this system is implicated in the GABA systems (386).

(11.13. 2014, Ab ch 12, substance abuse) Motivational interviewing and Miller's development for drinking problems

Based on the principles set out by Carl Rogers the emphasis is that people must be motivated and ready for change in order for psychological interventions to work. This is done by getting around potential resistance by taking the time to develop a positive relationship with a client who is at first unwilling to address their drinking issue (Rollnick and Allison, 2004).

Why was it predicted that I liked the first image of horses (12.1.2014, pcog lec, last lec special, expectation and violation of expectation)

Because first broke first prediction.

Why are personality disorders described as asocial (11.21.2014, ab lec, personality disorders)

Because your thinking, feeling, and behavior that you push people away. So different that people don't like it.

Describe Beck Cognitive therapy and it's theory on depression (12.13.2014, pcog ch 2 review Current paradigm and Integrative Approaches)

Beck's cognitive therapy is based on the idea that a depressed mood is caused by distortions in the way people percieve life experiences where a depressed person may focus exclusively on negative experience and ignore positive ones (Beck, 1976). Therapist are supposed to offer counter examples pointing out how the client has overlooked favorable happenings.

(11.13. 2014, Ab ch 12, substance abuse) Does being exposed to smoking in media increase the chances of abuse?

Becoming a regular smoker is strongly related to having smokes more available (Holowaty et al., 1996). In addition, exposure to movie smoking has a dose response relationship with adolescent smoking behavior (Charlesworth and Glantx, 2005) and three time more likely to smoke even when factors such as personality, parenting style, and demographic is taken into account (Hartherton and Sargent, 2009).

Reformation view of dev (Dev lec 1)

Belief that children are born sinners which require script reforming

Diathesis-Stress model (12.13.2014, pcog ch 2 review Current paradigm and Integrative Approaches)

Belief that for a disorder to arise you need the psychological predisposition, psychological trauma, and current stress (could persistent but minor or intense. What is also important is the potential interplay between genetic vulnerabilities to environmental factors. Finally there is the concept of differential susceptibility which is described as some factors that are considered predisposed suspect ability could actually also be involve positive qualities of the individual which can help them cope.

What does the behavioural view hold about somatization disorder?

Believe these people tend to have unrealistic views of their bodily sensations and have higher cortisol levels which points to higher levels of stress. The stomach pains and vomiting could due to stomach being overly tense. These people also may use it for attention and use it to explain personal failings.

What was Thomas Szasz's arguments against the medical model of mental disorders? (ab lec 2)

Believed that disease should not be used as a model for the beliefs and thoughts of living people. That psychosocial developments are heavily responsible for thoughts and ideas which deviate from the norm, An example of this is homosexuality which was only recently removed from ICM.

What are the treatment options for GAD

Benozodiazepines and antidepressents prove to same effectiveness, but psychological treatments are found to be the most effective long term. This involves CBT to learn coping mechanisms to uncover the images otherwise repressed. There is also an emphasis on learning to tolerate negative feelings. (AB 5)

(11.7.2014, Ab Lec Schizophrenia) What was a large group of people with Schizoprhenia called? Why? Admissions

Bethlam. Comes from first phychiartict instuitie

Is there good evidence for somatization disorder to be caused by learned factors as beh believe?

Bilias and Craig found that mothers with this disorder tend to overehasize health

Psychotherapy

Biochemical imbalance is not the whole story. It seems that the the imbalance is caused by environmental factors, especially stress.

Milestones of facial recognition in infants for the ages of birth to 1 month, 2-4 months, and 5-12 months. [hint: Daisy likes looking at the patterns of faces and most of all I think she may like looking at a photo of her mother's face when she's older. Because since there is negative emotions towards her mother she may be able to adjust her perception into a more postiive outlook later in life. (dev lec 3, milestones and learning in babies)

Birth to 1 month: Prefer simple face like patterns 2-4 months: prefer mother's face compared to strangers 5-12 months: Perceive emotions and understands them.

Hippocrates four humours

Blood, black bile, yellow bile, phlegm Too much phlegm - sluggish and dull, phlegmatic temperament Too much black bile - melancholia Too much yellow bile - irritability, anxiousness Too much blood - changeable temperament

Is borderlien personalilty manipulative? "Back from the Edge" - Borderline Personality disorder video (11.21.2014, ab lec, personality disorders)

Boderline personality people often it is seen as people being manipulative. Family members feels like they change their lives for the person and they feel like they are manipulated on purpose. But it's not because they don't have the control

Borderline personality disorder (11.23.2014, Personality Disorders Chapter Summary)

Borderline personality disorder is a disorder that's core features are impulsivity, instability in not only relationships, but also in mood and self image (Blais, Hilsenroth, and Castlebury, 1997). These individuals are found to be very hard to live with and whose emotions can shift rapidly. In fact a study in 2009 where clients were assessed over a 6 year period suggested that personality traits of people with BPD tend to change a lot. Reseach has found that about 1 in 10 people with BPD commit suicide (Paris, 2012).Though it has been found in a 10 year study that remission rates were 85% (Stout et al, 2011), researchers note that those with previous diagnosis seem to have a lasting vulnerability to negative life events (Gleason, Powers, and Oltmanns, 2012). There are three theories for borderline personality disorder but Paris (2009) notes that treatment is difficult because the etiology of this disorder is still not well known. (1) Object-realtions theory (Psychoanalytic theory) is base on the way children incorporate objects and caregivers become a part of the person's ego. Those with BPD incorporated aspects of their caregivers that conflict with the person's wishes. Kernberg (1985) proposes that parents who provide love and attention inconsistently, like praising achievements but are unable to offer emotional support cause children to develop insecure egos. As a defense mechanism those with this disorder sees the world in black and white terms

What do we know about the glucose levels in the right prefrontal cortex? How is this significant to dissasocistive disorder?

Brain imaging study comparing 14 people with dissassociative disordee found reduction in glucose in the right prefrontal cortex which a region of the brain believed to be linked to autobiographical memory (ab 7, 206)

Wernick and Broca's area (12.7.2014, pcog ch 2 review, general cog neuroscience)

Broca's area is in the frontal lobe and is thought to be responsible for producing language but it is found that those with damage here cannot form grammatical sentences. Wernick's area is in the temporal and is thought to be responsible for the comprehension of language because damage here leads to grammatical but nonsensical languages

(11.6.2014, Ab ch 11, Schizophrenia) How can Schizophrenia benefit from CBT?

CBT can address their deulsions and hallucinations as well as facilitate motivations and engagement is social/vocational activities (Beck and Rector, 2005). It is believed that there is a diverse symptomatology of Schizophrenia where impaired cognitive functions incorporating psychotic beliefs into their cognitive schemas (Kapur, 2003). Kieron O'Connor from uni of Montreal agrees concluding that the positive symptoms experienced by those with schizophrenia os caused not just by their cognitive distortion but from their covnitive styles (O'Connor, 2009, p. 152) Empircal support finds that those with Schizoprhenia and dysfunctional attitudes predict life functioning (Huron ey al., 2010)

CBT and depression

CBT most effective - challenge thoughts and believes about how you assess yourself and think about the environment

BDD treatments what works and what faults are there for the treatment

CBt and medication (SSRI), though CBT and exposure and response prevention were effective but people still expressed dissatiifcation 8 weeks after treatment. (Ab 7, 204)

What is one way the neuro damage double disassociation to solve that we think they are the same? (11.24.2014, Pcog lec, imagery)

CK has damage bottom up stream but his top down is fine. The assumption here is it is Visual recieving area -> higher area -> memory. That imagery and pcerption only partially overlap

Problems with ECT

Can be a problem to get informed consent from patients with severe depression, because they do not have the motivation to get better and cognitive ability is impaired Very invasive, cause memory loss of recent events. Patients may feel confusion and disorientation after therapy. Past memory is usually intact. Permanent memory loss is rare.

(11.14.2014, ab lec, drug, substance) Amphetamines (Stimuilants) burn out

Can casue burn out. Can become sucidal

Describe sparce coding and the concept of localization. What example did the professor give in regards to car dealerships? (pcog lec 2)

Car dealerships tend to be all in a certain area because of specialization. In the same way brain functions when located in the same area can get better specialization of function.

What is catatonic behavior in depression.

Catatonic behavior-abnormal behavior In depression, it is a lack of movement and because of this extreme non-movement, depression can be mistaken for schizophrenia.

What is developmental norms?

Certain behavior is suitable for certain age. Violence is okay in children but not permitted in adults. However, some children develop quicker or slower than others.

Describe the concept of changes in the geography of the brain (12.7.2014, pcog ch 2 review, general cog neuroscience)

Changes in location of brain enables for more effective comprehension.

Somatic domain of depression

Changes in sleep patterns, loss of appetite, loss of interest in sex, erectile dysfunction, increased worries about aches and pains.

(11.14.2014, ab lec, drug, substance) Cocaine (stimulant)

Cheaper version is crack (smoked) but cocaine is up the noise Short term effect: Cognitive rather behavioral effect "I AM THE KING OF THE WORLD". Changes how you think, take it to think you are successful. Quick high. Increased mental agility. Long term effect: Too much seizure and heart attack. Destrution of naval cavity.

Generally what was Piaget's contribution of developmental psych. Equalibrium (Dev lec 1)

Children are active learners and adapt to the environment for equilibrium. This is a consistency between their internal understanding of the world and the world. This theorist divides his theories into 4 stages

Describe Separation anxiety in children and adults

Children may develop an unrealistic and persistent worry that something will happen to their parents. This may manifest in adults as well which is a sort of fear or anxiety over loved ones when separated.

There are four learning capacities for infants: classical conditioning, operent conditioning, hibituation, and imitation What is the difference between classical conditioning and operent conditioning in infants? What is the different between habitituation and imitation in infants? [hint: My father sometimes tried to show our dogs the pee stain and even rub their nose on it violently to get them to stop. It was often ineffective because it was done afterwards and it may not be very clear to Sandy and Lisa what is happening. He was sometimes rather violent which makes me sometimes prefer not being with him, but at other times I recognize that he was just going through a hard time. I really hope that I won't end up like that though] (dev lec 3, milestones and learning in babies)

Classical conditioning in infants is the pairing of two stimuli together like the professor's example of breast feeding while stroking infant's hair may cause infant to suckle when parents are stroking hair even while not breast feeding. Operent conditioning involves pairing a reinforcer after the infant behaves a certain way in the hopes that the infant will do the action more or do it less depending on the type of reinforcer. (-) Habituation is where a child ceases responding to an object for more novel stimulas or respond better to familiar object because they have seen it before. This is different from imitation because it is when an infant automatically look in the direction their parents are or when they bounch back facial expressions. Some researchers think that this is reflective but others think it is learning.

Paranoid personality disorder(11.23.2014, Personality Disorders Chapter Summary)

Cluser A type. Paranoid personality disorder is a suspicion of others and being always on the look out for possible trickery. Another symptom is extreme jealousy and unjustifiably question the loyalty of a loved one. In this disorder full blown delusions are not present nor is hallucinations an overall these individuals have less impairment than those with Schiozophrenia

Schizoid personalty disorder (11.23.2014, Personality Disorders Chapter Summary)

Cluser A type. Schizoid personalty disorder is where an individual does not enjoy social relationships and have no close friends. They will appear dull, bland, and have no warm feelings toward people.

Schizotypal personality disorder (11.23.2014, Personality Disorders Chapter Summary)

Cluser A type. Schizotypal personality disorder is a disorder that came from Danish studies of adopted children of schizophrenia parents where researchers noticed that a large number of children don't grow up with Schizophrenia but seem to show symptoms that look like an attenuated form of schizophrenia (Kety et al, 1968). These individuals experiene social isolation like shizoid personality but their social anxiety does not dimish even if they get to know someone well. There are cognitive limitations found (McClure et al, 2008) as well as magical thinking and recurrent illusions such as sensing someone that is not actually there. They also may use works that are strange like "I'm not a very talkable person". They also have flat and contricted affect.On top of all this they are usually eccentric (417).

Shizoid personality disorder overview (11.21.2014, ab lec, personality disorders)

Cluster - These people don't desire or enjoy social contact. They also have limited range of social (some are called hermits). - This can be confused with Autism which is also people don't interact. - Appear dull aloof, detached, called loners - have a lot of soldiary activites

Dependent personality disorder (11.21.2014, ab lec, personality disorders)

Cluster 3 Person is very clingy and very submissive. Lack a sense of autonomy with a significant fear of seperation with an intense need to be taken care of "I have to get married now because I can't leave without being taken care of" Preoccupied by fears of being alone and easily hurt by feelings of criticism

Cluster A (11.23.2014, Personality Disorders Chapter Summary)

Cluster A is the odd and eccentric cluster. (1) Paranoid personality disorder is a suspicion of others and being always on the look out for possible trickery. Another symptom is extreme jealousy and unjustifiably question the loyalty of a loved one. In this disorder full blown delusions are not present nor is hallucinations an overall these individuals have less impairment than those with Schiozophrenia. (2) Schizoid personalty disorder is where an individual does not enjoy social relationships and have no close friends. They will appear dull, bland, and have no warm feelings toward people. (3) Schizotypal personality disorder is a disorder that came from Danish studies of adopted children of schizophrenia parents where researchers noticed that a large number of children don't grow up with Schizophrenia but seem to show symptoms that look like an attenuated form of schizophrenia (Kety et al, 1968). These individuals experiene social isolation like shizoid personality but their social anxiety does not dimish even if they get to know someone well. There are cognitive limitations found (McClure et al, 2008) as well as magical thinking and recurrent illusions such as sensing someone that is not actually there. They also may use works that are strange like "I'm not a very talkable person". They also have flat and contricted affect.On top of all this they are usually eccentric (417).

DSM 4 of 3 clusters of 10 disorders A: 3, B:4, C:3(11.21.2014, ab lec, personality disorders)

Cluster A: Odd or eccentric (a) Paranoid (b) Schizoid (c) Schizotypal Cluster B: Dramatic, emotion, or erratic (a) Antisocial (b) Borderline (most disdiagnoised) (c) Histrionic (d) Narcissistic Cluster C: anxious or fearful (a) avoidant (b) dependent (c) obsessive-compulsive

(11.7.2014, Ab Lec Schizophrenia) Why is this not biology only according to concodents rates in monoy twins

Cocortence rate is only 50% when it really be 100%

What are the forms of testing? What is one example of the first type and 3 examples of the second? (ab lec 2)

Cog: WAIs or other IQ tests Personality MMPI Projective tests like the Roshack test which many therapists still use today because it lowers defence TAT which is a series of pictures with people doing stuff and asks the client to interpret the data which may reveal more things.

(11.28.2014, Ab lec on Old age, ch 16) Psychology video presented, olded versus younger improve

Cognitive agility does not decline, also experience less negative moods. Found that older adults are better at remembering emotionally charged emotions, able to remember emotioanlly charged emotions is just as good as younger people's memory

Describe the basics of Cognitive behavioral therapy (12.13.2014, pcog ch 2 review Current paradigm and Integrative Approaches)

Cognitive psychologists believes that we all operates on a series of past knowledge and assumptions called schemas. Usually people try to fit information into pre-existing schemas and when information does not fit they may construe information to fit into their scheema. It is believed that many disorders, especially anxiety and depression, is a result of a cognitive schema where an individual perceives overwhelming embarrassment, danger, and self-blame. Cognitive psychologists help by being critical to faulty assumptions and teaches their clients to become more critical of their own mind.

What was (Bandura, Ross, and Ross 1961) conclusion on social learning theory in experimental settings on the four key processes of observational learning?

Conducted studies like the Bobo doll aggression study and concluded that the four key processes in observational learning are attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation.

(11.13. 2014, Ab ch 12, substance abuse) Contingency-management therapy for alcohol abuse and specifically Tucker et al's contingency management therapy.

Contingency management therapy is essentially operent conditioning where clients and those close to them at taught to consistently reinforce behaviors that are inconsistent with drinking. Theses community-reinforcement approaches has been found to have very promising results (Sisson and Azrin, 1989) Tucker's method involves (1) stimulus control or allowing self to drink a moderate amount on special social occasions (2) modifying how one drinks like only having mixed drinks or taking small sips, and (3) reinforcing abstinence or allowing self to have a non alcoholic treat if individual resisted the urge to drink (Tucker et al., 1992).

Define control processes that are involved in the Atkinson and Shiffrin modal model of memory: (ch. 5)

Control processes are active processes that can be controlled by the person to retain information. Example: rehearsal of a stimulus, relating information to make it more memorable, or attention strategies to focus on important information - these are purposeful and engage the STM

(11.13. 2014, Ab ch 12, substance abuse) Describe the concept of controlled drinking treatment.

Controlled drinking refers to a moderate amount of drinking in a controlled and non harmful way which avoids the difficulties of total abstinence. This is because a lapses from abstinence are common for a large majority of those addicted to alcohol over a four year period (Polich, Armor, and Braiker, 1980), but a relapse is not always falling back into total addiction and research has suggested that treating relapse as a learning experience if more productive than seeing it as total defeat (Marlatt and Gorden, 1985). In controlled drinking treatments therapists guide patients to drink in smaller amounts and learning to become active in identifying what environments settings and mood state may lead to situations that are difficult to resist (Marlatt, 1983).

Is conversion disorder more common in industrailized urban settings? What does this have do with knowledge of medical procedures? Also explain Psychodynamic explainations for the decline of this disorder

Conversion disorder is less common in industrailized settings and less common for places with higher education of medical and biological origins of disease. Psychodynamic explainations are that our culture has become more sexually permissive. I think perhaps allowing diversity in sexuality has reduced a lot of stress for people who are homosexual since in the past they had to hide everything. +++ Whaint do we know about the biological factors in conversion disorder? Talk about which side of the body usually experiences the conversion symptoms. Also consider numb hand studies and FMRI of mutism - Conversion disorder tends to occur on the left side of the body more than the right. The left side is controled by the right hemisphere which is responsible for generating more emotions. People experiencing hand numbness did not show brain stimulation for the numb hand while showing for the other. Also some patients with hysterical mutism were found to have eith a stream responsible for speech via FMRI (ab 7,Whaint do we know about the biological factors in conversion disorder? Talk about which side of the body usually experiences the conversion symptoms. Also consider numb hand studies and FMRI of mutism - Conversion disorder tends to occur on the left side of the body more than the right. The left side is controled by the right hemisphere which is responsible for generating more emotions. People experiencing hand numbness did not show brain stimulation for the numb hand while showing for the other. Also some patients with hysterical mutism were found to have eith a stream responsible for speech via FMRI (ab 7, 202) 202)

What is the core knowledge theory and what are the four main "domains" in infant development? Also what is a contest sixth factor? [hint: I think right now I'm pretty strong and my writing abilities have certainly improved. Emotionally though I seem to be still struggling with attachment issues which I need to work on. Of course I also need to work on my stats more. Finally I think I need to treat my friends better.] (dev lec 3, milestones and learning in babies)

Core knowledge theorists believe that there are core domains which infants are by nature able to attune to learn more quickly. This is proposed because otherwise a lot of the things they learn are so complex it just doesn't make sense how it's done so quickly. (1) Physical (2) linguistic (3) psychological (4) numberical (?) Social-cultural - is contested

Differences between corky personalities vs personality disorders? (11.21.2014, ab lec, personality disorders)

Corky is wow not doing good. But very corky we call eccentric. Eccentric is having thoughts and behaviors that other people don't. Personality disorder is when so eccentric that people don't want to interact with them. "uuuh weird and I don't want to hang out with that"

Changes in DSM 5 concerning mood disorder

DSM IV has a mood disorder section. DSM 5 eliminate the mood disorder section and that section is split into two sections: unipolar disorder and bipolar disorder DSM IV included duration and situational factors in diagnosis of depression. DSM 5 gets rid of those and focuses mainly on intensity.

(11.14.2014, ab lec, drug, substance) DSM 4 classification symptoms of substance abuse vs DSM 5

DSM-4, 3 of these in the past 12 months Tolerence, withdrawal, ingested more than planned,m large amount planned, sactivities sacrifcied to obrain drug, continued used to despite negative consequences DSM-5 said there does not need be past 12 months

(11.6.2014, Ab ch 11, Schizophrenia) DUI Duration of untreated psychosis

DUP predicts remission and positive symptom outcome after one year of treatment (Clark et al., 2006). Longer DUP also predict negsrive symptoms and meam DUP is 61.4 weeks (Boostra et al., 2012)

(11.6.2014, Ab ch 11, Schizophrenia) Etiology of schizoprhenia could differ between those experincin predominately negative and predominately negative symptoms.

Data from early Demark study which identified 207 young people with mothers that had chronic shizophrenia and later 15 diagnoised from the high risk group. It was found that those with mostly negative symtpoms had a mother with a history of birth complications and mostly positive symptoms was preceded by a history of family instability (Mednick and Parnas, 1990).

Why is experimental data in cog psych and what does this tell us about how to memorize information? (pcog lec 1)

Data is important because in this field things are not directly observable. As a result then there is an interconnected relationship between concept, result, and experiment so memorization isn't really needed as much as having a stronger sense of connection between these two links.

What can cause a psychological vulnerability to panic attack disorder?

David Clark (19960 emphasizes that people develop vulnerability tend to interpret physical sensations in a catastrophic way.due to early object loss or separation anxiety. (AB 5)

(11.6.2014, Ab ch 11, Schizophrenia) DSM IV's past type catonic schizoprhenia (2) What is Boyle's opinion of why this disorder is more common 40 years ago?

Deacribed as alternating between extreme excitment and non movement (2) (Boyle, 1991) believed that the 7% rate diagnoised is the result of misdianosis for letharica, or sleeping disorder.

(11.7.2014, Ab Lec Schizophrenia) Level 3 phychoatic drugs can treat all three, but what is the issue?

Death

Death anxiety (12.2.2014, last lec, death, dying, and bereavement)

Death anxious people may be very anxious about death and get upset about it. The level of religious teaching or spirituality (meaningful) involvement lowers death anxiety. Life is meaningful so it does matter that it ends for spiritually. Being religion does not always get one there because people think about what they do, how often they go to church then even if they are relgioious they have have higher death anxiety The level of symbolic immortality, defining self by things that exists beyond my body.

Which cog processing theory mentioned in lecture 1 did not follow the Stimulas - Operation - Reaction model other than behaviorism? (pcog lec 2)

Decartes

Explain the difference between decay and interference. (ch. 5)

Decay = passive loss of a memory store due to time Interference = information interferes/hinders the retrieval of other information

(11.7.2014, Ab Lec Schizophrenia) Functional and structual anomalies in hippocampus

Decreased hipponampus size. Another disorganized hippocampus. Usually Hippocampus is organized in layers. Under microscope you can see the layers connecting with each other. People with Schizophrenia those layers are diorganzied.

Possible problem with institutionalization in Canada (12.12.2014, ab chapter rereading, ch 1, introduction to abnormal)

Deinstitutionalization focuses on getting treatment from general hospitals whose focus is to treat and release mentally disordered individuals as a soon as possible. While this appears to be a good goal the problem that occurs is that 428 of 10,000 participants has been homeless since first assessed with more still living with other distress (Bree et al, 2009). Meanwhile it was found in the US that 300% more citizens with mental disorders are found in prisions rather than institutions where they can receive proper treatment (Toerry et al, 2010)

There is a disorder that looks a lot like dementia. What is difference (11.28.2014, Ab lec on Old age, ch 16)

Dementia is degenerative and progressive. Not going away and it gets worse. A related disorder is a temporary state of decline of libile affect and instability called delirium

Depression and cancer

Depression and anxiety often comorbid. Contribute to immune system failure. Immune system is in charge of quality control of cell production. Immune system failure leads to cancer.

Manic depression

Depression is the main symptom, with intermittent manic episodes

What is trichotillomania (TTM)? (12.13.2014, pcog ch 2 review Current paradigm and Integrative Approaches)

Described as chronic hair pulling. The example in the textbook was said to be due to perfectionism.

How can you distinct PD from regular behaviors? (11.23.2014, Personality Disorders Chapter Summary)

Despite seeing qualities within others and within ourselves PD is regarded as long standing, pervasive, and inflexible patterns of behavior and inner experience that deviate from what is expected in a person's culture and that impair social and occupational functioning (412).

(11.7.2014, Ab Lec Schizophrenia) Delusions what is it compared to halluncination then name the types and describe tyhem

Deulsions are when they listen to halluncation. Persecutory - others are spying on me grandeur - I am jesus . reference - "the radio announcer is mocking me" Would really havef convinction "Your all being controlled"

What is the dichotic listening test and shadowing? (ch. 4)

Dichotic listening test is a selective attention experiment by Cherry, in which, different messages are presented to the two ears and the participant must attend to one message. Shadowing is when the participant repeats the attend message - it ensures that they are focusing and usually has better results than not shadowing.

Difference between histronic and somatic (11.21.2014, ab lec, personality disorders)

Difference between somatic and this is that it does not need to be about physical health

What did (Essex et al, 2006) propose in regards to differences of mental disorders for high vs low SES? (12.13.2014, pcog ch 2 review Current paradigm and Integrative Approaches)

Different etiologic pathways were found for mental disorders. Low SES were found to be mainly cause by chronic maternal stress during the child's infancy while high SES is found to be more associated with prenatal history of depression along with family history psychopathology.

ceiling and training of advancement and middle adulthood (11.11.2014, Dev middle adulthood)

Difficult to required new skills. Older employees not given training as much because companies are giving training to younger individuals. There is the glass ceiling for not being able to advance any more due to minority and females. These job advancements need mentors because white males find someone who looks similar then there is much less opportunities.

What difference disassocative amneisa vs disassocative fugue? (10.24.2014, ab lec 7, somatform and dissassociative)

Disassociative lost of memory for a large period of time. Fugue is the whole lose of an identity.

What was the supposed fault of Ross` community sample in Wiibipeg finding 3.3 disassociative disorder? How about findings in hospital settings?

Disassociative was taken on a scale when many research argue it's a nominal factor. Many of these dissassociative instances taken in isolation does not suggest serious disorder. In a study in 2003 for PTSD hospital workers found that half had clinically meaningful disassociation. (Ab 7, 205)

Body dismorphic disorder. What is it and why is it similar to OCD?

Disorder that can involve any physical part of body and obsessing over a physical quality which is not there. It is found to be very similar to OCD because it involes intrusive thoughts

Adulthood stages of death (12.2.2014, last lec, death, dying, and bereavement)

Early adulthood: we avoid thinking about death becase it causes death anxiety. They usually get it but try to think about it as way down the line. So few people have a funeral plan and insurance. Middle adulthood: begin think of death. Aware of limited time left to live but still have some time. At this point they fous on tasks that act on death like life insurance Late adulthood: think and talk more of death. Pratical concern about how and when they live. Like living near a hospital.

(11.6.2014, Ab ch 11, Schizophrenia) What does the data show about CBT? What do UK clinicans think?

Early results CBT to be not much better than medication alone but significant in reducing symptoms (Rector et al., 2003). Although meta-analytic reviews are mixed with some research concluding that CBT is not the most effective treatment but seems to have important benefits such as decreasing one's sense of hopelessness (Barrowclogh et al., 2006). Another mwta-analysis of 30 RCT effiacy trauls found that CBT plus usual treatment had signficant effects on depression, anxiety, reduction of both positive and negative symptoms, lower relapse rates (Wykes et al., 2008). In addition there was no significant difference between supportive therapies and CBT (Newton-Hoees and Wood, in press) Also apprently UK clinicans prefer CBT more than American clinicians (Kuller et al., 2010)

(11.14.2014, ab lec, drug, substance) Amphetamines (Stimuilants)

Ectasy and crystal meth. Ritalin shot term effect: mania and happiness, looks exactly like mania, fornetic. Used for increases in altertness Long term: Withdrawal is fatigue and depression. Can casue burn out. Can become sucidal

Challenge of assessment, egosyntonic (11.23.2014, Personality Disorders Chapter Summary)

Egosyntonic describes the tendency for people to be unaware that a problem exists and may not even feel persona distress over their disorder. The issue is that their behavior cause the people around them a great deal of discomfort. This is why informant reports are very useful for assisting diagnosis (Cooper, Balsis, and Oltmanns, 2012).

Segel presented an experiment where you get an insight problem. Breaks helping (12.1.2014, pcog lec, last lec special, expectation and violation of expectation)

Either no break, short break, long break and were given demanding task and non demanding tasks. What you find is a higher proportions who had long break and it is found that doing something difficult can help even more.

ECT

Electroconvulsive therapy Bilateral and unilateral Usually unilateral nowadays, unilateral causes less muscle jerks during the therapy Used for sever depression, not effective with other disorders like schizophrenia. Currents pass through the brain and cause neurons to fire indiscriminately, like a seizure. Unclear why it works.

Biopsychosocial paradigm (12.13.2014, pcog ch 2 review Current paradigm and Integrative Approaches)

Emphasizes the combination of biological, psychological, and social factors. Has components such as risk and resilience which could both come from the individual and from a strong social support network. There is also a strong focus on developmental psychopathology.

What does encoding refer to? How about retrival? (10.3.2014, pcog ch 7, long term memory and retrival)

Encoding is the process of transfering information into LTM. Like when I am memorizing or rewriting things, though I often clearly have trouble with memorization. Retrival is the process of transfering LTM into short term memory. Like whenever Daisy and I argue and she is arguing over a supposed assumption and I'm trying to retreieve the information

DBT Diometic behavioral therpay therapy for Schizophrenia, "Back from the Edge" - Borderline Personality disorder video (11.21.2014, ab lec, personality disorders)

Encourages the person that is suffering to look at their own emotions. To be taught that how they feel is not always a part of reality. One way was to put ice in their hand instead of cutting.

What did the pcog professor gave as an example of a study demonstrating semantic regularity?

Essentially a study demonstrated that schemas help us recognize and perceive an object. She brought up the example that if you see a laptop in a kitchen you might take longer to detect it. Also study where blurred image of a lamp is better detected when next to a bed.

Explain Tolman's Cognitive maps and why it was one of the first steps to dismantling mindless psychology? (pcog lec 1)

Essentially he found that when rats are given a chance to explore a maze to find the food they seem have a mental map of it because if the rat is placed in another starting place it can still retrieve the food faster than if it was a new maze.

Ethology and Evolutionary development theory and their differences (Dev lec 1)

Ethology is the study of the adaptive value of behavior and it's evolutionary theory. For example imprinting. Evolutionary development theory focuses on the brain differences which may provide an advantage.

Right to die (12.2.2014, last lec, death, dying, and bereavement)

Euthanasia can be passive (life sustaining treatment is withheld or voluntary active which is doctor administered at patient's request. Advance medical directives are legal option for passive euthasia with living will and durable power of attorney for health care. Though sometimes physicians still try to give treatment because it sometimes is complicated because of suriving members who might sue.

(11.14.2014, ab lec, drug, substance) Issue with IV. Where do you go when arm collapses?

Eventually the vein will collapse. Arm, hands, neck, ankles,

Elizabeht, photographic memory (11.24.2014, Pcog lec, imagery)

Exception. She can actually read text back to foward in mind. (Strohmeyey, 1970). She could combine images presented to different eyes to discover the hidden 3D object.

Histrionic personality disorder (11.21.2014, ab lec, personality disorders)

Excessive emotions and dramatic behavior that seeks attention and seeks re-assurance and praise. Shallow emotions "cancer? I've had that before", flamboyants and self centered. They tend to be life of the part. Difference between somatic and this is that it does not need to be about physical health

What is the difference between experience-expected growth and experience-dependent growth? (Dev Lec 2)

Experience expectant growth is required at a certain time for growth. For example cats that are blind folded until a certain age will be blind for their lives. Experience dependent growth is growth that is based on experience and development of experience expectant growth.

(11.13. 2014, Ab ch 12, substance abuse) Explain the role of implicit and explicit cognition and how it relates to cognitive explanations for substance abuse/dependence as explained by Stacy and Wiers, further explain the two-component dual process model which was expanded upon. how much support is there for implicit cognition?

Explicit cognition is a controlled though process while implicit cognition is an automatic appraisal of cues that is not a part of one;s awareness. Implicit memories for example can be activated during moments of temptation or times when an individual is stressed. They believe that the two component dual process which separates addictive cognitive tendencies that are conscious and those that are implicit which for example may cause an individual to automatically notice a beer bottle more than others. (Stacy and Wiers, 2010). This hypothesis has been confirmed by Drug-Stroop tests where it's observed that addiction prone participants responded slower at color identifying when see a word that is associated with their addiction like "VODKA" (Cox et al, 2006). It has also been observed that negative affect cues in the environment seem to activate alcohol related concepts (Zack et al, 2003)

Overview definition of personality disorder (11.21.2014, ab lec, personality disorders)

Extreme patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving that are extreme deviation from your culture. Regarded as long standing

(11.13. 2014, Ab ch 12, substance abuse) Personality variables, the three factor model of personality proposed by Eyesneck? Antisocial?

Eysneck proposed that that there are three personality factors which may lead to increased likelihood of alcohol abuse (1) extroversion/introversion, (2) neuroticism vs emotional stability (3) psychoticism (meaning how antisocial or tough minded the individual is) (Eyenck, 1967, 1981, 2007). Other research may confirm this since there is an association found between drug use in general and anti-social personality disorder (Goldstein et al, 2007)

When processing the image of a man what are the areas that process Face, location of face, who the person is, and emotions?

Face fusiform, location of face parietal, person temporal, emotion: frontal

Etiology of Odd/Eccentric cluster etiology (11.23.2014, Personality Disorders Chapter Summary)

Family studies for paranoid personality disorder is higher than the average rates for Schizophrenia (Berstein, Useda, and Siever, 1993) but it has also been shown that relatives of people with schizophrenia are at increased risk (Goldsmith, 1994). Thought it has also been demonstrated that there is an increased rate in first degree relatives of people with depression (Squires-Wheeler et al, 1993). The highest inheritance type found in Norway was ASPD (Kendler et al, 2008). Finally, those with Schizotypal personality disorder are found to have enlarged ventricles and less temporal-lobe grey matter (Dickey et al, 1999).

Agoraphobia

Fear of public spaces. Often comorbid with panic attacks. They may fear experiencing the embarrassment and helplessness of having a panic attack in public spaces. Patients always stay in their safe place like their home.

What part of the brain are basic feature detectors? Where is the brain located?(pcog lec 3)

Feature detectors are located in the primary visual cortex.

Vocational life (11.11.2014, Dev middle adulthood)

Feel a good level of satisfaction and self esteem. Tend to find increasing meaning in jobs with greater job performance and higher productivity. 40 to 65 are highly effective.

Retirement (11.11.2014, Dev middle adulthood)

Fewer than half plan retiring. If half the people who are not making enough money even if there is high job sanctification.

PTSD

First discovered after WWI. Used to be called shell shock. A anxiety disorder when people show anxiousness in situations when they should not due to a past traumatic event. Common and most difficult to treat anxiety disorder.

G Stanley Hall for developmental psych history (Dev lec 1)

First to look into averages of many children to find similarities.

10.25.2014, Stats ch 6 Probability and unit normal table) What proportion of the normal distribution corresponds to z-score values greater than z = 1.00?

First, you should sketch the distribution and shade in the area you are trying to determine. This is shown in Figure 6.8(a). In this case, the shaded portion is the tail of the distribution beyond z = 1.00. To find this shaded area, you simply look for z = 1.00 in column A to find the appropriate row in the unit normal table. Then scan across the row to column C (tail) to find the proportion. Using the table in Appendix B, you should find that the answer is 0.1587. You also should notice that this same problem could have been phrased as a probability question. Specifically, we could have asked, "For a normal distribution, what is the probability of selecting a z-score value greater than z = +1.00?" Again, the answer is p(z > 1.00) = 0.1587 (or 15.87%).

(11.13. 2014, Ab ch 12, substance abuse) What are personality and temperance viewed as in relation to phenotypes?

Firstly, many in the field believe that personality and temperance are relatively stable across the life span and is even considered a part of endophenotype that as mediators of genetic risk for substance abuse (Castellanos-Ryan, O'Leary-Barrett, and Conrod, 2013).

Studies on fluid/crystalized and individual differences (11.11.2014, Dev middle adulthood)

Fluid intelligence decreases but crystalized intelligence increase. High crystallized intelligence in higher SES and education due to practicing memory more. Long term relationship show less decline because they have another individual to talk to. Men have a sharper decline because they more likely to drink and smoke causing harm to their health.

Fluid intelligence vs crystalized intelligence (11.11.2014, Dev middle adulthood)

Fluid intelligence is the speed to do a calculation "4 times 6". Crystalized intelligence is accumulate knowledge, the knowledge and actually knowing information.

How does cognitive therapy attempt to treat SAD

Focus of program is to focuso n real life experiences and to try to break the cycle by encouraging people from evading phobias

Transfer focus psychotherapy, "Back from the Edge" - Borderline Personality disorder video (11.21.2014, ab lec, personality disorders)

Focus on interpretation and understanding of how one's views distortions. To dissect down feelings and occurrences.

(11.7.2014, Ab Lec Schizophrenia) In Chronic shizophrena. Steven. 10 years of sickness in young adulthood. Given antiphychotic. What do we see with talking and new medication? What is his delusion?

For 10 years you coulnd't talk but on new medication he is starting to talk a little bit more. Thinks no one is trying to harm him, but still thought can do extradionary things "like being able to beat a bat in a gentleman's head"

Spermarche also has an initial period of infertility (12.7.2014, Dev Exam review, ch 11, physical and cognitive development in adolescence)

For a while the seman only contains very few living sperms so like girls boy also have an initial period of of reduced fertility

The difference between the peak height spurt for girls vs boys (12.7.2014, Dev Exam review, ch 11, physical and cognitive development in adolescence)

For females the peak height spurt occurs at the ageo f 10 to 13.5 years while for boys it occurs at around 12.5 to 15.5 years

Difference between schiophrenia

For mania, thoughts are uncontrollable, unstoppable, irrational and grandiose but usually on track, do not lose contact with reality.

(11.13. 2014, Ab ch 12, substance abuse) As for specific personality traits, I saw that there is a distinction between whether it's assumed an individual makes choices based on their preferences or whether it's an defect.

For the choice team, it is found not surprisingly that those who tend to enjoy heightened levels of arousal is implicated in substance use among adolescents (Krank et al., 2011). While for the defect team, researchers believes that there is a less impulse control and is associated with three genetically interherited dimensions of personality (1) Novelty seeking, (2) harm avoidance, and (3) reward dependence (Cloninger, 1987a)

(11.4.2014, pcog ch 7, LTM encoding, retrival, and scheema) I have always had some issues with memorizarion. And though since the midterm I've been engaging is shortcuts to get my qcards as soon as possible I think I need to develop better habits that help me consistently organize information. (1) Describe the 6 factors that my learning of memory encoding. (Hint: Frank Loves Girls Originating from Southern Provinces)

Forming visual imagines Linking words to self Generating information Organizing information Survival value Practicing retival

Moore (2004) and habituation (12.1.2014, pcog lec, last lec special, expectation and violation of expectation)

Found a hierarchy of learning. Hominades have show higher forms of learning while down the list they have less and less learning styles. Habituation applies to every single organisms. It is the first and most basic form

instantiations (12.1.2014, pcog lec, last lec special, expectation and violation of expectation)

Found in a number of different instantiations. A representation of an abtract concept by a concrete instance. For example she shows a parking lot and an alarm sound. What we think about is that someone has the alarm on and someone came by and it is annoying. Originally it was meant as an alarm is that someone is stealing a car. No one pays attention to it anymore because of habituation

GAD unconscious or automatic system processing

Found that those with GAD were slower to respond to colors that have threatening words on them compared to others. EEG activity found activities of the frontal lobe, and in particular the left hemisphere suggesting that the processing is unconscious. Theorists believe that this may be because they are thinking so hard that there isn't enough attention capacity left to actually process the images. (AB 5)

(11.28.2014, Ab lec on Old age, ch 16) Psychology video presented, Pat Moore pretended to very old

Found the experirence very difficult, even found self attacked by a group of children.

What was Freud right about in regards to early childhood attachment? ___________________ 09.30.2014 Dev Lec 4 (Attachment, temperament)

Freud was right that early relationship with mother creates a framework which can dictate how attachment is formed later in life.

Friendship (12.2.2014, last lec, part 2 of late adulthood)

Friendship really don't change from early, mid, and late adulthood. Still turn to friends for intamacy, companionship, acceptance. Friends tell them what happens what happens in the neighboorhood which is especially important. For example finding out bakery or who is divorcing on who. Social selectivity. They feel closest to a few nearby friends, choose friends similar to self, and sex differences still continue. Woman still discuss feelings and men go out doing activity. People report that their friends for fun rather than intamacy because they usually have an intimate partner.

Which neurotransmitter is mainly involved in anxiety disorder?

GABA

Sandwhich generation (11.11.2014, Dev middle adulthood)

Generation of taking care of parents and children. On average 20 hours per week attending to them. Happens very suddenly and very unpredictable when it is going to end. As individual decline it will cost more and more.

Erikson's Theory: Generativity versus Stagnation

Generativity ! Reaching out to others in ways that give to and guide the next generation ! Commitment extends beyond self ! Often realized through giving back to community ! Other family, work, mentoring relationships also generative Stagnation ! Place own comfort and security above challenge and sacrifice ! Self-centered, self-indulgent, self-absorbed ! Lack of involvement or concern with young people ! Little interest in work productivity, self-improvement Why does this occur Erikson believes that it is about creating something that is beyond me.

Largest factor of how involved grandparents are (11.11.2014, Dev middle adulthood)

Geography is the biggest predictor. More involved when grandchildren are younger. Grandmothers more than grandfathers. If parents are low SES then grandparents will come help out. But if grandparents be low ses then they still may be moving. If divorce and custody with mother then more likely.

Dopamine and prediction error (12.1.2014, pcog lec, last lec special, expectation and violation of expectation)

Gerbauer et al, 2012 spoke about dopamine has to do with why we like unanticipation. That dopamine is released to the anticipation of the reward rather than the reward of itself. Finds that it tends to released in novalty,, surprise, and unexpected events. Sort of like an rewarding system. Increase i ndopamine if fully predicted. If it is unexpected but positive so you get dopamine becaue of surprise and positive. But negative you get an increase for surprise but decrease dopamine release. Worst is when it deviates in either side of slightly unpsected and highly unexpected. Maybe hit makers for music is good at hitting the balance between expected and unexpeted.\ For example Slick Rick used a simple ryhme scene still violating expectation with ryhming style and content.Vomitspit, MF Doom (2004) internal complex ryhme schemes. Van Gogh never saw a penny for his painting during his lifetime was probably because it was too different at the time.

What would cognitive scientists measure and account for activity for a moving ball? What types of brain image scanning employ this method?

Get a scan of the person looking at the moving ball and get another scan (control) of the same person looking at the exact same ball but is not moving. Subtract control from actual. PET and FMRI uses these methods.

Narcissistic personality if someone tells them they are not the most handsome? (11.21.2014, ab lec, personality disorders)

Get really angry and upset

(11.14.2014, ab lec, drug, substance) Immediate substance that helps heroin overdose

Give coccaine, a stimulant

Spepard and Metzler, 1971 mental rotation and chronometry (11.24.2014, Pcog lec, imagery)

Given two images and asked to determine whether those images represented same object or different objects. Also varied (2D) plain and 3D. 3D requires mental rotation. Reaction time took longer as the angle of rotation increased. There was no difference between plane and 3D

Event-related potential (ERP) (12.1.2014, pcog lec, last lec special, expectation and violation of expectation)

Good at measuring populations of neurons firing in the form of a graph. It has ms timing but bad for spatial. These are based in EEG signals, can be pretty messy but once you average them you get a smooth curve. Early wave are different properties like color but later curve which is much larger is more implicated with semantic.

(11.7.2014, Ab Lec Schizophrenia) What changed from DSM 4 to DSM5. What about psychotic disorders?

Got rid of sub categories. People tend to show symptoms from all of them categories. Psychotic symptoms see various degreess

Relationnships of grandchildren and great children (12.2.2014, last lec, part 2 of late adulthood)

Half of adult elders have great grand children. This provides a wider network of support providing more points of contact. Quality of relationship varies with the level of interaction in intamamcy. One great grand children go into adulthood there is very little interaction..

(11.6.2014, Ab ch 11, Schizophrenia) Comparing hallucinations for people with this disorder, it was found that 74% of one sample reported having this type of hallucinations.

Hallucinations are more commonly auditory rather than visual (Sarorious et Al, 1974)

(11.14.2014, ab lec, drug, substance) LSD/Acid (Hallucinogen)

Hallucinogens, causes hallucinations and depersonalizations not unlike psychosis. Usually requires a very small amount. Short Term: Long Term: have experiences of flash backs, have hallucinations without the drug flashback lipophiloic attach themselves to fat molecules. When fat molecule is burned off then it will release LSD Addition yes. No physical withdrawal. No overdose.

What is the emotional capabilities for young infants in the domains of happiness in 6-8 weeks and 3-4 months, anger/sadneess 4-6 months, and fear 8-12 months? [hint: I find that smiling helps make a social interaction more pleasent and allow for unexpcted funny things to happen. Keeping a smile will help me stay positive even if things don't go my way. Mostly though I tend to just get sad when Daisy does not give me attention. (dev lec 3, milestones and learning in babies)

Happiness 6-8 weeks social smile 3-4 months start laughing at unexpected things, especially slap stick humor Anger/Sadness Can't get angry until 4-6 months. Happens when they have the capacity to plan to do something but is inhibited. Sadness happens when there a lack of responsiveness from parents Fear 8-12 months fear of strangers. Earlier fear can be found in boys who were circumcised, who later showed more agitation in the doctor's office.

(11.7.2014, Ab Lec Schizophrenia) Residual schizoprhena phase

Has active form but then the active form seems to go away.

(11.13 2014, Ab ch 12, substance abuse) What is Hashish?

Hasish is a stronger variation of pot and is prpduced by removing and drying resin exudate kf the tops of high quality cannabis plants (380)

The motivational domain of depression

Have a difficult time getting up and going to sleep. A paralysis of will.

Schizotypal difference and schizophrenia (11.21.2014, ab lec, personality disorders)

Have delusions but not hallucination for personality disorder

Increases of cognitive ability (11.11.2014, Dev middle adulthood)

Have excellent problem solving skills because they have the experience. They are also good at ambiguity where if the solution is unsure they are actually better at solving than younger people. This is because of their expertise, very abstractly organized able to connect information.

What does cephalocaudal growth stand for? When does the opposite occur? (Dev Lec 2)

Head grows first. This occurs in babies and the opposite is adolescence. This occurs in babies and the opposite is adolescence

Describe generally about Roger's client-centered therapy (person centered therapy) (12.13.2014, pcog ch 2 review Current paradigm and Integrative Approaches)

Healthy individuals are aware of their behavior, good and effective at understanding their innate desires and conflicts, and are self directed to self actualization. Those who are disorder have a phenomenology (essentially scheema) the therapists are to have unconditional positive regard and seek to first understand the client's feelings (primary empathy) and then interpret thoughts and feelings that are hidden from what is accessible or said by the client (advanced empathy)

How does Herman's geon theory describe object convergence? When the object is more complex what happens to people's accuracy of recognition when more and more geons? (pcog lec 3)

Herman's theory of geons explains how we are able to perceive different objects by a formulation of 36 unique shapes that are view point invariant. When people are given a task to identify what an object is there is a tendency on average for more complex objects to be identified by less geons.

(11.14.2014, ab lec, drug, substance) Heroin is called a schedule one drug. Naturally occuring found in poppy plants. Methadone use

Heroin (depressent) is schedule one because it is illegal and is not used medically. Short term effects: addicted very quickly, people describe it as a really intense orgasam You expereince a feeling of euphoria. People who tend to use this have a hard life and inability to cope with stress because drug will make you feel good. Long term effect: Makes you feel so good but you have to do it again. Tolerence develops. Withdrawal includes vomiting, insaumnia. More and more until overdose. Methadone is used as a partial agonist. 1%. There is maintence therapy in Canada. 1/4. Not sure suicide or overdose. It is a nervous system depressent.

(11.13. 2014, Ab ch 12, substance abuse) What are the withdrawal symptoms for heroin (sedative for 8 hours, 36 hours, 75s hours

Heroinb gives a feeling of warm, suffusing ecstasy and great self confidence for 4 - 6 hours. 8 hours: muscle pain, sneezes, sweats, tearfulness, yawning 36 hours: uncontrollable muscle twitching, cramps, chills, alternating with excessive flushing and sweating 72 hours: symptoms of withdrawal usually diminish from 72 hours to a 5 to 10 day period

(11.6.2014, Ab ch 11, Schizophrenia) What did (Heston, 1966) find which suggest that children who's mothers is diagnoised with Schizophrenia?

Heston's research found that out of 47 people born from 1915 to 1945 by women with schizophrenia 66% had Schizophrenia while none of the controls developed the disorder.

Herpies and immune system .(11.1.2014, ab lec ch 12, psychophysical disroder)

Hides in the nervous system but immune system keeps it out. Stress can cause immune system to be stressed causing the virus to manifest itself. ~ .

Marriage in late adulthood (12.2.2014, last lec, part 2 of late adulthood)

Highest satisfaction peaks in late adulthood. To some extend it may be divorce though this cohort don't believe in divorce. It is believed that there are fewer stressful responsibilities. Sharing of household tasks after the age of 65. More joint leisure, can engage in activities together. Affect optimization focusing on great things. If dysfunctional there is a reporting of dissatisifaction for women because they tend to try to fix it.

Traditional places of death (12.2.2014, last lec, death, dying, and bereavement)

Home - only 25% die at home. When partner passes away in home tends to be a very negative time Hospital - most people end up dying here. Intensive care unit can be depersonalizing. Not aimed at palative care rather just trying to prolong life. Nursing home - fewer than 5% here. Not an ideal place, it is focused on keeping you well rather helping you feel better. Won't give you pain meds if it might make you die sooner for example Hospice care is a comphrensive support for dying and their family memebers, psychologists, social workers, pallaiative care (reduing pain), the setting is homelike. There is a continuing of counselling family after the individual dies.

What represents a concept rather than a category? (11.24.2014, Pcog lec, imagery)

Home, safe, sleep, relax Concept is a mental representation around categories Categories are describes a concept

(11.10.2014, Pcog lec Ch 11, wrong memory and catgories) Neuroscience of semantic networks, multiple factory approach, similar?

How concepts might be divided up in a category. What factors people are thinking about. Typically there are a multitude of factors here. For example, what you are going to try to do to determine what the factors are is to collect a lot of data. So ytou give them 160 items like mammal and question the subjects how strongly they asssociate these features. What they find is that some features are more strongly associated with animals vs artifacts like color and motion for animals. But mechanical devices overlap. So maybe these patients have difficulty represntating highly similar category members. Animals tend to be highly similar more so than objects and tools.

Epigenetics and the inheritence of traits (AB 2)

How conditions could change the cellular materials outside the genome which can pass certain traits down. Monkeys with high stress but raised by non stressed mothers become non stressed parents

Intensity

How far from the norm is it? 1 standard deviation away - abnormal, two SD - pathological

Duration

How long has it been going on? DSM 5 get rid of duration to treat people quicker and get more people treated, only intensity matters.

What is the stability and plasticity debate? (Dev lec 1)

How much the mind is capable of changing over time.

Assessment of depression

How sad do you feel? Do you want to kill yourself? Do you have a plan? If yes, intervention is necessary. People with suicidal ideation and a plan often attempt to initiate the plan. This condition require immediates intervention.

(11.11.2014, Ab Midterm wrong) Wrong with stat criteria for abnormal psych

IQ many high yet not abnormal. Coffee drinkers common but not really a good behavior

Sensory memory are the briefest form of memory based on direct sensory stimulation. It essentially is what lets me replay the voice of the prof in my mind so that I can write down important notes even though she has moved on. There are different sensory modalities that have different properties. The easiest sensory moduality to test is vision which is also called ___________. (10.06.2014 Cog lec 5 memory)

Iconic memory

Define and explain iconic memory and echoic memory. (ch. 5)

Iconic memory is brief sensory memory for visual stimuli; echoic is for sound. It was found by Sperling's experiment and corresponds to Atkinson and Shiffrin's sensory memory stage.

Consider the case of a boy with a damaged left hemisphere and a boy with a damaged right hemisphere. Which functions better after some time to recover and develop? (Dev Lec 2)

If left then by age of 5 is readjusted to be pretty normal. If damage right then will always be behind. Child is more likely to recover language abilities than spacial skills because language is a more recent biological development and is less statically wired in the brain.

When clinicican morgan sees dementia (11.28.2014, Ab lec on Old age, ch 16)

If saying you have dementia probably not because first stage you want to hide and second you don't care

(11.14.2014, ab lec, drug, substance) What is a snowball

If taken stimulant and depressent then there is still a high.

When is it best to use the mode?

If there there unspecific values, nominal values or discrete Can also contain major and minor modes

Describe the bolimski reflex in babies (Dev Lec 2)

If tickle feet then will move away. If delayed is a sign of serious neuro defect.

(11.6.2014, Ab ch 11, Schizophrenia) What did Cardno and Gottezman (2000) find from a review of resulrs from Euoprean and Japanese studies and why is this significant

If transference rates in Monozygot twins is 65% and not 100% then it cannot be solely due to the transference of genes.

Imagery and perceptual prime (11.24.2014, Pcog lec, imagery)

Imagining H found that they were faster in target in other screens flashed

(11.13. 2014, Ab ch 12, substance abuse) Cocaine

In 1800s cocaine leaves were extracted from the leaves of coca plants. Freud published a paper on the Songs of Praise detailing how amazing the substance is, but he lost interest after a friend of his had serious psychosis. Cocaine's mechanism of action is through rapidly block the reuptake of dopamine in mesolimbic areas that are though to be responsible for pleasurable states. It produces feelings of self confidence, well being, and unable to be defeated. In addition, to this and perhaps unlike amphetamines, cocaine increases sexual desire and self confidence. Though overdoses can bring on chills, naursea, and insomnia (Volkow et al., 1997) In the 1980s young professionals used coccaine to be more efficient.

(11.13. 2014, Ab ch 12, substance abuse) What began the history of LSD?

In 1943 a Swiss chemist, Albert Hofmannm, accidentally ingested some chemicals that he was testing and experience hallucinations and visions (Cashman, 1966, p. 31). He subsequently tried it again to confirm the hympothesis. At the time he termed it a psychedelic meaning to make the soul manifest but today LSD is described as a hallucinogen.

(11.13 2014, Ab ch 12, substance abuse) What is the category in DSM 5?

In DSM 5 both substancr abuse and substance dependence was merged into the category of substance related and addictivr behaviors. Further a new category called non-substance related disorders for disorders like gambling.

(11.13 2014, Ab ch 12, substance abuse) There is evidence that long term effects of alcohol causes neuro/cognitive deterioration.

In a 5 year longitudinal study found lost of grey matter temporal lobes (Pfefferman et al, 1998) and alcohol abusing college students show impairements on neurophyschological tests (Sher et al, 1997). Though the textbook does not distinct whether they have accounted for thr confound that those who have mental disorders both rely more on alcohol and tend to have lower levels of functioning.

Challenge of assessment, problem of different personality tests giving different tendencies, general problem of over diagnosis (11.23.2014, Personality Disorders Chapter Summary)

In a study where university students from UofAlberta filled self-reports itw as found that different prevalence was found between MMPI-2, MCMI-II, and Anxis Two inventory. For example MCMI-II and Axis Two found that narcissistic PD was most common in woman while MMPI-2 suggested that paranoi PD (Sinha and Watson, 2001). Another concern is that the cut off points used in self report overestimates the number of people who meet diagnostic criteria for particular disorder (Sinha and Watson, 2001)

(11.7.2014, Ab Lec Schizophrenia) The primary symptoms of schizophrenia are exhibited late adolescence and early adutlhood. Are childhood normal?

In children in schizoprhenia. Kinda of normal. Called the prodromal schizeonprhenia with level of function pretty high but behavior is rather odd or percular. Like changes in emotions not seen in other children and poor choice of hygene.

(11.7.2014, Ab Lec Schizophrenia) prodromal schizeonprhenia

In children in schizoprhenia. Kinda of normal. Called the prodronal schizeonprhenia with level of function pretty high but behavior is rather odd or percular. Like changes in emotions not seen in other children and poor choice of hygene.

(11.10.2014, Pcog lec Ch 11, wrong memory and catgories) Difference between semantic networks and connectionist models

In connectionist models specific categories are represented in parallell distributied activation. This model unlike semantic network is very similar to neurons and synapses.

Why gender identity change? (11.11.2014, Dev middle adulthood)

In early adulthood parental imperative so they act in a gender to have chilren. Demands in midlife believes that men now focus on family while woman focus on men.

(11.13. 2014, Ab ch 12, substance abuse) One study by Sussemen suggests that marijuana smoking can be worse than cigarettes.

In fact, Sussmen's study suggests that one marijuana cigarette is the equivalent of four tobacco cigarettes in tar intake, and five in carbon monoxide instake, and 10 in terms of damage to cells that line the airways (Sussmen et al., 1996)

The five factor model (11.23.2014, Personality Disorders Chapter Summary)

In section 3 of DSM-5 there is some exploration of dimensional approach called the 5 factor model where the dimensions of (1) neurotism, (2) extroversion/introversion, (3) openness to experience, (4) agreeableness/antagonism, and (5) conscientiousness (McCrae and Costa, 1990). This model has been verified by questionnaires of 2000 students which lead to reconstruction of 5 factors of personality (Wright et al, 2012). The dimensional method has also been demonstrated to have good diagnosis application in a study where 337 clients already diagnosed with personality were reassessed using the dimensional model with results that are consistent with the traditional diagnosis method (Morey and Skodol, 201

(11.6.2014, Ab ch 11, Schizophrenia) What did Fischer (1971) find in regards to the rate of schizophrenia and schizoprhenia like symptoms to support the genetic factor of Schizophrenia

In support of the genetic effect her study found that the rate of schizophrenia like symptoms in the twin without a diagnoised disorser is 9.4%, which is only slightly higher than the rate at which the sibling with the disorder (rated 12.3%). Both of these are much higher than 1%

Mesmer's early contribution (12.12.2014, ab chapter rereading, ch 1, introduction to abnormal)

In the 18th century Mesmer believed in the universal magnetic fluid theory of the body and had his subjects with hysteria touch a series of myterious rods in scary conditions. He was able to treat many subjects but it is argued that it is likely caused by hypnotisim

What evidence do we have that semantic coding is in both short term memory and long term memory?

In the Wicken's experiment they found that recalling the same categories of words gave proactive inteference since the words were all in the same categories and that being given a word set of a different catgory found recall better called release from proactive interference. In long term memory the fact that we can recall the story but cannot reproduce the specific order and grar tells us that we are 'coding' the memory.

(11.13. 2014, Ab ch 12, substance abuse) What did Littlefield and his colleagues conclude about whether substance abuse leads to personality traits or personality traits lead to substance abuse? What are the four additional studies that suggest that certain personality profiles are in fact risk factors?

In their longitudinal research they concluded that personality predicted substance abuse, but not vice versa (Littlefield et al, 2012). (1) Kindergarden children who were rated and followed up later found that anxiety (worried) and novelty seeking (fidgety) children predicted the onset of getting drunk, drug use, and smoking (Killen et al 1997) (2) In a study where 489 university students were given a diagnostic review and interviewed a second time years later students characterized by novalty seeking or psychticism were more likely to develop substance problems/disorders (Sher, Batholow, and Wood, 2000) (3) A third study interviewed children when they were 11 and again when they were 17 and 20 years and it was found that those who had lower levels of constraint and higher levels of trait negative emotions were associated with three types of addiction. Further it's believed that an adolescent's smoking progression is associated with the dopamine receptor DRD2 Al alele (Andrain-Mcgovern et al, 2004).

Breuer and the cathartic method (12.12.2014, ab chapter rereading, ch 1, introduction to abnormal)

In treatment of Anno O Breuer found that if he hypnotized her and had her talk about her experience she felt much better after. What's more he also found that she felt better for longer if they talked about something that origins her current emotional trauma. Bruer's work influenced Freud's development.

Cluster B (11.23.2014, Personality Disorders Chapter Summary)

Includes a wide variety of symptoms ranging from variable behavior to inflated self-esteem, dramatic emotional, and anti-social behavior. (1) Borderline personality disorder is a disorder that's core features are impulsivity, instability in not only relationships, but also in mood and self image (Blais, Hilsenroth, and Castlebury, 1997). These individuals are found to be very hard to live with and whose emotions can shift rapidly.

(11.6.2014, Ab ch 11, Schizophrenia) (Kendlsr, Neale, and Walsh, 1995) finds that family members of those with schizoprhenia have a higher chance of what?

Increased riak for other disorders thought to be at an increased risk for other disorders.

(11.6.2014, Ab ch 11, Schizophrenia) What does the sensitivy to dopamine receptors in the limbuc area have to do with schiz?

Increased sensitivity of dopamine receptors may be what explains the negative symtpoms due to dopamine underacitivty in the prefrontal cortex.

(11.10.2014, Pcog lec Ch 11, wrong memory and catgories) Neuroscience of semantic networks, Freeman et al (2008), got monkeys to ID whether monkeys can be trained to dog or cat. They morthed 60% 40% dog cat and 40% 60% dog. They were able to learn these fuzzle categories pretty well. Measuring inferior temproal cortex they found During sampling you see very different neural activiation you see very different mostly dog or mostly cat trails. What was also found was no difference during delay except in prefrontal cortex. Wher ethey find slight difference during sample, but differences really emerges during delay period.

Individual neuyrons repsond to specific stimuli.

The diathesis stress model

Individuals inherit trendencies to express certain traits which can be activated by the right stimulas

Other occurrences of delirum other than old age (11.28.2014, Ab lec on Old age, ch 16)

Infection and too many drugs. Older people are sometimes taking too many drugs in addiction to infections. Organ failure, cancer,

Characterisitcs of pathological personality traits (11.21.2014, ab lec, personality disorders)

Inflexible, causes clinically significant distress, begin early in life and remain stable over time.

What are the nonnormative influences? (Dev lec 1)

Influences that are not the norm. Like PTSD trauma.

(11.13 2014, Ab ch 12, substance abuse) Inhalant use disorsers

Inhalants act as depressents similar to alcohol and other sedatives causing eurphoria and phychic numbing. This can cause damage to the central nervous system and eventually lead to heacaches afterwards (378)

What was Francais Donour's Mental chronometry of memory and the development of pcog? (pcog lec 1)

Interested in measuring the mind's response time this thinker developed Mental chronometry where he has subjects react to stimulus and pressing a button and compares it to when they have to react with thinking before pushing the button. The difference between the two is close to the possible reaction times.

What was Hermann Ebbinghaus' contribution to memory and the development of pcog today? (pcog lec 1)

Interested in memory and studied himself using non sense syllables which have no semantic attachment. He was able to derive that after 2 days most things remember is retained for over a month and forgetting happens almost immediately.

What is the interpolation? What's an example of this that the professor gave involving average snowfall? (stats lec 3)

Interpolation is essentially an assumption that change is constant that lets us guess at any point of the data. The example of snowfall is that if we know there will be for example 15 inches of snow fall this month then we can make the assumption that when half the month is over there will be 7.5 inches of snowfall

There are three forms of verifiability. The first is called the range difference .It is the simplest type but can be influenced by outliers or explain values which make it less useful. The second is the_____________ of 25th to 75th percentile. This is a better representation of the outliers, but may not give the entire picture of the variables. The third is or called the standard variation which is the average squared distance from the mean. This involves finding the distance of each integer of the mean, square each distance, find the average of the result and then square rooting it. (10.02.2014, stats lec 4 variability)

Interquartile range

(3) frontal - subcortical dementia (11.28.2014, Ab lec on Old age, ch 16)

Intitial symptom is cogntion and motor activity impairements. Like huntington's chorea (coreography) usually thought of as a motor impairment but is actually cognitive. It looks like they are developing a dance. But is progressive and degenerative. Unlike others disorders we found the genes for this disorder. Usually develops in early 30s. 100% if you have genes you will have the disorder. Parkinson's disease. In later stage you see significant cognitive an affective

Pylyshyn's critiques, tacit knowledge and demand characteristics, Intons-Pterson (1983) wanted to test researcher expectancy against this (11.24.2014, Pcog lec, imagery)

Intons-Pterson (1983) wanted to test demand characteristics and expectancy effect against this. Had people turn in all directions until they can't see the boweyes target. Then they removed the image and had them imagine them. She had 2 research assistance were suggested that research suggests that the perceptual should be larger than imagined field size while 2 other undergraduate RA were told research has found the opposite. What they found was that in all four conditions found that it expectation influence results

Organizing priniple of the brain and cognition (12.1.2014, pcog lec, last lec special, expectation and violation of expectation)

Is expectation and violation of expectation. This shapes how brain is structured.

Processing fluency (12.1.2014, pcog lec, last lec special, expectation and violation of expectation)

Is rewarding because it is adaptive, it means we are surviving better. So increasing processing fluency should produce a more positive affect. (Topolinski and Strack, 2009) presented a triade of words either having common remote associate so coherent has SALT DEEP FOAM which is has to do with the sea than incoherent. They find that coherent were read faster. Then they also had them rate them for liking and finds that people like the consistent expectation. This is aesthetic apprepeciation.

Differences in sexual timing of African and white girls What are some other possible causes. What does longitudinal data show? (12.7.2014, Dev Exam review, ch 11, physical and cognitive development in adolescence)

It has been noted that African girls tend to experience menerche earlier than white girls though it's been noted that obesity is a possible cause though it's suggested that (1) genetic differences are more likely cause (Chumlea et al, 2003). The other explanation is that when (2) children's safety is at risk it is adaptive to reproduce early and research finds that girls with a history of family conflict and harsh parenting tend to reach puberty earlier (Belsky et al, 2007). (3) Others suggest that perhaps it is that mothers have children earlier increasing the chances of family conflict (Mendle et al, 2006). Two longitudinal studies confirm the second theory (Besky et al, 2010; James et al, 2012).

Imagery is very problematic as a study (11.24.2014, Pcog lec, imagery)

It is as subjective and internal as you can get. The Dukewhich asks what she is thinking, I yelled cats. Mental imagery cannot be observed or manipulated by other peope. We also can't really know what people are thinking, if they are lying, or how they are influenced.

Indications of dimensional aspects of DSM-V (11.23.2014, Personality Disorders Chapter Summary)

It is determined by many researchers that personality disorders may be best assessed with dimensional approach (Skilling et al, 2002). In fact it has been suggested that dimensional differences reflect extreme and rigid response tendencies that differing in degree from response of people without disorders (O'Connor, 2002). In section 3 of DSM-5 there is some exploration of dimensional approach called the 5 factor model where the dimensions of (1) neurotism, (2) extroversion/introversion, (3) openness to experience, (4) agreeableness/antagonism, and (5) conscientiousness (McCrae and Costa, 1990). This model has been verified by questionnaires of 2000 students which lead to reconstruction of 5 factors of personality (Wright et al, 2012). The dimensional method has also been demonstrated to have good diagnosis application in a study where 337 clients already diagnosed with personality were reassessed using the dimensional model with results that are consistent with the traditional diagnosis method (Morey and Skodol, 2013).

Challenge of assessment, PDNOS (11.23.2014, Personality Disorders Chapter Summary)

It is found that 8 - 13% of those diagnosed with a PD is given a PDNOS or general personality disorder where the client does not fit into any criteria but is still thought to have a personality disorder (Verheul and Widiger, 2004). This leads to Tyrer et al. (2007) to review this and other problems to conclude that the assessment criteria is currently inaccurate, unreliable, and frequently wrong (Tyer et al, 2007).

(11.6.2014, Ab ch 11, Schizophrenia) Grant and Beck focuses on a clustor of dysfunctional attitudes in advancing CBT treatment of Schizophrenia.

It is found that reduced functioning has been found to be linked with the internalization of stimga (Park et al., 2013). Defeatist beliefs where people believe that you have to do something well or not do it all all have strong negative symtpoms called the defeceit syndrome. This is associated with poorer cognitive functioning (Glen and Beck, 2009) and possibly even explain apathy/failure to empathize for other people's feelings (Blatt and Zuroff, 2002)

What is theory or explanation for why panic disorder is diagnosed mostly in women?

It is possible that men are less likely to share their fear and thus rely more on alcohol (AB 5)

(11.7.2014, Ab Lec Schizophrenia) What is the structural brain explanation as seen the third video the professor showed?

It is possibly something do with the stream. When neurons are sending out branches in connections.

(11.13. 2014, Ab ch 12, substance abuse) Admitting to the problem of alcohol

It is sound that in Canada only 2% of lifetime drinkers reported seeking help and researchers believe that the rate in low globally but especially low in Canada (Ogborne and Dewit, 1999). It is believed that heavy drinkers in Canada tend to over estimate the amount of heavy drinking that occurs in a general population (Cunningham, Blomqcist, and Cordingley, 2007). Enabling drinkers to the contemplation stage can be achieved by suggestive but indirect questions like "Do you drink more heavily when you are under pressure?" or "Are you annoyed when people talk about your drinking?"

(11.7.2014, Ab Lec Schizophrenia) Why is schizophrenia especially difficult to research?

It is uniquely human disorder.

What is the sudden grabbing reflex? What is a theory for why it serves a useful funciton and how long does it occur for? (Dev Lec 2)

It is when the baby is able to hold on tightly if they think they are falling. This might be useful for if they were accidentally about to be dropped. This lasts about 2 months.

The problem with the Elizabeht model (Kubler-Ross Model) (11.28.2014, Ab lec on Old age, ch 16)

It may be too rigid. Though Kulber-Ross model suggests that it may not be the only order and people may not experience all of these stages.

(11.13. 2014, Ab ch 12, substance abuse) Therapeutic effects marijuana

It was found in the 1970s in several double blind tests that smoking marijuana can reduce the lose appetite for chemotherapy patients (Grinspoon and Bakalar, 1995). It was also found to be effective treatment for discomfort for aids and other serious disorders (Sussman et al., 1996)

(11.13. 2014, Ab ch 12, substance abuse) What are the rates of effectiveness as found in the 12 week study by Carroll et al which compares the effectiveness of reducing cocaine use of antidepressants, CBT, and placebo?

It was found that CBT was overall more effective, that desipramine was more effective than placebo for low dependence clients while CBT was more effective for high dependence. The CBT used in the study involved teaching coping for cravings and resisting the tendency to view a relapse as an absolute failure (Carroll, Rounsaville, and Nich, 1994).

(11.6.2014, Ab ch 11, Schizophrenia) What does CME institute, 2007) find in a 2 year follow up study conclude about the quality of life of someone and the number of their negative symptoms

It was found that many negative symptoms lead to a poor life with little job opportunities and very few friends.q

(11.13. 2014, Ab ch 12, substance abuse) Pot, dependence susceptibility, anxiety

It was observed that nicotine dependence occurs more quickly among those with anxiety disorders suggesting that those with anxiety have a higher dependence susceptibility than control (Kushner et al., 2012)

"Brains, it has rececntly been argued, are essentially prediction machines. They are bundles of cells that support perception and action by constatntly attemptive to match incoming sensory inpuut with top down expectations or predictions" - Clark 2013 (12.1.2014, pcog lec, last lec special, expectation and violation of expectation)

It works both top down and bottom up. Your system gets a little a bit of bottom up input which travels upwards, but very quickly top down input is sending things bad down as a prediction. It is then compared to see if expectation was violated.

What is a study that suggest babies have poor vision? What is another study that seems to challenge that? (Dev Lec 2)

It's apparent that babies have poor vision for colour and studies suggest their vision is not really formed. But babies seem to be able to imitate adult emotions like sticking tongue out which suggests they can see more than blurry shapes. It's possible that tongue is just more appparent and easy to see.

(11.6.2014, Ab ch 11, Schizophrenia) How effective Re CBT on basic cognitive functions?

It's been found that cognitive enhancement therapy where computer training was used on training attention, memory, and problem solving skill is effective in 2 year return year and testing after 2 years founx that there is evidence it protected against grey matter lose in the brain (Eack et al., 2010). Though a possible confound is that those who could complete the training had less serious disorders. Others found along with working memory and attention, facial recognition can be improved (CME Instituite, 2007). A significant aspect of this is known as the utility of scaffolding where tasks are given within reach of the person with Schizophrenia and it was found that scaffolding increase categories in the Wisconcin Card Sorting was observed a month later. These participants had higher positive affect and self-esteem (Young et al., 2002). Though in meta-analysis of 53 longitudinal studies Szoke concluded that cognitive improvemts were probably the result of practice rather than cognition remediation (Szoke et al., 2008, p. 248)

(11.13. 2014, Ab ch 12, substance abuse) Physicians and helping a client quit smoking

It's been found that physician's advice can get some people to stop smoking especially when the individual is also chewing nicotine gum (Law and Yang, 1995).

Why is it important to check that the total of p=f/N row in normal frequency tables equals 1 and that the percentage table equals 100? (stats lec 2)

It's good to double check in case numbers are carried over incorrectly

Transforming imagery, duck rabit (11.24.2014, Pcog lec, imagery)

It's harder to manipulate mental images than perceptual images. One research for duck rabbit image, either says look at this duck or look at this rabbit. They are asked to image image and identify whether image is the same. A image looks more like rabbit B image looks like a rabbit more. The duck group notices when it is a photo that looks more like a bunny (A) but not as good as the other group at identifying the image that looks less like a rabbit (B). So on the same stimuli different mental images. The mental images cannot be changed but the physical can change.

Mnemonics, von Restorff Effect (11.24.2014, Pcog lec, imagery)

Items that are distince are recalled better.

Temporal lobe eplipicy or KC for episodic memory

KC was really bad at predicting future, could not predicting what happens at greocery store. Also terrible at recalling more details. Both with damage to medial temporal lobe.

Why was HM and Clive against KF not a double disassosiation for STM vs ltm

KF okay LTM but no STM, but sources showed KF had problems with retition, could not repeat but can remember. It is really language processing disorder.

Adolescents' understanding of death (12.2.2014, last lec, death, dying, and bereavement)

Know all 5 concepts of death in a very logical way. They get all of it but they lack an understanding of it personally. Researchers believe that high risk activity like using drugs from unknown source so they must think that they are immortal. Not likely to happen to adolescents. Risky activity could also cause understanding of death. It is suggested that they are making decisions that are more rash. It is risky behavior and come to keep living. So they come to the conclusion that death happens but not likely to happen to me.

What was the significance of Kraepelin? (12.12.2014, ab chapter rereading, ch 1, introduction to abnormal)

Kraeline found that among those with mental disorders there is a tendency of a certain group of symptoms called a syndrome. He prooposed that mental illness has it's own distinct life course and outcome and came up with two main groups of severe mental disorder dementia paecox (schizophrenia) and manic-depressive psychosis (bipolar disorder)

(11.11.2014, Ab Midterm wrong) Who attempted to classify mental illness in 1883

Kraeplin

(11.6.2014, Ab ch 11, Schizophrenia) Kraeplin and Bleuer were the first to contribute to schizophrenia. What differed in their approachs?

Krapelin created a discritive approach and a narrow definition while Bluer's work led to a broad diagnostic category.

(11.6.2014, Ab ch 11, Schizophrenia) Negative symptom Anhedonia

Lack of interest in recreational activities, failure to develop close relationships, and a lack of interest in sex. Clients are usually aware that things people normally find fun is unenjoyable to them.

reactive attachment disorder conduct and antisocial (11.21.2014, ab lec, personality disorders)

Large body of literature that show this starts really early in what is called reactive attachment disorder. The idea is that at a young age you have to form an attachment to a caregiver. If you don't your development becomes stunted. In reactive attachment the child either shuts down psychologically or acting out like setting fires and stabbing people, can happen at the age of 4. This is treated by giving attachment. Research finds that this can go on to form conduct disorder at middle childhood. Involves serious crime. The treatment is intensive CBT for the child and usually the caregiver as well. If conduct is not treated properly then it goes on to develop antisocial personality disorder.

Disvorse, remarriage, cohabitation in marraige (12.2.2014, last lec, part 2 of late adulthood)

Less divorces in late adulthood, but could be cohort. Overall divorces are in late adulthood. Remarriage is very difficult for woman because the men their age are dead while men like younger woman. Higher remarriage for divorced rather than widowed. There is less liklihood of a second divorce in later adulthood. There are a lot of cohabitation and the trend is growing. The reason for this is because economic reasons of taxiation or splitting of fiances. Another reason is family reasons, not wanting to replace their parents. This relationships are relatively stable, just as stable as remarraiges.

(11.13 2014, Ab ch 12, substance abuse) What are evidence that moderate amounts of alcohol is actually good?

Light drinking with wine, fewer than three drinks a day, has been found to decrease the risk of coronary heart disase (Sacco et al., 1999)

Emotional domain of bipolar

Like depression during depressive episodes. In manic episodes, one can feel elevated, expansive, grandiose, euphoric. Also irritability. Crying is often because of extreme emotions

(11.6.2014, Ab ch 11, Schizophrenia) How do medication, insulin, and electrocunsulsive therapy compare with one another?

Lithium based medication has been most to be more effective than the other means.

Developmental history: Enlightenment view of dev for Lock and Rousseau(Dev lec 1)

Locke believed that the child is a blank slate while Rousseau believed that people are born noble savages who have an internal understanding of right and wrong. Essentially the society corrupts the child

(11.14.2014, ab lec, drug, substance) Brain on drugs display: addiction process and pharmacology. Upregulation

Locus Cirulas produces norepinephrine controls general alertness, blood presure. Is released in response to no drugs suddenly. Not enough stimulation so release more.

(11.14.2014, ab lec, drug, substance) substance abuse vs dependence definition vs addiction

Long term dependence developed by regular use of a substance. There are also usually social consequences. Dependence is a more severe form where someone will live their lives around a substance which is more important than interaction. Addiction is the most severe form where the person has to keep taking to feel normal/

Vaillant's View of Midlife (11.11.2014, Dev middle adulthood)

Longitudinal. These individuals think themselves as keepers of meaning "Keep their ideals in society" like voting groups. Usually these individuals are running the country and civil service for example.

Mental scanning experiments (11.24.2014, Pcog lec, imagery)

Look at picture then picture is removed people are asked to imagine picture and answer question about something in particular about an image. The further they had to scan the longer it took respond. But some say that it might be because in scanning they get distracted along the way. Steve island responds to this with his deserted Island experiment.

Difference in brain of schizoprhenai and dementia? (11.28.2014, Ab lec on Old age, ch 16)

Lose of brain size in schizophrenia and not dementia,

Experience of grief in older age and grief stages Elizabeth (11.28.2014, Ab lec on Old age, ch 16)

Lose of someone, like the self or someone they love or something. This is a common psychological disorder later in life but does not have to be. Lost of someone or something where a bound is formed. First to study this was a physcician that wrote a book of death and dying. Was first to write about grief in stages. You can get stuck in a stage for a disorder but it is normal. 1. denial - your spouse is dying. What? No. Shock initial reaction. Protection. Not willing to believe 2. anger. Not being able to think about anything else. Overwhelming anger during daily tasks. 3. bargaining - praying to god everyday for it to go away or i I go to Switchzerland where they have vitamin therapy 4. depression - went to Swithzland and did the therapy and cancer got worse. Nothing I can do. Don't want see or talk to any body I just want to die. The most painful and the longest period of grief. Person is coming to terms of reality and involves a wide range of behaviors and feelings, behaviors can be irrational 5. acceptance -

Challenge of assessment, MPPI, (11.23.2014, Personality Disorders Chapter Summary)

MMPI 2 inventories are found to be very accurate at anti social personality disorder since it has a focus on law breaking (Bagby et al, 2002). It is also found in a comparative study again NEO-PI(R) that it is better at predicting paranoid, schioztypal, narisstic, and anti-social personality disorder symptom counts (Bagby et al., 2008)

(11.6.2014, Ab ch 11, Schizophrenia) During hallucination the person's body can become so depersonalized that ti feels like a ______

Machine (331)

What is the difference between maintainence rehersal and elaborative rehersal? What wad the experiment by Fergus and Craik and Robert Lockhart (1972) that demonstrated levels of processing? (10.3.2014, pcog ch 7, long term memory and retrival)

Maintence rehersal is just focusing on the words and not the meaning. Like for example when I'm just writing something over and over again for memorization during olympiads math contests. God what an aweful time. Elaborative rehersal is when we consider the meaning and connection of a word. For example right now sitting my underwear in my room learning about I'm proud of my well toned body with it's elaborative muscles. Craik and Robert (1975) experiment on levels of depth processing demonstrates that elaborative rehersal is effective. They asked participants in three groups to rate certain words by either their (1) capital letters?, (2) ryhmes?, or (3) fill in the blanks. What they found was that fill the blank obtained better results. It's not clear though whether this really demonstrates higher or lower level of processing.

Flat affect

Major depression is not flat affect. Flat affect is a lack of emotion. Major depression is sad affect. Clients may have motivation problem but it is not flat affect. Flat affect is usually a sign of brain damage.

(11.10.2014, Pcog lec Ch 11, wrong memory and catgories) Which statement according to semantic network mode responds faster mammal or animal? What does this say for semantic network approach. (typicallity effect)

Mammal. But the issue is that apple is identified faster than pomegranate even though they are same distance to bird. Typicallity effect.

Features of mania

Mania occurs suddenly with euphoric mood and racing thoughts, can be mistaken for schizophrenia

Hippocrates' classification of mental disorder

Mania, Melancholia, Phrenitis(brain fever)

Why don't people with OCD focus on avoiding panic disorder rather than on avoiding thoughts?

Many people with panic disorder equate their instrusive thoughts with bad feelings or panic attacks.

What is the difference between marasmus, kwashiorkor, and food inseucrity?(Dev Lec 2)

Marasmus is a physical symptom of lack of nutrition which stunts physical growth, Kwashiorkor is delayed learning, food insecurity is a learning disability where the child is overweight possibly because they are always feeling the urge to consume food. Food insecurity is when a child has insufficient access to food and affects the child's physical, academic, and emotional development because of lack of nutrients, increased health risks, inability to learn due to hunger, and bad eating practices that can lead to obesity later on.

(11.14.2014, ab lec, drug, substance) Pot.

Marijuana popular because initiates socialization and sharing of experience. Accepting peers. Indirectly stimulants the nervous system. Has depressent, stimulant, and hallucingenic Short term: Real happy and real silly. Long term: It is not consistent. But (1 or 2 studies) research shows that large amount of pot over a long period of time will lead to memory lose. Cotton industry didn't like hemp. THC

Borderline personality disorder overview (11.21.2014, ab lec, personality disorders)

Marked instability in relationships. Instability of mood, relationship, self-image. These people tend to have intense unstable relationships where everything is either very good or bad. Sarcastic, irritable, quick to offense They have a chronic feeling of emptiness. Recurrent threats of self-harm tend to hurt themselves. This is can be done by cutting for distraction and a form of control. There is intense pain but the brain releases dopa mine and endorpines.

(11.13. 2014, Ab ch 12, substance abuse) describe Marlatt's research and his harm reduction therapy (HRT) for alcohol addiction

Marlatt's research is another popular treatment that would emphasize controlled drinking treatment. Although his Harm reduction therapy is used more generally to treat all sorts of problem behaviors which includes addiction. The basic tenets are: (1) addiction is not a crime deserving of punishment but an adjustment problem, (2) abstinence is ideal it is not the only possible positive outcome and extreme goals can be self-defeating, (3) focus on a bottom-up approach that focuses on techniques to lower levels of suffering, (4) the goal is give more people help and reduce as much harm as possible so if an individual does not want to be abstinent the clinician should accept that and do what is possible, (5) non judgmental. This advantages of this therapy approach include the ability of a clinician to form a good relationship with their clients because the goals of the therapy address exactly what the client wants. Research finds that this model is very effective at reducing alcohol consumption and alcohol caused harm (Witkiewitz and Marlatt, 2006).

Mismatch vs match predictive coding (12.1.2014, pcog lec, last lec special, expectation and violation of expectation)

Match less lower activity, mismatch more lower level activity.

(11.13. 2014, Ab ch 12, substance abuse) Maturing out phenomenon and impulse control age

Maturing out phenomenon where there is a trend that drinking rate peaks during the mid-twenties and then experiences a sharp drop in drinking levels when people reach their mid twenties is believed to be caused by age related decreases in impulsive. This was observed in a longitudinal investigation (Littlefield et al, 2009)

Features of occurrence of manic episodes

May be months or weeks apart. Usually days apart. Can show certain cycles, such as season patterns. The manic episodes are usually shorter than depressive episode. Manic episodes is not turned on by stress. Onset is usually sudden, no obvious precipitating event.

In mean, medium, and mode what are best used for? (Stats Lec 3)

Mean is best used most of the time because it includes all the data sets and allows for multiple data points. The medium is best used when there is an extreme varient. And a mode is best used when there is an extreme and a large amount of data.

Mechanism underlying imagery is not spatial but propositional (11.24.2014, Pcog lec, imagery)

Mechanism underlying imagery is not spatial but propositional. Involving simple and complex representation. Ottawa is west of Montreal and is west of Halifax. This can be assumed to be imagined but it could representation in networks, the fact that they are near each other means that there is more share a lot more propitiation. Evidence against propositional theory, Asking people identify cats have claws faster while instructed to imagine head was faster. This is because cat head is bigger than claws

Involunatry active (12.2.2014, last lec, death, dying, and bereavement)

Medical staff end life without patient's choice. As in medical team decide it's time to go.

In a study measuring time it takes for people to finish a test if someone never finishes what central tendency should be used?

Medium

Most prominent symptoms of dementia. What area in hippocampus (11.28.2014, Ab lec on Old age, ch 16)

Memory. Especially memorize recent events. Alschiziemers his suggests hippocampus, FMRI and find that hippocampus deteriorates

(11.7.2014, Ab Lec Schizophrenia) ABC gives your perspective. Difference in time of onset in man and woman

Men late teens or early 20s. Women in 30s

What is menarche and when does it begin? What in a "security measure" preventing early pregnancy? (12.7.2014, Dev Exam review, ch 11, physical and cognitive development in adolescence)

Menarche is the first menstrauation and usually occurs aroudn the age of 12 and a half but usually for 12 to 18 months after menarche no egg is released (Archidbaldd et al, 2006)

Mnemonics (11.24.2014, Pcog lec, imagery)

Mental and physical representation. There are two types like the method of loci. Peg words are similar they are a sequence of concrete words to serve a mental peg.

(11.13. 2014, Ab ch 12, substance abuse) cross dependent

Methadone is one such drug. But the issue with this is that because they are cross dependent or acting on the same central nervous system they can cause the individual to become dependent on it.

Downsizing (11.11.2014, Dev middle adulthood)

Middle adults makes the most money so they are fired and also less likely to be hired in another company.

Muscle-Fat Makeup in Middle Adulthood The Middle age spread Climacteric (11.11.2014, Dev middle adulthood)

Middle-age spread common; fat gain in torso ! men: upper abdomen, back ! women: waist, upper arms Skin loses fatty tissue making it more supple causing age spots and wrinkling. Can be avoided ! low-fat diet with fruits, vegetables, grains ! exercise, especially resistance training

Levinson's Middle Adulthood Season four tasks (11.11.2014, Dev middle adulthood)

Midlife transition (40-45). Reported they were feeling that they are running out of time. They may either make drastic or small changes, either being a better family members or showing up earlier for work. (1) Young old - Find new ways of being both young and old.. No longer think that hearing lose rather assistance living. No body wants to think of themesleves as old (2) Destruction vs creation- Acknowledge past destructiveness; try to create products of value. Realize faults. (3) Balance masculine and feminine parts of self. Both men and woman adopt the other gender traits. Men become more caring while woman might be more assertive and autonomous. This is probably (4) engagement vs seperateness Balance involvement with external world and separateness from it. Either wanting to engage more or less. How much to define self with interpersonal.

Pharmacological treatment

Monoamine theory of depression Biochemical imbalance Drugs do not work for everyone. 1st generation drugs - monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAO) 2nd Tricyclic antidepressant Less side effects compared to the 1st 3rd selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor (SSRI)

Less off spring ability Climacteric (11.11.2014, Dev middle adulthood)

Monopause usually takes 10 years. Beginning in the late 30s. It also founds to be earlier in non child bearing woman. Physical hot flashes, nigth sweats, and sexual problems can be common but psychological reactions like irritability, sleep difficulties, and depression which depends on how strongly the woman identifies with female gender types. The medicalization of our culture may contribute to these feelings. Higher SES have less negative reactions to menopause, probably because they have more identity in things not in childbearing.

(11.13 2014, Ab ch 12, substance abuse) Some stats on alchol abuse in the US and Canad

More than 3/10 will either abuse or become dependent on alcohol yet 75% of them will never get treatment (DSM-IV, 2007). In Canada the prototypical drinker is a young adult male who is single and relatively well off financially (Single et al., 1995).

(11.13. 2014, Ab ch 12, substance abuse) The history of morphine and heroin

Morphine discovered in 1806 and was injected directly into the veins of patients to relieve pain, but then proved to be too addictive Heroin was discovered and is converted from morphine in 1874. Though of as God's own medicine. But it is found to be ever more addicting and dangerous despite being very effective at pain relief. (384)

(11.6.2014, Ab ch 11, Schizophrenia) What was Myers' (2012) proposed model after noting major variations in African and Indian cultures in the diagnosis of schizophrena

Myers proposed using the interplay of the neuro anthrolpological model of psychosis and called for the need for research to specifically work within the framework of the culture.

Is aging in s stage like (12.2.2014, last lec, exam questions)

Neopiget's theory sees shift and movement. Computer's don't changem but once you get fast enough changes. Once they reach a new speed things may change. In terms of decline it's all seen as gradual. People have stratergies as they age. Unless dementia. It is infrequent. Then it is qualitative shift. This is not a part of natural decline.

(11.14.2014, ab lec, drug, substance) Naleroxne is used to treat opiates. Opiates are?

Nervous system depressent, it is a "pain I don't care", reward system is not paying atttention.

Explaining the change in mental abilities (11.11.2014, Dev middle adulthood)

Neural network view: as we get older neurons in brain die and this sometimes cut off neural connections. While we form new memory connections but it is not as efficient. Information-loss view: information of the sensory, STM, LTM, in the whole process is constantly lose. This causes you to check over which slows information processing.

How does Neurolaw assist with proving insanity today? ___________________ (Ab 4 Lec + Text: Ethics)

Neuro images convinces juries more about an individuals mental disorder.

Changes in personality (5 factor model) (11.11.2014, Dev middle adulthood)

Neuroticism (worry): decreases Extroversion (social) Agreeableness (get along) increase Conscientiousness (think of others) increases Openness to experience (flexible) Because become more thoughtful. Though those who are neuroticism will still be neuroticism will still increase.

(11.13 2014, Ab ch 12, substance abuse) What is the addicting agent in tobacco?

Nicotine is the addicting agent and molecular biology studies suggest that the main receptor mediating in nicotine dependence is the nictonic acteylcholine receptor subtype. It has been proposed that nicotine influences these receptors thereby releases dopamone (Benowitz, 2008)

(11.13 2014, Ab ch 12, substance abuse) How addictive is nicotine?

Nictonin has a high reinforcing efficacy in studies where squirrel monkeys can be made to perform 600 level presses in odder to self-administer nicotine (Le Foll et al., 2007). Another study finds that the addictive effects start shortly after the first puff and that mental addiction begins beford physical addiction (Gervais et al., 2006)

(11.14.2014, ab lec, drug, substance) Amphetamines (Stimuilants) Is Addrel a stimulant?

No

(11.14.2014, ab lec, drug, substance) LSD/Acid (Hallucinogen) can you overdose?

No

(11.7.2014, Ab Lec Schizophrenia) Will drugs help with organization of thought

No

(11.7.2014, Ab Lec Schizophrenia) (11.7.2014, Ab Lec Schizophrenia) In Chronic shizophrena. Steven. 10 years of sickness in young adulthood. Growing up normally and then how it began. What happened later?

Normal. Prosocial. Second year of university began to withdraw socially, eyes were spacy. Then a couple months started to hear voices, got suspicious and frightened. He later attacked doctors and even his father. Father brought magazines and Steven suddenly smiling and then suddenly began attacking his father.

Psychosis

Not living in the same reality, disconnect from reality

What is the NOS disorder which is found is DSM 4 but changed in DSM 5.

Not otherwise specific disorders. Mental disorders that are clearly present but that don't fit well, perhaps pending better research.

What did Dr Morgan emphaize that DID was not? If Grechen see something will other personalities have memory? (10.24.2014, ab lec 7, somatform and dissassociative)

Not phychotic disorder

What happens to the mean if you multiply every distribution by the same amount? What happens if you divide?

Nothing changes

Conflict between accuracy and speed in putting golf for novies than expert (Fitz three stage model of skill learning)

Novices did better when trying for accuracy while experts did better for speed. Explanation is the interference between cognitive stage ans autonomous stage. Complienting one aspect of skill.

Color-grapheme synesthesia, define what are inducers vs concurrents, how does synestheia influences memory (11.24.2014, Pcog lec, imagery)

Numbers are the inducers The colors are the concurrent. Numbers for "C" either numbers just black, same color as her, in congruent though she was worse. The incongruency intereferes her ability to use her concurrence for her alternative retrival cue. This demonstrates well that she is using the color to catch with numbers.

OCD (and Body dismorphic disorder ) 1.accumulation, difference from other types of anxiety,

OCD the accumulation of several anxiety disorders. While most other anxiety disorders are caused by external objects, OCD is a dangerous uncontrollable internal impulse.

(11.10.2014, Pcog lec Ch 11, wrong memory and catgories) Neuroscience of semantic networks, What is a grandmother cell? Does the 60-40% cat experiment?

Only respond to a single concept. We don't know if monkey's neurons only fire to a specific cell.

Interpersonal difficulties of borderline personality disorder (11.21.2014, ab lec, personality disorders)

Other person thinks they can self regulates but person with borderline can't. They just need to get it out. Once they get it out they feel a lot better. The guideline is to listen carefully and find what is truthful and talk about that part to feel better. Only after calming down should the inappropriateness addressed

(11.7.2014, Ab Lec Schizophrenia) Do we know what causes schizonprhenia?

Over stimulation of dopamine

Describe Thomas Kuhn's explanation of a paradigm (12.13.2014, pcog ch 2 review Current paradigm and Integrative Approaches)

Paradigms are a set of basic assumptions that outline particular pattern of thinking. Specifically for science paradigms specify what problems are investigated and how they will go about the investigation (Kuhn 1962, p 11).

What is the difference between parahippocausal place area and the extratrite body area?

Parahippcausal palce area of the brain only lights up where there is location situations while the extratrite body area only lights up for body parts like arms and human motion

Order of operations (People eat my ducks always seriously) (stats lec 2)

Parathisis Exponents Multiply Dividing Addition (Includes E Stigma) Subtration

Protecting bereaved children, children who lose a parent (12.2.2014, last lec, death, dying, and bereavement)

Parents who lose a parent are at risk for exteranizing problems like conduct disorder and truancy including violence, sexual activity, and substance abuse. Probably because of child dying and there is less parents to be there for the child. Researchers looked into positive parenting. Positive support and positive discipline, explaining everytime discipline (Haine et al, 2006). Research finds that permissive parenting is what causing the exteralizing issues despite natural inclination of taking it easier on the child.

Parkinson's disease and treatment (11.28.2014, Ab lec on Old age, ch 16)

Parkinson's disease. In later stage you see significant cognitive an affective. (3) frontal - subcortical dementia. Hallmark is starting and stopping movement, like starting walking slowed and can't stop and run into stuff found in substancionigriole. Stems cell replacements, dopamine, deep brain stimulation, replace cedacoline. Women who have been pregenent early in life lower leve of dementia so one treatment trying to help is hormones. CBT works somewhat. There are things you can do to compensenstate. Teach you ways of working around forgetting things.

Pylyshyn's critiques 1. Tacit knowledge and demand characteristics (11.24.2014, Pcog lec, imagery)

People behave how they think they should be behave. The cat meowing when caught barking. The participants in the mental scanning could have nothing to do with imagery but took longer because they know the amount of time it takes to travel when scanning. Could also be experimenter expectancy effect where researcher is biased with the researcher implying subconsciously Intons-Pterson (1983) wanted to test demand characteristics and expectancy effect against this. Had people turn in all directions until they can't see the boweyes target. Then they removed the image and had them imagine them. She had 2 research assistance were suggested that research suggests that the perceptual should be larger than imagined field size while 2 other undergraduate RA were told research has found the opposite. What they found was that in all four conditions found that it expectation influence results

Generalized anxiety disorder

People who get aroused and the anxiety level remains high when the threat is gone. A chronic high level of anxiety not tied to specific threat.

Adjustment disorder

People who have life stress and disorders but are milder than what is usually found in PTSD. If this persists for more than 6 months there may need to be some intervention.

Difference between normal intrusive thougths and OCD thoughts?

People with OCD consider the intrusive thought an evil force.

The cognitive domain of depression

People with depression, particularly major depression, can score in the rage of mentally retarded during a depressive episode, because they have are not motivated to answer questions. They are not functionally optimal and see themselves in a negative light with a low self-esteem.

I switched to fill the blank questions because I thought it would speed up the process of getting my notes organized, though right now I seem to be more into the idea of generating questions because it's more fun and takes up less time. I also think both creating and recalling by question and answer to involve a deeper processing. (1) Does Peter Graf's (1978) generation effect contradict my idea?

Peter Graf's (1978) generation effect is based on a study where those who had to generate fill the blank rather than just read was able to recall information better. Still though I think there is a deeper cognitive process if I am creating my questions rather than just blanking things out and this should lead to even better recall. His test only compared testing and non testing so it should not contradict my idea.

In Jean Piaget theory of childhood development was he a qualitative thinker or a quantitative one? Describe schema, associations, and accommodation and how these terms relate to equilibrium and disequilibrium. When do these trends occur? [hint: My thinking has changed when I began taking psychology more seriously over philosophy. This seems to be similar to JK who also started with psychology but then decided to do cog sci. I think psychology is more uniform and easier to relate to daily experience. It's pretty important to make our courses relatable ](dev lec 3, milestones and learning in babies)

Piaget believed that children's ways of thinking changes stage by stage so he would be a qualitative development theorist. (-) A schema to Piaget is a form of internal organization from perception to action. In the seven stages of development there is a central issues to work out that according to him everyone must encounter in a linear way. (-) At each stage of development we are always striving for equilibrium which is making our internal understanding of the world and the external world match with one another. When there is a difference we engage in either assimilation where we change our internal understanding or accommodation where we change our internal environment to watch our internal world. Assimilation occurs more when there is a period of equilibrium and little change while accommodation occurs in periods of disequilibrium.

(11.6.2014, Ab ch 11, Schizophrenia) what's the different between positive and negative symptoms in Schizophrenia?

Positive symptoms are excess behaviors such as deulsions, hallucinations, and disorganized speech. While negative symtpoks are behavior defecits such as flat affact, avolition, alogia, and anhedonion. They also show deceits functioning in occupational and social roles.

(11.7.2014, Ab Lec Schizophrenia) Why is the postiive and negative symtpoms significant. What helps with the other one?

Positive symtoms helped by medication, but does not help so much with negative symptoms. CBTis used to treat negative symptoms

(11.7.2014, Ab Lec Schizophrenia) What is the meaningful distinction rather than DSM 4's different types. Do they have both.

Postivie symptoms and negative symtpoms. It is about mainly positive or negative. But most have both.

What is the difference in the fine motor development stages? Pre-reaching, reaching, olnar grasp, and pincer grasp (Dev Lec 2)

Pre-reaching is arm flapping aorund. reaching is two hands reaching out. Olnar grasp is specifically grabbing and form the shape of object as the child reaches. Pincer grasp is where the child can actually lift up something like a leaf and examine it.

What is eclecticism (12.13.2014, pcog ch 2 review Current paradigm and Integrative Approaches)

Prefer to be known as integrative therapy these therapists employ ideas and therapeutic techniques from a variety of schools. A survey of clinic ans in Calgary for eating disorders found that the 1/2 used an integrative or eccentric approach (Ranson and Robinson, 2006)

Medieval times thought (Dev lec 1)

Preformationism and the belief that children after the age of 2 are miniature adults.

Presbyopia (Climacteric (11.11.2014, Dev middle adulthood)

Presbyopia ! problems reading small print ! bifocals if nearsighted Difficulties in dim light Reduced colour discrimination Glaucoma risk

Treatment for bipolar

Primarily pharmacological - lithium, a naturally occurring mineral, not manufactured. Can be combined with therapies. Requires medical intervention first then psychotherapy (cognitive intervention)

Pick's disorder (11.28.2014, Ab lec on Old age, ch 16)

Primary component of emotional instability and very hostile. Similar to Borderline disorder but Pick's disorder is older adults

What is the difference between primary sexual characteristics and second sexual characteristics?

Primary sexual characteristics are the development of the reproductive organs while secondary sexual characteristics are what is visible outside of the body

(11.13 2014, Ab ch 12, substance abuse) Study in 6 countries including Canada and comorbidity

Problem comorbid with mood, anxiety disorders, other drug use, ans Schizoprhenia (Merikangas et al, 1998)

(11.7.2014, Ab Lec Schizophrenia) Is it cross cultural?

Prof says it is similar across all cultures

(11.7.2014, Ab Lec Schizophrenia) Psychotic symptoms (3. your a tree, your trying to kill me, suddenly from flat to inappropiate)

Profound disturbance in thought (your a tree), reality-testing (you are all trying to kill me), affect (shift between flat and inappropaite affect.

Stages of dementia (11.28.2014, Ab lec on Old age, ch 16)

Progresses from I don't want people to know to I don't care.

What was Wilhelm Wundt's contribution to structuralism? (pcog lec 1)

Proposed that the mind is a combination of separate sensations. He attempted to train people in analytic introspection.

Treatment options for OCD

Psych: exposure and revival prevention (combined with drugs that inhibit chemical re-uptakes). Psychosurgery or deep brrain stimulation may help, creating a legion to cingulate bundle seems to help but 6/9 patients experience serious side effects.

What are possible early detectins of SAD?

Researcher Gerone Kingland found that some infants are born wit ha tempermental profile of being shy or easier agitated and cry frequently. Some studies found that these babies have a higher probability of developing phobias later in life.

Young people and understanding death (12.2.2014, last lec, exam questions)

Researchers say they don't get death applies to them becaue (1) look at what they are doing (2) but risky behavior could also causing it "risky things don't kill me".

So the brain is essentially a prediction machine (12.1.2014, pcog lec, last lec special, expectation and violation of expectation)

Resolution is rewarding and being good at predicting. At some places we like playing. At the heart of all this is the Baysein influence.

The modal model assumes that memory works in a series of structures. Input is first processed in the short term memory and then is moved to the short term memory and eventually will be stored in long term memory . Memory can be in short term memory with processes such as ________. (10.06.2014 Cog lec 5 memory)

Retrieval

According to professor Morgan what is the difference between rules and ethics? What is his example of ethical rules for therapists dating their patients according to APA? ___________________ (Ab 4 Lec + Text: Ethics)

Rules are things that you must do while ethics is things that you should do. He brings up the example that it is unethical to date a client and APA says that one must wait 3 years.

Catharsis and drug treatments for PTSD

SSRIs and drugs helpful for anxiety are found to also be helpful for those with PTSD. Therapy wise, image exposure in strucutred therapy may help an individual relive and release their repressed memories

A population forms a normal distribution with a mean of p = 60 and a standard deviation of a = 12. For a sample of n = 36 scores from this population, what is the probability of obtaining a sample mean greater than 64? p(M > 64) = ? (11.2.2014, stats ch 7, probability )

STEP 1 Rephrase the probability question as a proportion question. Out of all of the possible sample means for n = 36, what proportion has values greater than 64? All of the possible sample means is simply the distribution of sample means, which is normal, with a mean of p = 60 and a standard error of a 12 12 0-m = VW .\/ 6 = = =2 The distribution is shown in Figure 7.13(a). Because the problem is asking for the proportion greater than M = 64, this portion of the distribution is shaded in Figure 7.13(b). STEP 2 Compute the z-score for the sample mean. to a z-score of M — 64 — 60 4 z= = =2.00 QM 2 2 Therefore, p(M > 64) = p(z > 2.00) A sample mean of M = 64 corresponds STEP 3 Look up the proportion in the unit normal table. Find z = 2.00 in column read across the row to find p = 0.0228 in column C. This is the answer as shown Figure 7.13(c). p(M > 64) = p(z> 2.00) = 0.0228 (or 2.28%)

It's not just suicide for depression. Depression is where someone is not doing anything, not even suicide. This is the hallmark of depression. Even things like "no class, chocolate cake party" still no real reaction. Depression is ______1_____, not taking pleasure in things they should be taking pleasure in. (Ab6mood)

Sad affact

The affective (emotional) domain of depression

Sad affect. A feeling of being hopeless, worthless, miserable, unhappy, lonely, worried, useless, guilty.

Pavlov and behaviorism (pcog lec 1)

Salivating dog at sight and later came up with the concept of classical conditioning

The only three disorders effectively treated with drugs

Schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and ADHD

What are the four types of attachment as described by Aimworth? [hint: SARDD, secrets are really dodgy descriptions]

Secure, avoidance, resistant, disorganized-disoriented.

positive change of grand parents (11.11.2014, Dev middle adulthood)

Seeing furthering of mortality and feeling like they are wise and useful. They get to relive their life witnessing another child growing up. They can spoil their grand kids and don't have to worry about consequences.

(11.14.2014, ab lec, drug, substance) Treatments (2). Danger of giving away depressent in alcohol

Seizure because over stimulation by body.

_____________, the ability to focus on one message while ignoring all others, has been demonstrated using the dichotic listening procedure. ____________________ 09.29.2014 pcog ch 4 - attention

Selective Attention

What is selective mutism and how do parents end up making the disorder worse?

Selective mutism is where a child is unable to talk around certain people. Parents make this worse by speaking for them in social situations.The general way to help is through talk exposure therapy.

How does Impassivity and Sensation seeking progress as an individual reaches middle adulthood? (12.7.2014, Dev Exam review, ch 11, physical and cognitive development in adolescence)

Sensation seeking increases while impulsivity decreases in adolescence

What are tetragens? (Dev Lec 2)

Sensitive periods during pregnancy where the fetus is vulnerable to serious developmental damages later if a substance or environmental factor is too high.

Sibling relationships (11.11.2014, Dev middle adulthood)

Sharing experience of kids and aging parents. There can be a conflict of aging parents usually one child taking care which is a stressor.

What an example of short term memory for phenological aspects (Conrads) and what is an example of long term auditory memory?

Short term memory is like the Conrad demonstration of phen similarity effect which found that people misidentify visual letters if they sound the same. Long term memory is replaying a song that you have heard before

Brief psychodynamic therapy (12.13.2014, pcog ch 2 review Current paradigm and Integrative Approaches)

Shorter sessions focusing on only the worst symptoms and a greater emphasis on current issues. Development of transference is not encouraged.

Social dis inhibited type of attachment disorder

Similar circumstance but the addition of harsh punishment by care givers makes the children show no inhibition on approaching new adults.

What is the behavioral theory of conversion disorder?

Similar to malingeering wherr the person adopts the behavior to secure some benefit. Celia who had conversion blindness but scored really highlighy for example would arguably be doing it unconsciously for attention. (Ab 7)

(11.6.2014, Ab ch 11, Schizophrenia) Deacribe how the Cognitive Therapy and Command Hallucinations template

Someone with Shizophrenia who has a scheema that others are better and that she is a bad person then the voices she hears will be percieved as more powerful which leads her to feelings like shame, guilt, and depression (Borchwood et al., 2013)

Somatogenesis

Something wrong with the soma , or physical body, disturbs thought and action (Hippocrates)

What are microgenetic studies and how are they different from longitudinal studies? (Dev Lec 2)

Study the entity of change and gives insight into how changes occur. For example tests are given in intervals over long periods of time. Possible issue though is that subjects might get better at the test itself or for example get better at reading because of the test.

Grief process sudden vs prolonged and why (12.2.2014, last lec, death, dying, and bereavement)

Sudden unepxcted then it is more upsetting. But prolonged is a lot less upsetting. In unexpected death people don't understand why it happened and seems out of our control. This is why suicide of young individual especially hard because it is hard to see what lead to it. In prolonged expected death we have anticipatory grieving which allows emotional prepartion over time.

Difference in suicidial ideaiation and planning (12.2.2014, last lec, exam questions)

Suicidal idealiation is thinking about act of killing themselves where as in late adulthood it is more an acceptance of death and planning to make it as non disruptive as possible.

What does the study of Quantative genetics involve?

Sum of effects across many genes

(11.6.2014, Ab ch 11, Schizophrenia) Despite research about the high rate of inheritence (Kendler and Gruenberg, 1984) what does (Svraki et al., in press) recent findings suggest?

Svraki found that while genetic factors play a role because 90% of people who have schizoprhenia have parents who don't.

(11.14.2014, ab lec, drug, substance) Major chemical of pot

THC

(11.13 2014, Ab ch 12, substance abuse) THC and pot

THC or delta-9-tetra-hydtocannabinol is the main active chemical in marijuana (381). It is believed to be affecting cb receptors and is located in various regions (Ivrrson, 2003)

Cutting calories Climacteric (11.11.2014, Dev middle adulthood)

Taking 40% less calories find that animals who eat less live much better. Studies on humans in Okinawa who live until 105 and it has been attributed to their low calorie diet. The consequence of this could be the inability to do physical labor. Perhaps not able to do stressful consistent work. The question is that is it worth the average extra 2 years.

(11.13. 2014, Ab ch 12, substance abuse) Why did Tucker and coworkers' comprehensive clinical assessment suggest that that everyone drinking for similar reasons leads to bias? Why won't taking alcohol away from a middle aged woman who is unhappy at work, in a bad marriage, and is stressed about her children not help the issue?

Taking away the alcohol will not provide the woman with alternative methods of relieving herself of bad feelings and anxiety. Therefore in this circumstance other forms of therapy are just as important such as social skills training and rewarding activities outside the home (Tucker et al, 1992). It goes to demonstrate that often symptoms manifest themselves in a particular form and as a result a certain type of clinician will be providing primary mental health care. The difficulty is that there may be many different causes for the same issue. Alcohol disorder researchers believe that there may be different kinds of requirements and approaches that would work best for different individuals (Mattson et al, 1994). In addition, the Institute of medicine has cited the need for aptitude-treatment interaction which is the need to find ways to match clinics to the treatment type that best suites them (Medicine, 1990a). Specifically in regards to drinking addiction disorders a multi-site clinical trail called Project Match. This research compares 12-step facilitation treatment, motivational enhancement therapy, and cognitive behavioral coping-skills therapy while also keeping track of individual variables such how severe the alcohol abuse is or the level of psychological disturbance. What was found is that drinkers with a lot of pressure by family or those around them did best with the 12-step Facillitation Therapy, those with psychological problems did best with the Cognitive therapy, and those with Motivation issues did best with motivation therapy

Studies on generative individuals commonalities found in self report (11.11.2014, Dev middle adulthood)

Tend to all tell a commitment story focusing on family, community, and society. They usually talk about some part of their life event and realize where they have fallen short. Often they want to give back and correct their wrongs. This is affected by how they interpret their life event. If they fall too short on their goal is what causes a feeling of redemption.

What are teratogens and how do they affect fetal development? Teratogens have a ___(a)_____ relationship. What are some common teratogens? They are most harmful during _____(b)_____ but the ____(c)___ is always at risk (dev lec 2)

Teratogens are environmental agents that have the potential to cause harm to the development of the fetus. Their effects depend on dose - they have a dose-response relationship (a). Common teratogens include: - CIGARETTES: linked to retarded growth, low weight, and linked to anti-psychotic use during adolescence - ALCOHOL: can cause fetal alcohol syndrome which affects facial features and cognitive impairments Other factors include heredity, maternal age, and presence of multiple negative factors such as lack of medical care. They are most harmful during sensitive periods (b), which are times when parts of the body are biologically prepared to develop rapidly. But the central nervous system (CNS) is always at risk as it is continually developing throughout the pregnancy.

(11.13 2014, Ab ch 12, substance abuse) What did Jellinek (1952) propose from 2000 members of the AA extensive surveys? How accurate is this?

That there are 4 stages which is essential a downhill progression from social drinker and eventually living only to drink (Jellinek, 1952). Though it is found that greater fluctuations tend to occur rather than a linear progression (Vaillant, 1996) and there be more back and forth patterns of abstinence and binge drinking (Robin et al., 1988). Also female tend to begin at a later age after serious stress like family trauma with alcohol abuse occurs in less time than men. They also tend to drink alone and are more likely than men to binge (Mezzich et al., 1994)

Why was the 1956 conference which lasted 10 weeks mark off an important period of pcog? (Computer information processing approach) (pcog lec 1)

The access of computers started to change accepted conceptions of behavior. In behaviorism the assumption that a stimulas leads to reaction in a very simple linear pattern but now it was accepted that the pattern goes more like stimulas -> operation -> which gave more room for processing

Describe Albert Ellis' rational-emotive behavior therapy (12.13.2014, pcog ch 2 review Current paradigm and Integrative Approaches)

The belief that irrational beliefs are what causes sustain emotional reactions because there are internal sentences which people repeat to themselves. Individuals with irrational beliefs demand themselves to be different rather than take concrete steps to bring themselves closer to their desired goals. An anxious person will have unrealistic beliefs like "I must be perfect in everything I do" which causes every error to be a catastrophe. A depressed person have unrealistic beliefs like "what a useless person I am" or "I am broken" where an individual causes themselves to become emotionally paralyzed. The therapist will try to persuade their client their emotional problems can benefit from rational examination and then teach the person to develop an emotional dialogue to ease emotional turmoil or what is called as "self talk"

(11.13. 2014, Ab ch 12, substance abuse) Denormalization belief and prevention of substance abuse

The belief that society does not approve is found that was associated with high levels of abstinence from smoking eight months later, and other studies show that link between warning labels and denormalization was strongest in Canada.

(11.13. 2014, Ab ch 12, substance abuse) What is the limitation of nicotine's ability to reduce smoking?

The best results are obtained with nicotine gum and with therapy that focuses on behavioral treatment (Hughes, 1995) and the severity of withdrawal is only related in a minimal way to successful abstinence (Hughes and Hatsukami, 1992).

Beyond habituation, predcitvie coding (12.1.2014, pcog lec, last lec special, expectation and violation of expectation)

The brain actively interprets bottom-up input. Small amounts of bottom-up input travel up to cortex and it quickly makes a prediction which goes back to bottom processes to compare. If the evidence matches then lower level quiets down. When there is a mismatch called a prediction error and is send up for error correction which involves updating predictions which match incoming level. Updating of the model so that next time something similar is encountered you are more accurate

What is the cocktail party effect? What are the implications on Broadbent's early selection model? Explain attenuation theory. What is the dictionary unit? (ch. 4)

The cocktail party effect is Broadbent's phenomenon of when the unattended ear picks up on a distinctive message such as the participant's name. Triesman used this to modify the early section model. She proposed that section occurs at two stages and replaced Broadbent's filter stage with an attenuator. Attenuation theory is the idea that an attenuator analyzes the incoming message in terms of (1) its physical characteristics; (2) its language (how the message groups into syllables or words); (3) its meaning. The addition of meaning is what differentiates it from the filter stage - meaning must be filtered to know which message to attend to (especially if physical characteristics of both streams are similar) The Dictionary unit follows the attenuator, and contains stored words. Each of these words have a "threshold for activation". Common/important words have a low threshold and are easily detected.

(11.13. 2014, Ab ch 12, substance abuse) Conditioning theory of tolerance and feedforward mechanism

The conditioning theory of tolerance describes the need for both biological and environmental processes and environmental stimuli that may be involved when an individual acquires an addiction. Siegel originally did his research with rats and found that the environmental conditions can signal withdrawal symptoms in those trying to quit an addictive substance (Siegel, 1999). The feed forward mechanism is an a regulatory response that the body makes when anticipating a drug and it shows that we feel some of the effects of drugs even before they occur (Siegel, Krank, and Hinson, 1987). It is believed that one implication is that stimuli around the environment when taking the drug is so stimulating that the individual makes some very strong conditioning to it.

Difference between OCD and OC personality (11.21.2014, ab lec, personality disorders)

The difference is ritualistic behaviors. Personality is obessions while OCD is more intense compulsions

(11.6.2014, Ab ch 11, Schizophrenia) (1) Where does the concept of the dopamine theory come from for Schizophrenia?

The dopamine theory for Schizophrenia, that is the concept that Schizophrenia is caused by excessive amounts of dopamine, is based on the result of amphetamine psychosis which is believed to be caused by amphetamine psychosis which is caused by release of catecholamines preventing inactivation. (Angrist, Lee, and Gershon, 1974)

How does the drug DCS help with SAD

The drug DCS helps with extincitn of the conditioned response if taken right before extinciton trail therapy.

What did the prof use as an example to explain hierarchical organization? (pcog lec 2)

The examples is that the recognition of a table relies of basic trait detection which converges together into larger categories

(11.13. 2014, Ab ch 12, substance abuse) Describe Cox and Klinger's two dimension explanation for why someone may abuse alcohol and also explain the four possible combinations.

The first dimension is the strength of the reinforcement (positive vs negative and the second is the locus (personality, interpersonal, insecurities (Cox and Klinger, 1988). Out of this there can be four combinations (1) Positive internal - for a better mood (2) Negative internal - to avoid bad emotions (3) Positive external - to obtain social rewards (4) Negative external - to escape punishment or embarrassment

(11.6.2014, Ab ch 11, Schizophrenia) Those with mania and delusional depression can also experience delusions. What is the difference.

The hallucinations experienced by those with Schizophrenia are often more biazzare than those experienced commonly in other disorders (Junging, Barker, and Coe, 1992)

Describe the originals of the insanity defense. What legally occurs when it is proven? ___________________ (Ab 4 Lec + Text: Ethics)

The insanity plea came from 14th century common law where the defense holds if one can prove that there was an absence of mens reus or somehow negate actus reas.

Bereavement Grief process (3) (12.2.2014, last lec, death, dying, and bereavement)

The lose of a loved one. (1) avoidance - feel emotional anesthesia, feeling numb and does not understand the death. Have not really dealt with the reality. (2) Confrontation - the most intense grief, realization that they are no longer around (3) restoration - dual-process model of coping. If doing both then they start to move beyond that process. (a) dealing with the internal emotions, understand sad but try to focus on positive aspects (b) deaing with life changes - no more sunday coffees with individual or planning a funeral.

What are the two major criticism of the geon theory? (pcog lec 3)

The major criticism is that is that it can't differentiate between subcategories like different types of dogs and yet we clearly have the ability to identity different dog types. Also many things are view point varient, like for example in the detection of facial features which when placed at odd angles significantly decreases our accuracy and speed in tests.

(11.6.2014, Ab ch 11, Schizophrenia) What is unique about the mesocortical pathway for those with this disorder? Where is it located and what symptoms are observed?

The mesocortical pathway is found in the green line and is labeled A to the prefrontal cortex. It is theorized that dopamine neuron underactivity causes the negative symptoms of Schizophrenia.

(11.6.2014, Ab ch 11, Schizophrenia) What is unique about the mesolimbic pathway for those with this disorder? Where is it located and what symptoms are observed?

The mesolimbic pathway is found in the blue line and is labeled B and the neurostream is connected by hypothalamus, ventral tegmental area (intense emotions relating to love), and hippocampus (spatial and memory). It is theorized that dopamine neuron overactivity causes the negative symptoms of Schizophrenia.

How did the micro-electrode and measuring of cats contribute to the theory of neuron representation? What is neuron representation? What does the cat study say about occipital lobe's function? (pcog lec 2)

The micro -electrode is a small pin that allows for single cell recording to measure activity in neurons. In cats they found that in the occipital lobe certain neurons fire are specifically to certain features. Some of these fired to movement only, while others fired to movement, orientation, and angle in a specific nature. This suggest that the occipital lobe is responsible for lower processing since it only deals with specific features.

What was one module proposed by Herman and D..... during the 1956 conference for artificial intelligence? What was the flaw? How was this solved later by connectionist networks? (pcog lec 1)

The module created is called symbol manipulation model and this was a program which connected various logical ideas so that you can ask the computer questions which it does not directly known. The issue is that the programmer needed to anticipate the connection and the removal of one connection would cause the machine to be unable to answer. In human brains there is no one location for an idea. This was solved latest with connectionist networks that distribute several different sub types to multiple nodes.

(11.13 2014, Ab ch 12, substance abuse) Definition of alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence

The most basic symptoms are tolerence and withdrawal, though it includes more extreme symptoms (Schuckit et al., 1999) like delirum tremens, occasional bingses and subsequent blackouts, occupational and social difficulty in functioning.

(11.10.2014, Pcog lec Ch 11, wrong memory and catgories) Neuroscience of semantic networks, finds that it is category specific mnemnory impariments (agnosia). Speifically animals vs objects (like fruits or tables). Sensory-fucntional hypothesis

The most common form of category specific agnosia is for living things. Patient KCand Patiuent EW when presented with living animals they were very bad at finding which one. One explanation is the sensory function hypothesis. They propose that defecits are depends semantic memoryh system that differeiantes that differienates semantics and semantic memory system for functions. Difference between a horse and zebra is sensory based. Artifacts are more distinguished by their function. So those who can't ID animals then you should defeceits in distinguising living things which is true but you find people with functional defeceits but still can't ID animals so it's not really showing. The same can be found is the other disorder. It becomes apparent that this theory does not account for what factor they are looking at.

(11.6.2014, Ab ch 11, Schizophrenia) Schizoprhenia has not found a specific gene cause, but what four other disorder the group called the Cross-Order Geoup of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium believe to likely share genes with Schizophrneia?

The other disordera include Major Depressive diaorder, bipolar disorder, autism spectrum disorder and ADHD

(11.13 2014, Ab ch 12, substance abuse) Why was substance abuse/substance dependnce droppedn DSM-5? What was it replaced with?

The previous labels were dropped because it was found that there is no quantative difference between substance abuse and substance dependence (Martin et al., 2008). Futhermore APA stated that dropping the categories will help distinguish those on substance experiencing withdrawal from compulsive behaviors of people who become addicted (APA, 2010)

Encoding and retrieval refer to: (ch. 5)

The processes of storing information in long-term memory and recalling that information. Retrieving information must pull information from LTM to STM.

Environmental models

The realm of psychologists Something has gone wrong in your environment. 1) sociocultural models. status in family, economy, place of living, religion. Most important determinant - stress. You may have genetic vulnerability but won't appear until stress kicks in. 2) learning model. you have learned ways of thinking and behaving inappropriate. Re-teach and re-learn 3) humanistic model. You already have the ability to heal yourself, we are going to help you find those skills within yourself.

(11.6.2014, Ab ch 11, Schizophrenia) There are the two theories which address the social economic prevalence of Schizoprhenia.

The socigenic hypothesis believes that a lack of rewards and opportunities, as well as bad nutiriton for mother to be the cause of higher vunerability to Schizoprhenia (Susser et al., 1996). Social selection theory on the other hand believes that people drift into poverty areas due to their cognitive and vocational issues.

What is Helmholtz's theory of perception? What do we know about the brain that might suggest this? (pcog lec 3)

The theory is that top down or mental unconscious operations influence how we see something. Take for example the rectangle shape theory. In the brain we know that there are more signals being fired from the frontal back to sensory than the other way around. These firings are called feed signals.

(11.6.2014, Ab ch 11, Schizophrenia) What are the two additional symptoms don't fit neatly into the positive-negative symptom categories? Why don't they fit?

The two other are catatonia and inappropriate affect. They don't fit because they are not directly the lack of something like in negative symptoms, but they are also not the same as the addition of something that does not exist.

Where is the ventral stream? What major brain region does it go across? What is it's function? What is the disorder with damage there called and what defency is observed? (pcog lec 3)

The ventral stream is a stream that crosses from the occupital to the temporal pathway and it's function is semantic identification in object. Those with damages here have visual agnosia where they do not know what an object is but can use it in the correct way, like the patient DF who could not identify what a letter is but was able to mail it.

Explain the child's early sense of self esteem; and the middle child's self concept (dev lec 5)

The young child begins with a broad sense of self esteem for three reasons; 1: young children are constantly praised; 2) young children do not have many peers to compare themselves to; 3) young children do not have the mental capacity to make comparisons. In middle childhood, the sense of self esteem becomes more balanced as the child takes in social comparisons and feedback. They also understand difference between real and ideal self; large differences can lead to low self esteem. They also begin to identify with social groups and use groups to refine self identity

(11.6.2014, Ab ch 11, Schizophrenia) What does social skills training for this disorder involve? How effective is this type of therapy in studies conducted by Liberman et al?

Theoretical basis is pro ixed by (Liberman et al, 1987) and focuses on thred key elements: recieving skills (social cognition), processing skills, amd behavioral responses on interaction. (Liberman et al., 1998) finds that severely disturbed clients can be taught new social behaviors and indepxent living skills to help the function better in their communities.

One disorder discussed in previous classes is dementia. What is difference between normal decline and significant decline? Affective change?(11.28.2014, Ab lec on Old age, ch 16)

There are different types of the disorder. But typically they are a decline in cognitive functioning. The decline is more significant than normal and usually significant affective change. Decline in cogntive functioning and an increase in emotional stability.

(11.13. 2014, Ab ch 12, substance abuse) famil-cultural factors

There are some notable cultural facrors like studies finding that the highest alcohol consumption are found in Spain, France, and Italy who all have a culture of enjoying wine (deLint, 1978). There are also some cross national differences even though age of onset and other supposed important variables are the same (Vega et al, 2002). In regards to family influences caregivers who smoke are associated with a higher rate of smoking in children (Fillmore and Caetano, 1980). In another study in Vancouver pot smoking rates in teens is correlated with low impulse control and their father drinking (Barnes, Barnes, Patton, 2005). Teens who have a high sense of self effiency and who believe that people will still like them even if they turn down tobacco are less likely to affected by these factors (Staxt et al., 1992, p. 166)

If a student says "I'm feeling very sad and I can't go to work" as a therapist the first question is to compare how sad to others. The second is if you thought of hurting self and whether ______1____. If there is thrn intervention is needed. hospital is needed. It is important to ask whether they hurt themselves because it is essential to be able to identify these issues before it esculates. (Abmood6)

There is a plan for suicide

Sexuality in middle adulthood Climacteric (11.11.2014, Dev middle adulthood)

There is a slight drop in frequency for sexual activity among married couples. Couples still have sex more than non married. Though couples that have sex a lot will still have more sex compared to their peers. May be slower arousal and find partner less attractive. There is a smaller amount of individuals for men fining new partners because of what we prefer.

(11.13 2014, Ab ch 12, substance abuse) The buphasic effect of alcohol

There is an initial feeling if stimulation with expansive feelings of sociability and well being as blood level rises. As blood level peaks and begin to decline however alchol acts as a depressent that may lead to negative emotions (377)

What are the two categories of civil commitment in Canada? How do they work? ___________________ (Ab 4 Lec + Text: Ethics)

There is formal commitment which can be requested by any responsible citizen whereby a court will review whether the person is at risk. if determined the court can order the individual to be held until they are found safe again. (-) In addition there is also an informal method whereby a doctor or psychologist can have a peace officer take an individual for up to 72 hours to review whether they are okay.

Delirum vs dementia extra symptom (11.28.2014, Ab lec on Old age, ch 16)

These people in addition have lucid moments suddenly understand like woman from Notebook. Also these disorders can be reversible. Get rid of drug, infection, dehydration etc.

(11.7.2014, Ab Lec Schizophrenia) Medication vs therapy. What are the types of Negative Symptoms (2, each abc, AFIA, AP AV AL)

These symptoms are harder to control. (1) Affective disturbance (a) Flat affect (looks like brain damage) (b) inappropiate affect (c) anhedonia (can feel sad but cannot feel happiness) Social and linguistic deficits (a) Apathy, no motivation (no motivation to wash, you stink, don't care) (b) Avolition (Inability to make decision) (c) Alogia - can't find words

Often ego-syntonic (11.21.2014, ab lec, personality disorders)

They don't see the disorder because that is who they are

Other than visual agnosia and optic atoxia patients, what other indications do we have in terms of experimentation with apes of the functions of ventral and dorsal pathways? (pcog lec 3)

They found that apes with parietal damage could complete tasks involving space while those with temporal damage could not identify tasks involving distinguishing two different shapes.

What is Piaget's concrete operational stage? (dev lec 4)

They gain the ability to operate on thoughts, and can think logically, but still on a concrete level. Age 6-12. Gain the following skills: - Classification: the child can classify mental hierarchies (ie. # of objects, relationship b/w general and specific categories) - Seriation: can comprehend quantitative dimension (ex: series of objects, order by length) - Spatial Reasoning: can create mental map and give directions

(11.13. 2014, Ab ch 12, substance abuse) Self medication theory of addiction

This concept is based on the idea that those with a mental disorder such as anxiety will depend on alcohol as a form of self medication. This is confirmed by a US national survey which found 20% of those with anxiety disorders drank in order to control their anxiety and those that drank more alcohol over time were at greater risk of developing alcohol dependence (Menary, et al., 2011). Some studies suggest that both social anxiety disorder and PTSD predict alcohol alcohol use but not the other way around (Wolitzky-Taylor et al., 2012) while another study demonstrates that alcohol abuse can led to subsequent depression as well (Fergusson, et al., 2009) suggesting that there are multiple ways that lead to abusing alcohol.

(11.6.2014, Ab ch 11, Schizophrenia) What are family therapy for this disorder. How effective did (Addington et al., 2005)'s longituital study find the treatment?

This form of therapy focuses on helping the family and the individual cope and encourage them to branche out their social support. It was found in Addington's research that family therapy indicates one clear lasting benefit is a reduction in family distress and dysfunction.

Self concept (11.11.2014, Dev middle adulthood)

This involves the different possible selves. The different types of self that we can potentially be. This is what we hope to become or are afraid of becoming. Fear being a bad grandparent that never visited. Tend to be more realistic. More time oriented goals. Though this seems like stressful but actually people feel better because these goals are empowering and involve small changes. Researchers believe this is responsible for higher sense of self esteem. Reporting increase self acceptance and more likely to feel good with higher degree of autonomy.

(11.13. 2014, Ab ch 12, substance abuse) Describe Grant's five factor motive scale which demonstrates different types of motivations for drinking

This is a five-factor motivate scale and distinguishes between copin-anxiety motives (drinking because of anxious mood) and coping depression motivates (drinking because depressed mood) (Grant etl al., 2007).

Individual variability debate (Dev lec 1)

This is about whether there is differences between individuals in their lifespan development

What are intermodals perceptions? What are the observations of infants at birth, 3-4 months, and 4-6 months [hint: I have many different classes in psychology that all seem to converge together in a really nice way. I tend to pay attention when some new information is there or if what the particular description of a topic is different from what i'm used to. I find also that I sometimes can remember which professor taught me a topic first and to me any description of that topic a feeling of the professor's voice and the direction of the building. Sometimes I get that wrong though because when I relisten to lectures I find out another professor actually said it.] (dev lec 3, milestones and learning in babies)

This is multiple sensory which reinforce each other. At birth: Can detect amodal sensory properties. Babies stare longer when sound and lip movement is off. 3-4 months: Knows who's voice comes from who's lip, in studies where there is one sound in the middle of the room and two videos of different people speaking the infant knows which direction to look. 4-6 months: Have unique voice to face recognition and stares longer if the person with voice should have a different face.

Eidetic imagery and photographic (11.24.2014, Pcog lec, imagery)

This is real but they still cannot read a block of text backwards. People with eidetic memory in some people can see a great amount of detail in imagery. It is usually described to be seen floating there and can be scanned. This tends to be found more in children and this is though to be because they don't have scheemas yet. Adults show eficende of boudnary extension people remember an image with extended boundaries, including more that it actually did.

What is the observed function of dopamine? (AB 2)

This neurotransmitter is involved in panic and is a balancing chemical of seretonin.

What is the observed function of glutamate? (AB 2)

This neurotransmitter is known to be an excitory transmitter which turns on many other neurotrasmitters

What is the observed function of nonepinephrine? (AB 2)

This neurotransmitter is known to influcence an individuals's likelihood of experiencing panic.

What does E Stimga mean? What does Ex mean? (stats lec 2)

This notation means the sum of all. This notation next to x means the sum of x values

What is the general function the brain stem? (AB 2)

This part of the brain generally speaking is the most ancient opart of the brain used for breathing, sleeping, moving in a coordinated way

What is Gibson's theory of perceptual learning? Is this a continuous theory or a stage theory? [hint: As I learn more about psychology I find that I am able to understand myself better and what was before just a vague "I don't feel good" is now narrowed to specific feelings such as fatigue, attachment, attention, and ego issues] (dev lec 3, milestones and learning in babies)

This theorist proposes that we are always looking for relationships between objects and patterns. That as we develop we become better at figuring out more specific specific relationships. Like for example the professor describing that an infant might not know that a table is not the same as the ground. This is a continuous theory since it is essentially the same processes but we just get better at it. Another example is that children start to learn about slopes and whether they should just walk down or if they should slide down.

Information processing theory historically for developmental Psych (Dev lec 1)

This theory believes that dev does not change but rather the speed of input and outputs change as people development. The change in speed changes the potentials and the behaviors.

Describe Babura's social cognitive theory (12.13.2014, pcog ch 2 review Current paradigm and Integrative Approaches)

This theory is based on what is known as social cognitive theory which believes that a person's self-efficacy involves multi-stage processes such as self judgement through comparing achievements with goals, self observation, and self-reinforcement/self-punishment (Bandura, 1986)

Why is specialty presented as a straw man and not considered a likely scenario? (pcog lec 2)

This theory is unlikely because the firing of specific neuron for a specific thought seem improbable because there too many different types of thought and likely not enough neurons.

How did John B Watson change the way people approached psychology? (pcog lec 1)

This thinker thought that psychology should focus on predicting and influencing behavior. He is also famous for the claim that he can turn any child into anything.

What are frequency distributions good for? What are the two types of frequency tables? (stats lec 2)

This type of distribution technique is good for organizing and simplifying data. The two types of frequency tables are regular frequency tables and group frequency table.

Kubler-Ross's theory of grief (12.2.2014, last lec, death, dying, and bereavement)

This usually only apply for short term illnesses. 1. Denial - no your wrong 2. Anger - other people's fault, angry at themselves, this can be good in a way gives them the energy to do about it, 3. Bargaining - make a deal with doctor or god 4. Depression 5. Acceptance - before passing usually calm The critique is that these stages are not fixed sequences. And another critique is that knowing these stages causes insensitivity among others, "You have cancer" "f@*& you" "that is a normal reaction it's okay" is fine and good use "you have cancer" "I have found 4 drugs on nature" "oh your just bargaining" so the doctor ignores the request. Just because an emotion is common does not mean as meaningless. Best to see this as natural coping reactions. It is meaningful to each individual.

(11.7.2014, Ab Lec Schizophrenia) Why is schizen worse than mental retardation

Those mentally retarted can take care of themselves, but those in schizophrenia ep is completely helpful.

What occurs when someone has damage in the fusiform face area? What is the condition called and where is this region? (pcog lec 2)

Those with damage to this region have what is called prosopagnosia and is unable to identify specific faces. They are able to pick out characteristics of a person and they know that a face is a face but is unable to recall specific information.

Describe (Kim-Cohen et al, 2004)'s investigation on why some low SES children show great resiliency

Those with low SES but had warm maternal warmth engaging in stimulating activities as well as having sociable, outgoing temperaments (partly genetic) were more likely to excel despite social conditions.

(11.13. 2014, Ab ch 12, substance abuse) While withdrawal is usually not considered in the process of withdrawal, what dows Baker et al (2006) suggest?

Though physical abuse do not lead to substance abuse, two elements play a role (1) negative affact cause by withdrawal (2) consciously aware of a desire to take a drug

(11.13. 2014, Ab ch 12, substance abuse) What do know about the multiple motives concept of alcohol addiction?

Though we study different drinking motivates it's been found that a group of students who drank for enhancement reasons were very similar in personality tendencies to those who drank for anxiety reduction. It is suggested that those who drink for multiple motivates are even more at risk (Goldstein and Flett, 2009)

Is it possible to find some to be not insane but have a mental disorder? ___________________ (Ab 4 Lec + Text: Ethics)

To be not legally insane but to have a mental disorder simply means that an individual has mental disorder that did not effect one's ability to understand what they were doing was wrong.

(11.14.2014, ab lec, drug, substance) Barituartes (depressant). anti anxiety drugs. Valium

Today anti anxiety drugs. Make you feel relaxed. Alters limbic system limiting the amount of anxiety. Short term: reduce anxiety Long term: highly addictive,

(11.14.2014, ab lec, drug, substance) Caffeine induced phychosis

Too much caffeine causes hallucinations

(11.13. 2014, Ab ch 12, substance abuse) Traditional methods of treatment in hospital settings (2)

Traditionally detoxification involves an addicted individual to go off their substance completely and being given tranquilizers to ease the tension, anxiety, and negative physical symptoms. The issue with this approach though is that the individual may become addicted to the tranquilizer. To prevent this some clinics try tapering off alcohol without tranquilizers with research from Wartenburg and colleagues finding that this method works for most people with drinking problems (Wartenburg et al., 1990).

Prediction errors for insight problems (12.1.2014, pcog lec, last lec special, expectation and violation of expectation)

Trying to match a square in circle hole. Making a lot of faulty assumption. "Lets you come back try a different hole" "Once you find your matching hole you have the aha moment" . The long term goal of reducing the amount of time you spend in a surprising state because it is resource demanding and you do so to reduce prediction error.

(11.13 2014, Ab ch 12, substance abuse) Psychoneuro implications of alcohol abuse/dependence and tolerance

Tsai found in studies that suggest thr changed in alcohol tolerence to implicate the central nervous system especially changes in sensitivity of GABA or gluatamate receptora (Tsai et al., 1998). So withdrawal could be the brain acting in ways against the inhibitory substances caused by alcohol and a cessation of those substances will lead to brain over activiation

(11.7.2014, Ab Lec Schizophrenia) What does the third video the prof showed that it might not be totally biological?

Twin British brothers. Identical in youth but Shawn got it while his twin brother didn't. He thought his own brother was part of a plot against him. When the twins were 5 they got Schizophrenia

Is health anxiety heritable ?

Twin study found only moderate heritabilitymost nominee due to environment

Obsessive compulsive disorder

Two characteristic components: obsession and compulsion. Different from obsessive personality disorder. The ritualistic behavior is not present in a personality disorder. Well-treated with CBT

inter-rater reliability (studywithnatalia)

Two people observes one thing, similar

Type a and b personalities (11.11.2014, Dev middle adulthood)

Type A always have to dominate conversations Type B more docile In early research finds that type A introversion is found that people die sooner. But later research found that specific type A which leads to lower health is hostility or stress hostility. Generally disagreeable. This is because of fight or flight sequences. These people report fight/flight, depression, stomach issue. Also these individuals engage in behaviors like drinking and smoking. Ability to adjust cortisol is not as good older individuals are older. Internalization still cause issues even if not expressed hostility.

Typical onset of dementia? After 85? (11.28.2014, Ab lec on Old age, ch 16)

Typical onset is at 65 and 15-20% after the age of 85.

Meichenbaum's cognitive-behavior modification (12.13.2014, pcog ch 2 review Current paradigm and Integrative Approaches)

Unlike Beck Meichenbaum was trained with behaviour modification background which focuses on both cognitive - behavior and a constructivist narrative of a client's experiences in it's persona, interpersonal, and social contexts.

Narcissistic personality. Self is great and others?(11.21.2014, ab lec, personality disorders)

Unrealistic self image "so handsome that I need to be in a magazine....and your crap". Self unrealistic and hates others.

Compulsion

Urges to perform senseless rituals to reduce anxiety associated with obsession. Common compulsion: counting, spelling, movement checking

Describe generally how a psychoanalytic therapist tries to resolve a client's issues (12.13.2014, pcog ch 2 review Current paradigm and Integrative Approaches)

Usually it begins with free associative talk where the client sit comfortable on a couch while the therapist remains in a desk behind the client. The client talks from topic to topic until he/she suddenly becomes quiet encountering is called "resistance" and is what signals to the therapist that this is an ego that has ego threatening conflict. The therapist tells the client very little about him/herself so that the client may feel engage in "transference" where worries of the therapist being bored could suggest the client feels that they struggled to entertain their parents.

What does the referral stage of assessing mental disorder involve? (ab lec 2)

Usually someone comes in with a problem and it is a triage which gets basic symptoms and history of the individual. After that specific treatment is given.

_________ measures how well an individual score (or group of scores) represents the entire distribution. This aspect is very important for inferential statistics, in which relatively small samples are used to answer questions about populations. For example, suppose that you selected a sample of one person to represent the entire population. Because most adult males have heights that are within a few inches of the population average (the distances are small), there is a very good chance that you would select someone whose height is within 6 inches of the population mean. On the other hand, the scores are much more spread out (greater distances) in the distribution of weights. In this case, you probably would not obtain someone whose weight was within 6 pounds of the population mean. Thus, it provides information about how much error to expect if you are using a sample to represent a population (10.03.2014 Stats ch 4 textbook extraction/notes, var)

Variability

The verbal code vs non verbal code (11.24.2014, Pcog lec, imagery)

Verbal code contain information about an item's abstract linguistic meaning while non verbal code contains information about an items marginal attributes.

What do know about what happens if certain geons are missing? Compare vertex deletion to midsection deletion results. What is the significance of this finding? (pcog lec 3)

Vertex deletions increases the number of errors showing perhaps that vertexs are more useful for human detection.

Do people experience a midlife crisis (11.11.2014, Dev middle adulthood)

Very few individuals report the extreme mid life crisis. The extend to which people react this way has to do with how they handle their regrets. If they at least to make up for it then they are more likely to feel a point of crisis. Some researchers argues that this is purely a social cultural product.

muscle change Climacteric (11.11.2014, Dev middle adulthood)

Very gradual muscle declines. We lose fast twitch muscles.

(11.14.2014, ab lec, drug, substance) Brain on drugs display: addiction process and pharmacology Injected Naleroxne treatment.

Vivitrol is a new drug and is used for a series of substance abuse disorders. It goes into reward center and act as an antagonist. Must be opiate free at the time. Must have psychosocial support as well. Nalterone is released slowly over a month period. This blocks the receptors and rejects euphoria and rewards. Non addictive because no rewards.

What does Vygotsky believe is in core knowledge theory and Piaget's theory of infant development? What are the two main factors? [hint: I feel like I really do learn better by lectures than just reading the textbooks. I'm also more attentive since that's what everyone else is doing. Maybe professors help act as the bridge to higher cognitive development. (dev lec 3, milestones and learning in babies)

Vygotsky believed that what is missing is the social part of a child development especially the social learning of language. There are two major portions of his theory (a) Social context - example Prof's niece and Ipads (b) Zone of proximinal development - things that can be achieved if there is guidance from an adult

Causes of dementia (11.28.2014, Ab lec on Old age, ch 16)

We are not clear about cause though there is probably a genetic component to it. Alzemiers is one type of dementia and found that in Japan alumanian plant found lots of alzeimers but later it was found not true. It is strongly speculate to be a series of genes.

What is the probable cause of personality disorders? (11.21.2014, ab lec, personality disorders)

We don't know what causes it, but there are built in characteristics temperament and there are environmental factors of early development

What do we find in studies on people with SAD's angry face detection compared to controls?

We find in Lundi and Ost (1996) where researchers had people with and without SAD remember a large number of faces. It was found that those with SAD remembered critical expressions more. In another study by Magget et Al 2004 we find that controls remembered positive expressions better while those with SAD remembered negative ones.more.

What stages of component shapes have been able to observe? What type is still missing? (pcog lec 3)

We have observed brain parts that prefer corners but we have yet to observe a portion of the brain that prefers things like the top of a table.

(11.13. 2014, Ab ch 12, substance abuse) What do we know from twin studies about the biological factors of substance abuse?

We know that twin studies revealed greater concordance in identifcal twins and than in fraternal twins for alcohol abuse (King et al, 2005), caffeine use (Kendler and Prescott, 1999), and smoking (Tres et al, 1993).

Wearin and wear out for advertisement (12.1.2014, pcog lec, last lec special, expectation and violation of expectation)

Wearin is the concept is that brands take some time to relly make it into memory. Repeated exposure can serve to both enhance and dimish advertisement responses. Award winning ads see that higher wearin while there is less wearout. They reach peak at first and stayed. Also rememebred more than control (Lehnert, 2013). Advertisers put in little detaisl that is noticed over time. There is also variation of length with more at first and is used as a variation. Eventually energizer battery video commerical fooling them.

Short term memory in pcog vs long term

What you experiencing right now and what you experienced about 30 seconds ago. LTM is whatever you are not thinking right now and can recall without rehersing.

Mini Mental State Exam (Folstein Exam) (3) frontal - subcortical dementia MMSI.

When investigating whether someone have a cognitive disorder the front line is mini mental state exam. This is the front line test. Used worldwide by all psycologists. Only takes 10 minutes. There are 6 sections. Tell you about lucid you are. 30 points (1) orientation (3 points) What year is it? 2014 What month is this? November What day is this? Friday What date is it? 26 What is the season? fall (3) What country are you in? Canada What county are you in? GTA What town are you in? Toronto What building are you in? Alumuni What room are you? (2) Registration does brain register (3 points) Apple? Pen? Table? (3) Attnetion (got 5 points) 100 - 7, Repeated the results for 5 (5 points) spell world backward? dlrow (5 points) Whichever higher is what you get (4) Recall (get 3 points) What were the three things we recalled? (3 points) apple pen table (5) Language (get 2 points) What is this pencil, hold up pencil? pencil What is this (watch)? watch (6) Repeat after me "no ifs ands or buts" - dementia have difficulty (7) three stage command ( I got three points) Take paper on right hand fold it place it on the table (8) written command (1 point) Person writes close your eyes and tells you do this? (9) Writing (got a point) Write a sentence? (Noun and a verb) (10) copying or benter gestalt test (1 point) Copy a diagram with intercepting two pentagons (1 point) I got 26. Any score above 27 is normal cogntiion. Below 27 can indicate cognitive impairement, below 27 mild 10 - 18 mild, 4 - 18 severe.

If you predict grouping then by gestalt higher and lower levels (12.1.2014, pcog lec, last lec special, expectation and violation of expectation)

When items are more easily grouped together then increase activity in higher level areas and decrease activity in lower level areas. (Murray et al, 2004) tested made up object drawings, either random, 2d, 3d looking at brain activity in FMRI. Inferior temporal cortex and lower is visual cortext (v1). As grouping increased activity in higher level increased where activity in lower level decrease. Only residual is put back up to update the mode (Grill-Sepctor, Kushnir et al, 1998) finds that v1 is higher for random things but as the image is more and more unscrabbled the prediction error increases higher cognition processes work a lot.

(11.13 2014, Ab ch 12, substance abuse) Delirium tremens

When level of alcohol in blood drops suddenly the person will become tremulous and have hallucinations that are mostly visual, but can be tactile as well

is there a neurlogical basis for personality disorder , "Back from the Edge" - Borderline Personality disorder video (11.21.2014, ab lec, personality disorders)

When you see someone's face you have to occupital lobes and another to temporal lobes, limbic system to see what it is. The Amygdala identifies the emotional impact of the face. This is all brought to the prefrontal. Those who have this disorder is over actived in the limbic system and the prefrontal is under active. The prefrontal is usually responsible for suppressing.

What was William Estes' surprising contribution despite being Skinner's student? (pcog lec 1)

While a soldier in WWII this theorist read math. He used math to build a theory of mind that involves multiple stimulus being learned which explains why conditioning animals take several tries. At first for example the rat may notice the sound and then later the color and so on.

(11.10.2014, pcog ch 8, Evryday mem and mem errors) (Cabez et Al., 2004) did a study in 12 university students having them take photos matching 33 locations across campus. Later FMRI scans compared own photos and pretaken photos for the student's brain. What did the findings here indicate is that

While both own photo and lab photo activated the medial temporal lobe anx ghe paritel cortex. Only own photos caused additional activation in the prefrontal cortex (self info) and hippocampus (mental time travel)

What was William James' reaction to Wundt's sturcturalism? Also describe the notion of association. (pcog lec 1)

Wiliam James focused on what the mind was used for in evolutionary purposes. He came up with early concepts of association where individual experiences are connected by shared experiences. This notion was very ahead of his time as it looks like modern connectionalist models.

Systematic desensitization (12.13.2014, pcog ch 2 review Current paradigm and Integrative Approaches)

Wolpe (1958) came up with the therapy known as sysmatic dessensitization where clients are put in a relaxed state over a series of sessions and instructed to imagine varying situations of their fear. He believed the mechanism of action here is of the efficacy of desensitization. Modern theorists however believe what is important is the exposure rather than the relaxation (WIlson and Davison, 1971) and Hofmann (2008) concludes that exposure therapy is actually cognitive therapy because it changes the individuals cognitive expectations of harm.

Gender and death anxiety (12.2.2014, last lec, death, dying, and bereavement)

Woman tends to be afraid of dying. But it decreases over time. A subset that had high death anxiety woman age of 50 probably related to fertility. Woman take this as a sign of biologically apporaching death.

Dual code theory (Pavio) (11.24.2014, Pcog lec, imagery)

Words that can be representative verbal and non verbal can be remembered easier while abstract words like justice can only be represented once.

Working memory (11.11.2014, Dev middle adulthood)

Working memory decrease from 20s to 60s. But they can slow down the process they can minimize their music. Older individual are less likely to use rehearsal. This is becuase they don't really need to memorize stuff. If you test them and tell them to use memorization techniques then they do a lot better. Procedual and factual knowledge are easy. Meta cognitive is just as good.

The Wundt curve and art (12.1.2014, pcog lec, last lec special, expectation and violation of expectation)

Wundt noticed that liking and complexitiy (stimulas intensity). Mid range we tend to like better where we don't like low and high intesnity. Dr. Berlyne took another look at this as pleasure and complexity, conflict between expectation and reality gives arousal value. Weezer is a band the prof likes specifically a part that is different. Musicians report for Song Explorer that they prefer the take that is not perfect. Koelsch 2009, described as ERAN, early right (bilateral) anterior negativity which is present in EEG wave of ERAN wave 200 ms after the difference was found. Found in the deep frontal close to temporal region. Similar with mismatched but ERAN is generated cultural expectations to particular music heritage. (Garza VIllarreal et al, 2011) find we notice different levels of violations pretty accurately. Chills effect where they measured the physical chill effect. (Grewe et al, 2005) when there was a sudden change in music like volume, voice, and other effects.

(11.14.2014, ab lec, drug, substance) Barituartes (depressant). anti anxiety drugs. Morgan takes in the dentist. Is alchol highly regulated in Ontario

Yes used to have to fill out a form

(11.7.2014, Ab Lec Schizophrenia) (11.7.2014, Ab Lec Schizophrenia) In Chronic shizophrena. Steven. 10 years of sickness in young adulthood. Is he able to throw and catch with ease.

Yes.

Can a panic attack be psychotic?

Yes.

(11.7.2014, Ab Lec Schizophrenia) Can you look phychoatic in depression and anxiety disorder? Why is it important to get it right?

Yes. It's easy to look like there is a break from reality. It's important because Schizophrenia treatments won't work for bipolar dirsorder and etc.

(11.7.2014, Ab Lec Schizophrenia) What is growing rate of schizoprhenia on trasmissions?

You can possibly contract it virally.

Genetic counseling (11.28.2014, Ab lec on Old age, ch 16)

You can screen genetically for a variety of disorders.

When should you use group frequency distribution? What are the 4 rules which you have to remember to follow? (TWBS Those wet bitches suck)

You should use group frequency distribution when there is a lot of numbers or when the number is more complex and continuous. The 4 rules are Ten sections Width of interval to be simple Bottom scores shares a multiple with the width Sum of width complete range stores

Why SES difference in gender (12.2.2014, last lec, exam questions)

You want someone the same views (like moral and perspective). In relationships usually not the same as SES but we count both as high SES.

launching children (11.11.2014, Dev middle adulthood)

a decline in parental authority. Children are now young adults. Many may still be in contact (usually once a week). They are still supporting them financhially and provide emotional support. There can be friction for adjustment of in laws. Some families have trouble growing their family. They enjoy organizing family. How good the launching depends about the child. If child has depression or anxiety then parents feel a sense of anxiety as well. Another issue is children launching too late or too soon. Like staying at home until 30 and no prospects. Launching too early makes parents feel like they are unappreciated.

(11.6.2014, Ab ch 11, Schizophrenia) Tienari and his colleagues found that there is a correlation between family dysfunction and level of psychopathology. In their study conducted in Findland

a large sample of children whose mother has Schizoprhenia was studied along with a control group of children and the adoptive families were catgorized into levels of maladjustment. Follow up with these children found that those in maladjusted families had higher rates of psychopathology. (Tienari et al., 1994)

The idea that STM and LTM is seprate is

a misnomer, ex short term memory is better at non words so LTM is supporting STM helping providing context

a) Why are children's memories limited in early childhood? b) List memory strategies that children adopt in middle childhood.

a) Children are not engaged in memory strategies and therefore they can only remember a list of 1 to 4 items. They also have limited working memory and therefore have difficulty with multiple steps but they can be taught how to plan by adult's repetition of steps. b) They use rehearsal, organization, and elaboration. Given a list of things to remember, a child can remember 1 extra meaningful unit every year.

What is the HCR20 variables? ___________________ (Ab 4 Lec + Text: Ethics)

a) Historical involves the individuals history such as early disorders. (b) Clinical is observations made presently like for example an individual not responding to treatment. (c) Risk considers environmental concerns such as how likely the individual will return to high stress life.

a)_______________ study: participant has to do a simple task that requires attention. After a few trials, an image such as a geometric shape will very quickly flash on the screen. The participant will later be tested to see if they noticed this object using a recognition test Simons and Chabris used a video of dancers in which a gorilla walks by - it often goes unnoticed. Resnik studied b)__________. He showed a participant a photo, followed by a blank screen, and then the photo again, but with an alteration. The inability to see changes is called c)__________. Continuity errors often occur in movies but, change blindness makes them largely undetectable. (ch. 4)

a) Inattentional blindness study b) change detection c) change blindness

Visuospatial sketch pad holds visual and spatial information. It is attend by the a)____________ along with the b)_________ in the c)_____________ Shepard and Metzler measured participants' reaction time to decide whether pairs of objects were the same or different. They found that the greater the rotation of the objects, the longer the reaction time. This tasks used a phenomenon called d)___________, which is an operation of the visuospatial sketchpad. (ch. 5)

a) central executive b) phonological loop c) short term memory d) mental rotation

Schneider and Shriffin's divided attention experiment required the participant to (1) hold info about a stimuli; and (2) pay attention to series of "distractor" stimuli. Distractors and targets were consistently from different categories, which is called a)____________. Accuracy ((b)increased/decreased) with # of trials, until it became c)_________. Participants demonstrated that they could learn to divide attention and for many participants, by the end the task was done by d)______________, which is when a procedure is done without intention and costs little cognitive resources. An example of (d) is highway blindness, which is e)_________________ (ch. 4)

a) consistent mapping condition b) increased c) automatic d) automatic processing e) highway blindness is not being conscious of the process of driving a regular route

General memory concepts: a)_________ is the number of digits a person can remember b)__________ is the ability to group items to create one meaningful unit in STM which holds up to 4 meaningful units. (ch. 5)

a) digit span b) chunking

Inhibition of Return is an ((a) exogenous/endogenous) effect in which b)______... (define)

a) exogenous process b) It is the effect where people are slower to respond to a recently attended location - it is useful b/c it helps up search an environment more efficiently

Baddeley model of woking memory defined a shortfall of Atkinson and Shriffin's modal model. Working memory is defined as a a)__________ for temporary storage and manipulation of information for complex tasks such as comprehension, learning, and reasoning. WM is different from STM in two ways: 1) STM is concerned mainly with b1)_________ for a brief period of time while WM is concerned with b2)___________ 2) STM consists of a c1)___________ component while WM consists of c2)____________ components. (ch 5)

a) limited-capacity system b1) storing of information b2) manipulation of information c1) single; c2) multiple

Coding Concepts: Coding refers to the way info is represented for storage. The a) _________ approach has 3 ways of coding: semantic, auditory, and visual. Auditory coding: Conrad experiment tested STM by having patient recall letters they saw; the mistakes were often letters that b)___________. Indicates that out STM is is largely auditory > visual. Visual coding: Della Sala experiment - use visual c)____________; subjects remembered up to 9; unto and beyond 9 is difficult because it is past Miller's range of items the STM can hold Semantic coding: Wickens' experiment presented words related to each other by meaning (ex: profession, fruit, etc). He found that subjects recalling multiple lists containing the same semantic category had low accuracy. Subjects recalling lists that are grouped by different semantic categories had higher accuracy. This is due to the "release from d)_______________". (ch. 5)

a) mental b) sound alike c) pattern of squares d) proactive interference

Atkinson and Shiffrin. This model is called the a)_______________ of memory because it included many of the features of memory models that were being proposed in the 1960s. The stages in the model are called the b)_____________ of the model. There are three major structural features: 1. c)__________ memory is an initial stage that holds all incoming information for ~ a second; ex: seeing the light trail of a sparkler is visual memory and not remnant of light (i.e.: "persistence of vision") 2. d)____________ holds 5-7 items for about 15-30 seconds. 3. e)_______ can hold a large amount of information for minutes - decades. (ch. 5)

a) modal model b) structural features c) sensory d) short-term c) long-term

The phonological loop holds verbal and auditory information and consists of two components: the a)__________, which has a limited capacity and holds information for only a few seconds; and the b)_________, which is responsible for rehearsal that can keep items in the phonological store from decaying. It is also associated with three phenomena: 1) ___________ effect - the confusion of letters or words that sound similar 2) ___________ effect The word length effect occurs when memory for lists of words is better for short words than for long words. 3)___________ - which is when a person speaks/repeats irrelevant sounds (ex: "the, the, the..."); it disrupts rehearsal process (ch 5)

a) phonological store b) articulatory rehearsal process 1) phonological similarity effect 2) word length effect 3) articulatory suppression

The a)_______ is important for holding information for brief periods of time. This was demonstrated with the b)_________ using monkeys - the monkey couldn't remember which barely contained food after having its PFC removed. A study found that neurons in the prefrontal cortex continue to respond during a c)________ after the stimulus is removed. The neurons that fired were location specific - different neurons fired when a stimulus was presented in different locations on a screen. The chimp demonstrated the ability to remember where the location of the stimulus for as long as the response delay continued (i.e. as long as the neurons fired). (ch. 5)

a) prefrontal cortex b) delayed-response task c) brief delay

The major influence on self esteem are: 1)____(a)_____ that set achievable goals and encourage child to develop sense of control leads them to be _____(b)____, in which, they attribute success and failure to their ______(c)______ ability 2) rearing practices that are authoritative, or over inflate child's esteem lead the child to adopt a _______(d)______ attitude, in which, they attribute success and failure to external factors

a) rearing practices b) mastery-oriented c) internal d) learned helplessness

Memory is the processes involved in a)_________, b)_________, and using information about stimuli, images, events, ideas, and skills after the original information is no longer present (ch. 5)

a) retaining b) retrieving

Broadbent's early selection model explains a)_____________. It is called a b)______________ model because the filter restricts the fitter restricts the flow. It has 4 stages: 1)_____________ holds all of the incoming information for a fraction of a second 2)_____________ identifies the attended message based on its physical characteristics— things like the speaker's tone of voice, pitch, speed of talking, and accent 3)_____________ processes information to determine higher-level characteristics of the message, such as its meaning 4)______________ receives the output and holds information for 10-15 seconds, then it transfers information into long term memory (ch. 4)

a) selective attention b) bottle neck 1) sensory memory 2) filter 3) detector 4) short-term memory

Bottom up determinants of eye movement include a)__________ because it involves responding to the physical properites of an image. Top down determinants of eye movement include b)_____________ - ie. an observers knowledge about what is contained in a typical scene/environmental regularities. Example of top down: Vo and Henderson used images with an irregular object, such as a printer in a kitchen, which the subject focused on for longer. (ch. 4)

a) stimulant salience b) scene schemas

There is a great deal of evidence that having a larger or more efficient a)__________ is associated with better comprehension, reasoning ability, and intelligence (ch. 5)

a) working memory

(dev lec 6, early childhood 3-4) Gender typing in early childhood is the assigning of traits that have no genetic basis. By the age of ___a___ children will tend to group soft objects for female and sharp/rough objects for boys. This tends to get more ingrained later in childhood development. Teachers are also more likely to enforce gender values on ___b___.

a. 18 months b. boys

(early childhood ___a___ years old) The three different types of play which are not exclusive to age but later stages occuring more latwr in childhood are (1) _________ which is play by self or play where another child is watching but not playing, (2) __________ which is kids playing side by side but not playing together. They may ask ask other for pieces of lego but they are building different things. (3) ___________ which is associative play where children are working together. This occurs most at the age of 6, but they can still have other forms of play as well.

a. 3-4 1. Non social activity 2. Parallell play 3. Social interaction

(Dev lec 6, Middle Childhood, ____a___) At this stage of life peer groups become important and there is a tendency for groups to share a common ___b___. ()()()Studies on peer acceptance has identified __c___ main types of social status in a study where children were asked to rate one another on how much they are liked and hated and on how popular anonymously. ()()() (1) the __d__ group are the most well liked. There are two sub categories within this. are the popular ___d1___ group who everyone likes, physically athletic and beautiful, and academically perform well. The other group is called popular ___d2___ who no body actually liked but everyone believed they were popular. This group are the bullies and use relational aggression to establish power. ()()()(2) the ___e___ group are children who are not very well liked. This group divides into a dichotomy. The rejected __e1___ group are rejected because they resort to aggressive behavior. The other group is the rejected ___e2___ group are also rejected because of their aggression but are also socially awkward. ()()() (3) the ___f___ group are really liked by some, but hated by others. This group tends to to have attractive traits but sometimes bullied others. ()()()(4) the ___g___ group were neither liked nor disliked.

a. 6-7 to 11-12 b. vocabulary c. four d. popular d1. popular prosocial d2. popular antisocial e. rejected e1. aggressive e2. withdrawn f. controversial g. neglected

What are the three factors which have o occur for a person to develop a phobia?

a. A frightening experience b. Developed an inherited psychological vulnerability c. has a inherited condition (180) (AB 5)

(----)____a____ believes that the concept of short term memory is too restrictive because it does not account for processes such working out a spatial question in your mind. He believed that working memory can be seen in three distinct part: The visual-spatial sketchpad, the central executive, and the phonological loop. (----)The ____b___ is the auditory mental repetition of concepts to keep them in the working memory and has 2 aspects: the length of time and the complexity/length of the word. It's found that the capacity is around 2 seconds, suggesting that fast talkers might be able to fit more in. Also people tend to have trouble if the sound of the words are similar or if the meaning of the words are similar. (-----) The ____c_____ does all of the processing while the visual spatial sketch pad and phen loop maintain info. (10.06.2014 Cog lec 5 memory)

a. Bodly b. phonological loop c. central executive

(Dev lec 6, Middle Childhood, 6-7 to 11-12) for __a___ this stage is of life focuses on industry vs inferiority and happens at this stage because this is usually the time children are introduced to school. If a child identifies with industry then they_____b_____. On the other hand, if a child identifies with inferiority then they ____c____.

a. Erikson b. have a sense of competence for their skills c. will have a sense of pessimism

a. Grengthen with DID saw flash backs, how did it occur? why? b. Different memories and different child c. Morgan on problem and lack of origin If Grechen see something will other personalities have memory? (10.24.2014, ab lec 7, somatform and dissassociative)

a. Flashbacks seem to happen suddenly. Grenthen thought that it might have been caused by sexual abuse. b. child self has certain selective memories. Crying and talked about 'big hands'. Different personality have different memories c. We have no understanding, therapist leading questions

Anxiety and Depression might have similar neurological. But anxiety is GABA and depression is ____a_____,_____b_____, and ______c_____. The monoamines. This is the Monoamine theory of depression. About 10% of the population suffer from depression. (Ablec6mood)

a. Gaba b. Dopamine C. Norepapetrine

_____a_____ wonders if the Whole Report condition experiment is wrong and more information available but is just lost before people could report it.In his experiment called the partial reports experiment where 5 by 5 random letters appear expect this time ______b______. The results were that people were able to identify 92% of the letters in any row if the cue tone was given immediately and at around 250-300 ms delay there is a significant reduction to recall at around the same level as the whole report. This suggests that perhaps after this amount of time the participant is _____c_____. (10.06.2014 Cog lec 5 memory)

a. George Sperling b. a tone gives a cue as to which row of letters to focus on c. relying on their short term memory

(10.3.2014, pcog Lec 7, long term memory and retrival) What is the functional mechanism of memory? What is happening in brain that allows us to form memories? ___a___ postualed that experience causes physical changes at the synapse, fire together wire together. This is called the ____b___ Hypothesis which is the simulation or near stimulation of two neurons create short term structural changes. The first trace is like ___c____ and the second trace is the ____d____ 20 years later there is the ____e_____. Experimenters found that if you contiue to present activation of A to B neuron you find that firing of ____f____. Later in life when evidence came Hebb was like "ya duh".

a. Hebb b. Dual Trace c. short term memory d. maintence between the two neurons. The second trace builds bridges to structural connections. e. Long-Term Potentiation LTP f. A to B increased the firing came more and more easily

The purpose of _____a_____ is probably to holds information information resented across time and space to link something you see to your mental understanding of what that thing is. For example the prof quickly flashed a picture of a cat only revealing a line of the kitty at one given time. This happened very quickly and really each distinct image is not enough to tell us what it is and yet I was able _____b_____. This show that that _____c_____ memory is not just retinal after image that we are proactively detecting and predicting the objects around us in a none detailed way where every second the image of a moving ball is updating itself to our internal representation similar to what I learned in developmental psychology about Piaget's theory of internal and external equilibrium. It also explains by we move our eyes on 2-3 fixations per second. (10.06.2014 Cog lec 5 memory)

a. Inconic memory b. to predict that it was some kind of feline c. Inconic

a. Hydrochrondriasis was dropped in DSM 5, but why? b. What is hydrochrondrias? c. What is it incorporated as today? d. What does Illness anxiety disorder describe? e. What is the difference between hypochondriasis and illness phobia? (10.25.2014, ab text 7, somatform and dissassociative)

a. It was too common with somatic symtom disorder b. Preoccupied with persistent fears of having a serious disorder c. Hyprochondraisis is the fear of having illness while ilness phobia is a fear of contracting illness

Conversion disorder a. What is it? b. How does it happen, how does it leave, how does it appear? c. What kind of mutism can be mistaken for d. What is suggestion of it called by trauma e. Over or under misdiagnoised? with what two disorders?

a. Lose of one of five senses. Can be paralysis b. Comes and goes suddenly c. selective mutism in children d. Men in combat sees it more e. Often misdianoised. selective mutism and disassociative disorder

(a)What is a hypochondriasis? b. Why is this thought of a conitive reinformcement? c. what is munchausen syndrome and munchausen by proxy (10.24.2014, ab lec 7, somatform and dissassociative)

a. Obsession and anxiety of developing a physical illness. b. It is cognitive behavioral is reinforcement is attention from other people. c. Manchausen syndrom is the intentional hurting of self for attention. Munchausen by proxy is someone hurting another for attention like mother hurting child.

Pain disorder a. What is it? b. medical conditon nauraga c. What is pain expressed like? d. Psychosocial factoes?

a. Pain that does not go away but no physical cause b. medical condition that does not go away but no understanding c. dramatic d. gain attention or to gain money to get resources

Hypochondriasis a. What is it? b. What frequent visit c. Persists despite? (10.24.2014, ab lec 7, somatform and dissassociative)

a. Preoccupied with possibility that normal sensations are disesse b. Multiple doctors c. medical reassurance

Professor Dukewhich gave us an example of her inability to speak French back the the Chinese man to illustrate interference in short term memory. ____a___ interference is past learning interfering with new learning while ____b___ interference is new learning interfering with past learning. It has been demonstrated that in change detection test for short term memory that we tend to read words out loud which causing people to make ____c_____. There is also more errors in words that are more semantically similar. (10.06.2014 Cog lec 5 memory)

a. Proactive b. rectroactive c. more errors when letters sound similar rather than look similar

Early theorists, perhaps borrowing from Hobbes, were concerned about the patterns of decay in _____a_______, the passive lose of information. The only issue with researching how effective people are at memorizing was it was difficult to tell how much is helping because of people's natural tendency to engage in rehersal whereby one repeats something in order not to lose it. ______b______ both came up with the concept at around the same time of asking participants to countdown from a number while performing a recall task in order to occupy the auditory regions make rehearsal impossible. This process is called the Brown- Peterson Paradigm and they concluded that short term memory decays at around 20 seconds. Later researchers challenged this and claim that there is ____c____ to short term memory rather than just decay. (10.06.2014 Cog lec 5 memory)

a. Short Term Memory b. Brown and Peterson c. interference

Disassociative disorder. Grechen, university student girl a. When stressed what happens? b. What happens when aggression is needed? c. How does Grehen communicate with others d. Struggles with uncontrollable e. What happens with a personality of self punishment (10.24.2014, ab lec 7, somatform and dissassociative)

a. Switch to personality that is emotionally stronger b. Aggressive personality, critical of Grechen c. In journal that they use to communicate d. uncontrolled panic e. left blood ib jounrla

a. Hydrochrondriasis was dropped in DSM 5, but why? b. What was the disorder? c. What is it incorporated as today? d. What does Illness anxiety disorder describe? e. What is the difference between hypochondriasis and illness phobia? If Grechen see something will other personalities have memory? (10.25.2014, ab text 7, somatform and dissassociative)

a. Too similar with somatic symtom disorder. b. It is the persistent fear of having a medical disorder despite being reassured c. Somatic symptom disorder d. A high degree of anxiety over illness but with very little actual physical illness e. hypochondriasis describes the fear of having an illness phobia is the fear of contracting an illness

George Sperling wonders if the _____a_____ experiment is wrong and more information available but is just lost before people could report it. In his experiment called the ______b_____ where 5 by 5 random letters appear expect this time a tone gives a cue as to which row of letters to focus on. The results were that people were able to identify __c__ % of the letters in any row if the cue tone was given immediately and at around 250-300 ms delay there is a significant reduction to recall at around the same level as the whole report. This suggests that perhaps after this amount of time the participant is relying on their ____d____. (10.06.2014 Cog lec 5 memory)

a. Whole Report condition b. partial reports experiment c. 92% d. short term memory

(----)In the delayed response task a certain portion of a monkey's brain is found to ____a______. The firing during delay shows that those neurons in the prefrontal cortex are responsible for holding a memory in place or otherwise known as short term memory. (------) Kamitani and Tony (2005) found in experiments that the Primary visual memory can predict what a subject is looking by fMRI scanning. The program must first ____b_____ but afterwards researchers can pretty accurately tell not only what pattern the person is seeing, but more importantly what the person is imagining in their mind. (------) The textbook suggests that this is implicates that the primary visual cortex is also involved in the working memory. Though the prof contests this and points to studies where _____c_____ while recall tasks were done. Results sound that low load tasks didn't suffer performance while high load tasks began to suffer at around 20 ms which is when short term memory kicks in. This suggests that visual tasks can be done without the visual cortex for simple tasks, but not with more complex tasks. (10.06.2014 Cog lec 5 memory)

a. activate during the period between seeing where the food is and the being allowed to reach for it b. calibrate how the person's brain reacts c. TMS coils shuts down the visual cortex

(10.3.2014, pcog Lec 7, long term memory and retrival) We try to get rid of emotional to memory. Sensory stimilas to ___a___ which stimulates adrenal gland releasing norepinephrine which stimulates amgydala (keep running) and also ___b___ (record this for later). There is also ___c___ connection between amygdala and hippocampus. Study where there is a difference of boy getting hurt or boy getting they find that the ___d____. Proprandolol acts to prevent anxiety by ____e___. Those with PTSD asked to say it while recall8ng on drugs, then recorded and read back later. One group gave proprandolol and another placebo. The results found that ____f____. The link from hippocampus and amygdala was broken. So sen - short - long term - short term mem (labile and distruptive) - long term. So every ____g___ is changing it. Does that mean jounaling is actively changing.

a. amygdala b. hippomcampus c. bidirectional d. emotional hurt story remembered that part better e. preventing production of norepinephrine f. those who got the drugs didn't inspire the same emotional connection g. recall

What is the purpose of memory? Memory has been shaped by the process of evolution. Memory representation helps us learn from tigers. You never had to learn about iphone you just know the basics. Memory is always about ___a___. Every experience updates our ___b____ . A scheema is a framework or body of knowledge about some topic. For example tiwtter. When we experience something that does not match, you_____c____. (Kinda like Piaget but he talked about whole scheema). Experiment Hasher et al (1978) at UofT. Study read passage with a variable dely and a same title-cued recall. What you do after is to discredit the original title, before or after, and found what is called intrusion. An insutrusion "the burgery is when you misremembered something which is tagged to the idea unit "walk through quietly the words" inot "the burgerler walk through quietely throughvthe words". When you discredit you make less error because it makes it less reliable. What this demonstrates is that we tend to rely heavily ____d___ to fill to void. Unless we cognitively discredit the past scheemas. They are adapative memory process with the consequrncd of which is a lack of accurate detail for episodic memories. If LTM is semantic how do we have long term memory of music? (Curtis and Bharucha, 2009). Non linquistic scheemas. Listen to song then tone and asked if tone was in song. Western heard Western tone had higher false alarms and there is less false alarms in Indian tones. Also found Western person is good at identifying non Western person. So shows that even songs _____e___. Kesteren et Al 2014, found that partipants learned more facts if it is the schema-related than facts that were unrelated to their ___f___. Highly superior autobiographical memory. AJ remembers everything all this useless information (Park et Al, 2006). She cannot use scheemas to filter ___g___. Scheemas can help with creative thinking and indcutive thinking. AJ is just an ___h___ student though. Scheemas make thinking easier, but there are drawbacks. One is inference. Another is source ___i___ what is factual and what is fictional. Source monitoring helps with that. "Example 58% of US excercise is televised". ___J___ of idea will convince people because you only remember "Obama not born here". Instrusion are a form of source monitoring error. ____h___ is when someone thinks their novel thought is original. Like earlier another band had "hey hey you you". We tend to take our scheemas and we are only changing it in a noval way. So I guess APA is trying to prevent things like this. It seems to make sense.

a. basics b. schemas c. either change scheema or create a new one d. on other scheemas e. have a certain scheema in a culture f. discipline g. what is unnesscary h. average i. misattribution j. repetition h. Cyptomnesia

dev lec 6, early childhood 3-4) Prof showed us a bar graph with three different ranges that compares number of aggressive acts and the number of hours of tv. It also separates between boys and girls. There is a huge difference in number of aggressive acts in less than 1 hour of violent tv and 1 to 3 hours of tv. Though the girls are less violent in all three groups they also show a clear increase. Apparently SES is also accounted for suggesting there is a link ___a____. The professor explained this as possibly caused by hostile attribution bias which is where people who are exposed to more aggression on screen is more likely to perceive ___b___.

a. between violence on screen and violent tendencies b. a more violent world

(Dev lec 6, Middle Childhood, 6-7 to 11-12) During this period of time children being to engage in emotional ____a____. ()()()Problem centered coping is ____b____. Like if a child is upset because someone keeps taking his ball then he could go get the ball back. ()()()Emotion centered coping is _____c____ . Like if a boy develops a crush on a girl, but the girl moves away then the both will engage in internal, .

a. coping strategies b. action oriented and involves taken physical steps to make them feel better c. private actions aimed at controlled distress when little can be done

(----)In the ____a____ task a certain portion of a monkey's brain is found to activate during the period between seeing where the food is and the being allowed to reach for it. The firing during delay shows that those neurons in the prefrontal cortex are responsible for holding a memory in place or otherwise known as ____b____.. (------) _______c______ (2005) found in experiments that the Primary visual cortex and memory tasks can _____d_____by fMRI scanning. The program must first calibrate how the person's brain reacts but afterwards researchers can pretty accurately tell not only what pattern the person is seeing, but more importantly what the person is imagining in their mind. (------) The textbook suggests that this is implicates that the ____e____ cortex is also involved in the working memory. Though the prof contests this and points to studies where TMS coils shuts down the visual cortex while recall tasks were done. Results sound that low load tasks didn't suffer performance while high load tasks began to suffer at around 20 ms which is when short term memory kicks in. This suggests that visual tasks can be done without the visual cortex for simple tasks, but ____f____tasks. (10.06.2014 Cog lec 5 memory)

a. delayed response b. short term memory c. Kamitani and Tony d. predict what a subject is looking e. primary visual f. not with more complex

10.25.2014, Stats ch 6 Probability and unit normal table) The first column (A) lists z-score values corresponding to ____a___. If you imagine a vertical line drawn through a normal distribution, then the exact location of the line can be described by one of the z-score values listed in column A. You should also realize that a vertical line separates the distribution into two sections: a larger section called the body and a smaller section called the tail. ___b___ in the table identify the proportion of the distribution in each of the two sections. Column B presents ___c___, and column C presents the proportion ___d___. Finally, we have added a fourth column, column D, that ____e_____. We use the distribution To make full use of the unit normal table, there are a few facts to keep in mind: 1. The body always corresponds to the ___f___ part of the distribution whether it is on the right-hand side or the left-hand side. Similarly, the tail is always the smaller section whether it is on the right or the left. 2. Because the normal distribution is ___g___, the proportions on the righthand side are exactly the same as the corresponding proportions on the lefthand side. 3. Although the z-score values change signs (+ and —) from one side to the other, the proportions are always ___h___. Thus, column C in the table always lists the proportion in the tail whether it is the right-hand tail or the left-hand tail.

a. different positions in a normal distribution b. Columns B and C c. the proportion in the body (the larger portion) d. in the tail e. identifies the proportion of the distribution that is located between the mean and the z-score f. larger g. symmetrical h. positive

(At this stage of development called ____a____, 3-4)Young children at this age begin to gain the ability to control how _______b____. They begin developing stratergies such as the prof's example of a parent telling their son who has a tendency to throw tantrums to repeat to himself "waiting". This is an example of what is called effortful control.

a. early childhood b. Their emotions effect them

Conditions that affect information When there are contextual cues there is an effect on encoding and retival. When you get information, your memory is swept up with the things your memorizing. This is called ____a____. So I should be recording personal thing as I'm here. The professor is wearing a dress with a black cat on it similar to Daisy. In one study it was found that underwater and on land studying and matching that environment makes recall makes it better. Like studying underwater then recall underwater. Reinstating the context ___b___ can help as well. "imagine mining building, butt hurts can be helpful". Context don't always have to be external. This is what is known in ___c___ Learning. Info is encoded with the psychological and physical state and details. Rickles et Al (1973) and pot were given pairs of codes and asked to look at a non word like "mif" then word. Job was to try to recall 9 pairs, recall target until the cue. They kept doing it until perfect performence. Day 1: smoke pot or placebo cig, day 2: either smoked pot or placebo. These conditions are crossed. What it found that Placebo and Placebo and pot-pot had ___d___. But the time it took to study was about 3 hours. There is also ___e___ effects. Mood recall is easier if consistent with current mood because that's how we encoded it. This is why it's easy to recall all the things Daisy said that is mean when I'm in a bad state. Researchers were given a recognition task and a ryhming task for memorizing for sentences. For recognition of the sentences they did better obviously with recognition. But those who engaged in ryhming encoding showed superior conditions for whether a word from the sentence ryhmes. This is the ____f____ processing, where information is encoded along with the mental processes where one retival cue. Encoding specificity is environment, mood congruency internal, and then there's transfer appropiate processing about how we are processing things.

a. encoding specificity b. mentally c. State-Dependent d. same results e. Mood congruency f. transfer appropiate

Body Dismorphic Disorder a. What is it? b. frequent visits to what? c. Misken often for narssistic personality disorder. What is difference? d. Like eating disorder is an influence? But it is not? e. Cormobid with what? (10.24.2014, ab lec 7, somatform and dissassociative)

a. excessive concern with real or imagined defects in appearence, especially facial marks b. Frequent visits to plastic surgeons c. Similarity is obsesed with the self. Difference is that for narssistic everyone else is stupid and ugly. What they think of self is same But difference of others d. Culturally influenced but not culturally bound. Don't see this in culture e. OCD

(----)In the delayed response task a certain portion of a monkey's brain is found to activate during the period between seeing where the food is and the being allowed to reach for it. The firing during delay shows that those neurons in the prefrontal cortex are responsible ____a____ or otherwise known as short term memory. (------) Kamitani and Tony (2005) found in experiments that the Primary visual memory can predict _____b____ . The program must first calibrate how the person's brain reacts but afterwards researchers can pretty accurately tell not only what pattern the person is seeing, but more importantly what the person is imagining in their mind. (------) The textbook suggests that this is implicates that the primary visual cortex is also involved in the working memory. Though the prof contests this and points to studies where TMS coils shuts down the visual cortex while recall tasks were done. Results sound that low load tasks didn't suffer performance while high load tasks began to suffer at around __c_ms which is when short term memory kicks in. This suggests that visual tasks can be done without the visual cortex ____d____ (10.06.2014 Cog lec 5 memory)

a. for holding a memory in place b. what a subject is looking by fMRI scanning c. 20 ms d. or simple tasks, but not with more complex tasks.

(dev lec 6, early childhood 3-4) There are ___a___ types of child rearing styles. ()()() ___b___ type has acceptance and involvement and are have adaptive control which grants the child reasonable choices like allowing them to choose when they get ready, but making a rule to be in bed by a certain time. This is the __b1__ type of parenting style. ()()() ___c___ type , unlike authoritative has low acceptance and low involvement. They tend to set their control too high and engage in two forms of control. __c1___ control involving hard and fast rules which can never be change and ___c2__ control where failure to comply by rules is met with asking why the child does not care about them. The child has very low self control. ()()() ___d___ type has high acceptance but either too low or too involvement. These parents have low control and give the child too much autonomy. This results in the child have an ___d1___ ego which later become a hindrance to development. ()()() ___e___ is usually when the parent has mental issues and is not acting as a parental figure at all.

a. four b. Authoritative b1. best c. Authoritarian c1. Behavioral c2. psychological d. Permissive d1. inflated e. Uninvolved

Bowlby believed that attachment occurs because ____(a)_____. His four stages of attachment are ___(1)____ (birth - 6 week) where the adorable encouragement of parent to infants forms a bond of the parent to the child, ____(2)_____ (6 weeks to 8 months) smiles more with parents than others. A special relationship but not fully attached yet, ______(3)_____ (6/18 month to 2 years) happens when child feels separation anxiety. This occurs at the same time as Piaget's ___(3a)____, _______(4)______ (18m to 2 yrs and on) understands that parents need to go, not as distressed when parents need to go but will instead barter with parents for more time. ___________________ 09.30.2014 Dev Lec 4 (Attachment, temperament)

a. from an evolutionary perspective an attached child had a higher chance of surviving 1. preattached phase 2. attachment in the making phase 3. clearcut attachment 3a. object permanence 4. formation of reciprocal relationship

Bowley believed that attachment occurs because ____(a)_____. His four stages of attachment are ___(1)____ (birth - 6 week) where the adorable encouragement of parent to infants forms a bond of the parent to the child, ____(2)_____ (6 weeks to 8 months) smiles more with parents than others. A special relationship but not fully attached yet, ______(3)_____ (6/18 month to 2 years) happens when child feels separation anxiety. This occurs at the same time as Piaget's ___(3a)____, _______(4)______ (18m to 2 yrs and on) understands that parents need to go, not as distressed when parents need to go but will instead barter with parents for more time. ___________________ 09.30.2014 Dev Lec 4 (Attachment, temperament)

a. from an evolutionary perspective an attached child had a higher chance of surviving 1. preattached phase 2. attachment in the making phase 3. clearcut attachment 3a. object permanence 4. formation of reciprocal relationship

(dev lec 6, early childhood 3-4)The professor showed us a chart of corporal punishment by age and the major mode was at Middle child hood which is 3-4 years old. He says that there are four main effects of this. (1) Models aggression to children making them more likely to __a__ their friends. (2) If child is spanked they have a higher chance of __b___ when they are older. (3) spanking provides immediate relief, ___c____ reinforcement for the parent because seems to reduce the undesirable stimulas. (4) child focuses on pain instead of learning because pain is ___d___. Culturally though there are communities that spank but explain what is happening without being excessive.

a. hit b. spanking c. negative d. pain is difficult to ignore

(Dev lec 6, Middle Childhood, 6-7 to 11-12) At this stage of life we find that children will differ in ____a____. This is called achievement attribution. ()()()A child can have a mastery oriented achievement attribution style where success and failure ____b____. A child with this style may think that she didn't work hard enough if she gets a bad mark. ()()()A child with learned helplessness achievement attribution believes that successes and failures _______c______. ()()()These styles are developed largely by how parents talk to their child. When a child does something good and the parents say it is because they are smart then the child will think that failures are because____d____. Meanwhile a parent who compliments their child when they work hard will help the child develop mastery achievement attribution style.

a. how they interpret their success and failures b. is by personal effort and failure is due to factors within their control c. are by luck and failures are due their own internal inability d. they are dumb

(Dev lec 6, Middle Childhood, 6-7 to 11-12) At this stage of life we find that children will differ in ____a____. This is called achievement attribution. ()()()A child can have a mastery oriented achievement attribution style where success and failure ____b____. A child with this style may think that she didn't work hard enough if she gets a bad mark. ()()()A child with learned helplessness achievement attribution believes that successes and failures _______c______. ()()()These styles are developed largely by how parents talk to their child. When a child does something good and the parents say it is because they are smart then the child will think that failures are because____d____. Meanwhile a parent who compliments their child when they work hard will help the child develop mastery achievement attribution style.

a. how they interpret their success and failures b. is by personal effort and failure is due to factors within their control/internal ability c. are by luck and failures are due their own external factors d. they are dumb or the test was too hard (i.e.: "they can't help it")

Dev lec 6, Middle Childhood, 6-7 to 11-12) There is lots of changes in self confidence at this stage of life. Younger children will tend to say they love everything, like for example soccer, while at this stage children begin to identify more with certain hobbies and social groups. A child's level of self esteem will depend on their __a__ self, the person they want to be compared to their sense of self which is who they think they are. Naturally if a child's self is too different from the ideal self encouraged by parents and teachers then they will have __b__ self esteem. ()()()No one is perfect evidently, and whether a child has low esteem will depend on whether their faults are what they ___c___. A child might focus on social achievement and not feel much self esteem issues for academic performance, or a child may prefer physical (athletic) over social. Sadly what's clear though is that __d__ influences every child's self esteem. ()()() In regards to what style of parenting produces the best esteem it's found that ___e___ style is best because the parent would set reasonable expectations which the child can reach and feel good knowing her parents see value in her. __f___ makes the child feel very incapable of achieving the ideal self and __g___ style creates an esteem that is unrealistic which causes the child anguish later.

a. ideal b. low c. perceive as an important achievement. d. beauty e. authoritive f. Authoritarian g. permissive

The purpose of Inconic memory is probably to holds _____a_____ to link something you see to your mental understanding of what that thing is. For example the prof quickly flashed a picture of a _______b______. This happened very quickly and really each distinct image is not enough to tell us what it is and yet I was able to predict that it was some kind of feline. This show that that Inconic memory is not just _____c____ that we are proactively detecting and predicting the objects around us in a none detailed way where every second the image of a moving ball is updating itself to our internal representation similar to what I learned in developmental psychology about Piaget's theory of internal and external equilibrium. It also explains by we move our eyes on 2-3 fixations per second. (10.06.2014 Cog lec 5 memory)

a. information information resented across time and space b. cat only revealing a line of the kitty at one given time c. retinal after image

George Sperling wonders if the Whole Report condition experiment is wrong and more information available but ______a______. In his experiment called the partial reports experiment where 5 by 5 random letters appear expect this time a tone gives a cue as to which row of letters to focus on. The results were that people were able to identify 92% of the letters in any row if the cue tone was given immediately and at around ____b____ ms delay there is a significant reduction to recall at around the same level as the whole report. This suggests that perhaps after this _____c_____ the participant is relying on their short term memory. (10.06.2014 Cog lec 5 memory)

a. is just lost before people could report it b. 250-300 c. amount of time

(Stats ch 5) Z-scores take the standard deviation and each x value into a standard score. It is useful because ___a___. In addition it allows z-scores from one standard to be compared ____b___. () The ___c___ tells you whether the score is located below or above the mean. The number tells you the ____d____. () the z score formula is z = (x-u)/o. The numerator is a deviation score which is divided by o because _____e_____. While the formula for a sample is z = (X-M)/s, x is sample score, M is the sample mean, s is standard deviation. ()()()if given standard deviation, mean, and zscore you can calculate X but multiplying the zscore by the standard deviation and then adding it to the mean or simply using this formula ____e___. ()()()for zscores the mean should always have a mean of 0 _____f___. The shape of graphs should not be changed by zscore, but the value of the mean will become 0. ()()() A standard distribution is composed of scores that have _____g____. This way two different distributions can be compared, for example the score of two separate classes. This is done by simple multiplying z score to standard deviation. The same can work for a ___h___ but we must remember that it is a sample standard distribution. ()()() To find the sum of distribution of z score you_____i____. ()()()Z Scores can be used to interpret whether a certain type of treatment caused a major difference. If for example the a rat injected with a growth hormone grows zscore=+4 then we see that there was a ___j___.

a. it tells the exact location of the original X value within the distribution b. to another standard like for example IQ c. sign (+) or (-) d. distance between the score and mean in terms of the number of standard deviations e. we want the z score to measure in terms of standard deviation f. because it's values should all be either above or below the mean g. been transformed to create predetermined values fod u and o h. sample i. go through the same process of squaring the numbers j. big difference between normal controls and the rats that got a better standard

(10.3.2014, pcog Lec 7, long term memory and retrival) What population has the most detailed representation? Teachers, children, news ancors. Kids because they ___a___. Maintenance rehersal is just the ___b____. This binding has been known for a while in research. In fact, those in grade 1 really know it because it is taught then. It all started at Craik and Lockheart from UofT. Who proposed the idea of____c_____. They suggested that the deeper the proceds the better it is encoded. The better is it encoded, the better it is to be ___d____. Partipants were cued to either shape, ryhme, or meaning. They believed that visual format was very shallow while meaning was deeper. During experiment people didn't know they had to recall after. What they found was that recall was ___e___ compared for fill in the blank tasks vs rereading tasks. But was is deep processing? Is ryhming just the sound of the word a deeper level? But then how do you define higher and lower level processing because then you would be defining it based on the results which creates a ___f___ reasoning. Thompson Smilet and Besner (2014) paper were looking into brain activity to brain processing. It's interesting that that deep and shallow was dropped but researcher still look at the issue with the terms of ____g___ processing and ____h____ processing

a. lack scheemas b. process of just rehersing while elaborative rehersal is recreating and making connection with what you already know c. levels of processing d. retrieved e. better f. circular g. semantic h. procedual

(Dev lec 6, Middle Childhood, 6-7 to 11-12) There is lots of changes in self confidence at this stage of life. Younger children will tend to say they __a__ everything, like for example soccer, while at this stage children begin to identify more with certain ___b___. A child's level of self esteem will depend on their ideal self, the person they want to be compared to their sense of self which is who they think they are. Naturally if a child's self is too different from the ideal self encouraged by ___c___ then they will have low self esteem. ()()()No one is perfect evidently, and whether a child has low esteem will depend on whether their faults are what they percieve as an important achievement. A child might focus on social achievement and not feel much self esteem issues for academic performance, or a child may prefer physical (athletic) over social. Sadly what's clear though is that beauty _____d____. ()()() In regards to what style of parenting produces the best esteem it's found that authoritative style is _____e____. Authoritarian makes the child feel ____f____ and permissive style creates an esteem that is ___g___

a. love b. hobbies and social groups c. parents and teachers d. influences every child's self esteem e. is best because the parent would set reasonable expectations which the child can reach and feel good knowing her parents see value in her f. very incapable of achieving the ideal self g. unrealistic which causes the child anguish later.

(dev lec 6, early childhood 3-4) Do children think in categories for morals? There are three distinct categories moral imperatives which are ____a____ . Social conventions are things like ___b___ . Finally there is ____c____ like a child who gives his friend peanut butter sandwhiches even thought his friend does not like them. ()()() Children at this age tend to think about moral imperatives in it's context. When asked what:s worse smashing one plate on purpose or breaking 4 by accident the child will think 4 plates is much worse. Also they tend to think physical aggression is ___d___ than relational aggression.

a. meant to protect people b. holding the door open c. matters of personal perference d. worse

In the study of ______(a)_____, which is what people think occurs in their mind, researchers used to think that infants cannot think about thinking and the thinking of others before the development of language. However researchers found in 2010 that infants before language know ______(b)_____when researchers would drop a pencil and look at it, reaching toward it, longingly. They found that infants eventually knew to pick up the pencil and give it to the researcher. This shows that the infant understand that other people have intentions and wants. Another concept is when children understand that people's ______(c)_____known as the Belief-Desire Theory of mind. They have found that infants younger than the age of 4 seem o be unable to understand that other people could have beliefs that are wrong. Like for example an infant girl is asked if her sister will be fooled by playdough jar that has no playdough if they asked her sister what was in side. The girl, who was 4, was ______(d)____. ___________________ 09.30.2014 Dev Lec 4 (Attachment, temperament)

a. metacognition and the theory of mind b. adtuls have mental thoughts when researchers would drop a c. pencil and look at it, reaching toward it, longingly. actions can be guided by beliefs, especially false ones known as d. unable to conceive of deception.

(Dev lec 6, Middle Childhood, 6-7 to 11-12) Children are this stage develop more complex understandings of ___a____. One common insight is on situations where it's moral to ___b___. Another example the prof gave was on understanding that ___c___ conventions have a purpose, like holding the door open for example. ()()()Children at this stage though still tend to view ___d____ aggression as worse than ___e___ aggression. Girls though also think relational aggression is bad and the prof suggests this may be because girls are taught not ____f___.

a. morality b. lie c. social d. physical e. relational f. to physically hit which causes them to resort to verbal and relational aggression more than boys

a. Disassociative disorder is it somatform disorser? What is it? b. disorders wherelose contact with c. Amnesia is d. disassociative retrograde or anteriograde e. What usually cause retrograde amenia? f. often disa have a disrupption of g. Is it a personality disorder H. usually involves amensia and what is called this and explain what it is. I. Research shows H word usually comes from (10.24.2014, ab lec 7, somatform and dissassociative)

a. no it's a seperate diaorder. b. loses contact with portions of consciousnes and mempry c. lose of memory d. retrograde amnesia lose of past. anteriograde amnesia can't form new memories. Anteriograde is usually head trauna e. psychological trauma f. identity and identity g. not a personality disorder, disruption can be made normal again h. disassociative fugue. Which is amnesia and flight. Show up in a hospital, no idea who they are. I. trauma

Early theorists, perhaps borrowing from Hobbes, were concerned about the patterns of decay in Short Term Memory which is the ___a____ of information. The only issue with researching how effective people are at memorizing was it was difficult to tell how much is help in STM because of people's natural tendency to engage in ____b_____. Brown and Peterson both came up with the concept at around the same time of asking participants to countdown from a number while performing a recall task in order to occupy the auditory regions make rehearsal impossible. This process is called the _____c______ and they concluded that short term memory decays at around 20 seconds. Later researchers challenged this and claim that there is interference to short term memory rather than just decay. (10.06.2014 Cog lec 5 memory)

a. passive lose b. rehersal whereby one repeats something in order not to lose it c. Brown- Peterson Paradigm

Professor Dukewhich gave us an example of her inability to speak French back the the Chinese man to illustrate interference in short term memory. Proactive interference is _____a_____. It has been demonstrated that in change detection test for short term memory that we tend to read words out loud which causing people to make more errors when letters sound similar rather than look similar. There is also more errors in words that are more ____b____ similar. (10.06.2014 Cog lec 5 memory)

a. past learning interfering with new learning while rectroactive interference is new learning interfering with past learning b. semantically

Early theorists, perhaps borrowing from Hobbes, were concerned about the ____a_____ in Short Term Memory, the passive lose of information. The only issue with researching how effective people are at memorizing was it was difficult to tell how much is help in STM because of people's natural tendency to engage in rehersal whereby one repeats something in order not to lose it. Brown and Peterson both came up with the concept at around the same time of asking participants to countdown from a number while performing a recall task in order _______b______ This process is called the Brown- Peterson Paradigm and they concluded that short term memory decays at around ____c_____. Later researchers challenged this and claim that there is interference to short term memory rather than just decay. (10.06.2014 Cog lec 5 memory)

a. patterns of decay b. to occupy the auditory regions make rehearsal impossible. c. 20 seconds

(Dev lec 6, Middle Childhood, 6-7 to 11-12) At this stage of life ___a___ become important and there is a tendency for groups to share a common vocabulary. ()()()Studies on peer acceptance has identified four main types of social status in a study where children were asked to ____b______. ()()() (1) the popular group are the most well liked. There are two sub categories within this. (1a) are the popular prosocial _____c_____. (1b) are the popular anti social who _____d______. ()()()(2) the rejected group are ______e_____. This group divides into a dichotomy. (2a) the rejected aggressive group are rejected because they _____f____. (2b) rejected withdrawn group are also rejected because of _____g_____. ()()() (3) the controversial group are ______h____ ()()()(4) the neglected group _____I___.

a. peer groups b. rate one another on how much they are liked and hated and on how popular annoymously c. group who everyone likes, physically athletic and beautiful, and academically perform well d. no body actually liked but everyone believed they were popular. This group are the bullys and use relational aggression to establish power. e. children who are not very well liked f. resort to aggressive behavior g. their aggression but are also socially awkward h. really liked by some, but hated by others. This group tends to to have attractive traits but sometimes bullied others. I. were neither liked nor disliked

Treament for Grechen with DID a. Therapist tries to get her to understand that her personalities have conflict b. Medical injection to get others to reveal c. What happens when the aggressive side came out? d. Grechen was exhausted after what personality came out? e. Did Grenchen know about the memories of what was was revealed? f. What happened when she saw the videos? e. Aggressive side appears after what does she say? If Grechen see something will other personalities have memory? (10.24.2014, ab lec 7, somatform and dissassociative)

a. personalities don't "don't want to bear the burden". b. injection of truth serum, one personality was talking about a penis, 'jaws hurt, vagina hurts' c. Aggressive comes out and tries to kill the body before the memories come out. d. The child personality came out. 'I don't know but there are hurting hearts.' e. No. They showed her the video. f. Her body would block herself by closing her eyes and ignoring it. e. Says we will always be, go ahead kill this body

(Dev lec 6, Middle Childhood, 6-7 to 11-12) For _a__, a child at this stage is in the ___b___ stage which lasts from 6-7 to 11-12 years. At this stage the child develops the ability to understand consistent factors in their environmental. This child will now be able to understand the laws of conversation and paper clips changing shapes. They also develop classification which is the ability to identify ___c___ and ____d____ which is the ability to order things in their various lengths which they can now do because they are able to organize their thoughts. At this stage they are also more able to ___e___ and draw out a map remembering the prof's example of the kid who told him the office is near the water fountain.

a. piaget b. concrete operational c. hierarchy d. separation e. give directions

(dev lec 6, early childhood 3-4) There are two forms of aggression. The first is called ___a___ aggression which is goal directed aggression. For example punching someone to get your book back. ___b___ aggression is meant to hurt someone else for example punching someone with the intent to hurt them. In children in early childhood there is a lot more ___c___ aggression because at this point they might not have a true cognitive understanding of who is intentionally hurting them. ()()()There are also __d__ general subcategories of aggression observed in children. The first is ___e___ aggression which can direct or indirect. The second is __f__ which include threats of physical violence, name calling, and teasing and this is always direct. The third type is __g__ aggression and involved friendship manipulation and social exclusion and can be both direct and indirect. ()()()Boys tend to engage in ___h__ violence because it's culturally okay while girls tend to resort to relational and verbal because they are less disciplined for it.

a. proactive or instumental b. Reactive or hostile c. proactive d. 3 e. physical f. verbal g. relational h. physical

The purpose of Inconic memory is probably to holds information information resented across time and space to link something you see to your mental understanding of what that thing is. For example the prof quickly flashed a picture of a cat only revealing a line of the kitty at one given time. This happened very quickly and really each distinct image is not enough to tell us what it is and yet I was able to predict that it was some kind of feline. This show that that Inconic memory is not just retinal after image that we are ____a_____ and predicting the objects around us in a none detailed way where every second the image of a moving ball is updating itself to our internal representation similar to what I learned in developmental psychology about ___b___'s theory of internal and external equilibrium. It also explains by we move our eyes on 2-3 fixations per second called ___c____. _____d_____ studies, especially ones that are bottom up, tell us that icons help us glue together information but only as much as it needs. (10.06.2014 Cog lec 5 memory)

a. proactively updating b. Piaget c. cascades d. Change blindness

(dev lec 6, early childhood 3-4) There are two forms of aggression. The first is called proactive or instrumental aggression which is goal directed aggression. For example ____a____. Reactive or hostile aggression is meant to _____b_____. In children in early childhood there is a lot more proactive aggression because at this point they might not have a true cognitive understanding of who is intentionally hurting them. ()()() There are also 3 general subcategories of aggression observed in children. The first is physical which can direct or indirect but involves ___c___. The second is verbal which include ___d____ and this is always direct. The third type is relational and involves ____e____ and can be both direct and indirect. ()()() Boys tend to engage in physical violence because it's culturally okay while girls tend to resort to ___f___ aggression because they are less disciplined for it.

a. punching someone to get your book back b. hurt someone else for example punching someone with the intent to hurt them c. attacking someone physically d. threats of physical aggression, name calling, and teasing e. friendship manipulation and social exclusion f. relational and verbal

The purpose of Inconic memory is probably to holds information information resented across time and space to link something you see to your mental understanding of what that thing is. For example the prof quickly flashed a picture of a cat only revealing a line of the kitty at one given time. This happened very ______a_______ what it is and yet I was able to predict that it was some kind of feline. This show that that Inconic memory is not just retinal after image that we are proactively detecting and predicting the objects around us in _____b______ where every second the image of a moving ball is updating itself to our internal representation similar to what I learned in developmental psychology about Piaget's _____c_______. It also explains by we move our eyes on 2-3 fixations per second. (10.06.2014 Cog lec 5 memory)

a. quickly and really each distinct image is not enough to tell us b. a none detailed way c. theory of internal and external equilibrium

(10.3.2014, pcog Lec 7, long term memory and retrival) Spontaneous organization The recall of one word for a category can act as a sort of category level which can serve as retrival cue for everything. This suggests that organization is really helpful for ___a___. Bower et Al's varied the visual spatial information given and found that words that are presenting as an organizational system was far more effective for recall. In a similar way Bradley and Johnson wanted to see if preventing ____b___ prevents ____c____. They did this with an ____d___. Those who didn't see the picture did much ____e___ showing that prior knowledge helps organization as they are coming in. Seeing the picture after didn't help either. This is because it is about encoding. The story turned out to be about a man trying to use air balloons to lift his stereo to his lover's window.

a. recalling memory b. categorization c. encoding d. ambigious story which is hard to understand e. worse

(10.3.2014, pcog Lec 7, long term memory and retrival) Consoliation is the process of _____a_____. Which can be LTP and system consolidation which is gradual reorganization of systems in the brain over the period of days months or years. During consolidation memories are labile or are subject to change. So what happens when memory is damaged by brain trauma. Anterograde amnesia, HM, didn't have future memory, but they had some retrograde amenesia (soup opera) a couple of years before the injury. (Girl asked about retrograde not likely caused by head injury she probably heard it from abnormal psychology.) These memories are not yet fully consilated, based on Hebbs' ___b___ trace. What factors effected of consolidation? Researchers eventually figured out that one of the major uses of ___c___ is on consolidation of memory. (Walker 2012) Finger tapping sequence learning and practice where participants learn sequences of tapping (Prof says there seems to be the same sequences). What they did was test in morning then at 10 pm, what really got better was overnight. There a confound here though is time ____d____. It's a confound both time passes and then you sleep (prof didn't choose my hand but I am interacting a lot). Also study after where you tend 10 pm, sleep, 10 am you are better even compared to a 10 pm later. So it's not just based on time or mood. Research has found that __e___ minutes will help, same results as 8 hours. But 20 minutes also finds some good effects. Student says the protein construction like a book mark, longer lasting lasting memory. But prof says slow wave sleep ____f_____. REM on other hand is ____g____. Diekelmann et Al, (2012) had people recall which in each location in a grid. Either ___e___. In first conditon sleep for 40 minutes, 90 minutes, 40 minutes presenting an odor during learning and then sleep with odor or sleep without odor. Results were 40 minutes not much difference, 90 minutes sleep saw improvement, but smell 40 minutes ___f___ of 90 minutes. This is an example of ___g___. What is happening in the odor cue? Answer can be seen when looking at hippocampus in animal studeis. Hippocampus is like the filing system making connections in the network. What drive that? The answer is replay. When you measure in neruo activity, it is repeated in sleep. (2007 Euston et al) had rats learning or explore a maze. They plug electrodres are stuck in brain. Found that there are patterns from hippocampis activity in different maze seen in color based on location. Measure of 4 different neurons pre task sleep only one activated. During task they measured all activation. During sleep afterwards the same pattern firing just at a compressed time. It is getting replayed over and over again exactly what you ses Hebbs is second trace. Memories are transfers of proteins. They are a physical thing in the brain. So to prevent memory you prevent proteins which is exactly an anisomycin does. This prevents proteins creation in rats. Nader et Al (2002a) injection of anisomycin during consolidation on rat can effect how they mice are learning operent conditioning. But also elimation during recall. I wonder if they have ever tried this with people. You can prevent and erase memory. The action of recall it makes memories make them vunerable to change.

a. solidfying memory traces in neural structures over very long periods of time b. first c. sleep d. because it could be that it is dependent on it being 24 hours e. 90 minutes f. turns volume down, but if turned down the signal in neurons, ex radio down easier to differ from one or other g. strengthening h. sleep or stay awake to read magazine f. had same results g. encoding specifity

(Dev lec 6, Middle Childhood, 6-7 to 11-12) At this stage of life we find that children will differ in how they interpret their ____a_____. This is called ___b_____ ()()()A child can have a ____c_____ achievement attribution style where success is by personal effort and failure is due to factors within their control. A child with this style may think that she didn't work hard enough if she gets a bad mark. ()()()A child with ____d____ achievement attribution believes that successes are by luck and failures are due their own internal inability. ()()()These styles are developed largely by how ____e____. When a child does something good and the parents say it is because they are smart then the child will think that failures are because they are dumb. Meanwhile a parent who compliments their child when they work hard will help the child develop ____f_____ achievement attribution style.

a. success and failures b. achievement attribution. c. mastery oriented d. learned helplessness e. parents talk to their child f. mastery

(dev lec 6, early childhood 3-4) Do children think in categories for morals? There are ___a____ distinct categories , ___b___ are action that protect people. ___c____ are things like holding the door open. Finally there is ___d____ like a child who gives his friend peanut butter sandwhiches even thought his friend does not like them. ()()() Children at this age tend to think about moral imperatives in it's context. When asked what's worse smashing one plate on purpose or breaking 4 by accident the child will think ___e____ is much worse. Also they tend to think physical aggression is worse than relational aggression.

a. three b. moral imperatives c. Social conventions d. matters of personal preference e. that smashing four plates if much worse even if it was by accident

(----)Bodly believes that the concept of short term memory is____a____ because it does not account for processes such working out a spatial question in your mind. He believed that working memory can be seen in three distinct part: The ____b_____, the central executive, and the phonological loop. (----)The phonological loop is the auditory mental repetition of concepts to keep them in the working memory and has 2 aspects: the ___c____ and the ____d____. It's found that the capacity is around 2 seconds, suggesting that fast talkers might be able to fit more in. Also people tend to have trouble if the sound of the words are similar or if the meaning of the words are similar. (-----) The central executive does all of the ____e___ while the visual spatial sketch pad and phen loop maintain info. (10.06.2014 Cog lec 5 memory)

a. too restrictive b. visual-spatial sketchpad c. length of time d. complexity/length of the word e. processing

(dev lec 6, early childhood 3-4) Gender typing in early childhood is the assigning of ___a___. By the age of 18 months children will tend to group ___a___. This tends to get more ingrained later in childhood development. Teachers are also more likely to enforce gender values on boys.

a. traits that have no genetic basis b. soft objects for female and sharp/rough objects for boys

(----)Bodly believes that the concept of short term memory is too restrictive because it does not account for processes such working out a spatial question in your mind. He believed that working memory can be seen in three distinct part: The three parts are called the _____a______. (----)The phonological loop is the auditory mental repetition of concepts to keep them in the working memory and has 2 aspects: the length of time and the complexity/length of the word. It's found that the capacity is around 2 seconds, suggesting that ____b____ might be able to fit more in. Also people tend to have trouble if the sound of the words are similar or if the ______c_______. (-----) The central executive does all of the processing while the visual spatial sketch pad and phen loop maintain info. (10.06.2014 Cog lec 5 memory)

a. visual-spatial sketchpad, the central executive, and the phonological loop. b. fast talkers c. meaning of the words are similar

In the study of metacognition and the theory of mind, which is what people ______(a)____, researchers used to think that infants cannot think about thinking and the thinking of others before the development of language. However researchers found in 2010 that infants before language know adtuls have mental thoughts when researchers would drop a pencil and look at it, reaching toward it, longingly. They found that infants eventually knew to pick up the pencil and give it to the researcher. This shows that the infant understand ______(b)____. Another concept is when children understand that people's actions can be guided by beliefs, especially false ones known as the ______(c)____ Theory of mind. They have found that infants younger than the age of 4 seem o be unable to understand that other people could have beliefs that are wrong. Like for example an infant girl is asked if her sister will be fooled by playdough jar that has no playdough if they asked her sister what was in side. The girl was unable to conceive of deception. ___________________ 09.30.2014 Dev Lec 4 (Attachment, temperament)

a. what people think occurs in their mind, researchers used to think that infants cannot think about thinking and the thinking of others before the development of language. b. understand that other people have intentions and wants. c. Belief desire theory of mind

(dev lec 6, early childhood 3-4) There are four types of child rearing styles. ()()() Authoritative has acceptance and involvement and are have adaptive control ____a____. This is the best type of parenting style. ()()() Authoritarian, unlike authoritative has low acceptance and __b__involvement. They tend to set their control __c__ and engage in two forms of control. Behavioral control involving ____d____ and psychological control where______e_____. The child has very low self control. ()()() Permissive style has high acceptance but either too ____f___ involvement. These parents have low control and give the child too much autonomy. This results in the child have an inflated ego which later become a hinderance to development. ()()() Uninvolved parenting style is usually when the parent has ____g____ and is not acting as a parental figure at all.

a. which grants the child reasonable choices like allowing them to choose when they get ready, but making a rule to be in bed by a certain time b. low c. too high d. hard and fast rules which can never be change e. failure to comply by rules is met with asking why the child does not care about them f. low or too much g. mental issues

(Stats ch 5) ___a___ take the ___b____. It is useful because it tells the exact location of the original X value within the distribution. In addition it allows z-scores from one standard to be compared to another standard like for example IQ. () The sign (+) or (-) tells you whether ____c____. The number tells you the distance between the score and mean in teems of the number of standard deviations. () the z score formula is ____d____ . The numerator is a deviation score which is divided by o because we want the z score to measure in terms of standard deviation. While the formula for a sample is z = (X-M)/s, x is sample score, M is the sample mean, s is standard deviation. ()()()if given standard deviation, mean, and zscore you can calculate X by ____e___ or simply using this formula x= u + zo. ()()()for zscores the mean should always have a mean of __f__ because it's values should all be either above or below the mean. The shape of graphs should not be changed by zscore, but the value of the mean will become 0. ()()() A ___g___ is composed of scores that have been transformed to create predetermined values for u and o. This way two different distributions can be compared, for example the score of two separate classes. This is done by simple multiplying z score to standard deviation. The same can work for a sample but we must remember that ____h___. ()()() To find the sum of ___i___ of z score you go through the same process of squaring the numbers. ()()()Z Scores can be used to interpret whether a certain type of treatment caused a ___j___. If for example the a rat injected with a growth hormone grows zscore=+4 then we see that there was a big difference

a. zscores b. standard deviation and each x value into a standard score c. the score is located below or above the mean d. z = (x-u)/o e. multiplying the zscore by the standard deviation and then adding it to the mean f. 0 g. standard distribution h. it is a sample standard distribution i. distribution j. major difference

(early childhood)At around the age of ___a1___ years most children have good self esteem because not many children are comparing themselves ____a_____. But at the age of around 4 years they begin to have self judgements of the self. ()()() Do children in their middle childhood of 3 to 4 understand the emotions of others? A preschooler at around the age of 4 can ____b_____ For example if a child was shown a picture of a child who is happy the child can project that the kid in the picture us happy because say he is going to eat ice cream. They can be confused by complex emotions though. If it was a photo of a happy man with a caste the child may become confused at that. They tend to be only able to understand emotions with a ____c______. The child can be helped to faster development if the parent explains how emotions relate to behavior. What also seems to help is siblings because there is more opportunities where a child has to explains his emotions to another person.

a1. 3-4 years A. To other children b.j udge and predict why people feel various emotions. c. Emotions with a single cause

(Dev lec 6, Middle Childhood, ____a1___) Children are this stage develop more complex understandings of morality. One common insight is on situations where it's moral to lie. Another example the prof gave was on understanding that social conventions ____a___, like holding the door open for example. ()()()Children at this stage though still tend to view physical aggression as worse than relational aggression. ___b___ though also think relational aggression is bad and the prof suggests this may be because girls are taught not to physically hit which causes them to resort to verbal and relational aggression more than boys.

a1. 6-7 to 11-12 a. have a purpose b. Girls

(Dev lec 6, ___a1___, 6-7 to 11-12) During this period of time children being to engage in ___a___ coping strategies. ()()() ____b_____coping is action oriented and involves taken physical steps to make them feel better. Like if a child is upset because someone keeps taking his ball then he could go get the ball back. ()()() ____c____ coping is used if problem centered coping is impossible. Like if a boy develops a crush on a girl, but the girl moves away then the both will engage in internal, private actions aimed at controlled distress when little can be done.

a1. Middle Childhood a. emotional b. Problem centered c. Emotion centered

What is the name of the conversion disorder where they experience lose or impariments of sensations?

anaestheias

Why do some people not develop anxiety despite experiencing panic attacks?

any attribute the attacks to events of the moment (AB 5)

Variability describes the distribution. Specifically, it tells whether the scores ________________________. Usually, variability is defined in terms of distance. It tells how much distance to expect between one score and another, or how much distance to expect between an individual score and the mean. For example, we know that the heights for most adult males are clustered close together, within 5 or 6 inches of the average. Although more extreme heights exist, they are relatively rare. (10.03.2014 Stats ch 4 textbook extraction/notes)

are clustered close together or are spread out over a large distance

(11.6.2014, Ab ch 11, Schizophrenia) PET acans of schizophrenia reveals that the number of dopamine receptors

are greater or are more hypersensitive in people with schizophrenia compared with normal controls (Goldsmith, Shaporo, and Joycs, 1997)

Variability measures how well an individual score (or group of scores) represents the entire distribution. This aspect of variability is very important for inferential statistics, in which relatively small samples are used to answer questions about populations. For example, suppose that you selected a sample of one person to represent the entire population. Because most adult males have heights that are within a few inches of the population average (the distances are small), there is a very good chance that you would select someone whose height is within 6 inches of the population mean. On the other hand, the scores ______________in the distribution of weights. In this case, you probably would not obtain someone whose weight was within 6 pounds of the population mean. Thus, variability provides information about how much error to expect if you are using a sample to represent a population (10.03.2014 Stats ch 4 textbook extraction/notes)

are much more spread out (greater distances)

Children by the age 6 can learn up to 10,000 words. But how so quickly? It is partly because children learn by recogniition rather than recall, for example looking at a table instead of defining it which is done later. Verbs and modifiers usually come after because verbs are action orientated which ________(a)________ For Grammer infants develop subject verb objects quickly It's likely they also engage in heuristics where they make generalized assumptions that for example the word table is applicable to this table only. Also in conversation by the age of 4 infants adapt the ability to adjust the way they speak to people of different age and gender. They are aware that they have an issue when talking on the phone though which relies on less physical cues. ___________________ 09.30.2014 Dev Lec 4 (Attachment, temperament)

are not as closely demonstrated by the parents.

Variability measures how well an individual score (or group of scores) represents the entire distribution. This aspect of variability is very important for inferential statistics, in which relatively small samples _____________. For example, suppose that you selected a sample of one person to represent the entire population. Because most adult males have heights that are within a few inches of the population average (the distances are small), there is a very good chance that you would select someone whose height is within 6 inches of the population mean. On the other hand, the scores are much more spread out (greater distances) in the distribution of weights. In this case, you probably would not obtain someone whose weight was within 6 pounds of the population mean. Thus, variability provides information about how much error to expect if you are using a sample to represent a population (10.03.2014 Stats ch 4 textbook extraction/notes)

are used to answer questions about populations

Fitz three stage model of skill learning

army wanted to know how people get better at things. (1) cognitive stage where active thinking is required and skill based on verbalized rules like trying to be clean with Daisy in Italy. (2) Associative stage some action is sterotyped. Example know how to build supply depot but not know if should be done. (3) autonomous stage movements becomez automated like maybe the movements of masterbation. Asking at the time messes people up.

(Robins et al, 1996) researched data from 300 adolescent children in the US and found three distinct categories a. the easy (relaxed and adjusted), the difficult (easily frustrated), and the slow to warm up child (shy) b. the resistant type (cope best with adversity), the over-controlling type (shy), and the under-controlling type (externalizing behaviors) c. the resilient type (cope best with adversity), the over-controlling type (shy), and the under-controlling type (externalizing behaviors) d. the easy (cope best with adversity), the difficult (externalizing behaviors), and the slow to warm up child (shy) (12.13.2014, pcog ch 2 review Current paradigm and Integrative Approaches)

b. the resistant type (cope best with adversity), the over-controlling type (shy), and the under-controlling type (externalizing behaviors)

Though central tendencies tell us good information, it is missing deacriptions of how many people are close to the average or whether they are scattered throughout the scores. Measures of variability therefore is used to find how variable terms alongside _______ statistics such as mean, medium, or mode. (10.02.2014, stats lec 4 variability)

basic descriptive statistics

This is the growing body of research of environment and biological effecting each other. Three areas of fast growing on psychology .(11.1.2014, ab lec ch 12, psychophysical disroder) -

behavioral neuroscience, cognitive psychology (artifical intelligence), brain and mind interaction (dualist, health psychologist found in hospitals).

A sample statistic is unbiased if the average value of the statistic is equal to the population parameter. (The average value of the statistic is obtained from all the possible samples for a specific sample size, n.) A sample statistic is __________ if the average value of the statistic either underestimates or overestimates the corresponding population parameter. (10.03.2014 Stats ch 4 textbook extraction/notes)

biased

(11.11.2014, Ab Midterm wrong) in mood disorder, irritability

both in manic and depressed episode

The standard deviation is the most commonly used and the most important measure of variability. Standard deviation uses the mean of the distribution as a reference point and measures variability by considering the distance between each score and the mean. In simple terms, the standard deviation provides a measure of the standard, or average, distance from the mean, and describes whether the scores are _______________. (10.03.2014 Stats ch 4 textbook extraction/notes)

clustered closely around the mean or are widely scattered

The standard deviation is the most commonly used and the most important measure of variability. Standard measures variability by _____________. In simple terms, the standard deviation provides a measure of the standard, or average, distance from the mean, and describes whether the scores are clustered closely around the mean or are widely scattered. (10.03.2014 Stats ch 4 textbook extraction/notes)

considering the distance between each score and the mean

Deviation from the mean is the ____________. It measures the deviation from a common central tendency. It can tell us how an individual stands in relation to the other scores as well us how accurate this set of scores is to a population. When there is a small vulnerability then it is a good representation because it means that more scores are contained in an area. (10.02.2014, stats lec 4 variability)

conventional form of variation

Research on the number of receptors and mental disorders is the idea that a. receptors release too much neurotrasmitters b. excess of neurotransmitter damaging the receptor over time c. receptors holding onto a neurotrasmitter for too long d. excess amount of receptors would activate neurotransmitters (12.13.2014, pcog ch 2 review Current paradigm and Integrative Approaches)

d. excess amount of receptors would activate neurotransmitters

Thomas and Chess (1989) children's 3 temperament types are a. welladjusted, relaxed, and angry chid b. the easy, the uneasy, and the shy child c. the easy, the difficult, and the angry child d. the easy, the difficult, and the slow to warm up child (12.13.2014, pcog ch 2 review Current paradigm and Integrative Approaches)

d. the easy, the difficult, and the slow to warm up child

The third is or called the standard variation which is the average squared distance from the mean. This involves finding the distance of each integer of the mean, square each distance, find the average of the result and then square rooting it. In the situation of a sample you would subtract 1 from the number dividing for the mean of the squared numbers because of a concept called ______________ which mainly is that there is a tendency for deviations to be undervalues and needs to be accounted for. With this method you can achieve what is called one standard deviation from the mean which is 68% of the score, while 2 standard deviation involves 95%. (10.02.2014, stats lec 4 variability)

degrees of freedom

Define dendrites and axons (12.7.2014, pcog ch 2 review, general cog neuroscience)

dentrites are what branches our from one neuron cell body to another to recieve singals axon is the connection which trasmits signals

History graded influences (Dev lec 1)

depends on the specific history experienced by a group

(11.11.2014, Ab Midterm wrong) difference between diagnosis and assessment

diagnosis is determining nature of illness, assessment is procedure to gather infor.ation to idnetify the illness

We tend to think of memory as individual experiences, but researchers consider memory to be a thing which can be broken down into ________________. (10.06.2014 Cog lec 5 memory)

different types of memories

Sensory memory are the briefest form of memory based on _________. It essentially is what lets me replay the voice of the prof in my mind so that I can write down important notes even though she has moved on. There are different sensory modalities that have different properties. The easiest sensory moduality to test is vision which is also called Iconic memory. (10.06.2014 Cog lec 5 memory)

direct sensory stimulation.

There are three forms of verifiability. The first is called the range difference .It is the simplest type but can be influenced by outliers or explain values which make it less useful. The second is the Interquartile range of 25th to 75th percentile. This is a better representation of the outliers, but may not give the _______________. The third is or called the standard variation which is the average squared distance from the mean. This involves finding the distance of each integer of the mean, square each distance, find the average of the result and then square rooting it. (10.02.2014, stats lec 4 variability)

entire picture of the variables

Episodic vs semantic, how they stored and does repition help

epi is "I remember" while sem "I know". Can be flexible for example changing car crash to verbal format, semantic can be shared like when I say I learned from this class. Epi is acquired at once in spatial and temporal. semantic is strengthened through repitition, generally no contextual information. Repeating episodic can blur.

A sample statistic is unbiased if the average value of the statistic is _________. (The average value of the statistic is obtained from all the possible samples for a specific sample size, n.) A sample statistic is biased if the average value of the statistic either underestimates or overestimates the corresponding population parameter. (10.03.2014 Stats ch 4 textbook extraction/notes)

equal to the population parameter

Variability measures how well an individual score (or group of scores) represents the entire distribution. This aspect of variability is very important for inferential statistics, in which relatively small samples are used to answer questions about populations. For example, suppose that you selected a sample of one person to represent the entire population. Because most adult males have heights that are within a few inches of the population average (the distances are small), there is a very good chance that you would select someone whose height is within 6 inches of the population mean. On the other hand, the scores are much more spread out (greater distances) in the distribution of weights. In this case, you probably would not obtain someone whose weight was within 6 pounds of the population mean. Thus, variability provides information about how much _________ to expect if you are using a sample to represent a population (10.03.2014 Stats ch 4 textbook extraction/notes)

error

(11.6.2014, Ab ch 11, Schizophrenia) According to Lehman and Ban the difference between first and second (atypical) antiphychotic medication is that

first generation only blocks d2 dopamine receptor while while atypical medication blocks D2 and has effects on D3, D4 dopamine rectpors as well as seretonin receptor S2, S3 (Lehmann and Ban, 1997).

Children by the age 6 can learn up to 10,000 words. But how so quickly? It is partly because children learn by recogniition rather than recall, for example looking at a table instead of defining it which is done later. Verbs and modifiers usually come after because verbs are action orientated which are not as closely demonstrated by the parents. For Grammer infants develop subject verb objects quickly It's likely they also engage in heuristics where they make ________(a)________ Also in conversation by the age of 4 infants adapt the ability to adjust the way they speak to people of different age and gender. They are aware that they have an issue when talking on the phone though which relies on less physical cues. ___________________ 09.30.2014 Dev Lec 4 (Attachment, temperament)

generalized assumptions that for example the word table is applicable to this table only.

(11.11.2014, Ab Midterm wrong) what is a syndrone

group of symptoms together

What was HM's contribution? Why got chubby? He familiar with caregiver? knew mirror? what he know about condition

head injury at age of 12 had seizures almost everyday. Neuro surgeon removed both medial temporal lobe to control it. But the neuro surgeon made a reckless mistake. As a result he got anterograd amenesia, no new long term memories. Lost about 3 years but kept the rest LTM. Liked to watcg commericals because he could follow them. Got chubby because he could never remember when he last ate. Became familiar with caregivers, guessed he was from high school. Don't know age but not surprised with memory in mirror. Knew he had a surgery that went better

What does HM's case tell us about LTM and STM? Distinct declarative and non declarative mem?

helped make case that LTM and STM were different. Given mirror tracing task, measure how many times they go outside the lines, he got better at it over 10 days even though he never knew he did it (was surprised). Could also conditioning. So all non declarative LTM is fine, just LTM declarative.

Most consistent with epiphenonmenal. Low association strength characteristics can be verified faster than (11.24.2014, Pcog lec, imagery)

high association strength characteristics using imagery

How did Bower and Winzenz (1970) demonstrate that imagining interactions in the mind helps with encoding in the LTM? What is this type of learning called? (10.3.2014, pcog ch 7, long term memory and retrival)

his is call paired-associate learning. (Daisy and I are pair-associates, both of us are attractive and it made us easy to remember in our summer aborad trip) In the exerpiment one group was told to silently repeat the words while the other group were told to form a mental picture. Those that created the images had better recall. (This is similar to the memory techniques I tried to learn where you visualize something really extreme or sexual for memorization. It also explains all the vulger pussy and penis terms I used for Stats memorization)

Though central tendencies tell us good information, it is missing deacriptions of ____________. Measures of variability therefore is used to find how variable terms alongside basic descriptive statistics such as mean, medium, or mode. (10.02.2014, stats lec 4 variability)

how many people are close to the average or whether they are scattered throughout the scores

(11.28.2014, Ab lec on Old age, ch 16) Psychology video presented, life span develop vs growth

includes both growing up and winding down.

Deviation from the mean is the conventional form of variation. It measures the deviation from a common central tendency. It can tell us how an ________________ as well us how accurate this set of scores is to a population. When there is a small vulnerability then it is a good representation because it means that more scores are contained in an area. (10.02.2014, stats lec 4 variability)

individual stands in relation to the other scores

(11.7.2014, Ab Lec Schizophrenia) What is side effect post synatic receptor antagonist

it can causes issue to movement

Deviation from the mean is the conventional form of variation. It measures the deviation from a common central tendency. It can tell us how an individual stands in relation to the other scores as well as how accurate this set of scores is to a population. When there is a small vulnerability then it is a good representation because _________________ (10.02.2014, stats lec 4 variability)

it means that more scores are contained in an area.

300 ms seeing hosptial then nurse (Neely, 1977) (non dec mem)

just flashing related prime there is a huge reduction. Unrelated: nurse vehicle. Related: prime not word. Related prime: hosptial nurse. Same semantics.

What is recently effect for serial position what happens when 30 second delay?

last of list is still in short term memory. recenty effect is gone if delayed by 30 seconds.

autobiographical memory and personal semantic memory example described from the textbook

memory for specific experiences that include both episodic and semantic components. An example of personal semantic memory would be for example the sushi place near spadina station is Daisy and I's favorite place.

The second is the Interquartile range of 25th to 75th percentile. This is a better representation of the outliers, but may not give the entire picture of the variables. To achieve this you look for the the second quarter of the value. The general idea is (3rd quarter) - (1st quarter). A semi interqualtile range is the ________________ which is defined by the middle 50%. (10.02.2014, stats lec 4 variability)

middle of distribution to the boundary

What is written down in serial position, what gets written down first the beginning of list or end of the list?

most put end first

(11.14.2014, ab lec, drug, substance) Alcohol (depressent)

most widely used alcohol. One of the most widely abused drugs. Short term: suppress limbic system, can overdose though probably pass out, danguous with young users, tolerence, Long term: cancer and heart disease Sons of alcholic fathers tend to experience alcoholism. Studies find that it can be effective

When you add a constant number to the variables the mean changes but the standard deviation does not change. On the other hand if you _________ constant then the standard deviation will increase by that change multiple. (10.02.2014, stats lec 4 variability)

multiply by a

(11.11.2014, Ab Midterm wrong) according to legal definition is pot a mental disorder

no not the same as a mental disorder

(11.14.2014, ab lec, drug, substance) Are drug hallunications similar to Schizophrenia hallunications

no they are not the same. Usually visual rather than auditoryu

non declarative memory vs declarative

non declarative can't be described like how one balances on bike or how Johanna can know a concept learned but can't put it into words. Declarative is stuff that can be spoken about.

10.25.2014, Stats ch 6 Probability and unit normal table) For a normal distribution, what z-score separates the top 10% from the remainder of the distribution? To answer this question, we have sketched a normal distribution [Figure 6.9(a)] and drawn a vertical line that separates the highest 10% (approximately) from the rest. The problem is to locate the exact position of this line. For this distribution, we know that the tail contains 0.1000 (10%) and the body contains 0.9000 (90%). To find the z-score value, you simply

ocate the row in the unit normal table that has 0.1000 in column C or 0.9000 in column B. For example, you can scan down the values in column C (tail) until you find a proportion of 0.1000. Note that you probably will not find the exact proportion, but you can use the closest value listed in the table. For this example, a proportion of 0.1000 is not listed in column C but you can use 0.1003, which is listed. Once you have found the correct proportion in the table, simply read across the row to find the corresponding z-score value in column A. For this example, the z-score that separates the extreme 10% in the tail is z = 1.28. At this point you must be careful because the table does not differentiate between the right-hand tail and the left-hand tail of the distribution. Specifically, the final answer could be either z = +1.28, which separates 10% in the right-hand tail, or z = —1.28, which separates 10% in the left-hand tail. For this problem we want the right-hand tail (the highest 10%), so the z-score value is z = +1.28. EXAMPLE 6 . 4 B For a normal distribution, what z-score values form the boundaries that separate the middle 60% of the distribution from the rest of the scores? Again, we have sketched a normal distribution [Figure 6.9(b)] and drawn vertical lines so that roughly 60% of the distribution in the central section, with the remainder

Open ended social problem solving to prove purpose of episodic memory, construsctive episodic simulation hypothesis

open ended do not have a specific answer, cannot store and recall solutions. How point a to b when finding watch. Control talks about things around where they may have found it with a number of personal epi in nature and other sem in nature. More relevant steps found in control and also more epi details in controls while sem was identical. So therefore epi memory are extracted and recombined for future.

cognitive skills are about (pcog lec 7)

patterns of thoight that help in problem solving or application of stratergies. So chess players ability is really just being able to do task over and over.

Seriel position curve LTM (primacy, recency)

plots recall and finds pattern according to their relative position. Primacy effect first, recency the most recent

Priming occurs when (Non dec men)

presenation of one stimulas changes the response to a subsequent stimulas.

(11.7.2014, Ab Lec Schizophrenia) In children in schizoprhenia. Kinda of normal. Called the _____ schizeonprhenia with level of function pretty high but behavior is rather odd or percular. Like changes in emotions not seen in other children and poor choice of hygene.

prodromal

(11.14.2014, ab lec, drug, substance) Pot physical or psychological withdrawal

psychological withdrawal no physical withdrawal.

(11.11.2014, Ab Midterm wrong) three major components of anxiety?

psychophysiologicL, psychological, interpersonal

psychosematic disorder vs somatoform disorders (10.24.2014, ab lec 7, somatform and dissassociative)

psychosematic are real ailment, think yourself sick or stress. (1) Heart disease and (2) ulcer (3) admatic attacks. Somatform disorders on the other hand look like physical disorder but can't find physical source.

The whole report condition tries to get around this by asking people to identify as many letters as they can when flashed something like a 5 by 5 table of random letters. This gets past the previous issue because guessing would not useful. What it found was that people only got about a ______________ which demonstrates the apparent limit of sensory memory (10.06.2014 Cog lec 5 memory)

quarter correct

The _______ is probably the most obvious way to describe how spread out the scores are—simply find the distance between the maximum and the minimum scores. The problem with using the range as a measure of variability is that it is completely determined by the two extreme values and ignores the other scores in the distribution. Thus, a distribution with one unusually large (or small) score has a large range even if the other scores are all clustered close together. (10.03.2014 Stats ch 4 textbook extraction/notes)

range

There are three forms of verifiability. The first is called the ___________ It is the simplest type and can be influenced by outliers or explain values which make it less useful. The second is the Interquartile range of 25th to 75th percentile. This is a better representation of the outliers, but may not give the entire picture of the variables. The third is or called the standard variation which is the average squared distance from the mean. This involves finding the distance of each integer of the mean, square each distance, find the average of the result and then square rooting it. (10.02.2014, stats lec 4 variability)

range difference.

Children by the age 6 can learn up to 10,000 words. But how so quickly? It is partly because children learn by ________(a)________, for example looking at a table instead of defining it which is done later. Verbs and modifiers usually come after because verbs are action orientated which are not as closely demonstrated by the parents. For Grammer infants develop subject verb objects quickly It's likely they also engage in heuristics where they make generalized assumptions that for example the word table is applicable to this table only. Also in conversation by the age of 4 infants adapt the ability to adjust the way they speak to people of different age and gender. They are aware that they have an issue when talking on the phone though which relies on less physical cues. ___________________ 09.30.2014 Dev Lec 4 (Attachment, temperament)

recogniition rather than recall

Recollection vs familiariority

recollection is recalling a specific experience like recalling when I first met Daisy. Familiarity is when you just think you've seen them before like asian girl from my dorm floor today.

Priming can be perceptual when? semantic? Automatic and implicit? (non dec mem)

red prime then id red. Prime is related to target. Activates sensory experience. Automatic and implit because you cannot stop it.

remember/know procedure what is difference and what did we find?

remember is suppoaed to be episodic memory with a sense of recollection (memory of grading). If know then semantic with familiarity (memory of girl I've seen before). Older adults remmber, know, don't know about public events asking about 10 years or less or 40-50 years ago. Know was if no specific association, remember is actuallg know. Result was don't know increases with time. Remember or epi memory declines a lot while semantic stays constant. (george washinton, more semantic now, no recall)

remember/know procedure what is difference and what did we find?

remember is suppoaed to be episodic memory with a sense of recollection (memory of grading). If know then semantic with familiarity (memory of girl I've seen before). Older adults remmber, know, don't know about public events asking about 10 years or less or 40-50 years ago. Know was if no specific association, remember is actually know. Result was don't know increases with time. Remember or epi memory declines a lot while semantic stays constant. (george washinton, more semantic now, no recall)

Sensory memory are the briefest form of memory based on direct sensory stimulation. It essentially is what lets me ____________________ even though she has moved on. There are different sensory modalities that have different properties. The easiest sensory moduality to test is vision which is also called Iconic memory. (10.06.2014 Cog lec 5 memory)

replay the voice of the prof in my mind so that I can write down important notes

How does smoking, increase the risk of Anxiety via the BIS system?

research finds that exposure to nicotine in a chronic manner increases somatic symptoms which may increase the risk of those with a vulnerability to anxiety. People with anxiety have limbic systems oversensitive to stimulation (AB 5)

The second is the Interquartile range of 25th to 75th percentile. This is a better representation of the outliers, but may not give the entire picture of the variables. To achieve this you look for the the_______________. The general idea is (3rd quarter) - (1st quarter). A semi interqualtile range is the middle of distribution to the boundary which is defined by the middle 50%. (10.02.2014, stats lec 4 variability)

second quarter of the value

Can priming be cross modal? (non dec mem) (Chen and Spense 2011)

see picture before mask? 13 milisecond, 50% no picture. Of trails that have image had a sound before the picture which was congruent with image 25%, another 25% didn't match. Naturallistic sounds found that sound really helped.

The second is the Interquartile range of 25th to 75th percentile. This is a better representation of the outliers, but may not give the entire picture of the variables. To achieve this you look for the the second quarter of the value. The general idea is (3rd quarter) - (1st quarter). A__________ range is the middle of distribution to the boundary which is defined by the middle 50%. (10.02.2014, stats lec 4 variability)

semi interqualtile

The modal model assumes that memory works in a series of structures. Input is first processed in the _______ and then is moved to the short term memory and eventually will be stored in long term memory . Memory can be in short term memory with processes such as rehearsal. (10.06.2014 Cog lec 5 memory)

sensory memory

Sensory memory are the briefest form of memory based on direct sensory stimulation. It essentially is what lets me replay the voice of the prof in my mind so that I can write down important notes even though she has moved on. There are different __________ that have different properties. The easiest sensory moduality to test is vision which is also called Iconic memory. (10.06.2014 Cog lec 5 memory)

sensory modalities

The modal model assumes that memory works in a series of structures. Input is first processed in the sensory memory and then is moved to the ____________ and eventually will be stored in long term memory . Memory can be in short term memory with processes such as rehearsal. (10.06.2014 Cog lec 5 memory)

short term memory

perceptual motor skills, closed or open, basketball? (pcog 7)

skills of patteen of movement. Open can be adaptive based on context while close cannot. Is basketball is both like being flexible in certain situations, but lay up is closed.

Deviation from the mean is the conventional form of variation. It measures the deviation from a common central tendency. It can tell us how an individual stands in relation to the other scores as well as how accurate this set of scores is to a population. When there is a _____________ then it is a good representation because it means that more scores are contained in an area. (10.02.2014, stats lec 4 variability)

small vulnerability

The third is or called the standard variation which is the average squared distance from the mean. This involves finding the distance of each integer of the mean, _____________, find the average of the result and then square rooting it. In the situation of a sample you would subtract 1 from the number dividing for the mean of the squared numbers because of a concept called degrees of freedom which mainly is that there is a tendency for deviations to be undervalues and needs to be accounted for. With this method you can achieve what is called one standard deviation from the mean which is 68% of the score, while 2 standard deviation involves 95%. (10.02.2014, stats lec 4 variability)

square each distance

The third is or called the standard variation which is the average squared distance from the mean. This involves finding the distance of each integer of the mean, square each distance, find the average of the result and then _____________. In the situation of a sample you would subtract 1 from the number dividing for the mean of the squared numbers because of a concept called degrees of freedom which mainly is that there is a tendency for deviations to be undervalues and needs to be accounted for. With this method you can achieve what is called one standard deviation from the mean which is 68% of the score, while 2 standard deviation involves 95%. (10.02.2014, stats lec 4 variability)

square rooting it

The _________ is the most commonly used and the most important measure of variability. Standard deviation uses the mean of the distribution as a reference point and measures variability by considering the distance between each score and the mean. In simple terms, the standard deviation provides a measure of the standard, or average, distance from the mean, and describes whether the scores are clustered closely around the mean or are widely scattered. (10.03.2014 Stats ch 4 textbook extraction/notes)

standard deviation

There are three forms of verifiability. The first is called the range difference .It is the simplest type but can be influenced by outliers or explain values which make it less useful. The second is the Interquartile range of 25th to 75th percentile. This is a better representation of the outliers, but may not give the entire picture of the variables. The third is or called the __________ which is the average squared distance from the mean. This involves finding the distance of each integer of the mean, square each distance, find the average of the result and then square rooting it. (10.02.2014, stats lec 4 variability)

standard variation

(11.13 2014, Ab ch 12, substance abuse) substance abuse in dsm 4

substance abuse includes substance dependence but also includes failure to meet social/occupational obligations, persistent social and interpersonal problems, and trouble with the law.

The third is or called the standard variation which is the average squared distance from the mean. This involves finding the distance of each integer of the mean, square each distance, find the average of the result and then square rooting it. In the situation of a sample you would _______________________ because of a concept called degrees of freedom which mainly is that there is a tendency for deviations to be undervalues and needs to be accounted for. With this method you can achieve what is called one standard deviation from the mean which is 68% of the score, while 2 standard deviation involves 95%. (10.02.2014, stats lec 4 variability)

subtract 1 from the number dividing for the mean of the squared numbers

Variability measures how well an individual score (or group of scores) represents ________. This aspect is very important for inferential statistics, in which relatively small samples are used to answer questions about populations. For example, suppose that you selected a sample of one person to represent the entire population. Because most adult males have heights that are within a few inches of the population average (the distances are small), there is a very good chance that you would select someone whose height is within 6 inches of the population mean. On the other hand, the scores are much more spread out (greater distances) in the distribution of weights. In this case, you probably would not obtain someone whose weight was within 6 pounds of the population mean. Thus, variability provides information about how much error to expect if you are using a sample to represent a population (10.03.2014 Stats ch 4 textbook extraction/notes)

the entire distribution

Variability describes the distribution. Specifically, it tells whether the scores are clustered close together or are spread out over a large distance. Usually, variability is defined in terms of distance. It tells how much distance to expect between one score and another, or how much distance to expect between an individual score and___________. For example, we know that the heights for most adult males are clustered close together, within 5 or 6 inches of the average. Although more extreme heights exist, they are relatively rare. (10.03.2014 Stats ch 4 textbook extraction/notes)

the mean

Population variance equals_____________. Variance is the average squared distance from the mean. While Standard deviation is the variance squared. (10.03.2014 Stats ch 4 textbook extraction/notes)

the mean squared deviation

(11.14.2014, ab lec, drug, substance) withdrawal are the opposite

the opposite of what it does

(11.6.2014, Ab ch 11, Schizophrenia) It is obersved that positive symtoms of Schizoprhenia only occur near early adulthood and Weinberger proposed the theory that it is caused by

the prefrontal cortex maturing later and lower dopamine activity until adolescence could cause the the symptoms to remain silent (Weinberger, 1987)

(11.10.2014, Pcog lec Ch 11, wrong memory and catgories) Neuroscience of semantic networks, some categories processing is distruted within local modules like FFA. But how does the brain come to represent categories of common objects? One approach is semantic category approach which is

the theory that there are specifical neural circuits for some specific categories because we are already predisposed to by genetics. Speficially these are categories specific to survival, for example face recognition. They actually find that face recogniution ability is highly correlated in monozygotic twins.

Difference between primary and advanced empathy (12.13.2014, pcog ch 2 review Current paradigm and Integrative Approaches)

the therapists are to have unconditional positive regard and seek to first understand the client's feelings (primary empathy) and then interpret thoughts and feelings that are hidden from what is accessible or said by the client (advanced empathy)

Borderline personality disorder and why they cut "Back from the Edge" - Borderline Personality disorder video (11.21.2014, ab lec, personality disorders)

there is consistency of inflicting physical pain like punching self in the face or cutting. It gives them a way to manage their feelings. Cutting regulates emotion for this group of people. It helps them alleviates emotions that they don't want, feeling calm.

Deviation from the mean is the conventional form of variation. It measures the deviation from a common central tendency. It can tell us how an individual stands in relation to the other scores as well as how accurate this set of scores is ____________. When there is a small vulnerability then it is a good representation because it means that more scores are contained in an area. (10.02.2014, stats lec 4 variability)

to a population

Rooting reflex in babies. When is this no longer a reflex? (Dev Lec 2)

touch mouth baby will turn automatically, within 3 weeks it becomes voluntary

A sample statistic is _______ if the average value of the statistic is equal to the population parameter. (The average value of the statistic is obtained from all the possible samples for a specific sample size, n.) A sample statistic is biased if the average value of the statistic either underestimates or overestimates the corresponding population parameter. (10.03.2014 Stats ch 4 textbook extraction/notes)

unbiased

A sample statistic is unbiased if the average value of the statistic is equal to the population parameter. (The average value of the statistic is obtained from all the possible samples for a specific sample size, n.) A sample statistic is biased if the average value of the statistic either ____________ the corresponding population parameter. (10.03.2014 Stats ch 4 textbook extraction/notes)

underestimates or overestimates

The third is or called the standard variation which is the average squared distance from the mean. This involves finding the distance of each integer of the mean, square each distance, find the average of the result and then square rooting it. In the situation of a sample you would subtract 1 from the number dividing for the mean of the squared numbers because of a concept called degrees of freedom which mainly is that there is a tendency for deviations to be __________________. With this method you can achieve what is called one standard deviation from the mean which is 68% of the score, while 2 standard deviation involves 95%. (10.02.2014, stats lec 4 variability)

undervalues and needs to be accounted for

Mental disorders dosen't express until? (11.1.2014, ab lec ch 12, psychophysical disroder)

until there is stress

10.25.2014, Stats ch 6 Probability and unit normal table) For a normal distribution, what is the probability of selecting a z-score less than z = 1.50? In symbols, p(z < 1.50) = ?

ur goal is to determine what proportion of the normal distribution corresponds to z-scores less than 1.50. A normal distribution is shown in Figure 6.8(b) and z = 1.50 is marked in the distribution. Notice that we have shaded all the values to the left of (less than) z = 1.50. This is the portion we are trying to find. Clearly the shaded portion is more than 50%, so it corresponds to the body of the distribution. Therefore, find z = 1.50 in column A of the unit normal table and read across the row to obtain the proportion from column B. The answer is p(z < 1.50) = 0.9332 (or 93.32%).

(11.11.2014, Ab Midterm wrong) difficulty to define ab beh

usual may not be abnormal according to diagnostic criteria

(11.7.2014, Ab Lec Schizophrenia) What is the average age of onset? Gender difference?

usually 4 - 5 years later. Medication usually works better for woman

Why do people cut? (11.21.2014, ab lec, personality disorders)

usually done for distraction and a form of control. There is intense pain but the brain releases dopa mine and endorpines.

Though central tendencies tell us good information, it is missing deacriptions of how many people are close to the average or whether they are scattered throughout the scores. Measures of ________ therefore is used to find how variable terms alongside basic descriptive statistics such as mean, medium, or mode. (10.02.2014, stats lec 4 variability)

variability

Delirum is usually a return to normal function (11.28.2014, Ab lec on Old age, ch 16)

4 - 6 weeks. If not treated then long term damage.

What do we know about the emotionally detecting and responding to the emotions of others in infants 4-5 months, 8-10 months? Can infants feel shame? [hint: Part of me becoming better is in better recognizing how I am feel emotionally and also try to predict how Daisy is feeling at the moment as well. Without those two components I could not feel shame for how much grief I've caused because I simply did not know. (dev lec 3, milestones and learning in babies)

4-5 months Emotional recognition - will stop if parents look stressed out or yells no 8-10 months social replay, can copy caregiver's emotions to understand what it feels like. Shame is not present until the age of 1.5 years.

What are the 3 stages of hearing milestone in infants at 4-7 months, 6-8 months, and 7-9 months? [hint: Not Jazzy tooclassy, not english too bad, not mom so sad] (dev lec 3, milestones and learning in babies)

4-8 months: sense of music phrasing prefer jazz rather than classical. 6-8 months: screen out non native languages 7-9 months: Recognize familiar words, and natural phrasing in language. Responds more to regular types of language

4. For a sample with a standard deviation of s = 12, a score of X = 83 corresponds to z = 0.50. What is the mean for the sample? (10.13.2014 stats ch 6, zscores)

4. M = 77

Why is the CRF systems thought to important for understanding the prevalence of anxiety?

4. The CRF system is directly involved to the GABA-Benziozepine system (AB 5)

4. The distribution of sample means is not always a normal distribution. Under what circumstances is the distribution of sample means not normal? (11.2.2014, stats ch 7, probability )

4. The distribution of sample means will not be normal when it is based on small samples (n < 30) selected from a population that is not normal.

4. A distribution of English exam scores has p. = 50 and a = 12. A distribution of history exam scores has p. = 58 and a = 4. For which exam would a score of X = 62 have a higher standing? Explain your answer. (10.13.2014 stats ch 6, zscores)

4. The score X = 62 corresponds to z = +1.00 in both distributions. The score has exactly the same standing for both exams.

4. For a population with p. = 50 and a = 12, find the X value corresponding to each of the following z-scores: a. z = —0.25 b. z = 2.00 c. z = 0.50 (10.13.2014 stats ch 6, zscores)

4. a. X = 47 b. X = 74 c. X = 56

(11.14.2014, ab lec, drug, substance) abortion

4. aborption, gettings substance into body without injecting it. Difficult because of skin layer. Some parts of the body that the skin is super thin. Like under the tongue called sub lingual abortion because of blood vessels in the tongue. Preffered in LSD. Another place is the nose like snorting cocaine, cocacine is aborted directly into the veins. This is because there are tiny receptors in the nose.

(11.14.2014, ab lec, drug, substance) Men are how many more times more likely to take a drug

5 times more

5. Explain why the formulas for sample variance and population variance are different. (10.03.2014 Stats ch 4 textbook extraction/notes)

5. Without some correction, the sample variance underestimates the variance for the population. Changing the formula for sample variance (using n - 1 instead of N) is the necessary correction

5. A population has a standard deviation of r = 30. a. On average, how much difference should exist between the population mean and the sample mean for n = 4 scores randomly selected from the population? b. On average, how much difference should exist for a sample of n = 25 scores? c. On average, how much difference should exist for a sample of n = 100 scores? (11.2.2014, stats ch 7, probability )

5. a. Standard error = 30/4 = 15 points b. Standard error = 30/25 = 6 points c. Standard error = 30/100 = 3 points

5. A sample has a mean of M = 30 and a standard deviation of s = 8. a. Would a score of X = 36 be considered a central score or an extreme score in the sample? b. If the standard deviation were s = 2, would X = 36 be central or extreme? (10.13.2014 stats ch 6, zscores)

5. a. X = 36 is a central score corresponding to z = 0.75. b. X = 36 would be an extreme score corresponding to z = 3.00.

6. For a population with a mean of p = 70 and a standard deviation of o = 20, how much error, on average, would you expect between the sample mean (M) and the population mean for each of the following sample sizes? a. n = 4 scores b. n = 16 scores c. n = 25 scores (11.2.2014, stats ch 7, probability )

6. a. 20/4 = 10 points (box is square root) b. 20/16 = 5 points c. 20/25 = 4 points

6. A population has a mean of p. = 80 and a standard deviation of if = 20. a. Would a score of X = 70 be considered an extreme value (out in the tail) in this sample? b. If the standard deviation were if = 5, would a score of X = 70 be considered an extreme value? (10.03.2014 Stats ch 4 textbook extraction/notes)

6. a. No. X = 70 is 10 points away from the mean, only ½ of the standard deviation. b. Yes. With s = 5, 10 points is equal to a distance of 2 standard deviations.

(11.6.2014, Ab ch 11, Schizophrenia) In 2004 what is the estimated cost including health care and lost of productivity due to this disorder?

6.85 billion was believed to be lost, 70% due to productivity.

What are nocturnal attacks which are often experienced by those with panic attack?

60% of people with panic disorder have a panic attack between 1:30 am to 3:30 am where they wake up feeling like they are dying making them fear going to sleep. It's possible the sensation of letting causes their panic attacks. (AB 5)

(11.6.2014, Ab ch 11, Schizophrenia) Sarorius, Shapiro, and Jablonsky (1974) 1974 found what type of delusion to be 65% in a cross national sample?

65% of delusions were persecutor y

Practical problems and imagery (11.24.2014, Pcog lec, imagery)

65% of the class imagined themselves moving across their room to imagine how many windows they have. Another example is the professor uses visual imagery to plan her outfits when she is in bed. It allows us to have access to things that we might not have everything at hand.

The third is or called the standard variation which is the average squared distance from the mean. This involves finding the distance of each integer of the mean, square each distance, find the average of the result and then square rooting it. In the situation of a sample you would subtract 1 from the number dividing for the mean of the squared numbers because of a concept called degrees of freedom which mainly is that there is a tendency for deviations to be undervalues and needs to be accounted for. With this method you can achieve what is called one standard deviation from the mean which is ___% variation of the score, while 2 standard deviation involves 95%. (10.02.2014, stats lec 4 variability)

68

7. For a population with a standard deviation of a = 20, how large a sample is necessary to have a standard error that is: a. less than or equal to 5 points? b. less than or equal to 2 points? c. less than or equal to 1 point? (11.2.2014, stats ch 7, probability )

7. a. n ≥ 16 b. n ≥ 100 c. n ≥ 400

7. On an exam with a mean of M = 78, you obtain a score of X = 84. a. Would you prefer a standard deviation of s = 2 or s = 10? (Hint: Sketch each distribution and find the location of your score.) b. If your score were X = 72, would you prefer s = 2 or s = 10? Explain your answer. (10.03.2014 Stats ch 4 textbook extraction/notes)

7. a. s = 2 is better (you are above the mean by 3 standard deviations). b. s = 10 is better (you are below the mean by less than half a standard deviation).

Number of percent of those who kill themselves with borderline personality disorder, "Back from the Edge" - Borderline Personality disorder video (11.21.2014, ab lec, personality disorders)

8 - 10%

8. What information can you obtain about the scores in a regular frequency distribution table that is not available from a grouped table?

8. A regular table reports the exact frequency for each category on the scale of measurement. After the categories have been grouped into class intervals, the table reports only the overall frequency for the interval but does not indicate how many scores are in each of the individual categories.

8. A population has a mean of p. = 30 and a standard deviation of if = 5. a. If 5 points were added to every score in the population, what would be the new values for the mean and standard deviation? b. If every score in the population were multiplied by 3 what would be the new values for the mean and standard deviation? (10.03.2014 Stats ch 4 textbook extraction/notes)

8. a. The mean is μ = 35 and the standard deviation is still σ = 5. b. The new mean is μ = 90 and the new standard deviation is σ = 15.

8. If the population standard deviation is a = 8, how large a sample is necessary to have a standard error that is: a. less than 4 points? b. less than 2 points? c. less than 1 point? (11.2.2014, stats ch 7, probability )

8. a. n > 4 b. n > 16 c. n > 64

9. Describe the difference in appearance between a bar graph and a histogram and describe the circumstances in which each type of graph is used.

9. A bar graph leaves a space between adjacent bars and is used with data from nominal or ordinal scales. In a histogram, adjacent bars touch at the real limits. Histograms are used to display data from interval or ratio scales.

The third is or called the standard variation which is the average squared distance from the mean. This involves finding the distance of each integer of the mean, square each distance, find the average of the result and then square rooting it. In the situation of a sample you would subtract 1 from the number dividing for the mean of the squared numbers because of a concept called degrees of freedom which mainly is that there is a tendency for deviations to be undervalues and needs to be accounted for. With this method you can achieve what is called one standard deviation from the mean which is 68% variation of the score, while 2 standard deviation involves ___%. (10.02.2014, stats lec 4 variability)

95

Delirium (11.28.2014, Ab lec on Old age, ch 16)

A concluded state of consciousness. Something that is abnormal from usual cognitive states. Can be caused by old age but other things can cause this. Symptoms are trouble focusing attention, cannot maintain a stream of thought, restlness which is like ADHD. What is different is drowsy during day and restless at night. Also speech is random and inherent. Can experience disorientation with space time or person like dissasociative. Also deulsions and hallucinations making it easy to mistake for psychoti condition. These people in addition have lucid moments suddenly understand like woman from Notebook.

(11.6.2014, Ab ch 11, Schizophrenia) What is the difference between a delusion and a hallucination?

A delusion is thoughts that are irrational and far fetched like if I suggested that Daisy and my parents are plotting to kill. Hallucinations of sensations that are not occurring in reality like hearing voices or seeing people that are not present

Define a disability vs distress (12.12.2014, ab chapter rereading, ch 1, introduction to abnormal)

A disability is an impairment in some important area of life such as work or personal relationship. Distress on the other hand is an individual's personal suffering and disorders such as transvestism can cause distress for some individuals but is not considered a disability. Also disability is only supposed to be applied for those who cannot perform normally.

(11.6.2014, Ab ch 11, Schizophrenia) What social/environmental factors has been found to increasw the chance of relapse in shiz

A high level expressed emotional criticism in an overinvolved family. Increase in stressors increase cortisol levels which stimulate dopamine activity

Dysthymic disorder

A less severe form of depression. Patients typically are not suicidal, but it is harder to treat than major depression. Some psychologists consider it a personality disorder.

Melancholia

A lower level of sad affect that may or may not be pathological. If considered pathological, more responsive to medication

Interpersonal therapy (12.13.2014, pcog ch 2 review Current paradigm and Integrative Approaches)

A modern variation of brief psychodyanamic therapy which focuses on interats between a client and their social environment pioneered by psychiatrist Harry Stack Sullivan. His theory is set on the belief that our needs are interpersonal and the likelihood that these needs are met depend by the complementary needs of others. In addition, he believes that faulty interpersonal skills is due to disorganization in the interpersonal relationships of childhood especially with parents.

The significance of syphilis and the understanding of mental disorders (12.12.2014, ab chapter rereading, ch 1, introduction to abnormal)

A number of people in 1978 had syndrome of steady deterioration of mental and physical abilities and were given the disorder general paresis. However it was found that one sub type of people eventually died after the onset of the symptoms, When the germ theory of disease became popular it was concluded that with some earlier evidence of those dying earlier having syphilis by the discovery of the microorganism syphilis. This lead to the first link of a mental disorder to a biological cause.

Obsessive-Compulsive personality disorder (11.21.2014, ab lec, personality disorders)

A perfectionist in every detail. "The knife goes here and only here", "the napkin has be folded this". This is usually excessive with it controlling their life and actions pushes people away. Difficulty making decisions and being unable to complete tasks in time. They will stick around to get the job done so companies might like this type of person to do grunt work. Often can involve a sequence of events. Often have poor interpersonal relationships with others as as result. The difference is ritualistic behaviors. Personality is obessions while OCD is more intense compulsions

Why do overweight girls go through menerche earlier while athletic and thin girls go through it later? (12.7.2014, Dev Exam review, ch 11, physical and cognitive development in adolescence)

A sharp rise in body weight and fat may trigger sexual maturation because fat cells release a protein called leptin which is believed to signal to the body that the girl is ready for puberty. As a result girls who have high body fat will hit puberty earlier while girls with low body fat will experience it later (Kaplowitz, 2007)

What is a smooth curve? What does symmetrical shape mean? What is bimodal? What is a positive shew and a negative shew and how can you tell which direction it is? (stats lec 2)

A smooth curve a generationalization. Symmetrical is if graph divided in half it would be the same. It suggests no skew and a good data set. Bimodal is a double curve that is still symmentical. Positive shew has the tail going right. Negative tail going left.

Personality disorder among students (11.23.2014, Personality Disorders Chapter Summary)

A study comparing prevalence of PD rate in university students and in non university peers finds that 18% of students met criteria for a personality disorder in their lifetime while 22% of the non-college attending pears. This suggests that 1/6 university students meet criteria for a PD disorder (Blanco et al, 2008).

(early childhood)At around the age of 3-4 years most children have ___a____ self esteem because not many children are comparing themselves to other children. But at the age of around 4 years they begin to have self judgements of the self. ()()() Do children in their middle childhood of 3 to 4 understand the emotions of others? A preschooler at around the age of 4 ____b_____ judge and predict why people feel various emotions. For example if a child was shown a picture of a child who is happy the child can project that the kid in the picture us happy because say he is going to eat ice cream. They can confused by complex emotions though. If it was a photo of a happy man with a caste the child may become ___c_____. They tend to be only able to understand emotions with a single cause. The child can be helped to faster development if the parent explains how emotions relate to behavior. What also seems to help is siblings because there is more opportunities where a child has to explains his emotions to another person.

A. Good self esteem b. Can c. Confused

(early childhood, 3-4) In regards to moral develipment this age most paychologists think morality is learned by their theories differ. ()()() Freud believed that the super ego was adopted from the parent, though today psychodynamic therapists believe what is called ____a_____ which proposes that children learn from parents tell them that they shouldn't have done something and that they should feel bad about it. ()()() Social learning theorists, or behavioralists believe that morality is no different from all other learned things. They emphasis what they call _____b_____ where the child identifies someone they consider a role model and then try to imitate their model. It's believed that they tend to choose adults that are warm and responsive to the child, and is successful. Children also will tend to choose adults that are consistent with what they say and what do they. (dev lec 6, early childhood 3-4)

A. Induction discline B. Modeling

(early childhood 3-4) At this stage friendship to children are defined by someone who ____a____ and frequently friends change because argument or distance will split them apart. Research finds that when two children are identified as friends they smile at each other more and encourage each other more at dificult tasks. Also the easier they make friends, the more friends they will tend to have in _____b______. ()()()() Parents can help via ____c_____ action like the attachment of parents and direct action by parent-child play where a parent teaches their child how best,to interact with others. Also _____d_____ is important at this of friendship which the parents largely decide. (dev 6 lec mid early childhood)

A. Plays with them b. Adulthood c. Indirect action d. Proximity

(early childhood 3-4) The three different types of play (1) non social activity which is ______a_________, (2) parallell play which is ________b_______, (3) social interaction which is associative play involves play _________c_________ This occurs most at the age of 6, but they can still have other forms of play as well.

A. play by self or play where another child is watching but not playing, B. kids playing side by side but not playing together. They may ask ask other for pieces of lego but they are building different things. C.where children are working together.

10.25.2014, Stats ch 6 Probability and unit normal table) 1. For a normal distribution with a mean of p = 60 and a standard deviation of a = 12, find each probability value requested. a. p(X > 66) b. p(X < 75) c. p(X < 57) d. p(48 < X < 72) 2. Scores on the Mathematics section of the SAT Reasoning Test form a normal distribution with a mean of p = 500 and a standard deviation of a = 100. a. If the state college only accepts students who score in the top 60% on this test, what is the minimum score needed for admission? b. What is the minimum score necessary to be in the top 10% of the distribution? c. What scores form the boundaries for the middle 50% of the distribution? 3. What is the probability of selecting a score greater than 45 from a positively skewed distribution with p = 40 and a = 10? (Be careful.)

ANSWERS I. a. p = 0.3085 b. p = 0.8944 C. p = 0.4013 d. p = 0.6826 2. a. z = —0.25; X = 475 b. z = 1.28; X = 628 c. z = ±0.67; X =433 and X =567 3. You cannot obtain the answer. The unit normal table cannot be used to answer this question because the distribution is not normal.

(11.13. 2014, Ab ch 12, substance abuse) What are general progressions that lead to substance addiction?

Addiction is thought of a developmental factor. The general idea is that the person gets catch in the cycle of biological addiction along with developing psychological dependence 1. Positive attitude to the substance 2. Experiment using it 3. using it regularly 4. using it heavily 5. finally abusing it (390)

(11.14.2014, ab lec, drug, substance) What is the definition of tolerence

Affecting ability to funciton and building tolerence towards. Addiction is where it has to happen everyday and needs more and more of it.

Dynamic system approach (Dev lec 1)

African tribes children walk faster because there they have babies sitting in a hole and the parents ask the child to come. There is a higher social pressure and so they seem to be able to walk much sooner.

(11.14.2014, ab lec, drug, substance) What are morphine and heroine

Agonists that stimulate receptor site directly. So treatment is antagonist which blocks it (like antiphychotics)

Agoraphobia and avoidant personality disorder differencecs (11.21.2014, ab lec, personality disorders)

Agoraphobia don't even want to go out but avoidant may go out sometimes

What are the theorized causes of agoraphobia

Agoraphobia is theorized to be caused by panic disorders without a known cause but is triggered by crowds, although some have agoraphobia without panic disorders. (AB 5)

In PDP moedelss of semantic networks, connection units apply to which? hidden, input, outpiut or all of the above (11.24.2014, Pcog lec, imagery)

All of the above. All of units have conenction with each other that's where the connection weight is set.

(11.13. 2014, Ab ch 12, substance abuse) Sedatives are

Also called downers, slow the activities of the body and reduces responsiveness. Specifically it stimulates neural receptors of the body's own opoid system. The body produces it's own opiods called endorphins and enkphalins, and opium fits into the receptors and stimulates them.

(11.14.2014, ab lec, drug, substance) Endogenuous opiates

Also called endorphines. Within the body stimulating reward system. The drugs from outside are almost the exact same molecules.

Bipolar II disorder

Also cyclothymia Less severe bipolar disorder. Characterized by hypomania, less severe mania Tricky in diagnosis. Can be mistaken for dysthymia.

Delrium can be mistaken at? (11.28.2014, Ab lec on Old age, ch 16)

Also speech is random and inherent. Can experience disorientation with space time or person like dissasociative. Also deulsions and hallucinations making it easy to mistake for psychoti condition.

Why was Wilder Penbrid's electrical stimulation of certain regions of the brain unlikely to be good evidence that the mind is like a tape recorder? (pcog lec 2)

Although stimulation of certain regions brought about certain memories, the fact that patients saw themselves suggests some mental reconstruction.

Describe the general symptoms of Social anxiety disorder and also describe performance anxiety

An inability to socialize due to anxiety. Performance anxiety is a sub type of social anxiety. These people have no issues interacting but experience severe anxiety doing something specific in front of a large crowd (150) (AB 5)

(11.13. 2014, Ab ch 12, substance abuse) Antabuse drug

Antabuse is a drug that discourages drinking by causing violent vomiting if a person drinks any alcoholic beverage. It does this by blocking the metabolism of alcohol causing the body to be unable to process the substance normally. As one may expect adherence is difficult with drop out rates as high as 80% in some studies (Moss, 1980), but as long the individual is wiling to consistently take the an antabase every morning the likelihood of lessening dependence for alcohol are very promising (Sisson and Azrin, 1989). Also it is noted that drugs such as nalterexone and naloxone are more effective when taken by an individual who is also getting CBT (Ward et al., 1998).

Panic disorder and safe spots/safe people

Anxiety diminishes if someone with agoraphobia thinks that a location or a person is safe, even if nothing can be done for them (168) (AB 5)

(11.14.2014, ab lec, drug, substance) Definition of drug according to psychology and phychiatry

Any substance other thant food or water that affects our mind whichnvolves molecules that affect the brain by altering normal definition. In other words molecules that get into central nervous system that affects the way to think, behave, or feel. Psychoactive substance other than food and water.

(11.28.2014, Ab lec on Old age, ch 16) Psychology video presented, sex when younger

As long as healthy, older people are capable of enjoying sex

What is the states of arousal like for a baby? What does this say about human behavior, socialization, and self will?(Dev Lec 2)

At first the baby goes through periods of sleep throughout the day and various levels of activity. Their sleep cycle becomes normalized as time goes on which shows a social pressure to adjust to their parent's lifestyle. It also shows a certain self will, only sleep when they want to sleep.

Describe why the terrible twos might have some psychological merit. ___________________ 09.30.2014 Dev Lec 4 (Attachment, temperament)

At the age of 2 their anger or sadness increases because infants are recognizing that parents are at fault when they impede goals but at the same time they have not yet developed the impulse control of not lashing out.

Inhibition of return and habituation (12.1.2014, pcog lec, last lec special, expectation and violation of expectation)

Attention at fixation. Then square appears on both sides. Then there is something that draws attention to one side but you notice there is nothing and so your brain applies the inhibtatory tag. People are slower to respond then. But if you wait after 600 ms the habituation disappears. So if you present a few seconds later you won't see any difference in reaction time. (Samuel and Kat, 2008) found in a chart of that is very back and forth . Measuring with multiple cues (Dukewhich and Boehnke 2008) predicted that if multiple cues then people should be way slowler. They found the more cues the more IOR they got. The usual term is that people are seeking novalty.

(11.13. 2014, Ab ch 12, substance abuse) Aversion therapy and alcohol, convert sensitization

Aversion therapy involves giving a shock or making a client sick when looking at, reaching for, or beginning to drink alcohol. And in convert sensitization problem drinks are instructed to imagine being violently and disgustingly sick by their alcohol drinking (Cautela, 1966). Though some behavioral therapists are against the practice because of a lack of empirical support and the discomfort it causes for clients (Wilson et al., 1991).

Avoidant personality disorder (11.21.2014, ab lec, personality disorders)

Avoidant personality disorder over riding sense of social discomfort. Easily hurt by criticism avoiding social situations "your wearing a black today" person thinks what's wrong with a black shirt. These people also need emotional support. Very reluctant to enter into relationships with anyone. Difference between this and agoraphobia is that they occasionnally try to socialize.

(11.7.2014, Ab Lec Schizophrenia) What are chronic

...

=========

...

Testing(two types)

1) cognitive or intelligence test 2)personality test

What do therapists observe?

1) general appearance and attire 2) emotional gestures and facial expression 3) interactions with other people 4) gross and fine motor acts 5) verbalization

Advantages of diagnosis

1) you know you are not alone 2) aids treatment selection Bad news: symptoms overlap

(11.14.2014, ab lec, drug, substance) Estimate of pot use

15%-20%

(11.11.2014, Ab Midterm wrong) how many percent get anxiety

20%

(11.14.2014, ab lec, drug, substance) depressents

4. depressants, dims the central nervous system. Dims the brain down. Opoids. Alcohol

What does the study of molecular genetics involve?

Actual structure of the gene

Dementia, Alzheimers, and Senility (11.28.2014, Ab lec on Old age, ch 16)

Alziemers is specific while dementia and senility are the same terms.

What are age graded influences? (Dev lec 1)

Common to most individuals at a certain age. Like school grades

Cognitive domain of bipolar

Flight of ideas, racing thoughts, highly distractible, can be delusional (mistaken for schizophrenia)

(11.10.2014, Pcog lec Ch 11, wrong memory and catgories) Add the study that demonstrates experts bugs tests use exampler apporach

Found that people tasked with di

(11.14.2014, ab lec, drug, substance) Brain on drugs display: addiction process and pharmacology. Heroine created tolerence

High opiates are required to stimulate, more and more.

If a data set is highly skewed on the left but there are some distribution on the right what type of central tendency should be used?

Medium

When is the sad affect most severe?

Morning is usually the worst time.

What does the proffesor Morgan think is the worst disorder

Schizophrenia

______________ stores a small amount of memory for a short period of time while most is lost some make it into long term memory. (10.06.2014 Cog lec 5 memory)

Short term memory

(11.14.2014, ab lec, drug, substance) What is a drug?

Something that you take which alters your body

Disadvantage of diagnosis

Stigma

What are the Ecological system's theory (Dev lec 1)

The need to study children in a complex human relationship and how the complex interrelationships. This could involve the micro meso, exo, macro system.

(11.10.2014, Pcog lec Ch 11, wrong memory and catgories) Difference between concept and category

We use concepts to make categories

(11.14.2014, ab lec, drug, substance) Amphetamines (Stimuilants)

Withdrawal is fatigue and depression

Do personalities change over time (11.21.2014, ab lec, personality disorders)

Yeah it does. Personalities are somewhat flexible but the disorders tend to be really hard to treat and inflexible.

Is it normal for cognitive functions to decline when you get older? (11.28.2014, Ab lec on Old age, ch 16)

Yes

Can dementia remit? (11.28.2014, Ab lec on Old age, ch 16)

Yes at time it can remit but it is not going away.

(11.14.2014, ab lec, drug, substance) Twin concordence rate?

Yes it has been observed.

What is neurotism? (11.23.2014, Personality Disorders Chapter Summary)

a fundamental personality trait in the study of psychology characterized by anxiety, fear, moodiness, worry, envy, frustration, jealousy, and loneliness.

The third is or called the standard variation which is the average squared distance from the mean. This involves finding the distance of each integer of the mean, square each distance, find the average of the result and then square rooting it. In the situation of ________ you would subtract 1 from the number dividing for the mean of the squared numbers because of a concept called degrees of freedom which mainly is that there is a tendency for deviations to be undervalues and needs to be accounted for. With this method you can achieve what is called one standard deviation from the mean which is 68% of the score, while 2 standard deviation involves 95%. (10.02.2014, stats lec 4 variability)

a sample

(11.7.2014, Ab Lec Schizophrenia) Active schizophrenia

affective change, deulision, failure to socialize

(11.6.2014, Ab ch 11, Schizophrenia) Studies find that amphetamines and antipsychotics have differing affects

amphetamines are found to worsen positive symtpoms while some studies show antipsychotics only help negative symtoms (van Kammen et al., 1987) while other studies find no benefit (Haracz, 1982)

What does Brain Levine's diary experiment tell us about epi and sem memory difference?

audio recordings of facts and of specific memories found that in fmri scans there are distinct differences in brain activation

(11.7.2014, Ab Lec Schizophrenia) Most common type of hallucinations

auditory hallucinations. Like talking or hearing sounds. Usually they are saying really unpleasent things either about person themselves or other people.

Studies of linkage analysis is the study of a. environmental studies, looking for how family behavior trends link to the prevalence of a disorder b. molecular genetics, and involves studying families where a mental disorder is highly concentrated and finding genetic makers. c. modern psycho dynamic studies which try to pin point the possible link between early childhood trauma and the occurrence of disorders d. genetic link studies, involves studying individuals with the same mental disorder is highly concentrated and finding genetic makers (12.13.2014, pcog ch 2 review Current paradigm and Integrative Approaches)

b. molecular genetics, and involves studying families where a mental disorder is highly concentrated and finding genetic makers.

(11.7.2014, Ab Lec Schizophrenia) Positive symptoms.

behaviors that are there that should not be. Deulsions and hullunications.

(11.28.2014, Ab lec on Old age, ch 16) Psychology video presented, biological synizazine vs psychologin psychzizene

biolgoical synizazine is the winding down of the body. Psycholocial psychzizone is full development of psychology later on

There are three forms of verifiability. The first is called the range difference .It is the simplest type but can be influenced __________________________. The second is the Interquartile range of 25th to 75th percentile. This is a better representation of the outliers, but may not give the entire picture of the variables. The third is or called the standard variation which is the average squared distance from the mean. This involves finding the distance of each integer of the mean, square each distance, find the average of the result and then square rooting it. (10.02.2014, stats lec 4 variability)

by outliers or explain values which make it less useful

(11.14.2014, ab lec, drug, substance) Long term effect of lots of alcohol

cancer and other complications and serosis of the liver

During the period of puberty children's hand and legs grow out first and then torso which accounts for height gain, this phase is call the

cephalocaudal growth trend (cep halo caudal)

The range is probably the most obvious way to describe how spread out the scores are—simply find the distance between the maximum and the minimum scores. The problem with using the range as a measure of variability is that it is _________________. Thus, a distribution with one unusually large (or small) score has a large range even if the other scores are all clustered close together. (10.03.2014 Stats ch 4 textbook extraction/notes)

completely determined by the two extreme values and ignores the other scores in the distribution

relaibility (studywithnatalia)

consistently causal relationships

(11.28.2014, Ab lec on Old age, ch 16) Psychology video presented, decrease in age

decrease of psychosompatic and less outbursts

The third is or called the standard variation which is the average squared distance from the mean. This involves finding the _____________, square each distance, find the average of the result and then square rooting it. In the situation of a sample you would subtract 1 from the number dividing for the mean of the squared numbers because of a concept called degrees of freedom which mainly is that there is a tendency for deviations to be undervalues and needs to be accounted for. With this method you can achieve what is called one standard deviation from the mean which is 68% of the score, while 2 standard deviation involves 95%. (10.02.2014, stats lec 4 variability)

distance of each integer of the mean

(11.11.2014, Ab Midterm wrong) difference between cyclothymia and dysthymia?

dythsymia less severe form of unipolar while cyclothymia less severe form of bi polar

Constructive episodic stimulation hypothesis

episodic memories are exteacted and recombinsd to construct simulations of future event

Semantic memory always starts as epi

every time you hear a fact, there is a time/location of hearing it (photo of walter and assistant dude in back of car)

When you add a constant number to the variables the mean changes but the standard deviation does not change. On the other hand if you multiply by a constant then the standard deviation will ______________. (10.02.2014, stats lec 4 variability)

increase by that change multiple

What is behavior genetics? What are the major ways of determining genetic factors and what are the limitations? (12.13.2014, pcog ch 2 review Current paradigm and Integrative Approaches)

family study, monozygotic and dizygotic twins, family and adopted, transference could be environmental but twins are studied with the equal environment assumption.

In what way is fear different from anxiety? (2012test)

fear occyrs incthe face of real, immediate danger

The third is or called the standard variation which is the average squared distance from the mean. This involves finding the distance of each integer of the mean, square each distance, _____________ and then square rooting it. In the situation of a sample you would subtract 1 from the number dividing for the mean of the squared numbers because of a concept called degrees of freedom which mainly is that there is a tendency for deviations to be undervalues and needs to be accounted for. With this method you can achieve what is called one standard deviation from the mean which is 68% of the score, while 2 standard deviation involves 95%. (10.02.2014, stats lec 4 variability)

find the average of the result

(11.11.2014, Ab Midterm wrong) dsm 4 multi apporach

five axis, two list mental disorder

epemiology is the scientific study of (2012test)

frequency and distrib of disorders

(11.6.2014, Ab ch 11, Schizophrenia) Prefonrtal cortex functioning in those with Schizporhenia

glucose metabolism finds that those with Schizophrenia have lower prefrontal activity than controls (Buchanan et al., 1998)

Derren Brown (non dec mem)

going through street, came up with same concept. Guy with shutter suggested that it's possible it was conscious. Prof didn't think so.

What's an example of a visual stm and a vidual ltm?

holding an image in mind and reproducing a visual pattern of what was just seen is stm while visualizing the way my dog looks is ltm.

(11.11.2014, Ab Midterm wrong) Europe Middle Age mentally ill and retarted were

imprsioned or place in houses of the poor

most commonly used psychological assessment procedures (2012test)

interviews

Is a story epi or semantic? What is mental time travel

it's epi if you mentally time travel to time of encoding and recall specific experience.

The range is probably the most obvious way to describe how spread out the scores are—simply find the distance between the maximum and the minimum scores. The problem with using the range as a measure of variability is that it is completely determined by the two extreme values and ignores the other scores in the distribution. Thus, a distribution with one unusually large (or small) score has a _______ range even if the other scores are all clustered close together. (10.03.2014 Stats ch 4 textbook extraction/notes)

large

what is one way dysthymua differs from major depressive disorder? (2012test)

last longer

LTM how much, how long, what code?

limitless storage, held very long time, coded in semantic content, not order or words

semanticization of remote memories (pcog long term memories)

loss of epidosdic details for memories of long ago events

What is the point of episodic memory?

maybe learning from past mistakes, novel experiences, and allowing us to simulate future events. To project into the future and creating specific plans. Processes of reconstruction or past is also what we use the same processes.

The _ _________ assumes that memory works in a series of structures. Input is first processed in the sensory memory and then is moved to the short term memory and eventually will be stored in long term memory . Memory can be in long term memory with processes such as rehearsal. (10.06.2014 Cog lec 5 memory)

modal model

Why primacy effect in LTM. What evidence for evidence for rehersal out loud? (What about middle terms)

more opportunity for rehersal. Plotted for the mean number of rehersals, the more an item is rehersed the more they can recall. Middle terms not a lot of recall

Why is there removal of junior high

more similar to lower grade, might not engage in drinking etc. Also less transition

Are they psychosis? (10.24.2014, ab lec 7, somatform and dissassociative)

not psychosis. Psychosis is lost of touch with reality. Deulsions and hallucination. But Somatform is not that. They are experiencing sensory input the same way we are

Perception minus imagery there is almost (11.24.2014, Pcog lec, imagery)

noting left. Exact in the posterior region

Memory as a process vs structure for memory

one is processing other is the structures

Interaction impossible because of

phycosis. A lost touch of reality.

Are fight or flight more adaptive in psysical or psychologicaly disorders? (2012test)

physical

Neurphibaloial tangals (11.28.2014, Ab lec on Old age, ch 16)

plaques found in brain for dementia

prophylactic (11.28.2014, Ab lec on Old age, ch 16)

research finds that if you keep using the mind then you can delay the symptoms of dementia.

retrogtade and anteriograde amnesia what is usually cause? (10.24.2014, ab lec 7, somatform and dissassociative)

retrograde amnesia lose of past usually from psych trauma. anteriograde amnesia can't form new memories. Anteriograde is usually head trauna

Variability provides a quantitative measure of the differences between scores in a distribution and describes the degree to which the _______________. (10.03.2014 Stats ch 4 textbook extraction/notes)

scores are spread out or clustered together

(11.13 2014, Ab ch 12, substance abuse) In a survey of 215 university and college educators, their opinion on the moral and disease model of alcohol abuse

showed that they don't think alcohol issues are it is simply a vunerability like in the disease model nor a personal fault as in the moral model. It's found thT they tend to consider it a maladaptive coping mechanism (Brodus et al., 2010)

Procedural memory is also called ____ memory

skill memory

The range is probably the most obvious way to describe how _________ the scoresare—simply find the distance between the maximum and the minimum scores. The problem with using the range as a measure of variability is that it is completely determined by the two extreme values and ignores the other scores in the distribution. Thus, a distribution with one unusually large (or small) score has a large range even if the other scores are all clustered close together. (10.03.2014 Stats ch 4 textbook extraction/notes)

spread out

validity (studywithnatalia)

test what its supposed

(karpickd and roediger 2008) testing effect 4 conditions in this test

testing will be better and more bizzare the better. Test a week later in swahely. (1) All tested (2) drop correct item study and all tested. Testing all terms did better than studying tems

DSM 4 personality disorder was in? (11.21.2014, ab lec, personality disorders)

used to be axis two because they were seen as who you are. They are treatable but won't go away. The other thing is mental retardation.

Mechanism of SSRI

Target specifically at serotonin. Prevent re-uptake of serotonin

(11.6.2014, Ab ch 11, Schizophrenia) What are people with Schizophrenia like as a child?

Teacher describes boys as disagreeable and girls as passive (Watt, 1974) and they tend to have poorwr motor skills and more expressions of negative affect (Walker, Davis. and Savoie, 1996). It was also found that there is a higher prevalance of inattention and low IQ (Cornblatt and Erlenmeyer-Kimling, 1985)

Propgaded prediction error (12.1.2014, pcog lec, last lec special, expectation and violation of expectation)

Tells us whether we have the resources to solve a problem.

Introversion and extoversion (11.21.2014, ab lec, personality disorders)

Temperament type that is believed to be prewired

What is the general etiology of people with conversion disorder?

Tend to be more sensative to physical sensations and to overattend to them. Also has a memory bias to information similar to OCD greater interference in stroop tests

(11.7.2014, Ab Lec Schizophrenia) ABC gives your perspective. Tendency of deluision and halluncination

Tend to religious. Persecution from authority. Tend to sexual as awell.

(11.13. 2014, Ab ch 12, substance abuse) Describe the tension reducing effect and cognitive myopia for the cognitive factors in drinking

Tension reducing effect is where alcohol alters cognitiion and perceptions (Curtin et al., 1998). Cognitive capacity theory is the theory that alcohol impairs cognitive processing leaving less cognitive capacity to activity and worry (Josephs, 1990).

Mental scanning tells us (11.24.2014, Pcog lec, imagery)

That mental images are treated like pictures. But an debate is still ongoing.

What is significant in the 1974 ruling of Tarasoff V. Regents in extending a psychologist's responsibility? ___________________ (Ab 4 Lec + Text: Ethics)

The Tarasoff case was where a therapist was told of a man's intent to harm someone he has a crush on and the therapist was punished for not contacting the woman involved. The therapist did call the police and this ruling has wide implications on the onus of the therapist.

Synesthesia (11.24.2014, Pcog lec, imagery)

The activation of one sensory or cognitive pathway leads to automatic, involunatry experience in a second sensory or cognitive pathway. Seeing colors when tasting different flabors. Seeing colors when hearing notes of music. These people have a memory advantage because it accesses many snesory modules. Luria could actually encode things without notes. Client S had activation in all other modalities. Any given experience then gives a cue.

What is the activity vs passivity debate (Dev lec 1)

The activity assumes an organic/active nature. Passivity on the other hand is a mechanistic reaction.

What is the behavior of a person who has disassociative amnesia like? They act in an unremarkable way and usually wander purpously. (Ab 7, 206

What is total amnesia for someone suffering from dissasociative amnesia like? While some rare cases has individuals who are established new lifes what is it usually like? - People suffering from total amnesia loses their personal memory but still has full procedual memory. Those who lose their memory for a long time tend to have dyfunctional second lives. (Ab 7, 206)

(11.7.2014, Ab Lec Schizophrenia) Brain damage in schizoprhenia what do we know?

What we know is that the brain looks different. But damage cause schizonphrenia or schizoprhenia cause damage.

Why do more SES woman (12.2.2014, last lec, exam questions)

When comparing low SES and high SES for woman, low SES are less likely to be single . The prof believes that men need a partner while woman don't need one. So high SES woman do not need a partner as much.

Define and explain the non-organic failure to thrive:

"Non-organic" because it's not biological; it is malnutrition similar to Marasmus but due to emotional stress

Biological aging (11.4.2014, Dev Young)

(1) (a) Whole organism, whole body (b) system level (c) cell leve (d) DNA level (e) Wear and tear theory (2) Wear and tear theory has been outright rejected. In fact, more activity seems to result in longer life.

Where is the dorsal stream? What major brain region does it go across? What is it's function? What is the disorder with damage there called and what defency is observed? (pcog lec 3)

The dorsal stream cross from the occupital to the parietal pathway and it's function is determining where an object is. Those with this disorder has optic atoxia where an individual can name an object but cannot grasp it.

What is the first oath of a psychologist's ethical guideline? What was his of an ethical dilemma example of a psychologist being obliged to judge the sanity of her client? ___________________ (Ab 4 Lec + Text: Ethics)

The first oath is to not hurt the client. This conflicts when asked to assess insanity of someone about to be executed because finding the person not insane will harm their client and yet not doing the job will get them fired.

What are the three stages of thinking for the Bayesian influence? What does the Bayesian influence have to do with perception? (pcog lec 3)

The first stage is prior probability, second is adding evidence, third is a conclusion. These types of statistical analysis is done very rapidly while we are in the stages of perceiving things.

(11.6.2014, Ab ch 11, Schizophrenia) There are three variables that can complicate Brown's research on. family stress causing relapse.

The first two variables are a question of a bilateral relationship whereby expression of usual thought by individual with Schizoprhenia causes more contentions in the family and vice versa (Rosenfarb et al., 1994). The third possible variable is that family members of those with Schizophrenia could be more strange because of shared genetic traits with the individual, so relapse could very well be caused by the severity of the individual's symtpoms (textbook page 348-349)

Where does the fit to stand trail concept come from? Does proving present fitness to stand trail prove they are responsible for crime? ___________________ (Ab 4 Lec + Text: Ethics)

The fit to stand trail comes from the concept in Common Law that the individuals must be present at trail and understand the proceedings against them. Fitness to stand trail is a present condition so it is still possible to be found insane at the time they committed a crime.

What is the general function of the limbic system? (AB 2)

The general function of this part of the brain is in emotional experience and impulse control.

What is the general function of the thalamas and hyupothalamus? (AB 2)

The general use of this brain region is in regulating emotion and acts as a relay between different parts of the brain.

Presbycusis: "old hearing" Climacteric (11.11.2014, Dev middle adulthood)

! earliest, most loss in high frequencies ! gender, cultural differences ! men have earlier, more rapid loss ! hearing aids can help

Three phases of ding (12.2.2014, last lec, death, dying, and bereavement)

(1) Agonal phase: suffering in first moments in which body can no longer support life. Distress of physical symptom (2) Clinical death - level of brain activity decreases but can be resuscitated (3) Mortality - permanent death

Toplinkski and Reber (2010) for the aha moment (12.1.2014, pcog lec, last lec special, expectation and violation of expectation)

(1) Surprise (2) easy to understand once understood (3) positive affect, seeing the solution feels good (4) confidence

Nurse listed 2 popular regrets on those who are dying (12.2.2014, last lec, death, dying, and bereavement)

(1) Wished that they had not worked so hard. (2) Wish that they had let themselves be happier. Keep setting standards. Focus on the positive.

The Stroop effect demonstrates how a ____________(a)__________ ____________________ 09.29.2014 pcog ch 4 - attention

(a) The Stroop effect demonstrates how a powerful task-irrelevant stimulus, such as meaningful words that result in a response that competes with the observer's task, can capture attention.

In the treatment of DID how does the number of alter correlate with treatment time?

*more alters = more treatment time (ab 7, 217)

What are the 5 general criteria for a good classification system? (ab lec 2)

1. Category clearly defined 2. Symptoms occur together and regularly 3. Reliable, works every time. Inter-rater reliability same diagnosis and test rest reliability, different time same diagnosis. 4. Validity 5. System has good utility

(11.14.2014, ab lec, drug, substance) Treatments (2)

1. Detoxification. Can be dangerous (seizure) 2. Psychotherapy - psychologically monitered

(early childhood 3-4) The three levels of cognitive play categories are (1) ________ which involves the simple movement without other objects, like tag. (2) _________ involving creative building or making of things. (3) _________ where children are acting in their immagination.

1. Functional play 2. Constructive play 3. Make believe play

(11.7.2014, Ab Lec Schizophrenia) Three stage of schizoprhenia

1. Prodromal 2. Active 3. Residual

25. Construct a stem and leaf display for the data in problem 6 using one stem for the scores in the 60s, one for scores in the 50s, and so on.

25. 1│796 2│0841292035826 3│094862 4│543 5│3681 6│4

26. A set of scores has been organized into the following stem and leaf display. For this set of scores: a. How many scores are in the 70s? b. Identify the individual scores in the 70s. c. How many scores are in the 40s? d. Identify the individual scores in the 40s. 3 8 4 60 5 734 6 81469 7 2184 8 247

26. a. 4 b. 72, 71, 78, and 74 c. 2 d. 46 and 40

KC patient epi memory and Italian women with damage in sem memory double dissasociation

32 no memory, addicent medial temporal. No new or old epi memory. Italian woman lost meaning of words, forget acquitances, trouble with facts, can describe what she did that day and recall events experienced a few weeks or months previous.

(11.6.2014, Ab ch 11, Schizophrenia) Why does the textbook suggest that having severeal groups of Schizophrenia is a good idea? What does Heinrichs (2011) from York university have to say about it?

The textbook and Heinrichs (2011) both illustrate that because Schizophrenia has so many different symptoms and that only some have to be present for a diagnosis. As a result, what occurs is that people woth Schizophenia can differ greatly from one another which perhaps warrents different subtypes.

Ego analysis (12.13.2014, pcog ch 2 review Current paradigm and Integrative Approaches)

Theorists after Freud such as Anna Freud and Erik Erikson theorized that there is a set of ego function which are primary consciously that is able of controlling id instincts and external environments and do not depend on ego for their energy.

Psychogenesis

A disturbance has psychological origins

Describe what the neuron doctrine is (12.7.2014, pcog ch 2 review, general cog neuroscience)

Theory that states neurons are individual cells which is proposed by the nerve net theory

Define Anxiety

A negative mood state characterized by physical symptoms of physical tension, fear of the future. (AB 5)

(11.13 2014, Ab ch 12, substance abuse) Difference between alcohol dependence and alcohol abuse

A person who abuses alcohols experiences negative social and behavioral difficulties but not tolerence, withdrawal or compulsive drinking patterns.

(11.14.2014, ab lec, drug, substance) Is a caffeine a drug? why? Reflects?

Alters the way you think, behave, and feel. Use caffeine and reflects are better.

(11.10.2014, Pcog lec Ch 11, wrong memory and catgories) Semantic network mode problem for cognitive economy

Answering faster for animal rather than mammal suggest nodes

What is the Palmer grasp reflex and how long does it usually last? (Dev Lec 2)

Baby has an extremely strong grip when holding onto objects which lasts 3-4 months.

What are the three types of crying? (Dev Lec 2)

Basic cry involves a loud...breathes....loud Angry cry involves: LOUD...........LOUD.... Pain Cry involves: LOOOOOOOOOOOUD....(no breathing)....turns blue

Brevelement overload time orineted or intensity (12.2.2014, last lec, exam questions)

Both over time and at same time espeically if important support networks cause it.

What are the different rates of growth between boys and girls? (Dev Lec 2)

Boys are born and maintain a higher body weight and females develop skeletal growth faster.

What is the more common psychological name of functional neurological symptom disorder?

Conversion disorder

What are the Vygotsky's socioultural theories (Dev lec 1)

This theorist focuses on the social aspect of learning and emphasis the social factor as a necessary component.

Describe Howard Lindell's explanation of anxiety's function

This theory is based on anxiety being the "shadow of intelligence" because it's speculated that the human ability to plan for the future is a coping mechanism for fear of future failure. (AB 5)

(11.14.2014, ab lec, drug, substance) addictive personality

DSM 4 called it substance abuse, while DSM 5 calls it an addiction. Because it is recognized that it does not have to be a drug.

(11.6.2014, Ab ch 11, Schizophrenia) DSM IV's past subgroup, disorganized schiozphrenia

In this sunset, speech is very disorganized and difficult to follow. Often seems like a series of similar sounding words, and even the invention of new words foloowed by laughter. Most of all this disorder seems to not be motivated by any goal. These people will also neglect their appearence never bathing or combing their hair.

Adults with ADHD show less habituation but it seems like it is not used as cognition (12.1.2014, pcog lec, last lec special, expectation and violation of expectation)

It is not used as a mechanism of cognition

Double depression

Major depression on top of dysthymia Extremely hard to treat.

What did we find in monkey's tendency to respond to simple stimuli vs more complex types? What does this tell us about temporal lobe processing vs visual processing? (pcog lec 2)

Monkey's temporal lobes respond better to hands than random objects and faces more than places suggesting that there is indeed facial specialization

How does the study of the rheus monkey and stress demonstrate how psychosocial factors effect the physical brain. (AB 2)

Monkeys with a high behavior of stress were raised by mothers who remained calm. These monkeys grew up to be parents that did not exhibit a lot of stress.

Chemistry involved in major depression

Monoamine (Serotonin, dopamine, Norepinephrine)

Paranoid personality men vs women? (11.21.2014, ab lec, personality disorders)

More in men

Children's understanding of death (12.2.2014, last lec, death, dying, and bereavement)

Most understand all 5 concepts of deth by middle childhood. The most delayed is cessation. Many children think that dead people continue to think, feel, and have presence after death. Usually by the end of 10 - 12 they usually stop making these statements. But religion complicates things. Researchers have looked into this but they still think that children apply it less metaphysical religious understanding. Children who witness death understand it better and earlier because of family discussions. Also religious teachings, because for example understanding of rise of Christ without understanding death. So children come to understand sensitive discussion with adults.

What are motion cues? How do they relate to depth perception?

Moving stimuli in the environment demonstrate to a child how objects close up move greater distances than objects far away. The ability to perceive these motion cues from moving their heads around is acquired early. Binocluar cues refer to the different images from each eye's field of vision and perspective. When switching between eyes, the child will note a high disparity of movement for objects up close than for those far away. Pictoral cues refer to the ability to make out fine details of objects up close, such as texture, but the inability to do so with objects far away. All of these inform the child's development of depth perception.

Attention in middle adulthood (11.11.2014, Dev middle adulthood)

Multitasking, like driving, becomes very difficult as we get older. In this task you are switching attention between them so quickly that seem your doing it at the same time. Also issue with inhibation control, not able to focus on relevant information. If experienced driver than less likely to make the mistake, though in a simulated environment that decrements can still be observed.

Symptoms of GAD or generalizated anxiety disorder

Muscle tension and mental agitation, easily fatigued, mostly worry about everyday life events (AB 5)

(11.7.2014, Ab Lec Schizophrenia) Does CBT help with schizoprhenia

Need to be stablized but CBT after can help. Some even go off the medication

N400 (12.1.2014, pcog lec, last lec special, expectation and violation of expectation)

Negative deflection occurs 400 ms after onset which is associated with semantically in congruent words in a sentence. (Kutas and Hillyard, 1980) Passively listening to sentence. "He took a sip from the (water fall or fountain). Water fall is more unexpected. It is a moderate and found that N400 is greated. In the other condition "he took a sip from the transmitter. You see N400 was huge.

DID, is it new personality or split from her original? (10.24.2014, ab lec 7, somatform and dissassociative)

The research suggest they are parts of themselves.

What gives Western governments the right to enforcing civil commitment? What are the 2 general conditions that will commit someone to it? ___________________ (Ab 4 Lec + Text: Ethics)

The right comes from the term parens patriae and the general two criteria for being committed to a psychiatric hospital is (1) Mentally ill (2) Danger to Self and Others

(11.7.2014, Ab Lec Schizophrenia) Is this a chronic disorder? Can it be a chronic disorder?

No it comes and goes. Generally the deulsions acute, not chronic. Like depression and anxiety. It can sometimes be chronic

(11.14.2014, ab lec, drug, substance) Is it possible to tell the difference in three category?

No. recreational dependence addiction

(11.14.2014, ab lec, drug, substance) Are food and water considered drugs?

No. Anything you need to stay alive are generally not considered.

(11.7.2014, Ab Lec Schizophrenia) Is it a personality disorder?

No. Not just someone doing something to be different.

(11.7.2014, Ab Lec Schizophrenia) Is Schizophrenia the only psychotic disorder? What is a major psychotic condition in children.

No. There are severeal others. Autism is a form of psychotic disorder.

Is panic attack a physical condition?

No. We do not know the exact cause of a panic attack but it is not physical. Once a panic attack starts, it is difficult to stop. Drugs and hyperventilation do not help significantly. Antidepressants may help some people.

If you look at the cortex of brain for people with dementia (11.28.2014, Ab lec on Old age, ch 16)

Normal brains you see layers that are very neatly communicating in five layers. But with dementia the layers is messed up called plaques. Brain forms plaques.

What does the "A not B" test tell us about object permanence in infants? What does object permanence let infants do that is pretty important?[hint: Despite knowing that Daisy has demonstrated time and time again to not respond I still check my messages anyways. I guess the image in my mind of her lovely affection is what makes me fall into this reoccurring error.] (dev lec 3, milestones and learning in babies)

Object permanence allows infants to imagine. The A not B test involves putting an infant's doll behind an object that blocks it and then shifting in front of the infant the doll to object B. Up to a certain age, despite seeing the object getting moved they still reach to look behind object A. Some researchers suggest this is indication of a lack of object permanence and if this is true that Piaget's predictions of when infants develop object permanence is later than what is found. However some researchers believe that this test could show a lack of impulse control rather than lack of object permanence.

What are the three main ways of assessing someone for a mental disorder or when collecting data for psychology in general? (ab lec 2)

Observation Interview Testing

(OCD) descriptions of what obsesions and what compulsions are.

Obsessions are intrusive thoughts and compulsions are actions to be taken to suppress obsessions.

What is the difference between occupational and temporal cortex processing? Also where are they located? (pcog lec 2)

Occupational cortex processes' simple, low detail representation of an image while temporal processes personal mental notes. For example the occupational may process an Asian girl while the temporal would process that the girl is Daisy

Why do borderline feel good about getting a diagnoisis, "Back from the Edge" - Borderline Personality disorder video (11.21.2014, ab lec, personality disorders)

Often feel relief that they are getting help and having an identity "looking in mirror"

(11.28.2014, Ab lec on Old age, ch 16) Psychology video presented, increases of what disorders

Older folks don't have more anxiety or depression, but increases in paranoid behavior. They suffer the same or even less than middle late adults.

What are the two sides of the argument currently on why babies seem to go into something like REM sleep 50% of the time? (Dev Lec 2)

One side believes that it might be auto stimulation where a baby might not be stimulated by their environment so REM helps self create that for mental growth. This is found shown in studies where babies in more stimulating environments engage in less REM sleep. Also another possibility is that the child is engaging in a lot of learning. Studies from another research team finds that infants who engage in REM sleep learn new made up words faster.

What was significant about PET scans compared to previous forms of medical scanning? Why was it a big deal for cog psych? (pcog lec 1)

Only PET revealed damages so while the struture of the brain was fine the function of it was important.

BF Skinner's claim in psychology? (3) (pcog lec 1)

Operent, Skinner boy, radical behaviorism

(11.14.2014, ab lec, drug, substance) Cough syrup. Robo tripping.

Use of halluncinogen, three bottles you get get buzz. (nervous system depressent)

What are field modified experiments? (Dev lec 1)

Use rare opportunities for random assignment in natural setting. EX: giving a group of baby sitters special training and a group without any training as control.

What is different with grandparents now (11.11.2014, Dev middle adulthood)

Used to be a decade but now will have grandchildren 30 years of one's life.

Diffusion tensor imaging (12.7.2014, pcog ch 2 review, general cog neuroscience)

Used to measure an entire neural network by measuring the detection of how water diffuses along the length of the nerve fibers

Systematic desensitiation

Used to treat phobia Stage 1 put the person in a relaxed state. Stage 2 present the fear-arousing stimulus. As the arousal goes up, the person is asked to focus on what they felt during the relaxed state. Stage 3+ gradually increase the level of fear that can be aroused by the stimulus until the person can relax when the exact object he fears is presented.

What are natural environment modified experiments? (Dev lec 1)

Using conditions that are extremely similar. Like for example when comparing the effect of airplane noise for children researchers would study two towns, one with an airport being built and one without with the assumption that conditions should be very similar.

Who determines today whether someone is fit to stand trail? Describe the Fitness Interview Test Review and the three factors considered ___________________ (Ab 4 Lec + Text: Ethics)

Usually a clinician determines whether someone is fit to stand trail and one method is through the Fitness Interview Test Review which factors (a) Whether the person understands the nature and purpose of the proceeding, (b) Whether the person understands the possibility or likelihood of the proceedings (c) Whether person is capable of communicating with their lawyer.

Treatments for dementia (11.28.2014, Ab lec on Old age, ch 16)

Usually involve Choline, Estrogen, and Cognitive therapy.

Alzheimer's disease accounts for (11.28.2014, Ab lec on Old age, ch 16)

Over half.

What is the difference between PET, MRI, and FMRI. What do they rely on and what do they produce? (pcog lec 2)

PET: Gluecose consumtion, slow, longtime, structural MRI: Atoms and radioactive emittance, clearer than PET, really expensive but can follow specific neurotrasmitters FMRI: detect oxygen, better spatial and time recording (up to 30 seconds for example)

Why is pain disorder a difficult disorder? What type of people get diagnoised. (10.24.2014, ab lec 7, somatform and dissassociative)

Pain is a subjective measure. Some people experience pain more than others. People who experience pain for no physical reason moght be diagnoised

(11.4.2014, pcog ch 7, LTM encoding, retrival, and scheema) (I remember when near the end of high school I began to look into memory techniques since I found my memory was so aweful. One type of memory technique was to imagine something really grotesque or weird in order to remember people's names easier.) Desceibe what paired-associative learning is and how Bower et Al (1970) demonstrated this. What kind of rehersal is this?

Paired-associative learning is the observation that mentally imaging two items interacting led to better memory than just plan reprition. Bower et Al demonstrated this by having participants in two groups either repear two words or imagine two words together. The results are that imagining is much more effect. The imagining would be elaborative rehersal while the maintence is just the repeating.

Define panic and panic attacks

Panic is the sudden overwhelming reaction to fear. Panic attacks are described as an abrupt experience of intense fear. (AB 5)

(11.14.2014, ab lec, drug, substance) Brain on drugs display: addiction process and pharmacology. Drug treatment

Partial opiate agonist, stimulates the receptor but does not give the same effect. Activate and block the receptor, creating less powerful effects. It can also lead to dependence and withdrawa;

What is the trend of physical activity for boys and girls by the age of 15? What is found to encourage continuing exorcise? (12.7.2014, Dev Exam review, ch 11, physical and cognitive development in adolescence)

Participation in team sports and sports involving little equipment like running or lifting is found to encourage excercise.

Exogenous orientating (12.1.2014, pcog lec, last lec special, expectation and violation of expectation)

People are slower to respond. Habituation is a decrements in responding repeatedly-presented, irrelevant stimulus.

self referential effect (rogers et al)

People recalled better when relating to self.

Social motivation and affiliation (11.21.2014, ab lec, personality disorders)

People tend to desperately need power but are not good at getting it. Also really want affiliation but bad at getting "I love you love you love you, say it, say it....(person says I love)...ah I hate you"

Motivational domain of bipolar

People want to do everything at once, can be mistaken for substance abuse or hyperactivity. Over-active in occupational, religious and social functions. Often there is domineering, gambling, flamboyant dressing and over-shopping.

(11.14.2014, ab lec, drug, substance) Story detox facility and water

People were sleeping in the bathroom and staff were perplexed. It turns out they were in there drinking excess amounts of water. It turns out if you drink abnormal amount of water it changes the PH level of your blood and gives you a high.

Narcissistic personality disorder (11.21.2014, ab lec, personality disorders)

People with grandiose sense of self importance like "bow down to me I am your god" Also lack of empathy "I couldn't give two flips about you". If you tell him that he is not a god then he will be very offended by it. There is a sense of entitlement but below the surface is a very fragile self-esteem. Feeling of entitlement and preoccupied with success and requires excessive admiration. Professor's roommate says that he is a world class tennis player, world class skier, and owner of largest parmactetucal disorder. Andrew was defeated by a friend who was 60th in Ontario and got defeated, humiliated.

Phobias

Persistent and irrational fear or overwhelming anxiety of an object or a situation that presents no realistic threat. A fear of a direct threat. The fear is irrational. The things they fear cannot actually hurt them.

Panic disorder

Persistent attacks of panic. Marked by elevated level of intensity. People often describe a panic attack as something that may kill them like a heart attack.

Obsession

Persistent uncontrollable thoughts. Intrusion of unwanted thoughts.

Explain the Brown, Peterson and Peterson experiment findings in STM and its implications. Define proactive inferences.

Peterson and Peterson studied STM using 3 sequence letters and having a subject recall these sequences after a delay. They found that a longer delay had less accurate results which is due to STM "decay". They also found that STM worsened after the first few trials of sequences. This indicated that previously learned information interferes with new information. This is called "proactive inferences". The effective duration of STM with proactive inference is 15-20 seconds.

Moral treatment

Philippe Pinel & William Tuke Humanitarian treatment, individual attention, improved condition, live as normal lives as possible

TICS and other physical compulsions

Physical compulsions are usually actions which someone with OCD will do whenever they feel an intrusive thought entering their mind. Many report tics after experiencing severe fever.

What is the definition of Conversion disorder? (10.24.2014, ab lec 7, somatform and dissassociative)

Physical disorder, lose of function with no organic basis usually in a single organ system.

What is polygon good for in regards to frequency tables? What does it look like on top of a histogram? (stats lec 2)

Polygons are another way to display group frequency data.

(11.13. 2014, Ab ch 12, substance abuse) Polymorphism of OPRM1 receptor gene

Polymorphism of OPRM1 receptor gene is found to associated in early onset problems among teens and found to be linked to their tendency to drink specifically to how enhance their lives (Miranda et al, 2010)

Compare sparse coding and population coding in the example of recognition of faces. Why is sparse coding more likely? (pcog lec 2)

Population coding presumes that most neurons fire at all time but just at different configurations. This is less likely than sparse coding which presumes that certain groups fire at a time.

Medical disease model (biological) of etiology

Psychiatrist predominantly 1) genes 2) biochemical models - neurotransmitters 3) neuropsychological - brain is not working properly in certain areas. Dysfunction in specific anatomical and physiological functioning 4) psychoanalytical model ( not used quite often anymore) Freud was the first to say that psychopathology develops inside the person.

Research which demonstrates the effectiveness of psychodynamic therapy (12.13.2014, pcog ch 2 review Current paradigm and Integrative Approaches)

Psychotherapy has been demonstrated in the recent past to be effective. A systematic review of therapy published since the 1970 concluded a high mean overall success rate (De Maat et al, 2009). In fact 23 treatment studies suggested that it is more effective than other forms of therapy including CBT (Leichsenring and Leibing, 2007)

(11.7.2014, Ab Lec Schizophrenia) ABC gives your perspective. Percentage suciide. Which is worse auditory or audio

Push 1/10 to commit suicide. Auditory tends to get them to be violent.

Acoustic startle response (12.1.2014, pcog lec, last lec special, expectation and violation of expectation)

Rat at first notices the noise but then ignores it after. First stimulus presentation for a first response but then over time the rat will start to ignore it after. Habituation is found across many species.

How does the behavior of rats perception factor in what we can know about the unconscious process of cognition? (AB 2)

Rats seeing a stimulas occasionally up close were less interested results in different suggests unconscious cognition of the meat powder stimulas.

Is photographic memory real? (11.24.2014, Pcog lec, imagery)

Reading a page from a book then reading it. Most fail tests, generally they cannot read it from end to start.

What are real limits in context of group frequencies? Why are they important? What is the general rules to using real limits? What happens if the number falls on the limit?

Real limits is able to better capture complete continuous data. Set up boundaries of intervals on the half (0.5). If it falls on limit then you put it in the top portion.

Recall vs Recognition: (ch. 5)

Recall is extracting information from STM or LTM; recognition is recognizing stimuli that are presented

The Gestalt switch (12.1.2014, pcog lec, last lec special, expectation and violation of expectation)

Recently there is a switch back to the understanding of feedback signals from higher parts of the brain.

_________ are the briefest form of memory based on direct sensory stimulation. It essentially is what lets me replay the voice of the prof in my mind so that I can write down important notes even though she has moved on. There are different sensory modalities that have different properties. The easiest sensory moduality to test is vision which is also called Iconic memory. (10.06.2014 Cog lec 5 memory)

Sensory memory

What are sequential studies and how are they different from longitudinal studies? How does it solve the issue of cohort effect? (Dev Lec 2)

Sequential studies uses both cross and longitudinal and can test for cohort effect by using multiple groups.

Is it known that there was a peak of the diagnosis of Schizophrenia in 1952 at the New York State Psychiatric Institute while in London at the Maudsley Hospital the rate of diagnosis stayed at a constant 20%. (Kurinansky, Deming, and GUrland, 1974). Why the increase of diagnosis in the us?

Several prominent figures in US psychiatry expanded Bluerler's broad concept of Schizophrenia. As a result those with bipolar disorder today was diagnosed with Schizophrenia (Cooper et al., 1972) and those who would today have a personality disorder.

Misdiagnosis

Severe depression and manic depression can be misdiagnosed with schizophrenia Because therapists only see clients during their session, manic depression when in depressive episode can be mistaken for major depression Bipolar can be mistaken for substance abuse

What is Somatform disorders. What do you need to rule out? (10.24.2014, ab lec 7, somatform and dissassociative)

Somatoform disorders look and feel like a physical disorder and they are not. Need to rule our phsy and medical.

Deserted Island scanning against distraction (11.24.2014, Pcog lec, imagery)

Some say that it might be because in scanning they get distracted along the way. Steve island responds to this with his deserted Island experiment. It was found that the longer the distance the longer the reaction time. It is concluded that images in physical image corresponds mental image.

What is the significance of blind sight in unconscious cognition? (AB 2)

Some who were blind sometimes can pretty accuractly guess more than chance at answers. This suggests that despite being blind on a conscuous level some part of their brain is still unconsciously processing information.

Is it possible to be not mentally disordered but insane? ___________________ (Ab 4 Lec + Text: Ethics)

Someone who is not mentally disordered at the time and so is fit to stand trail of their sentencing can be still found insane when they committed the crime because they could have gotten help for their disorder.

- Explain George Sperling's experiment. - What are the whole report and partial report methods? - What were the implications? - What did the delayed partial report indicate? (ch. 5)

Sperling wanted to test if our iconic memory stored more information that we can report. He used short flashes of an array of letters, which the subject had to report on. - Whole report: subjects have to report all letters that they remembered. Avg 4.5/12 - partial report: subject had to report only one row of the letters; row was determined post viewing by a cue tone (high = top row, medium = middle, low = bottom). Avg 3.3/4 Implication is that our iconic memory takes in much more information than we can report on because the information rapidly fades from memory as we report. This brief sensory memory is ~ 1 second. Sperling's experiment is important not only because it reveals the capacity of sensory memory (large) and its duration (brief), but also because it provides yet another demonstration of how clever experimentation can reveal extremely rapid cognitive processes. - delayed partial report confirms this as the delay in cue tone caused subject to forget most of letters in a row.

Is midlife crisis stage or life event? (11.11.2014, Dev middle adulthood)

Stage view: midlife canges are developmental transitions. Life event view: A product of culture.

What is top down processing? (pcog lec 3)

Starting with knowledge, expectations which effects how we processes information

Which personality disorders has the highest amounts of comorbidity with other personality disorders? (11.23.2014, Personality Disorders Chapter Summary)

Studies in 2009 find by studying epidemiological data that comorbidity is higher for shizotypal personality disorder, borderline personality disorder, and narcissistic personality disorder were found to be the highest (Pulay et al, 2009)

(11.14.2014, ab lec, drug, substance) psychotherapy

Usually there is same comborbid disorder/personalities. Involves help groups. And instructing that relapse is common

Visual imagery and sports (11.24.2014, Pcog lec, imagery)

Studies shows that athletes spend time imagining their performance have been shown to improve their performance a little later. This involve imaging what you might do.

(11.14.2014, ab lec, drug, substance) Epidemoilogy of drugs or the reason for drugs

Substances directly or indirectly stimulating the part of the brain we call the reward system or the dopamine reward pathway. Ventral tegmental and nucleus succumbent stimulate parts of this parthway producing dopamine and endorphine

(11.6.2014, Ab ch 11, Schizophrenia) What did DSM 4 look like for schiz and how is it different in DSM?

Subtypes of very different behaviorals were found in DSM 4 but this was dropped and dimensional systems ratings has been added

What is the difference between sucking reflex and voluntary sucking for babies? When does the change usually occur? (Dev Lec 2)

Sucking reflex is done in a way that is very effective and not very painful for the mother. But at around 4-6 weeks the baby becomes less cooperative suggesting that this action is beginning to be voluntary.

OCD Four major types of obsessions

Symmetry, forbidden thoughts, hoarding, and contamination

What is the person like at end stages (11.28.2014, Ab lec on Old age, ch 16)

Withdrawn and apathetic

(Dev lec 6, Middle Childhood, ____a1____) Boys at this age tend to become more masculine while females start to adopt of the more masculine traits. The prof thinks this is because females ______a______.

a. 6-7 to 11-12 a. begin to see certain male gender qualities that are better

a. What would this have been called 400 years ago for DID b. Is there DID genetic connection found c. What is the trigger for Personality rising in DID d. there is a higher chance of inheritence children (10.24.2014, ab lec 7, somatform and dissassociative)

a. demonic possession b. No. Not seemingly inherited. c. can be without warning or can be stres d. Yes

(Dev lec 6, Middle Childhood, 6-7 to 11-12) for Erikson this stage is of life focuses on ___a___ and happens because the child is usually introduced to school. If a child identifies with ___b___ then they have a sense of competence for their skills. On the other hand, if a child identifies with ___c____ then they will have a sense of pessimism.

a. industry vs inferiority b. industry c. inferiority

4. Find each value requested for the distribution of scores in the following table. a. n b. EX c. Ex^2 Frequency table X: 5 4 3 2 1 f: 1 2 3 5 3

a. n=14 b. EX = 35 c. 107

somatoform-like disorders a. may or may not be? b. malingering c. Facticitious disorser, in extreme (10.24.2014, ab lec 7, somatform and dissassociative)

a. pathology, may or may not be disorders b. Can be not pathology because we all answer to look bad for attention or answer good c. Make something up, in extreme munchousum syndrome

What does perfect and Askew 1994 magazine study tell us about propangda effect?

ads in mag but told not to pay attention, higher ratings were given to those they have been exposed to even though told not to pay attention to it

What is the psychological term for subject feelings that starts with "a"? (2012test)

affet

What types of drugs we are interested in (11.14.2014, ab lec, drug, substance)

alter the way you think feel or behave

Variability provides a quantitative measure of the ______________ in a distribution and describes the degree to which the scores are spread out or clustered together. (10.03.2014 Stats ch 4 textbook extraction/notes)

differences between scores

(11.7.2014, Ab Lec Schizophrenia) Problem of DSM 5 of getting rid of the 5 month and 1 month?

mis diagnosis and over diagnosis. The rational was to treat it right away.

according to Seklyle's work the concept of stress is a ________ reactiob to implied threats (2012test)

psychosomaric reaction to implied threats

implosive therapy (studywithnatalia)

shock exposure of in the room

Bipolar push of speech (studywithnatalia)

speed a lot of hyperactive

(11.6.2014, Ab ch 11, Schizophrenia) The dopamine theory did not gain much support when researchers found

that homovanillic acid (HVA), the major metabolite of dopamine, was not found in greater amounts for people with schizophrenia (Bowers, 1974)

Population variance equals the mean squared deviation. Variance is the average squared distance from the mean. While Standard deviation is the _________. (10.03.2014 Stats ch 4 textbook extraction/notes)

variance squared

wass test (studywithnatalia)

verbal, visual spatial, total IQ

evidence of auditory and visual used in LTM but what?

visualizing past or remembering song. All these memories are meaningful in long term so there is semantics there.

Borderline personality disorder need love and hate you too (11.21.2014, ab lec, personality disorders)

want affiliation but bad at getting "I love you love you love you, say it, say it....(person says I love)...ah I hate you"

The _________ tries to get around this by asking people to identify as many letters as they can when flashed something like a 5 by 5 table of random letters. This gets past the previous issue because guessing would not useful. What it found was that people only got about a quarter correct which demonstrates the apparent limit of sensory memory (10.06.2014 Cog lec 5 memory)

whole report condition

Deviation is distance from the mean: deviation score = X - u. What is x? What is u? (10.03.2014 Stats ch 4 textbook extraction/notes)

x is the integer while u is the deviation from the mean

(11.14.2014, ab lec, drug, substance) Hallucinogen LSD addicton? overdose?

yes addition but no overdose.

Kolberg theory of moral development did you have to progress through in a process (12.2.2014, last lec, exam questions)

yes cognitive process that each is build on each of the processes. Critique is that woman can moral reason in social level. Both if friend then just as likely male/woman will have social moral.

Relationship of crytralized and fluid intelligence (11.11.2014, Dev middle adulthood)

younger they are matched. At around 36 they don't really predictive. Fluid and crystallize are not causing problem. And then later lack of processing speed does influence crystalized intelligence.

(11.10.2014, Pcog lec Ch 11, wrong memory and catgories) Three proptype approaches and what the differences

(1) Definition (2) Proptype appraoch - based on averages (3) Exemper appraoch - think of specific examples

(11.7.2014, Ab Lec Schizophrenia) Therapy types (2)

(1) Social skills training - has not been observed until 18. (2) CBT

(11.6.2014, Ab ch 11, Schizophrenia) what are the 6 categorizes of negative symptoms

(1) avolition (2) algoia (3) anhedonia (4) flat affect (5) asociality

While personality is a word used to describe long lasting traits in different people, infant personalities are call ____(a)______ because_______(b)_______. There are ___(c)______ types generally found. ___________________ 09.30.2014 Dev Lec 4 (Attachment, temperament)

(a) temperaments (b) researchers can only rely on behavior since infants cannot fill out questionnaires (c) four types

PTSD Genera symptoms .(11.1.2014, ab lec ch 12, psychophysical disroder)-

* sets of symptoms that may follow deeply disturbing events. * sleep distubances, anxiety, guilt, and lead to phycial illness

What type of treatment is preffered for DID? Why?

*psychodynamic since it's clear they cannot access certain memories

Professor Dukewhich gave us an example

...

Infant milestones in perception in 1 month, 2-3 months, 4 months, and 12 months [hint: I compared your stim and I enjoy the complexity of the technology especially what it does to your facial expressions. Despite not being able to measure neurological activity I can sense that there is limits to how much you can take. If you show me this in a couple of months when I'm less busy I'm sure I'll recognized the pattern enough to help you further.] (dev lec 3, milestones and learning in babies)

1 month: prefer contrast stimulas and in particular prefer more simple designs. This is because a simuli too complex cannot be focused on. 2-3 months: Start to like complex patterns and facial patterns. There now a new emphasis on how the infant looks at faces with it's focus on eye and central features. 4 months: Can perceive subjective boundaries like those seen in the Gestalt tests 12 months: Even with details missing in a photo already shown the infant demonstrates recognition of it.

(11.6.2014, Ab ch 11, Schizophrenia) What is the likelihood of schizoprhenia if not related?

1%

bipolar and schizo stats (studywithnatalia)

1%

(11.14.2014, ab lec, drug, substance) % of people who get addicted to heroin and get off

1%. There is maintence therapy in Canada.

The three theories of language development are ____(1,2,3)___; the more prominent theory of today is __(b)__

1) Behaviourist - language is learned through operant conditioning and imitation 2) Nativist - children have an innate ability called the Language Acquistion Device that biologically prepares children for learning language rules 3) Interactionist - inner capacity and environment/social context allow child to learn b) the interactionist approach

Formal assessment (3 categories)

1)observation 2)interview 3)testing

Describe what agonists, antagonists, and inverse agonists do. (AB 2)

1. Agonist - increased activity 2. antagonist - decreased activity 3. inverse agonist - produce opposite neurotransmitter

(11.6.2014, Ab ch 11, Schizophrenia) What does APA (2004) write as the general guidelines for treatmebt of schizoprheni?

1. Antiphychotic medication 2. Identification and treatment of comorbid disorder 3. psychosocial treatment imrpvoing abiltity to function socially and vocationally

Problems with cultural norms

1. Cross-cultural differences. Different culture has different norms and there are disorders that are only recognized in certain culture. Schizophrenia is almost recognized by every culture 2. Situational variables (e.g. It is okay to be naked in a bathroom but not in a classroom)

Why treat depression if we know it will go away? If untreated depression can cause ______1_____ Good news is that it goes away if the person does not commit suicide, but bad news it comes back. To prevent it you can manage stress better. Exercise, managing time, entertainment. (Ablec6mood)

1. Dysfunction and suicide

Vaiallant's Adpation to Life (11.4.2014, Dev Young)

1. Follow indiviudals from 20 to 70s (50 years). 5 Stages (a) 20 - intimacy co=ncern (b)30 - career consolidation (c) 40 - generativity, giving back to mentors (d) 50s to 60s - keepers of meaning, anchoring to the past, teaching their important values (e) 70s - spiritiual 2. This was done in the 1920s though so this could have changed since.

Describe the general format of this chapter (11.23.2014, Personality Disorders Chapter Summary)

1. Look at how personality disorders are classified 2. Challenges of assessment 3. Looking at personality disorders and research on their tiology therapies for dealing with them

cliques and crowds in adolescents (2 s mall, c rowdy)

1. Small group 5 - 7, good friends, invite to for dinner, identified by interests and social status 2. Crowd: larger with seveal grouos, severeal cliques. Use as a 'dating pool', same social status.

Problems with statistical criteria

1. exclude the high end (e.g. Math genius is not abnormal) 2. We also count common behavior as abnormal (e.g. Alcohol, caffeine)

(11.6.2014, Ab ch 11, Schizophrenia)(Brown and Derkits, 2010) writes about what the public should do in response to the three possible causes of Schizophrenia. What are the 2 possible causes?

1. explosure to infectionz 2. maternal cytokines associated with increased risk

(11.14.2014, ab lec, drug, substance) Three things considered in DSM 5 of non substance addictions. Which one was considered and which one not?

1. gambling 2. internet 3. sex (depending on what gender you do take something in your body) Gambling was approved while the others are not.

Adolescent adjustment on family influence (4, strss, fam even during reb, $, sibling rel sup)

1. how well adolescence handle day to day stressors of life 2. better the relationship, the better the adolescent adjusts. It still helps to have supportive parents even though they are rebelling 3. family finances, less money work more so less time 4. sibling relationships are a predicator. Silbings tend to fight less and less fights. Reasons are (1) both getting older so turn to each other (2) less likely siblings are treating differently because we are different people, one sports while one school. More similar age then less conflicts

Risk of friendships for adolesecence ( , rum, corrum, rel agg, females discl, onlne knw, homo dte hetr or onlne, neg ass onlne)

1. rumination, thinking about something over and over again which causes anxiety and depression 2. corumination, two people talking, mostly girls, talks more and more. Can make worse 3. Relationship aggression, reveal information to each other. 4. females tend to disclose more so their friendships don't last as long 5. if online tend to be someone you already know. 6. sometimes used to week out support online, ex homosexual support 7. Some negative associations, might be outdated, found that children. High parent child and high deliquency and high internet use all have lots of friends who they don't know. Might not be a problem since they are finding support. But problem is that a quater will agree to meet face to face without telling parents.

Somataoform symtpoms. There are 4. (1) suggest a what? (2) cannot be explained by (3) these sympotms tend to be? (10.24.2014, ab lec 7, somatform and dissassociative)

1. symptons physical 2. rule our physical symptoms 3. dramatic and multiple ex headache, brain tumor

Identity statuses in adolescent (8, two level, id ach, mor, id for, id dif, lots of change, diff now, diff for tend)

1. two factors level of exploration and level of commitment 2. Identity achievement (high, high). Engaged in exploration but commits 3. moratorium (high explore, low commitment) lots of options less commitment 4. identity forclosure (low explore, low commitment) carpenter family 5. identity diffusion (low and low) 6. Individuals can switch but tend at the end of adolescence to be identity achievement and moratorium. Research believes it is changing into later adult hood. 7. When Erikon put theory forward things have changed due to university life 8. Identity forclosure has been linked to negative outcome these people tend to regret making too early.

Why are we learning about this in developmental psych (12.2.2014, last lec, death, dying, and bereavement)

1. understand death understand life 2. others are affected when people die. People's experience of death changes

Widowhood (12.2.2014, last lec, part 2 of late adulthood)

1/3 are widowed (men and woman). It is the most stressful event of life for many. Most married individuals go through it since someone has to die anyways. Most report a high level of loneliness and the most stressful event of life. Men are more likely to remarry, due to a pool of woman, and also because they lack a lot of skills like cooking/household chores.

15. For the following set of scores Scores: 5, 6,8, 9,5,5,7,5,6,4,6,6,5,7,7,5,4,7,6, 5 a. Place the scores in a frequency distribution table. b. Identify the shape of the distribution.

15. a. ──── X f ──── 9 1 8 1 7 4 6 5 5 7 4 2 ──── b. positively skewed

16. For a sample with a mean of p, = 45, a score of X = 59 corresponds to z = 2.00. What is the sample standard deviation? (10.13.2014 stats ch 6, zscores)

16. s = 7

19. In a distribution of scores, X = 64 corresponds to z = 1.00, and X = 67 corresponds to z = 2.00. Find the mean and standard deviation for the distribution (10.13.2014 stats ch 6, zscores)

19. μ = 61 and σ = 3. The distance between the two scores is 3 points which is equal to 1.0 standard deviation.

23. A distribution with a mean of p, = 62 and a standard deviation of o• = 8 is transformed into a standardized distribution with p, = 100 and = 20. Find the new, standardized score for each of the following values from the original population. a. X = 60 b. X = 54 c. X = 72 d. X = 66 (10.13.2014 stats ch 6, zscores)

23. a. X = 95 (z = -0.25) b. X = 80 (z = -1.00) c. X = 125 (z = 1.25) d. X = 110 (z = 0.50)

3. Find each value requested for the distribution of scores in the following table. a.n b.EX c. EX^2 x f 5 2 4 3 3 5 2 1 1 1

3. a. n = 12 b. ΣX = 40 c. ΣX2 = 148

4. What does it mean for a sample to have a standard deviation of zero? Describe the scores in such a sample. (10.03.2014 Stats ch 4 textbook extraction/notes)

4. A standard deviation of zero indicates there is no variability. In this case, all of the scores in the sample have exactly the same value.

What was a behaviorist's drive reduction model and how was it contested by Harlow's research? ___________________ 09.30.2014 Dev Lec 4 (Attachment, temperament)

A behaviorist's drive reduction believes that it is the feeding and early association between feeding to the parents that creates attachment. Harlow demonstrated that monkey's prefer going to soft fake monkey mother when there is danger even though the other monkey fed the monkey. This shows that attachment is not formed by just the pleasure of feeding.

Is a psychologist required to break confidentiality if their client admits to (1) Abusing someone in the past? (2) Going to abuse someone? (3) Going to abuse a child? ___________________ (Ab 4 Lec + Text: Ethics)

A psychologist is supposed to only break confidentiality if there is future crime or harm being committed, with the exception that the client tells her that they abused a child.

(early childhood 3-4) Self conscious emotions depend on adult feed back. A child at this age does not know to feel shame unless told. Studies find that in North America parents tend to focus on ___a___ which is that the individual messed up, while in collectivist cultures they tend to focus on ___b____ which is the focus on how a child has harmed others.

A. Guilt 2. Shame

According to the Abnormal psych textbook how much violence in the US is linked to mental disorder? Is mental disorder a major cause in violent crime? ___________________ (Ab 4 Lec + Text: Ethics)

According to (swanson et Al 1990) only 3% of violence in US is clearly linked to mental disorder while (Mulvey, 1994) find factors such substance abuse, teen and 20s, male, and poor to be stronger predictors of violent crime.

Where are the target receptors for anti-anxiety drugs located?

Amygdala

(11.13. 2014, Ab ch 12, substance abuse) Animal research and what it suggests about the neural changes during substance abuse

Animal research has found that alcohol dependence lead to long term neuro adaptions that create a negative state which causes compulsions to relieve the negative state with alcohol thus making the issue worse (Heilig and Koob, 2007).

(11.7.2014, Ab Lec Schizophrenia) Descriveg the three domains of hallucinations

Auditory, tactile (bugs crwalers), somantic (an alien residing in the stomach)

What are bar graphs and pie graphs good for in regards to frequency data? What's the difference between a histogram and a pie graph? (stats lec 2)

Bar graphs and pie graphs are good for visualizing smaller sets of simple frequency data. Unlike hisograms bar graphs are not spaced together

What is the difference between a child with difficult temperament and a child with a slow to warm up temperament? ___________________ 09.30.2014 Dev Lec 4 (Attachment, temperament)

Both difficult and slow to warm up children tend be in a more negative mood. Difficult children have their own internal ideas and fuses if forced to do things they don't want or if a routine is broken. A slow to warm up child is less excitable and tend to smirk rather than outright laugh. In addition they are also less likely to explore.

(11.6.2014, Ab ch 11, Schizophrenia) What did Colney and colleagues (2007) find for people with Shiz and depressed at onset in the next three years.

Colney and Colleagues (2007) found that people with shiz and depressed at onset had a much higher chance of relapsing to need mental health servicds and pose a safety concern, substance abuse problem, and to report poor life satisifcation and meication adherence.

The process of deinstiutionalization included introducing ________ mental health services (2012test)

Community

(11.13. 2014, Ab ch 12, substance abuse) Couples and family therapy and alcohol

Couple and family therapy can be important for those with substance abuse and in particular those who have issues with alcohol because those addicted to alcohol often physically and behavioral therapies are found to achieve some reductions in drinking and a reduction of general distress in the couple (McCady et al., 2004).

Cross sectional, sequential, longituitional of adult cog decrease (11.11.2014, Dev middle adulthood)

Cross section done first you find that 60 years decline. But longituitional data show there is far less decline and even an increase by 60 to 76 and the drop rate. Sequential study finds cross sectional increase and longituitional decrease. What is found by this is that education is getting better.

How did age of enlightenment, in particular Decartes, help medicine yet held back the scientific study of the mind? (pcog lec 1)

Decartes by seperating the mind and the body allowed scientists to begin developing medicine while the mind was still being oppressed by religious doctrines.

Another word used for the word Senility (11.28.2014, Ab lec on Old age, ch 16)

Dementia

What's the difference between empirically derived and clinically derived classification systems? (ab lec 2)

Empirically derived is based on data, clinically derived is based on consensus.

(11.14.2014, ab lec, drug, substance) Brain on drugs display: addiction process and pharmacology. Brain extretes amount vs drugs

Endogenuous opiate are small while drugs are large amounts. WOOOOAH

Major depression

Extreme and persistent feelings of sadness. Persistent feelings of sadness and despair and a loss of interest in previous source of pleasure.

Where are these group now? (11.21.2014, ab lec, personality disorders)

Grouped with disorders that have similar symptoms

(11.13. 2014, Ab ch 12, substance abuse) Heroin substitute vs a heroin antagonist

Heroin substitutes are drugs that are chemically similar to heroin and replaces the body's high for it. Methadone is one such drug. But the issue with this is that because they are cross dependent or acting on the same central nervous system they can cause the individual to become dependent on it with it's own withdrawal. The withdrawal though is less severe than withdrawal from illicit drugs (Strain et al, 1999). It is found that combining methadone treatment is improved with regular psychological counselling (Ball and Ross, 1991). Heroin antagonists prevent the user from experiencing heroin high by binding to receptors that heroin usually binds to and occupy the space without stimulating them. In this treatment addicts are first gradually weaned from heroin and then receive increasing dosages of one these drugs. Patient compliance with therapy that involve antagonists are very poor and the overall outcome is found to be only moderate (Ginzburg, 1986).

Perky (1910) image and description (11.24.2014, Pcog lec, imagery)

I drew same bananan and two apples

(11.6.2014, Ab ch 11, Schizophrenia) Brown and colleagues 1996 finds a strong relationship between those who relapse and family dynamics.

In their study a sample of clients with Schizoprhenia and their family were interviewed. Parents or spouse were given a rating for the amount of hosility or overinvolvement to the person with the diagnosis. Only 10% of low issu families relapses while 56% of those with high issues required hospital attention in a 9 month follow up (Brown et al., 1966)

How is PTSD with delayed on set different from the usual type?

Individual with delayed onset PTSD show no symptoms at first but then show the symtoms later often called acute stressor disorder

What is the difference between Insanity and Mental Disorder? ___________________ (Ab 4 Lec + Text: Ethics)

Insanity is a legal term that finds that the individuals did not know what he/she did was wrong at the time that they committed the crime while mental disorder is a psychological term describing abnormal psyche.

How did French schools influence development psych history (Dev lec 1)

Interested in a method to find out which children need extra help psychologists began to find averages according to grades.

(11.14.2014, ab lec, drug, substance) Cocaine (stimulant) long term use

Long term use damage the brain.

If there is an open ended group like 5 or more people ate pizza what central tendency should be used?

Medium

Frienship (11.11.2014, Dev middle adulthood)

Not as much time. Only choose individuals who we view as truly good friends. We have more complex ideas of friendships, relying more on family than friendships. So they rely on friends as a source of affirmation and self esteem as opposed to self esteem.

Who experienes highest level of death anxiety (12.2.2014, last lec, exam questions)

Not given back enough yet and things done are not understanding other things a part of others.

Trouble with stability and fitting in each category (11.23.2014, Personality Disorders Chapter Summary)

Personality is assumed to be table but some researchers have concluded that the stability of personality in clients with mood disorders was rather poor (Durbin and Klein, 2006, p. 82) and others have concluded that there are so many constructs present that at present it's impossible to answer whether personalities disorders are stable (Morey and Hopwood, 2013). Another complication is that clients sometimes exhibit a wide range of traits making multiple diagnosis possible (Marshall and Serin, 1997). One study found that 55% of patients with borderline personality also met criteria for three other personality disorders (Widiger, Frances, and Trull, 1987).

Describe the general history of DSM development of personality disorders and classification (11.23.2014, Personality Disorders Chapter Summary)

Personality was a part of some of the earliest versions of DSM but the diagnosis were very unreliable where the diagnosis of one clinican to another can be very different. DSM-III was when diagnosis really began to improve with the adaption of the xis model. (Coolidge and Segal, 1998). In DSM-V the Axis system was removed though it is now generally accepted that disorders which occur in a more spontaneous manner experience long-lasting personality disorder (412) [which makes sense since living with a disorder can cause a lot of adjustment issues].

___________ equals the mean squared deviation. Variance is the average squared distance from the mean. While Standard deviation is the variance squared. (10.03.2014 Stats ch 4 textbook extraction/notes)

Population variance

Mechanism of MAO

Prevent enzyme from deactivating neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft, so there are more neurotransmitters in the synapses.

Mechanism of tricyclic

Prevent re-uptake of monoamine

Early onset dementia (11.28.2014, Ab lec on Old age, ch 16)

Sometimes 40s usually 50s. A debilitating abilities. This is bad news because it is a terminal disease, early onset 4 -5 years. After 65 maybe 10 years.

If Grechen see something will other personalities have memory? (10.24.2014, ab lec 7, somatform and dissassociative)

Sometimes, lots of variatibility

(11.14.2014, ab lec, drug, substance) Alcohol (depressent). Genetic basis

Sons of alcholic fathers tend to experience alcoholism

Population variance equals the mean squared deviation. Variance is the average squared distance from the mean. While ___________ is the variance squared. (10.03.2014 Stats ch 4 textbook extraction/notes)

Standard deviation

What is bottom up processing? (pcog lec 3)

Starts from basic sensory and moves upwards

We can define abnormal by

Statistical criteria; cultural norms; developmental norms; frequency, intensity, duration

Definition of abnormal behavior(textbook)

Statistical infrequency; Violation of norms; Personal suffering; Disability or dysfunction; Unexpectedness

Cognitive development when we think of someone not as accepting of new experiences (11.11.2014, Dev middle adulthood)

Steve jobs. We hold stereotypes that isn't true at all. There is of course cognitive decline. Which is supported by research but the problem with this is that research focuses on decline, focus on decrease and less research is done where things stay stable

(11.13. 2014, Ab ch 12, substance abuse) Amphetamines (stimulant)

Stimulants act on the brain and the sympathetic nervous system to increases alertness and motor activity. Originally it was discovered by a Chinese American pharmacologist who isolated alkaloid from a plant which he found his his reading of ancient Chinese descriptions of drugs. It was found that this was a very effective treatment for asthma. Amphetamines resulted from efforts to make a synthetic substitute (Synder, 1974). Amphetamines produce their effects by causing the release of norepinephrine and dopamines and blocking the reuptake of these neurotransmitters. As a result wakefulness is heightened, intestinal functions are inhibited, and appetite is reduced. Heart rate quicks and blood vessels in the skin and mucous membranes constrict. These individuals are alert, euphoric, and outgoing, possessing seemingly boundless energy and self confidence (386). Heavy users however can become suspicious and hostile. Large doses taken over periods of time can induce a state similar to paranoid schizophrenia including it's delusional thoughts (386).

(11.14.2014, ab lec, drug, substance) Brain on drugs display: addiction process and pharmacology. VTA and stimulation

Stimulations VTA produces dopamine and endordrine. endorphines or endorgenuous, dopamine release, activate dopamine receptors that activate brain to create feelings of ephuria.

What are the two types of interviews a psychologist can give when assessing for psychological disorders?What are the advantages and disadvantages of each? (ab lec 2)

Structured allows you to not miss anything. Unstructured allows for a relationship between the therapist and client.

Treatment options for separation anxiety

Structured exercises to teach children coping mechanisms as well as teaching parents how to react in a constructive way

Interview (structured and unstructured)

Structured, lengthy and exhaustive but nothing is missed Not good for rapport, questions are tedious Unstructured, good for rapport but can miss important information

What is the genetic hereitability of GAD

Studies find that people develop a general vunerability to be stressed rather than inherit GAD (AB 5)

(11.6.2014, Ab ch 11, Schizophrenia) Two studies seem in support for the social-selection theory, but Cantor-Graae argues against making the conclusion that sociogenic hypothesis is incorrect.

Studies on the downward drift are inconsistent though it was found in a study that out of 26 partipants with Schizoprhenia only 4 had fathers in the lower class showing thag class does not precede Schizoprhenia induced social problems (Turner and Wagoncled, 1967). In addition, a subsequet study in Isreal did not find that recent emmigrating immigrants have a higher chance of Schizophrenia which failed to support the sociogenic hypothesis (Dohrenwend et al., 1992) Cantor-Graee reviewed evidence since 1996 and finds that research on immigrants to Western Europe finds evidence for social factors affecting rates of Schizoprhenia. She propses a mechanism by which social factors leading to social exclusion could lead to alerations in Teh CNS dopamine sensivity. (Cantor-Graae, 2007)

(11.6.2014, Ab ch 11, Schizophrenia) What does a diagnosis of schiz usually require?

The diagnosis requires that symtoks be present for at least a month and during the phase where symtoms are present at a lower level to last at least five months

What is the observed function of GABA? (AB 2)

The observed function of this neurotransmitter is to inhibit/regulate transmission of other neuro trasmitters. This has been shown to reduce anxiety.

What does it when subtypes of phobias are "bred true"?

The specific type of phobia is likely to occur again in other family members. (AB 5)

What is significance of the stroop paradigm in unconscious cognition? (AB 2)

The stroop test demonstrates that we react less effectivelly when words are emotionally charged suggesting a wuick perhaps local processing even before it reaches the conscious level.

(11.13. 2014, Ab ch 12, substance abuse) describe the purpose of Guided self-change approach for alcohol

This is one of the two treatments that were developed in Toronto and is a model that emphasizes the controlled drinking theory of treatment. It is designed for people with mild drinking problems and emphasizes strengthening a client's motivation and self reliance (GSCP; Addiction Research Foundation,1994).

(11.28.2014, Ab lec on Old age, ch 16) Psychology video presented, those that are more hopeful?

Those more hopeful usually end up worse when they realize it is not good.

(11.7.2014, Ab Lec Schizophrenia) Hallunications most common mental disorder in Schizophrenia.

Those who abuse stimulant drugs feel like bugs are crawing below them.

marriage (11.11.2014, Dev middle adulthood)

Those who are still married is usually maintained by then highest financhial stability and less children tend to focus on their relationship. Relationships tends to improve.

(early childhood ___a___ years old) The three different types of play which are not exclusive to age but later stages occuring more latwr in childhood are (1) _________ which is play by self or play where another child is watching but not playing, (2) __________ which is kids playing side by side but not playing together. They may ask ask other for pieces of lego but they are building different things. (3) ___________ which is associative play where children are working together. This occurs most at the age of 6, but they can still have other forms of play as well.

a. 3-4 1. Non sociak activity 2. Parallell play 3. Social interaction

a. Is normal self in DID a combination of the other forms? b. same semantic or procedural memories? (10.24.2014, ab lec 7, somatform and dissassociative)

a. No. b. procedural may be the same but hand writing is different

(Dev lec 6, Middle Childhood, 6-7 to 11-12) Friends at this stage of life ____a_____ and are generally formed because of common attributes like ___b____. These friendships can last for years because at this stage children develop ____c_____ strategies. The prof added that parents need to note this stage as being very critical because friends can make____d___ of each other, like Ryan and I when we smashed Logan's garden.

a. share secrets with one another b. sex and ethnicity c. conflict resolution d. bad qualities

(----)Bodly believes that the concept of short term memory is too restrictive because it does not account for processes such as _____a____ . He believed that working memory can be seen in three distinct part: The visual-spatial sketchpad, the central executive, and the _____b_______. (----)The phonological loop is the auditory mental repetition of concepts to keep them in the working memory and has 2 aspects: the length of time and the complexity/length of the word. It's found that the ______c______, suggesting that fast talkers might be able to fit more in. Also people tend to have trouble if the _____d_____ or if the meaning of the words are similar. (-----) The central executive does all of the processing while the visual spatial sketch pad and phen loop maintain info. (10.06.2014 Cog lec 5 memory)

a. working out a spatial question in your mind b. phonological loop c. capacity is around 2 seconds d. sound of the words are similar

_____ can be adaptive at low levels and may in fact motivate us to succeed (2012test)

anxiety

What does Proximodistal growth stand for and what stage of life does this occur? When does the opposite occur? (Dev Lec 2)

center of body grows faster. This occurs in babies and the opposite is adolescence

(11.7.2014, Ab Lec Schizophrenia) Schizo dopamine type of the total 5

d2 and d4

(11.14.2014, ab lec, drug, substance) hallucinogen, flashback

flashback lipophiloic attach themselves to fat molecules. When fat molecule is burned off then it will release LSD

(11.7.2014, Ab Lec Schizophrenia) 3 types of symptoms schizo

positive symptom, negative symptoms, disorganization

mandic appreciative (studywithnatalia)

projective personality, black and white pictures

pychiatric study of immunes system and stress (studywithnatalia)

psychoneuroimmuology

Mental imagery is (11.24.2014, Pcog lec, imagery)

seeing in the absence of visual stimulation. You can also remember tactile, sound, and taste. Though by in large most of the lecture focuses on imagery

(11.11.2014, Ab Midterm wrong) The three environements and psychology ethics

teaching, environment, therapy

(11.6.2014, Ab ch 11, Schizophrenia) Kammen's (1997) findings that those with Schizophrenia improved many of their negative symptoms by taking amphetamines suggest

that excess dopamine receptors only amounts for positive symptoms (van Kammen et al., 1977)

(11.13 2014, Ab ch 12, substance abuse) Recent finxings by Alfonso comparing group, computer, and face to face therapy finds

that group therapy is ineffectuve, while computer models are somwhat effective though not as significant as reductions in alcohl use and it's related harms as face to face delivery.

Children by the age 6 can learn up to 10,000 words. But how so quickly? It is partly because children learn by recogniition rather than recall, for example looking at a table instead of defining it which is done later. Verbs and modifiers usually come after because verbs are action orientated which are not as closely demonstrated by the parents. For Grammer infants develop subject verb objects quickly It's likely they also engage in heuristics where they make generalized assumptions that for example the word table is applicable to this table only. Also in conversation by the age of 4 infants adapt ________(a)________ They are aware that they have an issue when talking on the phone though which relies on less physical cues. ___________________ 09.30.2014 Dev Lec 4 (Attachment, temperament)

the ability to adjust the way they speak to people of different age and gender.

A newborn is highly sensitive to pain because... (Dev lec 1)

the frontal lobe works to inhibit pain, but the frontal lobes of children are underdeveloped. This is more so for baby boys who have less developed frontal lobe than baby girls.